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Simple Summary: The present paper summarizes the detailed gross morphological and imagistic features of the pelvic skeletal elements alongside some radiographical interpretations. The added metrical data makes the anatomical description of the pelvic skeleton in Chlorocebus sabaeus more accurate and precise concerning these monkeys' anatomy. Several morphological features of each of the studied skeletal elements explain the different adaptative changes in this species as well, as it shows, in a comparative way, different sets of elements in the primate skeletal anatomy. The paper presents a detailed gross anatomical description of the elements of the pelvic limb in the African green monkey and provides comparative and differential elements on pelvic limb monkey osteology. The osteometric investigation adds value to the gross morphological and radiological investigation, adjoining metric data to the gross descriptive data set. The main methodology used was the gross morphological investigation, doubled by regular osteometrical and radiographical assessments. For each of the elements, several morphological aspects are described, pointing to the specific and differential aspects that might serve as landmarks in the specific diagnosis of different adaptative changes, related to the type of locomotion. For the pelvis, the aspect of the symphysis, the overall shape of the pelvic inlet, the iliac wing aspect and the acetabular shape are listed as significant elements. The femur has a spherical head with an inferior position of the femoral fovea and a well-developed (tall) greater trochanter, lacking the third trochanter. The medial condyle of the femur is better developed than the lateral one and an evident extensor's fossa is noted at the level of the distal shaft. The proximal lateral condyloid surface in the tibia is slightly larger than the medial one, with noticeable intercondilar eminences. The fibula is long and unfused with the tibia. Some specific anatomical features are listed only for the talus and calcaneus from tarsals. The study revealed the presence of the gastrocnemius sesamoid bones and the proximal sesamoidi bones as well. Investigation presents a series of osteometrical data with an attempt to show some basic metrical differences among the investigated specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed gross description of all anatomical elements of the humerus in the African green monkey and provides comparative and differential elements on monkey osteology. The osteometric investigation adds value to the gross morphological investigation, adjoining metric data to the gross descriptive data set. An in-depth investigation of the microstructural aspects of the humeral bone tissue is provided, with qualitative and quantitative details and potential for diagnostic applications. Of the gross morphological elements described, several unique features specific to this species include the humeral head shape that presents with distinctive low convexity and caudal placement, the shape of the intertubercular groove, the less developed greater tubercle, and the disposition of the rotator cuff muscle insertion. Furthermore, the overall cranio-lateral curvature of the bone shaft was found to have a distinctive 154–155 degree of angulation of the diaphysis, and the well-developed medial epicondyle was observed with its distinctive medio-caudal retroflexion. The histological investigation was more indicative of a typical non-primate organization of the bone tissue, with laminar vascular and avascular structures combined with the presence of the secondary Haversian system involving a mixture of scattered and dense unorganized secondary osteonal structures. The histomorphometric investigation yielded metrical data for the secondary osteonal structures in terms of area (20,331 ± 5105 µm2), perimeter, and vascular canal area (64,769 ± 257 µm2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary glands are important in research articles, because of their different functions (Asari et al., 2000). They develop in different locations, having a very various architecture, secreting different types of saliva (Jaskoll et al., 2002). The major salivary glands are parotid, mandibular and sublingual glands. These glands have an important role in aliments' digestion through their secretions (saliva), which is serous, mucous or sero-mucous, containing different enzymes, water, mucopolysaccharides and lubrefiant glycoproteins (Al-Saffar and Simawy, 2014; Boșca et al., 2014). In this study, we used five healthy male rabbits from a private breeder in Cluj, sacrificed by the owner for own consumption. Subsequently, the anatomical regions of major salivary glands were shaved and cleaned with alcohol. Macroscopical exam revealed that the rabbits' parotid gland is the most voluminous gland, having the aspect of a scythe blade. The mandibular gland has a lobate appearance. We noticed that there is an asymmetry between the two mandibular glands, the right one being more developed than the left one. Sublingual gland is the smallest gland, being covered by surrounding connective tissue. Inferior buccal glands gathered and formed a major salivary gland, the labial gland, situated at the lips commissure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the gross anatomy of liver and its ligaments in guinea pigs. The liver is located into intrathoracic part of abdominal cavity, having six separate lobes (right lateral, right medial, left lateral, left medial, caudate, and quadrate) but well connected one with each other. The falciform ligament which apparently divides the diaphragmatic surface of the liver in two territories -the right and left hepatic territories, was complete, being attached to the undersurface of the diaphragm and the dorsal surface of the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus. Its free edge contains the round ligament. The coronary ligament was well delineated being composed by an upper and a lower layer. Both the right and left triangular ligaments were present. The left triangular ligament was well developed connecting the left lateral lobe to the diaphragm. Cranial insertion of hepatorenal ligament was visualized on the ventral border of the caudate process, then run to the medial aspect of the right kidney, and to the descending loop of the duodenum. The liver is also attached to the stomach and to the duodenum by hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament. A free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament, whose cranial insertion was on the cystic duct, down along the common bile duct to be inserted on right lobe of pancreas, it was clearly visualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the salivary glands is different depending on the species and diet. The glandular secretion can be serous, mucous or mixed. Within the same order, for instance in rodents, there are dissimilarities between the major salivary glands, even if the diet is similar. In this study, we used five Wistar rats, originating from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu” biobase, in Cluj-Napoca. After inducing neuroleptanalgesia, the method of euthanasia was cervical dislocation and then a stratigraphic dissection was accomplished. We mention that these euthanasia methods are allowed by 2010/63/UE directive of the European Parliament and the Council from September 22nd of 2010, regarding animal protection used for scientific purposes. The external features were assessed and compared to published literature on other similar species. The macroscopic examination revealed that the major salivary glands in rats are similar to those from other species of mammals when referring to the general macroscopic aspect. The parotid gland is localised at the base of the auricular concha, without exceeding the outer ear base, extended distally in the ventral cervical region. The rats' ventral extremity of the parotid gland faces and ends with a sharp angle, toward the scapular-humeral joint, covering the jugular gutter with this layout. Aboral border of the mandibular gland is covered by ventral extremity of the parotid gland, both mandibular glands being near the external jugular veins. As a location, the mandibular glands in rats reside in the sublaryngeal and subtracheal region. Sublingual glands are located orally from the rostral pole of the mandibular glands, maintaining in a certain way the same layout as the mandibular glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the preservation techniques of human and animal cadavers have been known since antiquity, starting with the simplest ones, such as preservation by freezing, or with simple mummification, up to mummification by arterial injecting or by immersion. Their execution necessitates the usage of several combinations of substances with a single active component, such as: preservatives, to maintain tissue structure; disinfectants, to halt decay; moistening agents and coloring agents. The aim of this research was to obtain a cat mummy by means of an improved technique. The materials used were: one cat cadaver, dissection instruments, 7% and 15% formaldehyde solutions, technical grade glycerin and coloring agents. The mummification process consisted of injecting the cat body with the 7% formaldehyde solution, fitting it up on a mount and letting it fixate for 5 days, injecting it with the 15% formaldehyde solution, followed by another fixation interval of 10 days. Subsequently, we have removed the skin and the subcutaneous conjunctive tissue, underlining the musculature. The body was once again mounted and frozen for 14 days to dehydrate. It was then maintained at room temperature, followed by the application of the technical grade glycerin and of the coloring agents. The piece was then kept on the mount to dry until the completion of the mummification process. We conclude that this technique is successful at maintaining the anatomical characteristics of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) is a wild ruminant of African origins and the tallest land mammal, with an evolution and morphological features unique in the animal kingdom. Kept in Europe only in zoological parks and circuses, it is a species rarely studied in our country. We have chosen to compare this exotic species to the cow, because this is the reference ruminant for veterinary anatomy, well studied both in our country and on an international level. One giraffe body and two cow skeletons were used to determine the anatomical differences between the cervical segments of the vertebral column in these two species. The body was processed in the Comparative Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, using the usual techniques for obtaining osseous pieces, and the cow skeletons belong to the Comparative Anatomy Museum of the aforementioned institution. The cervical vertebral segment shows major differences between the two species, corresponding to their respective ways of life. The main differences, with biomechanical consequences, were registered in the first two cervical vertebrae - atlas and axis, and in the last two cervical vertebrae - C6 and CI. The cervical spine in its entirety is mmch more elongated in the giraffe, compared to that of the cow and presents finer, less rugged surface -elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study offers a detailed anatomical description of the macroscopical characteristics of the internal conformation of the postdiaphragmatic digestive tract in the main pet species - the dog and the cat. After domestication, the two species, while of common philogenetic origins, have evolved with certain differences from the point of view of feeding habits in the modern era, to omnivore for dogs and strict carnivore for cats. This fact reflects itself in the pathology of this segment and in therapeutic necessities. This aspect justifies the need for better anatomical knowledge of the differences between the two species in the digestive segment. Having discussed in a previous article the differences between these species in terms of external shape, features and organ topography, we have turned to the inner conformation of the gastrointestinal tract. Our study focused on species characteristics description, without underlining race particularities. The study was carried out in the Comparative Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, on five dog bodies and 5 cat bodies lacking digestive pathological modifications. The research used usual dissection techniques, followed by the isolation, the section and the examination of the gastro-intestinal segment in all subjects. Common traits of carnivorous species displayed overall by the digestive tract aside, the main internal conformation differences between dogs and cats were mainly registered in the stomach. In this segment, the cat displays a uniform gastric mucosa, while the linen varies in the dog. The duodenum of both species has similar mucosa and two duodenal papillae, but the placement and presence of the papillae differ. The large intestine of dogs and cats has lesser differences, aside from the disposition of the lining folds of the colon [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study initiated by us aims to describe, interpret and elucidate several aspects regarding the topography, the morphology and the drainage of the mammary lymphatic circulatory system.Because this paper is part of a more complex research project we chose to present a comparative study with results regarding the cranial abdominal mammary gland (A1) in pregnant cats and lactating cats. We have used the method of radiographic indirect lymphography with a contrast agent. The lymphographies were taken in the Radiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, using a TEMCO GRx-01 type fixed radiographic equipment. This study method has allowed us to underline the mammary lymphatic drainage and interglandular lymphatic connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify distinct morphological features in the skeleton of both the homing pigeon and the common pigeon. The research comprised in this study is intended to enrich the currently existing general data referring to pigeon anatomy and to underline the differences of the two pigeon varieties, the homing one and the common one, regarding bones and their features and the way in which they influence body size, but also their importance in the act of flying. Our findings support the notion of common origins of the domestic pigeon and the homing pigeon. Through this study we have underlined the way in which distinct environmental conditions have led to the evolution of two pigeon varieties with different adaptations. The homing pigeon has adapted in time to progressively longer flights, due to continuously improving food, hygiene and housing conditions. The common pigeon, on the other side, has adapted to a restrictive environment (scarce food of inferior quality, improvised housing and medical conditions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research brings new knowledge on the particularities concerning the compared anatomy of the cardiac particular parts. It involved a number of 12 dissected pig hearts where there were some anatomical aspects worth mentioning on the valve, muscular and papillary forms, and also on the tendinous cordages of the left ventricle. Compared to the classical descriptions, especially concerning the human hearts, in this case, the observations made on pig hearts revealed that there is a large variety from one individual to another regarding the distribution of the muscular forms found. They are singled or multi papillary, they have a variable origin and a different distribution of the tendinous cordages concerning their insertion on the atria-ventricular valves. These aspects are high lightened also by the original photo images included in this paper. The observations made on this forms reveals the fact that at swine there is no common feature to be established regarding the shape and ventricular-valves distribution of these forms. On the other hand, the papillary septal and marginal forms appear constantly, but they are variable from one individual to another regarding the origin and distribution. They are seen as having an important role in the myocardial distribution of their own cardiac excite-conductive system. The forms noticed in the left ventricle are much more developed compared to the right one. From a physiological and clinical aspect, we concluded that the anatomical particularities found and described are very difficult to correlate with the individual's specific cardiac activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conducts on the basis of a topographical and anatomical systematization a characterization in terms of imaging of the superficial lymph nodes. Starting from the topographic anatomy of the superficial lymph nodes at carnivores, suitable for the tactile method of investigation, this study standardizes the imaging aspects of superficial lymph nodes, more specifically, their ultrasound anatomy. 7 female dogs of different breeds and ages, clinically healthy were assessed by ultrasound. Methods of investigation: two-dimensional ultrasound and in addition to this, color Doppler and power Doppler techniques. Ultrasound techniques were applied to 34 axillary, superficial inguinal and polipteus lymph nodes using an advanced ultrasound machine, equipped with "small parts mode". Two-dimensional ultrasound images were obtained to quantify data on topography, size, shape, capsule node, ecostructure and echogenicity. Doppler techniques have revealed the presence and the characteristics of lymph circulation. The results obtained show that lymph nodes are essential structures which have to be assessed at any ultrasonographic examination, among other parenchymal organs. The most useful parameters for characterization are: the transverse with the longitudinal axis ratio, with a value below 0.5 indicating oval shape of examined lymph nodes and the ordered model, the radial distribution of the capsule toward the hilum of the blood vascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Medica Transilvanica is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)