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Purpose: To investigate the influence of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) vs delayed dentin sealing (DDS) on the marginal gaps of machinable monolithic zirconia vs pressable lithium disilicate laminate veneers.Materials and Methods: A total of 40 maxillary lateral incisors were used and received butt-joint laminate veneer preparation. The samples were divided into two groups (n = 20 each) according to ceramic material: pressable lithium disilicate ceramic (PLD) was used in the first group, and machinable monolithic zirconia (MMZ) was used in the second. Each group was then divided into two subgroups according to the bonding protocol: IDS was employed in one, and DDS in the other (n = 10 each). The marginal gap widths were measured using digital microscopy and statistically analyzed.Results: The smallest marginal gaps were observed in MMZ-DDS (57.2 ± 8.4 μm), followed by PLD-DDS (62.4 ± 2.7 μm) and MMZ-IDS (63.5 ± 1.9 μm). The largest marginal gaps were observed in PLD-IDS (81.5 ± 6.3 μm). Two-way ANOVA revealed that the bonding technique (P < .001) and ceramic material (P < .001) both showed significant differences.Conclusions: MMZ produced better marginal accuracy than PLD. IDS seems to have a predisposition to significantly wider marginal gaps than DDS, but these gaps are within the clinically acceptable range. The marginal accuracy of ceramic veneers appears to be related to the bonding technique as well as the material of construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser conditioning on dentin bond strength and nanoleakage of different universal and self-etch adhesives. A total of 84 intact human third molar teeth were cut at the dentin level, and half of them were laser conditioned. The specimens were divided into three groups; two different universal resins and one self-etch adhesive resin were applied and composite resin restorations were created. For the microtensile bond strength (pTBS) test, 20 microspecimens were prepared from the laser and control group of each adhesive (n = 20) and tested with a universal device. For nanoleakage observation, 10 specimens were prepared from each group (n = 10) and stored in silver nitrate solution, and then the amount of nanoleakage was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference, and chi-square tests. The mean dentin bond strength of all adhesives in the laser groups was found to be statistically significantly lower than those of the control groups (P < .05). No difference was found between the mean bond strength of the adhesives in the laser and control groups (P > .05). Higher nanoleakage was observed in all adhesives in the laser groups compared to the control groups (P < .05). Irradiation of the dentin surface with Er,Cr:YSGG could adversely affect the piTBS and nanoleakage, likely by affecting the structure of the hybrid layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the color differences when discolored tooth substrates were restored with CAD/CAM monolithic ceramics depending on ceramic type and thickness, and the try-in paste shade. Method and materials: Six ceramic types were tested: high-translucent lithium disilicate (LD-HT); medium-translucent lithium disilicate (LD-MT); low-translucent lithium disilicate (LD-LT); low-translucent leucite (LC-LT); feldspathic ceramic (FC); and BL1 low-translucent lithium disilicate, stained to A1 shade (LD-BL1-LT). The ceramics were tested in disk-shaped specimens with 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-mm thickness (n = 10; N = 180; shade A1). The try-in pastes were tested to simulate luting materials and corresponded to colors A1 and Opaque White. Six substrates were used: A1 (reference), B2, B3, A3, C2, and C3. Color differences (ΔE00) and translucency parameter (TP00) were assessed with the CIEDE2000 formula. The results were compared with acceptability (1.77) and perceptibility (0.81) thresholds. Results: Ceramic type, thickness, and the try-in paste shade influenced the color differences. LD-LT and LC-LT ceramics and Opaque White try-in paste provided, in general, lower ΔE00 values. The most adequate ceramic thickness varied according to the substrate discoloration. With 1.0 mm of ceramic thickness, it was possible to obtain ΔE00 lower than the perceptibility threshold for substrates C2 and A3, and ΔE00 lower than the acceptability threshold for C3 and B3. ΔE00 lower than the acceptability threshold were obtained with 0.5 mm of ceramic thickness for B2, A3, and C2. Conclusion: The use of low-translucent glass-ceramics and Opaque White try-in paste are useful to reduce color differences. The most adequate ceramic thickness depends on the substrate discoloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main means of mastication, teeth can withstand countless functional contacts. The mechanical properties of teeth are closely related to their tissue structure. Enamel and dentin have a high hardness and modulus of elasticity, and their graded structure allows them to withstand bite forces without being susceptible to fracture. When tooth tissue is defective, full crown restoration is often needed to restore the normal shape and function of the tooth. Metal materials, ceramic materials, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials are commonly used for crown restoration. Metal materials have certain disadvantages in terms of aesthetics and are relatively rarely used in clinical practice. Ceramic materials with different compositions exhibit differences in performance and aesthetics, but their elastic modulus and hardness are much higher than those of dental tissue, resulting in mismatching mechanical properties. In contrast, the elastic modulus of PEEK is lower than that of tooth tissue and similar to that of bone tissue, but its properties can be improved by fiber reinforcement. Notably, when the mechanical properties of a restoration material and tooth tissue are not fully matched, the interface between them often forms a potential weak link, which ultimately affects the stability and long-term effect of the restoration. This article introduces the mechanical properties and corresponding structural characteristics of enamel and dentin. On this basis, the advantages and limitations of existing restoration materials are analyzed, and the possibility of biomimetic design of full crowns is further explored.

Abstract The study aimed to compare various toothpastes and mouthwashes on permanent tooth dentin after erosive and abrasive challenges. 130 sound premolars dentin were randomly submitted to an initial erosive challenge and a cycle of erosive and abrasive challenges for five days. The five experimental groups (n = 26) were: (1) Control group (artificial saliva), (2) Elmex erosion protection toothpaste and mouthwash, (3) Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash, (4) Oral B Pro-expert toothpaste and Oral B Fluorinse mouthwash, and (5) MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash. Microhardness, surface roughness values, and the topographical characteristics of the dentin surface were assessed. The highest percentage of recovered dentin microhardness (%RDMH) value was observed in groups 2 and 4, followed by groups 5 and 3, respectively. The %RDMH values in groups 2 and 4 did not demonstrate a significant difference (p = 0.855). The highest percentage of improvement in surface roughness was recorded in groups 2 and 4, with no significant differences (p = 0.989). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) findings were consistent with the surface roughness data. The best recovery of dentin microhardness and roughness were measured with the Elmex and Oral B toothpaste and mouthwash, followed by MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash and Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash.

Objective: Some endodontic procedures require using intracanal medicament between treatment sessions. The effectiveness of these agents on dentin microhardness is crucial for deciding whether to use them or not. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three intracanal medicaments including Triphala, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste, and chlorhexidine (CHX) gel on the root dentin microhardness.Methods: Forty-eight single canal mature permanent teeth were selected. Mechanical preparation was done using RaCe rotary files. The samples were randomly allocated to four equal groups (n=12), according to the applied intracanal medicament. Group 1 received no medicament, whereas the root canals in groups 2, 3, and 4 were filled with Triphala, Ca(OH)2, and CHX, respectively. Specimens were stored for one week. Then, the roots were sectioned and the Vickers microhardness value was recorded at 0.5 mm from the pulp–dentin interface. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean microhardness values in the Triphala and calcium hydroxide groups were comparable to each other (P>0.05) and significantly lower compared to the control and CHX groups (P0.05).Conclusions: Triphala and Ca(OH)2 had similar effects on root dentin microhardness. Given the favorable characteristics of Triphala medicament, it can be considered a suitable alternative to Ca(OH)2 for intracanal application.

Over the last few decades, several new materials and techniques have been developed for bone regeneration. Scaffolds based on demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) present an attractive option due to their availability and several animal and human studies have been conducted to ascertain their utility in regenerative dentistry. The aim of this review was to summarize the recent studies conducted on DDM and used for bone grafts. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were used to search for studies published within the last 10 years. The keywords and terms used were: “demineralized dentine matrix”, “bone grafting”, “bone augmentation” and “guided tissue regeneration” in various combinations. Original studies (in vitro, animal and human) and systematic reviews were included in the literature search. The literature search initially identified 23 studies (16 animal studies and 7 clinical reports. Most studies included in this review indicate that DDM has demonstrated promising results in a variety of dental and regenerative medicine applications. Further studies are required to completely comprehend its characteristics and prospective applications. Future studies should also focus on optimizing the processing protocols for the production of DDM-based scaffolds.

This in vitro study investigated color stability of two photo-polymerized nano-filled and nano-hybrid composite resins in different polymerization modes immersed in different staining solutions before and after brushing. Disc-shaped specimens (n = 120) were prepared from two composite resins based on filler particle size: nano-filled (Filtek Z350, shade A1, 3M ESPE) and nano-hybrid (Spectra ST-HV, shade A1, Dentsply Sirona) composite resins (n = 60 per composite type). Specimens of each resin type were photopolymerized using the following polymerization modes: LED conventional, ramp, and pulse (n = 20 specimens per resin type and LED mode). After preparation, baseline color of the specimens was evaluated using a spectrophotometer (Easyshade V, VITA), and color change was evaluated using the CIE L*a*b* formula. Specimens were soaked in distilled water for 4 weeks in separate containers. The specimens from each polymerization-mode group were separated into two groups of 10 specimens; one group was stored in tea and the other group was stored in cola, each 1 hour daily for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the color was measured again. The specimens were brushed for 2 minutes under 200-g weight using an electronically powered toothbrush on the polymerized side of the specimen. The color was reevaluated immediately after brushing. Color-difference data (ΔE) between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance for main comparison and by independent t test for color change after brushing. Nano-filled composite resin was more color-stable than nano-hybrid composite resin (P < .001), regardless of the staining media. For both composite resin types, the conventional polymerization method produced a more color-stable result (P < .0001). ΔE after brushing was reduced significantly (P < .0001). Both staining solutions have significant effects on color change, with tea staining more than cola (P < .0001). Nanofilled composite resin had greater color stability than nano-hybrid composite resin after immersion in staining solutions. Polymerization mode influences the color stability of both composite resin types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of an ammonia-based and a water-based silver-containing solutions on bonding performance and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity of a universal adhesive to dentin after 1 year of artificial aging. Mid-coronal dentin surfaces of 60 sound human molars were exposed and the following groups were formed according to the surface pre-treatment and etching mode of the universal adhesive (Zipbond Universal, SDI) (n = 10): G1) Zipbond in the self-etch mode (ZSE); G2) Riva Star (SDI) applied before ZSE; G3) Riva Star Aqua (SDI) applied before ZSE; G4) Zipbond in the etch-and-rinse mode (ZER); G5) Riva Star applied before ZER; G6) Riva Star Aqua applied before ZER. The specimens were sectioned and subjected to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test at baseline (T 0) and after 12 months (T 12) of artificial storage. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS) were also conducted. Three additional molars per group were processed for the in situ zymography analysis at T 0 and T 12. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Dentin pre-treatments and aging decreased bonding values, regardless of the etching mode (p < 0.05). No differences in µTBS were observed between the two silver-containing solutions, both at T 0 and T 12. Riva Star Aqua and etching significantly increased the MMPs activity, independent of the storage period (p < 0.05). Dentin surface pre-treatment with silver-containing solutions negatively affects the bonding performances of resin composite restorations placed with a universal adhesive. However, the ammonia-based product Riva Star might show better stability in the long term, due to lower activation of MMPs. • Silver-containing solutions lower bond strength of resin composite to sound dentin; • Riva Star might show better hybrid layer stability in the long term; • Riva Star Aqua has never been investigated before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) conditions and storage time on contemporary adhesive systems' microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin. Extracted human molars were prepared and randomly divided into four groups according to the adhesives: Clearfil Megabond 2 (CSE), Beautibond Xtreme Universal (BXU), G2-Bond (G2B), and Scotchbond Universal Plus (SBP). Each adhesive group was further divided following the SPP conditions: control with no simulation (SPP-CTR), SPP with distilled water (SPP-DTW), and SPP with fetal bovine serum (SPP-FBS). Resin composite build-ups were prepared, and teeth were stored in water (37 °C) for 24 h (24 h) and 3 months (3 m). Then, teeth were sectioned to obtain resin–dentin bonded beams and tested to determine the µTBS. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc tests (=0.05), and Weibull failure analysis. Failure mode was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The µTBS response was affected by adhesive systems, simulated pulpal pressure conditions, and storage time. SPP-CTR groups presented a higher overall bond strength than SPP-DTW and SPP-FBS, which were not significantly different from each other. Only for SBP, the SPP-FBS group showed higher µTBS than the SPP-DTW group. The Weibull analysis showed that the bonding reliability and durability under SPP-DTW and SPP-FBS were inferior to SPP-CTR, and the 24 h bonding quality of adhesives to dentin was superior to that of 3 m. SPP drastically reduced the µTBS of all adhesives to dentin regardless of solution (distilled water or fetal bovine serum). Storage after 3 m also decreased µTBS despite the SPP condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of different etching times and ethanol pre-treatments on the immediate bond strength of a hydrophilic multi-mode universal adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, Kuraray, UBQ) and on the consequent gelatinolytic activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) on radicular dentin. (2) Methods: Sixty single-root teeth were selected and divided into four groups according to the adhesive protocol applied for fiber post cementation: (G1) 15 s H3PO4 application + UBQ; (G2) 30 s H3PO4 application + UBQ; (G3) 15 s H3PO4 application + ethanol pre-treatment + UBQ; (G4) 30 s H3PO4 + ethanol pre-treatment + UBQ. After adhesive procedures, fiber posts were luted into the post space with a dual-curing cement (DC Core, Kuraray) and light-cured for 40 s. To perform the push-out test and nanoleakage analyses for both coronal end apical areas, 1 mm slices were prepared, following a 24 h storage period in artificial saliva. Additionally, an in situ zymographic assay was conducted to explore endogenous MMP activity within the radicular layer. Results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Result: ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in push-out bond strength related to the pre-treatment variable but did not highlight any significance of etching time. Specimens pre-treated with ethanol wet bond application showed higher bond strength (p < 0.01). In situ zymography quantification analyses revealed that all tested groups, independently of etching time end ethanol pre-treatment, activated MMP gelatinolytic activity. A significant increase in MMP activity was detected for the 30 s etching time. However, ETOH pre-treatment significantly reduced MMP activity within the adhesive interface (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: The tested adhesive showed similar results regardless of the etching time protocol. The gelatinolytic activity of MMPs was observed in all the groups. Further investigations and extended follow-ups are required to validate the results of the present study in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluation of contemporary disinfection techniques, Moringa Oleifera (M.Oleifera), Phycocyanin activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT), and Chitosan, on S.mutans survival rate and bond integrity of composite to carious-affected dentin (CAD). Methods: The in vitro study was conducted at King Saud University and concluded within three months. Sixty mandibular teeth with cavities extending to the middle third of the dentin were sterilized. S.mutans was inoculated onto the CAD surface of twenty samples. The samples were randomly divided into four groups (n: 15) based on various disinfection regimes. Group-1 received 2% CHX, Group-2 Phycocyanin activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT), Group-3 Chitosan, and Group-4 M.oleifera. S.mutans survival rate was calculated. Ten CAD samples from each group were restored using composite. The bond integrity of samples was assessed using a Universal testing machine (UTM) and failure mode using a stereomicroscope. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Post Hoc test were used to calculate statistical significance (p=0.05). Results: Group-2 samples subjected to Phycocyanin activated using PDT, displayed minimal survival rate (0.24 ± 0.05 CFU/ml) of S.mutans.Group-1 samples treated with CHX exhibited the highest count of S.mutans (0.69 ± 0.12 CFU/ml). The most robust bond was observed in Group-3 (Chitosan) samples (19.33 ± 0.47 MPa). In contrast, SBS values were lowest in Group-1 (CHX) treated study samples (13.17 ± 1.88 MPa). Conclusion: Chitosan, Phycocyanin activated by PDT, and Moringa Oleifera extract exhibit potential as viable substitutes for chlorhexidine (CHX) in clinical settings, presenting the possibility of better eradication of S.mutans and greater adhesive strength to CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HA degradation promotes odontoblastic differentiation and cell migration of mouse dental papilla cells. • During odontoblastic differentiation, HYAL2 is highly localized in odontoblasts in vivo. • Hyal2 knockdown leads to the accumulation of HA, which impedes dentinogenesis and cell migration. • Hyal2 silencing significantly affects the cytoskeletal networks and focal adhesion, and inhibits the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The coordination between odontoblastic differentiation and directed cell migration of mesenchymal progenitors is necessary for regular dentin formation. The synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan (HA) in the extracellular matrix create a permissive niche that directly regulates cell behaviors. However, the role and mechanisms of HA degradation in dentin formation remain unknown. In this work, we present that HA digestion promotes odontoblastic differentiation and cell migration of mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs). Hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2) is responsible for promoting odontoblastic differentiation through degrading HA, while hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) exhibits negligible effect. Silencing Hyal2 generates an extracellular environment rich in HA, which attenuates F-actin and filopodium formation and in turn inhibits cell migration of mDPCs. In addition, activating PI3K/Akt signaling significantly rescues the effects of HA accumulation on cytodifferentiation. Taken together, the results confirm the contribution of HYAL2 to HA degradation in dentinogenesis and uncover the mechanism of the HYAL2-mediated HA degradation in regulating the odontoblastic differentiation and migration of mDPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods and Results Conclusion Key Points This article intends to showcase a case of guided bone regeneration (GBR) utilizing a partially demineralized dentin plate processed from an extracted second molar for horizontal augmentation of the posterior ridge for implant placement.A 60‐year‐old patient presented with horizontal ridge deficiency at site #30 and an endodontically treated tooth #31 with recurrent decay. A treatment plan was proposed to extract tooth #31 and utilize a dentin graft from the tooth for ridge augmentation at site #30. Following the atraumatic extraction of tooth #31, it was sectioned into a 1 mm thick dentin plate, sterilized, and processed to obtain a demineralized dentin graft. Following a mid‐crestal incision and full‐thickness flap elevation, the dentin plate was adapted on the buccal defect of site #30 with 10 mm fixation screws, and the gap between the plate and the buccal bone was filled with 0.5 cc of 50/50 cortico‐cancellous bone allograft hydrated with saline, covered with collagen membrane followed by primary closure. At 6 months, a postoperative cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) was obtained to evaluate the ridge width revealing sufficient ridge width for optimal implant placement. The radio‐opaque dentin plate was visible on the CBCT depicting integration with the alveolar ridge. Following surgical implant preparation protocol, a 4 mm diameter and 8.5 mm length implant was placed in a restoratively driven position.This case reports favorable outcomes for GBR using a partially demineralized dentin plate as an alternative to an autogenous bone block graft for horizontal ridge augmentation for future implant placement. This case introduces a novel method utilizing partially demineralized dentin plates derived from extracted teeth for guided bone regeneration, showcasing its potential efficacy in addressing ridge deficiencies. Success, in this case, relies on meticulous sectioning of the tooth and processing of the dentin graft, precise adaptation and fixation of the graft to the residual ridge, and achieving primary closure for undisturbed healing. Limitations to success include the availability of teeth for extraction coinciding with the need for ridge augmentation and unstable graft fixation. This case introduces a novel method utilizing partially demineralized dentin plates derived from extracted teeth for guided bone regeneration, showcasing its potential efficacy in addressing ridge deficiencies.Success, in this case, relies on meticulous sectioning of the tooth and processing of the dentin graft, precise adaptation and fixation of the graft to the residual ridge, and achieving primary closure for undisturbed healing.Limitations to success include the availability of teeth for extraction coinciding with the need for ridge augmentation and unstable graft fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The composition of universal adhesives is highly diverse. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of a composite with five different universal adhesives to human enamel and dentin. Materials and Methods: The shear bond strength of a composite (G‐aenial Universal Injectable) to human enamel and dentin was tested in selective enamel etching mode before and after thermocyclic aging (10,000 cycles) using five different universal adhesive systems (Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, G‐Premio Bond, Prime&Bond active, and Scotchbond Universal Plus). Two‐bottle systems (OptiBond FL and G2‐Bond Universal) were used as control. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted of the bonding interface. Results: Significant differences in shear bond strength values were found among the five evaluated universal adhesives. Lowest shear bond strength values were observed for 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)‐free systems. Thermocyclic aging did not significantly reduce shear bond strength values indicating that the initial bond remains stable. Conclusions: The clinical use of universal adhesives Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, and Scotchbond Universal Plus can be encouraged as they provided comparable or even better shear bond strength values than the two‐bottle controls. Clinical Significance: Universal adhesives that were developed for the same indication and approved for clinical use demonstrated variety in shear bond strength values. When applied in the selective enamel etching mode, a stable bond can be expected from adhesives containing HEMA and monomers with phosphate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This scoping review aims to assess the influence of air abrasion with aluminum oxide and bioactive glass on dentin bond strength. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase), on March 3rd, 2023, with previously identified MeSH Terms. A total of 1023 records were screened. Exclusion criteria include primary teeth, air abrasion of a substrate other than sound dentin, use of particles apart from aluminum oxide or bioactive glass, and studies in which bond strength was not assessed. Results: Out of the 1023 records, title and abstract screening resulted in the exclusion of 895 and 67 studies, respectively, while full‐text analysis excluded another 25 articles. In addition, 5 records were not included, as full texts could not be obtained after requesting the authors. Two cross‐references were added. Thus, 33 studies were included in this review. It is important to emphasize the absence of standardization of air abrasion parameters. According to 63.6% of the studies, air abrasion does not influence dentin bond strength. Moreover, 30.3% suggest improving bonding performance, and 6.1% advocate a decrease. Conclusions: Air abrasion with aluminum oxide does not enhance or impair dentin bond strength. The available data on bioactive glass are limited, which hinders conclusive insights. Clinical Significance: Dentin air abrasion is a widely applied technique nowadays, with numerous clinical applications. Despite the widespread adoption of this procedure, its potential impact on bonding performance requires a thorough analysis of the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Demonstrate the ability of 0.5 mm thickness lithium disilicate laminates associated with resin cement to mask different substrate saturations. Methods: 60 specimens (n = 5) were prepared with CAD/CAM lithium disilicate glass–ceramic IPS e.max CAD, 0.5 mm thick, in three degrees of translucency (HT, MT and LT); cemented by Variolink Esthetic LC Light+ (L) and Neutral (N) on composite resin substrates A1 and A4 shades. Color measurements were performed by a spectrophotometer (CM‐3700d ‐Konica Minolta). The L*, a*, b* parameters of the tri‐layer structure (laminate/ resin cement/ substrate) were used to calculate color difference (∆E00) by CIEDE2000 formula and Translucency Parameter (TP00). This study adopted ∆E00 = 0.8, as perceptibility threshold (PT), and ∆E00 = 1.8, as acceptability threshold (AT). Statistical analyses were performed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (a = 0.05). Results: Color difference between resin cement shades showed statistical differences (p < 0.0001) and ∆E00 > 1.8 for all groups. Color difference between substrates saturations showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.0001) and ∆E00 values above AT for all groups. The TP00 demonstrated significant statistical differences (p < 0.0001). The LTL combination, the opaquest set, showed the smallest ∆E00 values between substrate shades differences, however, above AT. Conclusion: The translucency of the lithium disilicate, the substrate saturation and the resin cement opacity influenced final color of restoration. The ceramic translucency impact on final color was reduced by opaque resin cement. Furthermore, the LT lithium disilicate and the Light+ resin cement reduced the translucency of the restoration, contributing to mask saturated substrate. Clinical Relevance: This study shows the influence of conservative lithium disilicate laminates with different degrees of translucency associated with resin cement on final color of saturated substrate restorations. A minimally invasive esthetic protocol for masking substrates is demonstrated by associating low translucency ceramic laminates and opaque resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of bromelain and propolis extract on the bond strength (BS) of a universal adhesive system to eroded dentin. Materials and Method s : Sixty human molars with exposed dentin were halved, with one half protected by composite resin and the other subjected to erosive treatment followed by remineralization. After the erosive treatment, the composite resin was removed, and the teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20): Adhesive‐Control System; Br‐10%; Pr‐16%. Following the treatments, composite resin blocks were built on the dentin surfaces and sticks of 0.9 mm2 were obtained and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and 6 months. After these periods, the sticks underwent bond strength testing and the data were analyzed using 2‐way ANOVA, Bonferroni test, p < 0.05. Fracture patterns were observed using light microscope and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Irrespective of the substrate and aging duration, propolis demonstrated higher BS (p < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. Eroded dentin exhibited greater removal of the smear layer and dentinal tubules with a larger diameter than sound dentin, especially when treated with bromelain, resulting in the formation of resin tags. Conclusions: Propolis consistently promoted the highest bond strength, irrespective of aging or substrate. Eroded dentin treated with propolis, or bromelain exhibited a higher prevalence of non‐adhesive fractures and resin tag formation. Clinical Significance: Propolis shows promise for enhancing the longevity of adhesive restorations in eroded dentin due to its ability to promote high bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to compare various toothpastes and mouthwashes on permanent tooth dentin after erosive and abrasive challenges. 130 sound premolars dentin were randomly submitted to an initial erosive challenge and a cycle of erosive and abrasive challenges for five days. The five experimental groups (n = 26) were: (1) Control group (artificial saliva), (2) Elmex erosion protection toothpaste and mouthwash, (3) Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash, (4) Oral B Pro-expert toothpaste and Oral B Fluorinse mouthwash, and (5) MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash. Microhardness, surface roughness values, and the topographical characteristics of the dentin surface were assessed. The highest percentage of recovered dentin microhardness (%RDMH) value was observed in groups 2 and 4, followed by groups 5 and 3, respectively. The %RDMH values in groups 2 and 4 did not demonstrate a significant difference (p = 0.855). The highest percentage of improvement in surface roughness was recorded in groups 2 and 4, with no significant differences (p = 0.989). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) findings were consistent with the surface roughness data. The best recovery of dentin microhardness and roughness were measured with the Elmex and Oral B toothpaste and mouthwash, followed by MI Paste ONE toothpaste and Caphosol mouthwash and Vitis anticaries biorepair toothpaste and mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe a support material removal protocol (SMRP) from inside the root canals of three-dimensional printed teeth (3DPT) obtained by the microcomputed tomography (microCT) of a natural tooth (NT), evaluate its effectiveness by comparing the 3DPT to NT in terms of internal anatomy and behaviour toward endodontic preparation, and evaluate if 3DPT are adequate to assess the differences between two preparation systems. After the SMRP, twenty 3DPT printed by PolyJet™ were microCT scanned before preparation and thereafter randomly assigned into two groups (n = 10). One group and NT were prepared using ProTaper Gold® (PTG), and the other group with Endogal® (ENDG). MicroCT scans were carried out after preparation, and the volume increase, volume of dentin removed, centroids, transportation, and unprepared areas were compared. For the parameters evaluated, no significant differences were found between the 3DPT and NT before and after preparation (p > 0.05), and no significant differences were found between the 3DPT PTG group and the 3DPT ENDG group (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the SMRP described is effective in removing the support material SUP706B™. PolyJet™ is adequate for printing 3DPT. Furthermore, 3DPT printed with high-temperature RGD525™ have similar behaviour during endodontic preparation with PTG as the NT, and 3DPT can be used to compare two preparation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in-vitro study aimed to analyse the effect of brushing and different brushing parameters (kind of toothpaste, kind of toothbrush, brushing force) on erosive tooth wear of primary bovine enamel and dentin. Specimens were prepared from primary bovine enamel or dentin (each group n = 12) and cyclically eroded (6 × 60 s/d, citric acid, pH 2.4) and brushed with children's toothbrushes (2 × 15 s/d) over 5 days. The brushing parameters under investigation were: toothpaste (fluoridated, fluoride-free), toothbrush (manual; rotating-oscillating and sonic, each at two different activation modes) and brushing force (1 N, 2 N). Specimens that were only eroded and not brushed served as controls. Enamel and dentin wear was quantified using widefield confocal microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using three- and one-way ANOVAs followed by Scheffe's (enamel) or Tamhane's (dentin) post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Brushing with the fluoridated toothpaste was able to significantly reduce erosive wear in enamel (by 15 to 37%, 6 of 10 groups) and in dentin (by 58 to 72%, all groups), while brushing with the fluoride-free toothpaste was not different from the controls. Considering the kind of toothpaste and brushing force, slight differences between the toothbrushes were observed in enamel, but not in dentin. Within the same toothbrush and activation mode, almost no differences between 1 and 2 N brushing force were detected. In conclusion, erosive tooth wear on primary bovine dental hard tissue mainly depends on the kind of toothpaste, rather than on the kind of toothbrush and the brushing force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three eusauropod teeth (SDUST‐V1064, PMOL‐AD00176, PMOL‐ADt0005) are reported from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, southeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Two of them (SDUST‐V1064, PMOL‐AD00176) are assigned to early‐diverging titanosauriforms in having slightly mesiodistal expansion at the base of the tooth crown, a slenderness index value >2.0 and <4.0, and D‐shaped cross section. Furthermore, SDUST‐V1064 and PMOL‐AD00176 are referred as an Euhelopus‐like titanosauriform on the basis of having a sub‐circular boss on the lingual surface and an asymmetrical crown‐root margin which slants apically, respectively. CT scan data of SDUST‐V1064 reveals new dental information of early‐diverging titanosauriforms, for example, the enamel on the labial side thicker than that on the lingual side, an enamel/dentine ratio of 0.26 and a boss present on the lingual side of the dentine of the crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Success in endodontics depends on canal preparation, disinfection, and obturation. Cleaning and shaping play a pivotal role in successful endodontic therapy. An important factor in preventing procedural mishaps and further complications is the quantity of dentine removed during instrumentation because the fracture resistance of the root is directly influenced by the amount of dentine that remains after instrumentation. Aim: To evaluate and compare the remaining dentine thickness of the root canal after instrumentation with three different rotary file systems using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: Thirty permanent extracted, singlerooted teeth were collected. The samples were decoronated at the level of the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ). A preinstrumentation CBCT scan was taken. Access opening and working length were determined. The samples were randomly assigned to three groups: Group I - Edge Endo X7, Group II-Hero Gold, Group III - Neo-endo flex files. Biomechanical preparation was carried out using the respective files. To evaluate the remaining dentine thickness, a comparison was made with the pre-instrumentation CBCT scan. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA. Results: Upon inter-group comparison of the pre-instrumentation group, no significant difference (p=0.05) was observed. Postinstrumentation, it was noted that the remaining dentine thickness in Group I (p=0.05) at the apical third was significantly less than in Group II (p=0.007) and Group III (p=0.042). Maximum preservation of dentine was seen with Hero gold files, whereas the minimum preservation of dentine was seen with Edge Endo X7. Conclusion: Hero gold files exhibited less removal of dentine apically, whereas Edge Endo X7 showed more removal of dentine apically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Material-dependent parameters have an important impact on the efficiency of light polymerization. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the influence of the increment thickness and shade of nano- and nanohybrid resin composites on the transmission of curing light. Methods: Three contemporary resin composites were evaluated: Tetric EvoCeram® (TEC); Venus Diamond® (VD); and Filtek Supreme XTE® (FS XTE). Light transmission (LT) was recorded in accordance with the sample thickness (0.5 to 2.7 mm) and the shade. Polymerized samples were irradiated for 10 s each using the high-power LED curing light Celalux 2 (1900 mW/cm2). LT was simultaneously recorded using the MARC Patient Simulator (MARC-PS). Results: LT was strongly influenced by the composite layer thickness. For 0.5 mm-thick samples, a mean power density of 735 mW/cm2 was recorded at the bottom side. For the 2.7 mm samples, a mean power density of 107 mW/cm2 was measured. Only LT was markedly reduced in the case of darker shades. From A1 to A4, LT decreased by 39.3% for FS XTE and 50.8% for TEC. Dentin shades of FS XTE and TEC (A2, A4) showed the lowest LT. Conclusions: The thickness and shade of resin composite increments strongly influences the transmission of curing light. More precise information about these parameters should be included in the manufacture manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stains produced by bacteria or those found in blood and food byproducts accumulate in highly porous caries lesions. They can interfere with accurate diagnosis and the selective removal of carious tissue during cavity preparations. Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) imaging studies have shown that stain molecules do not absorb light beyond 1200 nm. The objective of this study was to image affected and infected dentin atSWIR wavelengths. Sections of 3 mm thickness were cut from the extracted teeth with deep dentinal lesions. The sound (normal), affected (stained), and infected (demineralized) dentin on each section were examined with reflected light at wavelengths from 400 to 1700 nm, red and green fluorescence, and with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Microcomputed tomography (microCT) was used to measure the mineral density at each location investigated. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in the reflected light intensity at 400–850 nm and for fluorescence between the sound, affected, and infected dentin. SWIR imaging did not show significant reductions in reflectivity for the affected and infected dentin. SWIR images may be valuable for monitoring the lateral spread of dentinal lesions on the occlusal surfaces of teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this study evaluated dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and failure modes (at 24 h and one year), bonding interface regarding hybridization, surface morphology regarding demineralization, in situ metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and antibacterial effect of three dentin etchants compared to 35% phosphoric acid (PA). The Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive (3 M Oral Care) was applied on moist dentin etched with PA (control) or on air-dried dentin etched with 3% aluminum nitrate + 2% oxalic acid (AN), 6.8% ferric oxalate + 10% citric acid (FO), or 10% citric acid (CA). The µTBS test used 40 human teeth (n = 10). Failure modes and surface morphology were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3), while bonding interface morphology and MMP activity were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy (n = 3). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. Mutans biofilm by means of viable cells count (CFU/mL). PA presented the highest bond strengths regardless of aging time. PA, AN, and CA showed stable bond strengths after one year of storage. Adhesive and mixed failures were predominant in all groups. Thin hybrid layers with short resin tags were observed for the experimental etchants. The AN-based etchant was able to inhibit MMP activity. All tested etchants presented antibacterial activity against S. Mutans biofilm. This study suggests different dentin etchants capable of inhibiting MMP activity while also acting as cavity disinfectants. • Phosphoric acid bond strength was higher than the tested etchants. • Ferric oxalate + citric acid showed significant bond strength reduction at 1 year. • Gelatinolytic activity was inhibited by aluminum nitrate + oxalic acid. • Bacteria cell viability was reduced according to the pH of the acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and ultra-morphological characteristic changes in sound dentin resulting from silver diamine fluoride (SDF) when using adhesives. Ninety-six extracted human third molars were divided into the SDF-contaminated dentin group and the sound dentin group. In the SDF-contaminated dentin group, 38% SDF was agitated for 1 min, left undisturbed for 2 min, and rinsed with distilled water for 30 s. Then, each group was further subdivided into six subgroups (n = 8 / group) according to application modes: self-etch mode (SE) and etch-and-rinse mode (ER) followed by three adhesives: (1) Scothbond Universal Plus Adhesive (SUP); (2) G2-Bond Universal Adhesive (G2B); and (3) Clearfil Mega Bond 2 (MB2). All specimens were restored with resin composite and were stored in distilled water for 24 h before μTBS testing. Data from the μTBS test were analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and Duncan test (p < 0.05). The morphology of fractured surface and adhesive-dentin interfaces were evaluated by SEM, TEM, and STEM. Further elemental analysis was done by EDX. All SDF-contaminated dentin groups demonstrated significantly lower μTBS than sound dentin groups. All ER groups had higher μTBS than SE groups, except for G2B in the sound dentin group. STEM/EDX revealed an SDF-dentin-reacted layer in the SDF-contaminated dentin group. SDF had an adverse effect on adhesives. Additionally, ER mode is preferable when bonded to SDF-contaminated dentin. A calcium and fluoride-contained layer was observed in all SDF-contaminated dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the clinical performance of posterior restorations over wet and dry dentin with an etch-and-rinse adhesive after 36 months of clinical service. Forty-five participants were recruited, each one had at least two posterior teeth that needed restoration. Ninety restorations were placed on Class I or Class II cavities. For the restoration protocol, a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2) was applied over wet (WD) or dry dentin (DD) and later restored with a bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill) under rubber dam isolation. Each restoration was evaluated using the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria after 6, 12, and 36 months of clinical service, regarding the following principal restoration characteristics: postoperative sensitivity, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, fracture of material and retention, and recurrence of caries. Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance rank (α = 0.05) and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistical analysis. After 36 months of clinical evaluation, no significant difference between groups was observed in each FDI criterion (p > 0.05). Twenty restorations (WD=10, DD=10) showed minor marginal staining, and twenty-two restorations (WD=11, DD=11) presented small marginal adaptation defects (p > 0.05). Four restorations were lost (WD = 2, DD = 2) and the fracture rates (95% confidence interval) were 94.9% for each one, without significant difference between wet and dry dentin (p > 0.05). The degree of dentin moisture does not seem to affect the clinical performance of a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive in posterior restorations when the adhesive is applied vigorously over the dentine surface. • Dentin moisture did not influence the postoperative sensitivity of restorations. • Posterior restorations on wet or dry dentin had equal marginal integrity over time. • Dentin moisture did not influence the longevity of the restoration after 36 months. • An etch-and-rinse adhesive clinical performance is similar in wet and dry dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To simulate the replacement of a premolar with an implant‐supported cantilever fixed dental prosthesis (ICFDP) and how the fracture load is affected by implant type, positioning within the zirconia blank, and aging protocol. Materials and Methods: Seventy‐two ICFDPs were designed either within the enamel‐ or dentin layer of a 4Y‐PSZ blank for bone‐level and tissue‐level titanium‐zirconium implants. Fracture load was obtained on the cantilever at baseline (no aging) or after aging in a chewing simulator with the load applied within the implant axis (axial aging) or on the cantilever (12 groups with n = 6). A three‐way ANOVA was applied (α =.05). Results: A three‐way ANOVA revealed a significant effect on fracture load values of implant type (p =.006) and aging (p <.001) but not for the position within the zirconia blank (p =.847). Fracture load values significantly increased from baseline bone level (608 ± 118 N) and tissue level (880 ± 293 N) when the implants were aged axially, with higher values for tissue level (1065 ± 182 N) than bone level (797 ± 113 N) (p <.001). However, when the force was applied to the cantilever, fracture load values decreased significantly for tissue‐level (493 ± 70 N), while values for bone‐level implants remained stable (690 ± 135 N). Conclusions: For ICFDPs, the use of bone‐level implants is reasonable as catastrophic failures are likely to be restricted to the restoration, whereas with tissue‐level implants, the transmucosal portion of the implant is susceptible to deformation, making repair more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study bone healing of two‐wall bone defects after alveolar ridge preservation using mineralized dentin matrix. Materials and Methods: After distal roots extraction of second and fourth premolars (P2, P4) on one lateral mandible in 12 beagles, two‐wall bone defects (5 × 5 × 5 mm) were surgically created distally to the remaining mesial roots of P2 and P4. A total of 24 sites were randomly allocated to three groups (implant material‐ time of execution): mineralized dentin matrix (MDM)‐3 m (MDM + collagen membrane; 3 months), MDM‐6 m (MDM particles + collagen membrane; 6 months), and C‐6 m (collagen membrane only; 6 months). Clinical, radiographic, digital, and histological examinations were performed 3 and 6 months after surgery. Results: The bone healing in MDM groups were better compared to Control group (volume of bone regenerated in total: 25.12 mm3 vs. 13.30 mm3, p =.046; trabecular volume/total volume: 58.84% vs. 39.18%, p =.001; new bone formation rate: 44.13% vs. 31.88%, p =.047). Vertically, the radiological bone level of bone defect in MDM‐6 m group was higher than that in C‐6 m group (vertical height of bone defect: 1.55 mm vs. 2.74 mm, p =.018). Horizontally, no significant differences in buccolingual bone width were found between MDM and C groups at any time or at any level below the alveolar ridge. The percentages of remaining MDM were <1% in both MDM‐3 m and MDM‐6 m groups. Conclusions: MDM improved bone healing of two‐wall bone defects and might be considered as a socket fill material used following tooth extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To provide a 3‐year follow‐up of previously treated patients to assess and compare the periodontal responses and clinical performance of proximal subgingival open sandwich restorations. Materials and Methods: Ninety‐five adults participated in the study, with a combined total of 120 compound Class II cavities. These cavities had gingival margins located below the CEJ. Four different restorative materials were used to elevate the dentin/cementum gingival margins of the cavities: resin‐modified glass ionomer, glass hybrid, flowable bulk‐fill composite, or ion‐releasing material, which were then completed with the same overlaying composite. Different periodontal and clinical evaluations, based on the criteria set by the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria, were performed at different time intervals, including baseline, 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years. Results: The type of base material did not affect the periodontal evaluations. There were no statistically significant differences between different time intervals or base material groups in any of the evaluated FDI parameters. However, the ion‐releasing material scored significantly worse in the radiographic evaluation than any of the other groups. Conclusions: All tested materials are suitable for proximal subgingival open sandwich restorations, as long as the restoration/tooth margin is at least 2‐mm away from the bone crest. Clinical Significance: Clinicians can confidently choose any of the tested materials for proximal subgingival open sandwich restorations, as they have shown good outcomes from both periodontal and clinical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review aims to assess structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of coronal dentin after endodontic irrigation. Materials and Methods: Reporting followed the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Records filtered by language and published up to November 4, 2022 were independently screened by two researchers. Studies evaluating structural, chemical, or mechanical properties of human permanent coronal dentin after irrigation within the scope of nonsurgical root canal treatment were included. Data were extracted regarding study type, sample description and size, experimental groups, outcome, evaluation method, and main findings. Results: From the initial 1916 studies, and by adding 2 cross‐references, 11 in vitro studies were included. Seven studies provide ultrastructural and/or chemical characterization, and six assessed microhardness and/or flexural strength. One percent to 8% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 1%–17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were the most commonly tested solutions, with contact times of 2–240 min (NaOCl) and 1–1440 min (EDTA) being evaluated. Conclusions: Overall, the literature is consensual regarding the inevitable impact of NaOCl and chelating agents on coronal dentin, with both deproteinizing and decalcifying effects being concentration‐ and time‐dependent. The alteration of mechanical parameters further confirmed the surface and subsurface ultrastructural and chemical changes. Clinical Significance: Endodontic treatment success highly depends on restorative sealing. Understanding the result of exposing coronal dentin, the main substrate for bonding, to irrigants' action is crucial. The deproteinizing and decalcifying effects of NaOCl and chelating agents are both concentration‐ and time‐dependent, causing surface and subsurface ultrastructural, chemical, and mechanical alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of n‐propyl gallate as pre‐treatment for resin‐dentin bond strength. The dentin pre‐treatments evaluated included propyl gallate of concentrations 0.1% (w/v), 1.0% (w/v), and 10.0% (w/v), as well as glutaraldehyde 5.0% (v/v), and distilled water as a control treatment. Dentin specimens were prepared for Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) (n = 3/pre‐treatment). Pre‐treatments were actively applied to dentin blocks before performing the adhesive procedure to composite resin. Microtensile bond strength to dentin (μTBS) (n = 8/pre‐treatment) was determined after 24 h and 6 months of storage. Data were submitted to a two‐way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. As for FT‐IR, propyl gallate 1%‐treated specimens presented higher water, carbonate, collagen, and amide absorbance rates compared to other tested groups, while specimens pre‐treated with glutaraldehyde and distilled water presented similar absorbance curves. Regarding μTBS, all concentrations of propyl gallate resulted in statistically significant higher bond strength values than distilled water at 24 h. After 6 months of storage, propyl gallate 0.1% was the only group that maintained μTBS over time. Propyl gallate 0.1% might be a suitable dentinal pre‐treatment due to being able to present chemical bonds with demineralized dentin and providing resin‐dentin bond stability after 6 months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Endodontic irrigants may affect the mechanical and chemical properties of dentine. This study evaluated the effects of various final irrigation protocols including the use of chitosan nanoparticle (CSnp) and cross‐linking with genipin on the (1) mechanical and (2) chemical properties of dentine against enzymatic degradation. Methodology: CSnp was synthesized and characterized considering physiochemical parameters and stability. The root canals of 90 single‐rooted teeth were prepared and irrigated with NaOCl. Dentine discs were obtained and divided into groups according to the following irrigation protocols: Group NaOCl+EDTA, Group NaOCl+CSnp, Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp, Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin, Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin and Group distilled water. (1) Mechanical changes were determined by microhardness analysis using Vickers‐tester. (2) Chemical changes were determined by evaluating molecular and elemental compositions of dentine using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, respectively. All analyses were repeated after the discs were kept in collagenase for 24 h. Data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction for microhardness analysis, and Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests for FTIR and SEM/EDS analyses (p =.05). Results: (1) Collagenase application did not have a negative effect on microhardness only in Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin when compared with the post‐irrigation values (p >.05). Post‐collagenase microhardness of Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp and Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin was similar to the initial microhardness (p >.05). (2) After collagenase, Amide III/PO43− ratio presented no change in Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp, Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin and Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin (p >.05), while decreased in other groups (p <.05). Collagenase did not affect CO32−/PO43− ratio in the groups (p >.05). There were no changes in the groups in terms of elemental level before and after collagenase application (p >.05). Conclusions: CSnp and genipin positively affected the microhardness and molecular composition of dentine. This effect was more pronounced when CSnp was used after EDTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue diode lasers are alternative curing devices for dental composites. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of blue diode laser polymerization on shear bond strength of bulk fill composites to human dentin and temperature rise during two types of polymerization. Composite cylinders of SDR Plus(SDR) and Ever X Flow(EX) were bonded to dentin slabs using Adhese Universal and curing devices blue diode laser (449 nm, 1.6 W) and Power Cure LED. For each material and curing device there were two polymerization approaches: 1)conventional: separate curing of adhesive; 2)co-curing: simultaneous adhesive and composite curing. Polymerization modes for each material in conventional and co-curing(c) approach were: blue laser 2000 mW/cm2 for 5 s (L5 and L5c); blue laser 1000 mW/cm2 for 10 s (L10 and L10c); Power Cure 2000 mW/cm2 for 5 s (LED5 and LED5c); Power Cure 1000 mW/cm2 for 10 s (LED10 and LED10c). Temeperature was measured using thermal vision camera. For SDR, the highest bond strength was 24.3 MPa in L10c, and the lowest 9.2 MPa in LED5c. EX exhibited the highest bond strength(21.3 MPa) in LED5, and the lowest in L5(7.7 MPa). The highest temperature rise for SDR was in L10 and L5 (7.3 and 7.2 °C), and the lowest in LED5(0.8 °C). For EX, the highest temperature rise was in L5 (13.0 °C), and the lowest in LED5 (0.7 °C). Temperature rise was higher during blue laser polymerization, especially at high intensity and with conventional curing. Preferable blue laser curing mode is co-curing at 1000mW/cm2 for 10 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of different endodontic irrigants and adhesive systems on the resin bond strength of fiber post cementation. In total, 144 single-rooted, unrestored human teeth were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 12 groups according to four endodontic irrigants (distilled water as control; EDTA 17%; NaOCl 5%; chlorhexidine digluconate 2%) and three different adhesive/resin cement systems (etch-and-rinse: orthophosphoric acid, Parabond® A+B/Paracore®; self-etch: ParaBond® Non-Rinse Conditioner, Parabond® A+B/Paracore®; Universal: ClearfilTM Universal Bond/ClearfilTM DC Core Plus). Forty-eight hours after post cementation, ten teeth from each group were cross-sectioned into three discs (cervical, middle and apical regions). Thirty specimens of each group (n = 30) were submitted to a push-out test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The remaining two teeth of each group were sectioned in the same manner, and the resin–dentin interface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were statistically analyzed with the ANOVA test and Tukey's test (p < 0,01). The adhesive protocols and post space region showed no significant effect on bond strength (p > 0.01). The combination of NaOCl 5% and ClearfilTM Universal Bond reduced the adhesive strength (p < 0.01). The NaOCl 5%, in relation to other irrigants, significantly decreased the push-out bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCS) sealers have recently gained tremendous popularity due to their unique properties. However, their removal during endodontic retreatment is challenging. The solvent, which could chemically deteriorate the material, would be highly desirable for endodontic retreatment procedures. This preliminary study assessed the interplay and dissolving capability of 10% and 20% citric acid, compared to 17% EDTA, on commonly used HCS sealers (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer, Bio-C Sealer, BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC Sealer), and evaluated the potential impact of these solutions on root dentin structure. The interaction between tested sealers and irrigating solutions was photographed, and solubility-related mass changes were determined. The surface morphology of treated filling materials and dentin was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with Tukey's test were used to detect the statistically significant differences among groups at the confidence level of 0.95. Intense gas release was observed during the interaction of HCS materials and citric acid, with no evidently visible "bubbling" after the immersion in EDTA. The mass loss of HCS sealers equally confirmed the significantly higher dissolving characteristics of 10% and 20% citric acid solutions compared to EDTA. The surface structural changes, associated with pore and crack formation, were mainly seen for HCS sealers exposed to citric acid. Meanwhile, no severe erosion was detected for dentin after root canal preparation with 10% and 20% citric acid solutions. These findings demonstrate that citric acid has the potential to dissolve HCS sealers with minimal or no negative impact on root dentin, suggesting citric acid as a solvent for HCS sealers in endodontic retreatment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the dentin shear bond strength (SBS) of an etch-and-rinse (ER) or a self-etch (SE) adhesive incorporated with multifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (MA-POSS-8). An ER adhesive (Solobond Plus, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) and a universal adhesive applied in SE mode (Scotchbond Universal, 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) were infiltrated with MA-POSS-8 (Hybrid Plastics Inc., Hattiesburg, MS, USA) at 5 wt.% or 10 wt.%. Pure adhesives served as controls. Bovine dentin specimens were conditioned with one of the adhesives prior to the application of a nano-hybrid composite (Venus Diamond A3, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). SBS and failure modes were determined after water storage for 24 h, 6 months, 12 months, or 24 months (each subgroup n = 20). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVAs, Weibull statistics, and χ2 tests (p < 0.05). SBSs for the control groups after 24 h were 17.4 ± 4.9 MPa for the ER adhesive and 19.1 ± 5.2 MPa for the universal adhesive. After 24 months, the SBS of the ER adhesive was significantly higher for 5 wt.% MA-POSS-8 (17.9 ± 5.1 MPa) than for the control group (14.6 ± 3.6 MPa) and 10 wt.% MA-POSS-8 (12.8 ± 4.1 MPa), and more cohesive failures were observed. The SBS of the universal adhesive increased during aging, irrespective of the MA-POSS-8 concentration. 5 wt.% MA-POSS-8 improves the SBS of the ER adhesive and does not impair the SBS of the SE adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to investigate the influence of endodontic irrigation solutions and protocols on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using an etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) adhesive approach. Eighty extracted human molars were ground to dentin. After pretreating for 27 min (21 min–3 min–3 min) with five different endodontic irrigation protocols (Group 1: NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl; Group 2: NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA; Group 3: NaOCl–NaCl–NaOCl; Group 4: Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse; Group 5: NaCl–NaCl–NaCl), an ER (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a SE (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) adhesive system was applied. After light-curing, composite build-ups were made and cut into dentin-composite sticks. μTBS and failure modes were analyzed. Nonparametric statistical analyses (α = 0.05) were performed for comparison of the five groups within each type of adhesive as well as between the two adhesive systems used. The use of an ER instead of a SE adhesive system resulted in significantly higher μTBS for all irrigation protocols except for group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) and 2 (NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA). A statistical difference between the five different endodontic irrigation protocols was only found within the SE adhesive group, where group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) achieved highest values. The use of an ER adhesive system cancels out the effect of the endodontic irrigation solution. The highest μTBS was achieved when using a NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl-irrigation protocol in combination with Clearfil SE Bond, which shows that the selection of the endodontic irrigation should match the corresponding SE adhesive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agrawal and Shah modified CAST (Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment) is the novel index prepared specifically for the Indian population for the complete evaluation of the spectrum/range of dental caries described hierarchically. Objective: To assess the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs in an adult Indian population using Agrawal and Shah modified CAST index. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional transverse study was performed on 2000 adult patients in the age range of 19--70 years. All the adult patients were scored for caries presence by Agrawal and Shah modified CAST codes on a structured proforma. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of dental caries calculated using Agrawal and Shah modified CAST index was 85.6%. 5.2% (104) adults had sound dentition, 4.1% (82) adults had restorations, 2.1% (42) adults had non-cavitated lesions, 13.7% (274) adults had the presence of caries in the enamel, 19% (380) adults had the presence of caries in dentine, and pulpal involvement was observed in 27.7% (554) adults. 10.3% (206) adults had presented with a root surface and cervical caries. 13.6% (272) adults had lost at least one tooth due to caries, and 3% (60) adults had lost teeth due to any other reason except dental caries. 1.3% (26) adult patients do not show any caries-related diagnosis but were having predisposing conditions. Conclusion: Agrawal and Shah modified CAST index proved to be simple, useful, and appropriate in assessing dental caries prevalence in the Indian population along with the treatment needs of the Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Erosive tooth wear is a highly prevalent dental condition that is modified by the ever-present salivary pellicle. The aim of the present in situ study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols on the ultrastructure of the pellicle formed on dentin in situ and a subsequent erosive challenge. Methods: The pellicle was formed on bovine dentin specimens for 3 min or 2 h in 3 subjects. After subjects rinsed with sterile water (negative control), 1% tannic acid, 1% hop extract, or tin/fluoride solution containing 800 ppm tin and 500 ppm fluoride (positive control), specimens were removed from the oral cavity. The erosive challenge was performed on half of the specimens with 1% citric acid, and all specimens were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Incorporation of tannic acid in the pellicle was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: Compared to the negative control, ultrastructural analyses reveal a thicker and electron-denser pellicle after application of polyphenols, in which, according to spectroscopy, tannic acid is also incorporated. Application of citric acid resulted in demineralization of dentin, but to a lesser degree when the pellicle was pretreated with a tin/fluoride solution. The pellicle was more acid-resistant than the negative control when modified with polyphenols or tin/fluoride solution. Conclusion: Polyphenols can have a substantial impact on the ultrastructure and acid resistance of the dentin pellicle, while the tin/fluoride solution showed explicit protection against erosive demineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique is used to improve the bond strength of indirect restorations. This systematic review assessed whether bond strength is affected by the type of aging conditions, bonding agents, flowable resin composites, impression materials, temporary materials, and/or resin cement used within the IDS procedure. A comprehensive database search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Ovid Medline, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, and ProQuest was carried out up to 30 January 2024 without publication year or language limitations. Only in vitro full-texts regarding the effect of IDS on bond strength were included, and the quality of their methods was assessed via a Risk of Bias (RoB) test. In total, 1023 pertinent studies were initially found, and 60 articles were selected for review after screening for the title, abstract, and full texts. IDS application improves the bond strength of indirect restorations to dentin and reduces the negative effects of temporary materials on the bond durability of final indirect restorations. Filled dentin bonding agents or combinations with flowable resin composite are preferred to protect the IDS layer from conditioning procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the expression of nuclear β‐catenin are responsible for tumorigenesis. Beta‐catenin acts synergistically with the TGF‐β/BMPs pathway. This interaction leads to greater dentin deposition and may explain the differences between distinct tooth morphologies and hamartomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of β‐catenin, BMP4 and TGF‐β in the development of odontomas. This cross‐sectional, retrospective, immunohistochemical study evaluated 30 compound odontomas, 30 complex odontomas and 17 tooth germs. The results showed that BMP4 and TGF‐β were more immunoexpressed in the ectomesenchyme of complex odontomas (median = 33.7, p < 0.001; median = 76.4, p = 0.002, respectively). Higher immunoexpression of BMP4 and TGF‐β was also observed in the epithelium of tooth germs (median = 2.0, p < 0.001; median = 120.3, p < 0.001, respectively). TGF‐β and BMP4 showed a positive and significant correlation (p < 0.001). Both TGF‐β and BMP4 were positively correlated with nuclear β‐catenin in ectomesenchyme (p = 0.047 and p = 0.023, respectively). Developing teeth exhibited higher concentrations of the proteins studied in odontogenic epithelium, especially during the bud and cap stages. Higher immunoexpression in odontomas occurred mainly in the ectomesenchyme. We therefore suggest that changes in the ectomesenchyme can lead to the development of odontomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing properties of ion-releasing restorative materials on pH cycling-induced carious dentin. Fifty sound molars were freshly extracted. The occlusal surfaces were abraded using water-cooled sandpaper (800 grit). The residual crowns were embedded in self-cured acrylic resin with the flat dentin surface exposed. A mesio-distal trench was created using a calibrated 0.5 mm deep occlusal reduction burr, and artificial dentin caries were generated by pH cycling. Then, teeth were randomly assigned to five groups according to the ion-releasing material used. For each sample, micro-CT acquisitions were performed at various intervals. Remineralization was assessed by mean gray value (MGV) measurements after registration and segmentation of the region of interest with 3D Slicer software. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to investigate the difference in MGVs among the various groups. Only Cention Forte showed significantly increased MGVs after 4 weeks compared to demineralized dentin. MGVs were higher, but not significantly, after placement of the restorative materials, including in the resin composite control group. These results can be explained by the radiopacity of the materials. Cention Forte, the material with the highest radiopacity, showed a significant increase in the MGVs of artificially carious dentin after 4 weeks. However, the study of dentin remineralization by micro-CT could be impacted by the radiopacity of the restorative materials used. The relevance of this examination for the study of dentinal remineralization should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tideglusib has shown great performance in terms of dentin regenerative properties. This study aims to evaluate bonding ability, of demineralized dentin infiltrated with polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) doped with tideglusib (TG) (TG-NPs). Dentin conditioned surfaces were infiltrated with NPs and TG-NPs. Bonded interfaces were created and stored for 24 h and then submitted to mechanical, chemical and thermal challenging. The resin-dentin interface was evaluated through a doubled dye fluorescent technique and a calcium chelator fluorophore under a confocal laser scanning microscopy, and by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Dentin surfaces treated with TG-NPs and load cycled produced higher bond strength than the rest of the groups. Immersion of dentin specimens treated with undoped-NPs in collagenase solution attained the lowest microtensile bond strength (MTBS) values. Both porosity and nanoleakage decreased when dentin was infiltrated with TG-NPs, that revealed strong signals of xylenol orange stain at both hybrid layer and dentinal tubules. The presence of NPs, in general, inducted the presence of mineralized interfaces after mechanical loading and thermocycling. Nanoparticles doped with tideglusib promoted the highest dentin bonding efficacy among groups, as they facilitated the maximum bond strength values with creation of mineral deposits at the hybrid layer and dentinal walls. Tideglusib enabled scarce porosity, nanoleakage and advanced sealing among dentin groups. Doping hydrophilic polymeric NPs with tideglusib, infiltrated in etched dentin represents a reproducible technique to create reparative dentin at the resin-dentin interface, by inducing therapeutic bioactivity. [Display omitted] • Tideglusib/TG promoted the highest dentin bonding efficiency among groups. • TG treated dentin created hermetic tubular resin tags and new minerals favoring sealing. • TG facilitated lower porosity and nanoleakage of the resin dentin interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess visually and quantitatively the contributions of the adhesive layer photopolymerization and the subsequent resin composite increment to spatio-temporal maps of temperature at five different cavity locations, subjected to two irradiance curing protocols: standard and ultra-high. Caries-free molars were used to obtain 40, 2 mm thick dentin slices, randomly assigned to groups (n = 5). These slices were incorporated within 3D-printed model cavites, 4 mm deep, restored with Adhese® Universal bonding agent and 2 mm thick Tetric® Powerfill resin composite, and photocured sequentially, as follows: G1: control-empty cavity; G2: adhesive layer; G3 composite layer with no adhesive; and G4 composite layer with adhesive. The main four groups were subdivided based on two curing protocols, exposed either to standard 10 s (1.2 W/cm2) or Ultra high 3 s (3 W/cm2) irradiance modes using a Bluephase PowerCure LCU. Temperature maps were obtained, via a thermal imaging camera, and numerically analyzed at 5 locations. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by multiple one-way ANOVA, independent t-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). T max , ΔT, T int (integrated area under the curve) and time-to-reach-maximum-temperature were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant interaction between light-curing time and location on the measured parameters (p > 0.05), except for the time-to-reach-maximum-temperature (p < 0.05). Curing the adhesive layer alone with the 10 s protocol resulted in a significantly increased pulpal roof temperature compared to 3 s cure (p < 0.05). Independent T-tests between G3 and G4, between 3 s and 10 s, confirmed that the adhesive agent caused no significant increases (p > 0.05) on the measured parameters. The ultra-high light-curing protocol significantly increased ΔT in composite compared to 10 s curing (p < 0.05). When the adhesive layer was photocured alone in a cavity, with a 2 mm thick dentin floor, the exothermal release of energy resulted in higher temperatures with a 10 s curing protocol, compared to a 3 s high irradiance. But when subsequently photocuring a 2 mm layer of composite, the resultant temperatures generated at pulpal roof location from the two curing protocols were similar and therefore there was no increased hazard to the dental pulp from the immediately prior adhesive photopolymerization, cured via the ultra-high irradiation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, composite resin materials have been the most frequently used materials for direct restorations of posterior teeth. These materials have some clinically relevant limitations due to their lack of fracture toughness, especially when used in larger cavities with high volume factors or when utilized as direct or indirect overlays or crown restorations. Recently, short-fiber-reinforced composite materials have been used in bi-structure restorations as a dentine substituting material due to their superior mechanical properties; however, there is no scientific consensus as to whether they can be used as full restorations. The aim of our review was to examine the available literature and gather scientific evidence on this matter. Two independent authors performed a thorough literature search using PubMed and ScienceDirect up until December 2023. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool. The authors selected in vitro studies that used short-fiber-reinforced composite materials as complete restorations, with a conventional composite material as a comparison group. Out of 2079 potentially relevant articles, 16 met our inclusion criteria. All of the included studies reported that the usage of short-fiber-reinforced composites improved the restoration's load-bearing capacity. Fifteen of the included publications examined the fracture pattern, and thirteen of them reported a more favorable fracture outcome for the short-fiber-reinforced group. Only one article reported a more favorable fracture pattern for the control group; however, the difference between groups was not significant. Within the limitations of this review, the evidence suggests that short-fiber-reinforced composites can be used effectively as complete restorations to reinforce structurally compromised teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determination of the eligibility of several tooth analog materials for use in crown fracture testing. Methods: A standardized premolar crown preparation was replicated into three types of resin dies (C&B, low modulus 3D printed resin; OnX, high modulus 3D printed resin composite; and highest modulus milled resin composite). 0.8 mm zirconia crowns were bonded to the dies and the maximum fracture load of the crowns was tested. Twelve extracted human premolars were prepared to a standardized crown preparation, and duplicate dies of the prepared teeth were 3D printed out of C&B. Zirconia crowns were bonded to both the dies and natural teeth, and their fracture load was tested. Results: There was no statistical difference between the fracture load of zirconia crowns bonded to standardized dies of C&B (1084.5 ± 134.2 N), OnX (1112.7 ± 109.8 N) or Lava Ultimate (1137.5 ± 88.7 N) (p = 0.580). There was no statistical difference between the fracture load of crowns bonded to dentin dies (1313 ± 240 N) and a 3D-printed resin die (C&B, 1156 ± 163 N) (p = 0.618). Conclusions: There was no difference in the static fracture load of zirconia crowns bonded to standardized resin dies with different moduli or between a low modulus resin die and natural dentin die. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of the pre-application of a dentin-bonding agent and the application of different lasers on the prevention of tooth discoloration caused by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in the presence of blood. Sixty extracted human anterior teeth were selected, with root lengths standardized to 10 mm and root canals shaped using Gates-Glidden drills #3 to #5. The samples were divided into six groups (n = 10): Group 1 with no surface treatment and Groups 2 to 6 with Optibond universal adhesive and Neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), Erbium yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG), Erbium-chromium-yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er:Cr:YSGG), and diode laser applications, respectively. Root canals were filled with fresh human blood, and ProRoot MTA and a collagen barrier were then placed. Color changes were measured with a spectrophotometer at 0, 7, 30, 90, and 180 days post MTA placement. Color differences (∆E) were analyzed using a two-factor mixed-design ANOVA with the Sidak method (p = 0.05). All treatment groups exhibited discoloration above the acceptability threshold. Although all treatment approaches exhibited less color change compared to the control group (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference among them in terms of preventing color change (p > 0.05). It was determined that none of the methods could guarantee 100% prevention of discoloration caused by MTA–blood contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the microstructures of dentin surfaces and the long-term bond strength of dentin under simulated pulpal pressure. Materials and methods: Under simulated pulp pressure, 30 freshly extracted caries-free third molars were cut into 2-mm-thick dentin samples and then divided into five groups: the control and laser groups (93.3 J/cm2; 124.4 J/cm2; 155.5 J/cm2; 186.6 J/cm2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Vickers hardness were used to analyze the surface morphology, composition, and mechanical properties of the dentin before and after laser irradiation. Another 80 caries-free third molars were removed and treated as described above, and the resin was bonded to the dentin surface with Single Bond Universal (SBU) adhesive in self-etch mode to make stick specimens. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and interfacial silver nanoleakage tests before and after 10,000 times thermocycling were then performed to analyze the bonding properties and interfacial durability of each group. Results: SEM observations revealed that the surfaces of all laser group specimens were rough with open dentin tubules. Laser irradiation altered the surface composition of dentin while removing some collagen fibers but did not affect its surface hardness or crystallographic characteristics. Furthermore, laser irradiation with an energy density of 124.4 J/cm2 significantly promoted the immediate and aging bond strengths and reduced nanoleakage compared to those of the control group. Conclusions: Under simulated pulp pressure, Nd:YAG laser pretreatment altered the chemical composition of dentin and improved the immediate and long-term bond strength. Clinical relevance: This study investigated the optimal parameters for Nd:YAG laser pretreatment of dentin, which has potential as a clinical method to strengthen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]