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The ground state rotational spectrum of a hydrogen-bonded dimer formed by vinylacetylene and hydrogen chloride has been detected by the pulsed-nozzle, Fourier-transform microwave technique. Vinylacetylene has been chosen as a prototype acceptor molecule containing two different π-acceptor sites. Rotational constants A0, B0, C0, centrifugal distortion constants ΔJ, ΔJK, δJ, δK, and three components χaa, χbb-χcc, and χab of the Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor have been determined for each of the three isotopomers CH2CHCCH··· H35Cl, CH2CHCCH···H37Cl, and CH2CHCCH···D35Cl. These spectroscopic constants have been interpreted in terms of a dimer in which the HCl subunit forms a hydrogen bond to the C 3/4 C triple bond in a T-shape configuration, but is displaced from the center of the triple bond by d=0.04 Å towards the inner C atom, and makes an angle φ=34° with the vinylacetylene plane. The experimental angular geometry is in excellent agreement with that predicted by the Buckingham–Fowler electrostatic model which gives φ=27°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social affinity and collective behavior are nearly ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but many lineages feature evolutionarily asocial species. These solitary species may have evolved to conserve energy in food-sparse environments. However, the mechanism by which metabolic shifts regulate social affinity is not well investigated., Results: In this study, we used the Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus), which features riverine sighted surface (surface fish) and cave-dwelling populations (cavefish), to address the impact of metabolic shifts on asociality and other cave-associated behaviors in cavefish, including repetitive turning, sleeplessness, swimming longer distances, and enhanced foraging behavior. After 1 month of ketosis-inducing ketogenic diet feeding, asocial cavefish exhibited significantly higher social affinity, whereas social affinity regressed in cavefish fed the standard diet. The ketogenic diet also reduced repetitive turning and swimming in cavefish. No major behavioral shifts were found regarding sleeplessness and foraging behavior, suggesting that other evolved behaviors are not largely regulated by ketosis. We further examined the effects of the ketogenic diet via supplementation with exogenous ketone bodies, revealing that ketone bodies are pivotal molecules positively associated with social affinity., Conclusions: Our study indicated that fish that evolved to be asocial remain capable of exhibiting social affinity under ketosis, possibly linking the seasonal food availability and sociality., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)