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I offer a modified definition of sport. Some have claimed that it is impossible to define sport. I believe it is possible to give a definition, understood as articulating intuitive views about what correct usage of the word is. Through an examination of competitive cooking and Esports, I argue that a common definition of sport as a game of physical skill needs to be modified to account for why these should not be considered sports. Although cooking involves physical skill, what is judged in a cooking competition is a product, not physical skill itself. Esports do involve physical skill, but I claim that the common use of sport requires gross motor activity that uses most of the body, whereas the popular Esports only require hand and arm movement. My modified definition is that sports are games of gross motor skill which do not produce a product distinct from the skill itself. I conclude with consideration of some borderline cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring quality in healthcare calls for a coordinated, systematic, congruous, and sustained approach. Nevertheless, it demands defining what the quality of healthcare means in the local context. Presently, the Malaysian healthcare system utilizes various definitions of quality of healthcare across the different initiatives and levels of healthcare, which can lead to fragmented or ineffective quality improvement. The study aims to describe the process undertaken in developing an explicit definition of the quality of healthcare tailored to the Malaysian context, which is currently lacking. A pluralistic method was used to explore the different perspectives. Three distinct approaches were used to understand how quality is defined among the different stakeholder groups: (i) interactive policy-makers engagement sessions, (ii) a review of local quality-related documents, and (iii) an online survey engaging the public. The domains depicting quality of healthcare that emerged through these three approaches were mapped against a framework and synthesized to form the local definition of quality. A national quality-related technical working group convened on several sessions to achieve consensus and finalize the definition of quality of healthcare. Quality healthcare in Malaysia is defined as providing high-quality healthcare that is safe, timely, effective, equitable, efficient, people-centred, and accessible [STEEEPA] which is innovative and responsive to the needs of the people, and is delivered as a team, in a caring and professional manner in order to improve health outcomes and client experience. The consensus-driven local definition of healthcare quality will guide policies and ensure standardization in measuring quality, thereby steering efforts to improve the quality of healthcare services delivered in Malaysia.

The study defines copreneurs and presents a four decadal review on copreneurial literature. The purpose is to bring conceptualization and characterization of copreneurs, on surface from its fragmented literature. A structured literature review on copreneurship research published between 1984 and 2023 is conducted. The search is made adopting indexing (Scopus, Clarivate and ABDC), digital libraries including ProQuest and EBSCO, and research articles published in journals by renowned publishers namely Elsevier, Emerald, Inderscience, Sage, Springer, Taylor & Francis and Wiley. Inclusion/exclusion criteria was defined and duplicates were eliminated. Finally, using POWER review model, the existing literature is organized under six themes namely Gender Roles, Spousal Support & Relationship Satisfaction, Work Life Balance, Business Commitment & Motivation, Leadership & Decision Making and Division of Labour & Responsibilities in the Intertwined Worlds. Using Inter- Rater Reliability, five definitions of copreneurs were framed and rated by nine experts from academics and industry. Finally, the definition with highest score and acceptable I-CVI value for simplicity & clarity is proposed. The fragmented literature on copreneurs speaks volume about the need for more impactful research on them. By using the proposed definition of copreneurs, scholars can uniformly identify the copreneurs, with future opportunities for micro-level research on copreneurs. Policy makers can utilise the findings of these research and formulate schemes, policies & programmes for betterment of copreneurs. The study intends to bridge the disciplinary gaps existing for identifying copreneurs and serve as a foundation for information sharing, regarding copreneurs and their entrepreneurial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arts participation has been linked to positive health outcomes around the globe. As more research is taking place on this topic, there is heightened need for definitions for the complex concepts involved. While significant work to define "arts participation" has taken place in the arts sector, less work has been undertaken for the purpose of researching the arts in public health. This study developed a definition for "arts participation" to guide a national arts in public health research agenda and to advance and make more inclusive previous work to define the term. A convergent mixed-methods study design with sequential elements was used to iteratively develop a definition that integrated the perspectives of field experts as well as the general public. Literature review was followed by four iterative phases of data collection, analysis, and integration, and a proposed definition was iteratively revised at each stage. The final definition includes modes, or ways, in which people engage with the arts, and includes examples of various art forms intended to frame arts participation broadly and inclusively. This definition has the potential to help advance the quality and precision of research aimed at evaluating relationships between arts participation and health, as well as outcomes of arts-based health programs and interventions in communities. With its more inclusive framing than previous definitions, it can also help guide the development of more inclusive search strategies for evidence synthesis in this rapidly growing arena and assist researchers in developing more effective survey questions and instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare the definition of virtue in philosophy with the definition and operationalization of virtue in psychology. We articulate characteristics that virtue is presented as possessing in the perennial western philosophical tradition. Virtues are typically understood as (a) dispositional (b) deep-seated (c) habits (d) that contribute to flourishing and (e) that produce activities with the following three features: they are (f) done well, (g) not done poorly, and (h) in accordance with the right motivation and reason. We form a definition from these characteristics and defend our exclusion of some other characteristics from the definition. Using our definition as a rubric, we evaluate conceptions of virtue in psychology, showing how many fall short at operationalizing at least one component of the philosophical notion of virtue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent US proposals suggest defining Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on β‐amyloidosis alone. This sparked debates that echoed historical ones about the significance of brain lesions and clinical phenotype. Methods: This review covers debates on AD nosology through three key periods: AD's discovery in German‐speaking countries in the early 20th century, its redefinition in Anglo‐Saxon countries in the 1960s–1980s, and current debates on the biological or clinicobiological definitions of AD. Key players' opinions are focused on. Results: At the beginning of the 20th century, AD was defined as a clinicopathological entity. Debates arose around the pathological anchor, which included extended neurofibrillary tangles versus neuritic plaques (Alzheimer vs. Fischer) and its association with senile dementia (Kraepelin). In the 1960s–1980s, the debate shifted towards whether AD could be diagnosed using qualitative or quantitative neuropathological features and whether it was a unique process (Terry and Katzman) or had subtypes (Roth). The current definition proposed by the US Alzheimer's Association is based purely on biological β‐amyloid abnormalities and represents a double break: from the historical clinicopathological definition of AD and from the historical emphasis on tau or combined tau and β‐amyloid high levels of pathology. Conversely, the clinicobiological proposal of the International Working Group remains aligned with historical concepts of AD. Conclusions: This historical perspective illustrates the unresolved questions surrounding AD pathogenesis, role of lesions, and the clinical phenotype, especially for sporadic cases. The intense nosological debates throughout the history of AD also illustrate the diversity of theoretical frameworks for defining disease in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-based treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) suggest that treatment should be individualised but acknowledge the difficulty of correctly defining levels of activity (mild, moderate and severe). The aim of this study was to define the parameters or disease characteristics that should be included in a future definition of moderate PsA. Mixed. methods: (1) literature review to identify previous assessment tools used to classify patients into mild, moderate and severe forms, and (2) survey of rheumatologists, and experts in PsA, to obtain their opinion on the degree of validation and applicability of published definitions and tools, and on the parameters that should be included in a future definition of moderate PsA. We propose eight domains/items to be included in a definition of moderate PsA: number of active joints and inflamed entheses, physician global assessment (by visual analogue scale), dactylitis, body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis, psoriasis in special locations, and absence of hip involvement. The Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) score would be supported as part of this definition, as would the Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease (PsAID) index. This study proposes a set of items/domains to be included in a definition of moderate PsA based on literature and expert opinion, which can be the starting point for further development and validation studies of the proposed items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine connections between the speech acts of assertion, denial, polar questions and justification requests, and the common ground. When we pay attention to the structure of norms governing polar questions, we can clarify the distinction between strong and weak denial, together with the parallel distinction between strong and weak assertion, and the distinct way that these speech acts interact with the common ground. In addition, once we pay attention to the distinct norms concerning justification requests, we can give a distinctive answer to Carroll’s puzzle concerning the force of the logical must and the sense in which certain rules for logical concepts can indeed count as definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural and social landscape of rural Australia is changing, with many farmers interested in, and some actively moving towards, regenerative agriculture--but what do we understand of the farmers undertaking these transitions? Regenerative agriculture is a holistic way of managing landscapes that aims to move beyond sustainability to regenerate natural systems, while supporting farming system viability. While several authors have discussed the higher-level philosophical underpinnings of regenerative agriculture, there are few empirical studies exploring the motivators for farmers to implement a suite of practices within the regenerative agriculture tool-kit. By undertaking an online survey targeting regenerative farmers, this study identifies common attributes of regenerative farmers, as well as key motivators for, and barriers to change, including perceived benefits arising from the approach. An online survey was promoted through the social media pages of three farming groups, resulting in 96 self-identifying Australian regenerative farmers included in this analysis. Results demonstrate that a clear and recent shift has taken place for this group, who may feel ostracized within their local community, hence often rely on information from online and international sources of agricultural information. This article builds a core understanding of the goals, attributes, aspirations and challenges of regenerative farmers and offers a definition of regenerative agriculture that is derived from farmer responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials chemistry is focused on the design, preparation, and understanding of innovative materials. It is an emerging area of research where definitions are not well established. This document defines the area of materials chemistry for the benefit of chemistry communities and the general public worldwide interested in this discipline. This recommendation defines the term “materials chemistry” as the “scientific discipline that designs, synthesizes, and characterizes materials, with particular interest on processing and understanding of useful or potentially useful properties displayed by the materials designed and synthesized for specific applications.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of a shared, operant definition for greenwashing has led to fragmented scholarly research, unclear guidelines for practice, inconsistent enforcement, and reactive policy frameworks; resulting in ineffective efforts to combat its growth. Using concept analysis, this research establishes a composite definition for greenwashing by identifying the constitutive attributes sourced across 79 scholarly definitions. The analysis finds six requirements necessary for identifying greenwashing: a claim on environmental performance by a private sector organization marketing a product or a service, which cannot be substantiated, made with deceptive intent, and done to establish a competitive advantage. Fulfilling these criteria warrants an accusation of greenwashing. With the aim to prevent its further spread and misuse, the article provides a diagnostic tool for separating similar but often conflated concepts from greenwashing to organize scholarly research, provide guidelines for practitioners, and support regulators' case analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the need to redefine perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) after cardiac surgery. It discusses different definitions of PMI and their implications for patient outcomes. The authors argue for updating the criteria for PMI diagnosis, particularly in non-coronary artery bypass graft surgeries, and emphasize the importance of considering the dynamics of cardiac biomarkers over time. They also highlight the challenges of using cardiac troponin to diagnose PMI and propose that a better definition should take into account the amount of myocardial injury associated with different procedures. Further research is needed to develop a more accurate and comprehensive definition of PMI. [Extracted from the article]

This study aims to establish a basic definition for micromuseums. Research was conducted among twenty-one micromuseums on eight Mediterranean islands guided by semi-structured interviews with curators of independent, private, and state micromuseums on the Maltese Islands, the Ragusan Province of Sicily, and other islands for comparative purposes. All gathered information was analysed, and the findings indicate that there are specific factors which contribute to defining a micromuseum and differentiate it from traditional establishment museums. In comparison to earlier literature on micromuseology, the study revealed that micromuseums, among other characteristics, focus on specific themes and collections not typically found in larger museums, operate with minimal visibility, have staff members who perform multiple roles, cater to niche audiences, employ curators who are experts in their field, and prioritize interactions between curators and visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This revision of the da Vinci Medal Address delivered at SHOT's annual meeting in Los Angeles on October 28 2023 presents two valedictories. The first reviews fifty years in SHOT studying and teaching the history of technology and warfare. It argues that not only is technology a particularly useful category of analysis for understanding change in warfare over the course of human history but warfare is an equally useful category of analysis for studying technological change. The second valedictory invites SHOT members to clarify what they mean by the term "technology." There is no need for a single definition but the term is so widely and loosely used in contemporary discourse that it behooves SHOT members to explain what they mean by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenic obesity is the co‐existence of obesity and sarcopenia in individuals aged 40–75 years. The Japanese Working Group on Sarcopenic Obesity has developed diagnostic criteria tailored for the Japanese population, considering their unique characteristics compared with European populations. Our algorithm consists of two steps: screening and diagnosis. The screening of obesity mandates using waist circumference and/or body mass index (BMI) based on national standards, while screening for sarcopenia involves the "finger ring test" in addition to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. The final diagnosis of sarcopenia involves handgrip strength for low muscle strength, the five‐times chair stand test for low physical function, and limb skeletal muscle mass (corrected for BMI) for low muscle mass. Obesity is assessed by visceral fat area or body fat percentage. Sarcopenic obesity is then categorized into Stage I, with muscle weakness/loss of function, loss of muscle mass, and obesity; or Stage II, which includes complications. Further clinical validation is needed to refine the consensus and age range. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 997–1000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In occupational therapy for children, collaborative practice with parents is crucial for meaningful family‐centred interventions, yet it remains undefined and inconsistently addressed. This study aimed to establish foundational concepts for collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children in progressing the field with a universal description. Methods: This paper encompasses the second dataset of a larger scoping review and a preliminary validation of findings by an advisory panel. Data were gathered from indexed sources on collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children (ages 0–10) using MedLine, PsychInfo, ERIC, Embase, OTSeeker, Scopus, and ProQuest Central. Data were extracted, charted, and descriptively analysed by paired independent reviewers. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis—extension for Scoping Reviews were used. A draft definition of collaborative practices, developed based on preliminary review findings and an operational definition, was validated by an advisory panel of 13 experienced Australian occupational therapists, whose input was integrated into a final, comprehensive description of collaborative practice. Results: The scoping review encompassed 299 sources, revealing three major components of collaborative practice: 'collaborative practice aims', 'parent–therapist partnership', and 'strategies for collaboration'. The advisory panel endorsed the draft definition, confirmed its professional relevance, and suggested some modifications. Conclusion: The major outcome of this study is an evidence‐based and discipline‐specific preliminary description of collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children. This description provides a common language and foundational concepts for the future development of a collaborative practice framework to guide practice and research. Future studies can explore specific components, exploring their mechanisms and significance. Further expanded validation is required, incorporating the perspectives of a wider community of occupational therapists and families to enhance the description's applicability. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: In occupational therapy for children, collaboration between parents and occupational therapists has been long acknowledged as important in the occupational therapy literature. It is an essential shift away from practices led by professionals to a practice that encourages parents to be engaged therapy partners. However, there has been little consistency in terms of a definition or description of collaborative practice and in what parts of therapy collaboration is used. To develop a draft definition of collaborative practice, we extracted relevant information from 299 papers between 1998 and 2022. Then, an advisory panel of 13 experienced Australian occupational therapists validated and enhanced our final description of collaborative practice. The data from the review was grouped into three major components of collaborative practice: 'collaborative practice aims', 'parent–therapist partnership', and 'strategies for collaboration'. The advisory panel confirmed the draft definition and its relevance and suggested some modifications, which were used to refine the description. The major outcome of this study is a preliminary description of collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children that is based on the research evidence. This description provides a common language and foundational concepts for the future development of a collaborative practice framework to guide practice and research. Future studies are needed to explore specific components of collaborative practice, their relevance, and how they operate in practice. Further validation of the collaborative practice description is needed that would incorporate the perspectives of parents, families, and a wider community of occupational therapists to enhance the description's applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the last two decades, research on poly-victimization (PV) has evolved from examinations of a core set of past-year victimization types in youth samples to investigations of a broad range of victimization types experienced during variable time intervals in diverse samples of varying ages. As the concept of PV expands, greater clarity regarding the definition and measurement of PV is needed to advance understanding of its risk and protective factors as well as its associated outcomes. This scoping review aimed to (a) identify approaches used to operationally define and measure PV across studies and (b) synthesize empirical findings concerning risk factors and outcomes associated with PV. A systematic search of peer-reviewed research published before 2022 across 12 databases yielded 98 studies that met inclusion criteria. Study characteristics including the research design, sample type, victimization timeframe, operational definition(s) of PV, measurement of PV, analytic methods, and key findings were synthesized across studies. Findings indicated that the majority of reviewed studies were cross-sectional investigations that utilized categorical measures of lifetime PV in samples of youth. Results also demonstrated that PV is robustly associated with a broad range of predictors, including mental health symptoms and diagnoses as well as family- and community-level factors. PV is also associated with numerous adverse outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, substance use, and delinquency across diverse study types and populations. Future research that examines the conditional effects of PV is needed to identify subgroups of individuals at higher risk of adverse outcomes following PV and modifiable targets for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a commentary on current debates about the definition of dyslexia. We agree with others that dyslexia is best thought of as a dimensional disorder with the best established causal risk factor being a deficit in phonological processing. Dyslexia is particularly common in children from families with a history of dyslexia and in children with preschool language difficulties. We argue that definitions may differ depending upon their purpose. Traditional discrepancy definitions may be useful for research purposes, but when considering the provision of educational services discrepancy definitions are not useful since all children with reading difficulties require reading intervention regardless of their level of IQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Dyslexia Association definition of dyslexia was updated 20 years ago and has been referenced frequently in research and practice. In this paper, researchers from the Florida Center for Reading Research consider the components of the definition and make recommendations for revisions. These include recognizing the persistence of word-reading, decoding, and spelling difficulties, acknowledging the multifactorial causal basis of dyslexia, clarifying exclusionary factors, and denoting comorbidity with other developmental disorders. It is also suggested that the academic and psychosocial consequences of dyslexia be highlighted to reinforce a preventive service delivery model. Lastly, the inclusion of dyslexia within a specific learning disability category is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores Taiwanese junior high school social studies teachers' definitions of sustainability, using a qualitative semi-structured interview approach. Three themes explaining these teachers' definitions are cycling, cultural sustainability, and balancing, harmony, and coexisting. These definitions unveil an alternative worldview that is non-Eurocentric-based and multifaceted dimensions of sustainability. Findings suggest that instead of claiming that we should have a consistent definition to guide teachers to implement environmental and sustainability education across different subjects, it is important to acknowledge the fact that teachers trained in different disciplines and of different cultural backgrounds need a whole range of support to incorporate sustainability goals successfully in their teaching. Supported by results of this study, social studies teachers can reasonably support the teaching of controversial issues about tensions between cultural sustainability and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most prevalent and potentially fatal intestinal injury mainly affecting premature infants, with significant long-term consequences for those who survive. This review explores the scale of the problem, highlighting advancements in epidemiology, the understanding of pathophysiology, and improvements in the prediction and diagnosis of this complex, multifactorial, and multifaced disease. Additionally, we focus on the potential role of metabolomics in distinguishing NEC from other conditions, which could allow for an earlier and more accurate classification of intestinal injuries in infants. By integrating metabolomic data with other diagnostic approaches, it is hoped to enhance our ability to predict outcomes and tailor treatments, ultimately improving care for affected infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective examination of the Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) remains difficult due to heterogeneous definitions and clinical phenotypes. The aim of the study was to verify the functionality and correlates of a recently developed PCS score. Methods: The PCS score was applied to the prospective, multi-center cross-sectoral cohort (in- and outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection) of the "National Pandemic Cohort Network (NAPKON, Germany)". Symptom assessment and patient-reported outcome measure questionnaires were analyzed at 3 and 12 months (3/12MFU) after diagnosis. Scores indicative of PCS severity were compared and correlated to demographic and clinical characteristics as well as quality of life (QoL, EQ-5D-5L). Results: Six hundred three patients (mean 54.0 years, 60.6% male, 82.0% hospitalized) were included. Among those, 35.7% (215) had no and 64.3% (388) had mild, moderate, or severe PCS. PCS severity groups differed considering sex and pre-existing respiratory diseases. 3MFU PCS worsened with clinical severity of acute infection (p =.011), and number of comorbidities (p =.004). PCS severity was associated with poor QoL at the 3MFU and 12MFU (p <.001). Conclusion: The PCS score correlated with patients' QoL and demonstrated to be instructive for clinical characterization and stratification across health care settings. Further studies should critically address the high prevalence, clinical relevance, and the role of comorbidities. Trail registration number: The cohort is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov under NCT04768998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the introduction of advanced maternal age based on mortality-specific severe morbidity. The study examines the association between maternal age at delivery and severe maternal morbidity and mortality. The results suggest that maternal age thresholds of 33 and 45 years may represent inflection points where an increased risk of severe maternal morbidity is present. The study provides valuable information for triaging and counseling pregnant individuals with potentially increased risks of serious complications at delivery. However, there are limitations to the study, such as the lack of information on cause of death and the reliance on administrative codes for measuring morbidity. [Extracted from the article]

Improving health and social equity for persons living with a rare disease (PLWRD) is increasingly recognized as a global policy priority. However, there is currently no international alignment on how to define and describe rare diseases. A global reference is needed to establish a mutual understanding to inform a wide range of stakeholders for actions. A multi-stakeholder, global panel of rare disease experts, came together and developed an Operational Description of Rare Diseases. This reference describes which diseases are considered rare, how many persons are affected and why the rare disease population demands specific attention. The operational description of rare diseases is framed in two parts: a core definition of rare diseases, complemented by a descriptive framework of rare diseases. The core definition includes parameters that permit the identification of which diseases are considered rare, and how many persons are affected. The descriptive framework elaborates on the impact and burden of rare diseases on patients, their caregivers and families, healthcare systems, and society overall. The Operational Description of Rare Diseases establishes a common point of reference for decision-makers across the world who strive to understand and address the unmet needs of persons living with a rare disease. Adoption of this reference is essential to improving the visibility of rare conditions in health systems across the world. Greater recognition of the burden of rare diseases will motivate new actions and policies to address the unmet needs of the rare disease community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mental disorders have been broadly researched in people with intellectual disabilities (ID), comparatively less attention has been given to the conceptualisation of good mental health for this population. To capture existing concepts, definitions and measurement approaches of good mental health a systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in eleven databases, using various synonyms of (i) intellectual disability, (ii) mental health, (iii) wellbeing, (iv) definition, and (v) assessment. A total of 2,046 datasets were identified, of which 37 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and content analysis. Results show four main themes: (1) environment, (2) absence of mental illness, (3) physical health, and (4) psychosocial functioning. The fourth was the most dominant theme and was further divided into five sub-themes: (1) emotionality, (2) interpersonal relations, (3) realise own potential, (4) personal resources, and (5) overall appraisal of life. Our findings reveal different conceptualisations of wellbeing, which is a vital part of good mental health, but highlight a notable research gap in the actual definition and conceptualisation of good mental health for people with ID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the study, it was found that research in the rhetoric of definition and denial in the surahs of the Holy Qur'an is one of the rhetorical methods that have a great place, because it focuses on the accurate understanding of the rhetorical methods contained in the surahs of the Holy Qur'an, especially Surat (Yasin). There is no doubt that Surat (Yasin) has contained a lot of rhetorical methods, because of the good and beautiful in these styles. It is clear in this surah that pronouns are used frequently, whether the pronoun of the speaker, the pronoun of the addressee, or the pronoun of backbiting. Through the study, we found that these pronouns in terms of rank begin with the first person, then the pronoun of the addressee, and then the pronoun of backbiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Mining System is one of the most important national systems because it provides the necessary coal (anthracite, hard coal, lignite, peat, etc.) to ensure the energy security of Romania, as well as fuel for the steel and cement industry. But as any national system is not one hundred percent secure, it is subject to elements of instability and insecurity that are quantified in dysfunctions, deficiencies and nonconformities, which are in fact the main sources of undesirable events with an insecurity effect. These system elements, dysfunctions, deficiencies and non-conformities, are the main sources of vulnerability generation, which can have disastrous effects that can cause energy and national crises. In this paper, the authors identified, defined and propagated all the systemic elements of instability and insecurity within the National Mining System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most prevalent and debated incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) syndrome, with its hallmark feature being more pronounced weakness of the upper extremities than of the lower extremities. Varying definitions encapsulate multiple clinical features under the single umbrella term of CCS, complicating evaluation of its frequency, prognosis discussions, and outcomes research. Often, people with CCS are excluded from research protocols, as it is thought to have a favorable prognosis, but the vague nature of CCS raises doubts about the validity of this practice. The objective of this study was to categorize CCS into specific subsets with clear quantifiable differences, to assess whether this would enhance the ability to determine if individuals with CCS or its subsets exhibit distinct neurological and functional outcomes relative to others with incomplete tetraplegia. This study retrospectively reviewed individuals with new motor incomplete tetraplegia from traumatic SCI who enrolled in the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) database from 2010 to 2020. Through an assessment of the prevailing criteria for CCS, coupled with data analysis, we used two key criteria, including the severity of distal upper extremity weakness (i.e., hands and fingers) and extent of symmetry, to delineate three CCS subsets: full CCS, unilateral CCS, and borderline CCS. Of the 1490 participants in our sample, 17.5% had full, 25.6% had unilateral, and 9% had borderline CCS, together encompassing >50% of motor incomplete tetraplegia cases. Despite the increased sensitivity and specificity of these subsets compared with existing quantifiable criteria, substantial variability in clinical presentation was still observed. Overall, individuals meeting CCS subset criteria showed a higher likelihood of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) D grade than those with motor incomplete tetraplegia without CCS. Upper Extremity Motor Score (UEMS) for those with CCS was lower on admission, a difference that diminished by discharge, whereas their Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS) consistently remained higher than for those without CCS. However, these neurological distinctions did not result in significant functional differences, as lower and upper extremity functional outcomes at discharge were mostly similar, with some differences observed within those with AIS D grade. The AIS grade, rather than the diagnosis of CCS, remains the foremost determinant influencing neurological and functional outcomes. We recommend that future studies consider incorporating motor incomplete tetraplegia into their inclusion/exclusion criteria, instead of relying on criteria specific to CCS. Although there remains clinical value in characterizing an injury pattern as CCS and perhaps using the different subsets to better characterize the impairments, it does not appear to be a useful research criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precise definition of concepts is a fundamental pillar for constructing valid and reliable knowledge. Consistency in terminology is essential in order to use a common conceptual framework, avoid ambiguities, and facilitate comparability of studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, we ran a systematic literature review searching in Scopus and Web of science databases to identify and analyze the definitions of in-game advertising (IGA). Also, we ran a series of interviews with professionals from the advertising and video game industries in order to understand the professional view of the term. Confusion has been found in the use of IGA and related but different concepts, both in the literature and professional practice. Therefore, we presented a decision tree to facilitate coherent naming in the advertainment area of research and summarized all the research in a redefinition of IGA that synthesizes and updates the previous ones: is the integration of persuasive content, created for a real advertiser, that is part of the playable elements of a video game which has not been developed by the advertiser. This is the first study that uses a systematic approach to define IGA. The decision tree helps scholars and practitioners to clearly classify critical terms related to IGA (i.e., advertainment, advergaming, advergame, product placement, IGA, AGA.) The updated definition and the decision three will help scholars to develop a more coherent literature on IGA and related concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the authors' knowledge, no systematic review has examined the definition of safety leadership in the academic literature to date. A review was therefore carried out to determine how safety leadership was defined in the peer reviewed empirical literature and thematic analysis was employed to identify patterned meanings across the data. Thirty-seven primary definitions, or definitions that were not borrowed from other studies, were identified. Of these 37, seven conceptual definitions were found to be evidence-based, six of which were endorsed by their operational counterpart definitions and one which was derived using exploratory research. These seven definitions showed strong alignment with the three themes that emerged from the thematic analysis that capture the why, how, and who of safety leadership. Transformational leadership theory formed the foundation for many of the definitions in the academic literature, despite recent evidence suggesting that adopting multiple forms of leadership styles would be more effective for improving workplace safety. Gaps in the current evidence base are explored and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness (i.e., relating to one's internal and external awareness with non-evaluative attitudes) is increasingly applied as a determinant and strategy to change dietary and physical activity behaviours in the general adult population. However, current applications of mindfulness lack methodological standardisation, thereby limiting its comparison. The aim of this study was to examine currently applied conceptual definitions of mindfulness regarding their elements, their measurement, and the consistency between the defined elements and their measurement. Using scoping review methodology, we searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed literature. Definitions were analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach. Consistency between defined elements and measurement was scored on an index. Across 57 records, less than half defined mindfulness as specific to a disposition, state, or action. One third described mindfulness as an attentional process without attitudinal elements. An additional 30% mentioned non-judgment as the singular attitudinal element underlying mindfulness. Empirical articles (n = 45) predominantly assessed dispositional mindfulness as a single score and frequently lacked measurement of defined attitudinal elements or measured elements that were not defined. To advance the systematic investigation of mindfulness, we present a conceptual model describing the measurement selection based on explicitly defined attentional and attitudinal mindfulness elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying established definitions of bullying to the more recent phenomenon of cyberbullying often results in an ill-fitting definition which is contested by academics. There are particular difficulties when applying the well-documented facets of intentional harm, repetition and power imbalance to the context of online bullying. A contested definition presents challenges when comparing studies and for building theory. This qualitative study investigates defining characteristics of cyberbullying, drawing on the lived experiences of young people (aged 11–17 years) situated in the north west of England. Young people's experiences point to a more nuanced experience with different characteristics incorporating: the intention to harm or humiliate; that the victim cannot escape from the activities perpetrated against them; an attempt to transfer power from the victim; and the perpetrator hides behind the screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term long COVID (LC) effectively describes the broad long-term disease burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, encompassing individual suffering and significant socioeconomic impacts. However, its general use hampers precise epidemiological research, diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Misinterpretations occur, for example, when population surveys are compared to studies using health record data, because both refer to these data as LC. This also emphasizes the need for different terminology. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) rapid guideline differentiates ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 from post-COVID conditions, yet real-world observations challenge these two subgroup definitions. We propose refining the term LC into three subgroups: ongoing symptomatic COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 induced or exacerbated diseases and post-acute COVID condition. This stratification aids targeted diagnostics, treatment and epidemiological research. Subgroup-specific documentation using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes ensures accurate tracking and understanding of long-term effects. The subgroup of post-acute COVID condition again includes various symptoms, syndromes and diseases like post-exertional malaise (PEM), dysautonomia or cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, differentiation, especially considering PEM, is crucial for effective diagnostics and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "creative" is commonly used in everyday language and in academic discourse to discuss the nature of artistic and innovative productions. This usage inherently implies the existence of a variable of creativity that allows different creative works to be compared. The standard definition of creativity asserts that a production must possess both value and novelty in order to be considered truly creative. However, previous psychometric studies aimed at establishing the existence of such a creativity variable based on these two dimensions have produced results that seem to demonstrate their independence or even negative association, based on a weak to negative correlation between value and novelty. These widely replicated empirical results seem to call into question the notion of a single creativity variable associated with productions, leading to a paradoxical use of the term "creative" to describe the object produced. In our study, we aimed to reproduce these results while addressing methodological errors made in previous efforts to establish construct validity. This work led us to test the existence of a common cause for the observed variations in novelty and value. The higher order factor we obtain in our analysis encompasses subtle differences from the conventional creativity axis and interacts negatively with novelty, while correlating positively with value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An important issue in economic evaluations is determining whether all relevant impacts are considered, given the perspective chosen for the analysis. Acknowledging that patients are not isolated individuals has important implications in this context. Increasingly, the term "spillovers" is used to label consequences of health interventions on others. However, a clear definition of spillovers is lacking, and as a result, the scope of the concept remains unclear. In this study, we aim to clarify the concept of spillovers by proposing a definition applicable in health economic evaluations. To illustrate the implications of this definition, we highlight the diversity of potential spillovers through an expanded impact inventory and conduct a mapping review that outlines the evidence base for the different types of spillovers. In the context of economic evaluations of health interventions, we define spillovers as all impacts from an intervention on all parties or entities other than the users of the intervention under evaluation. This definition encompasses a broader range of potential costs and effects, beyond informal caregivers and family members. The expanded impact inventory enables a systematic approach to identifying broader impacts of health interventions. The mapping review shows that the relevance of different types of spillovers is context-specific. Some spillovers are regularly included in economic evaluations, although not always recognised as such, while others are not. A consistent use of the term "spillovers", improved measurement of these costs and effects, and increased transparency in reporting them are still necessary. To that end, we propose a research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term digital first is frequently used by newspapers to describe how they go about making digital and print news. Yet the literature does not define the term precisely and has not described implications in terms of making news. Furthermore, we know almost nothing about how journalists themselves understand this jargon and how they view what it entails in terms of the (changes to) underlying practices. This research analyzed the production systems of three different types of French-language Swiss newspapers that label their production systems digital first: a local paper, a legacy paper and a metro-style paper. It interviewed 17 of their newsworkers, 15 of which described the way their newspaper makes news as digital first without being prompted. The full range of properties attributed to digital first emerging from the data reflected five dimensions: temporality, content format, workflow, production mindset and business strategy. These five dimensions were conceptualized by building a digital first matrix, thereby contributing to definitional clarity, while also serving as a useful tool to analyze newspaper production. In practice, production and editing resources seem to determine a newspaper's success in fully implementing more ambitious visions of digital first. Digital first, we argue, constitutes an emerging newsmaking paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyse and discuss translation professionals' views on the concepts of their trade: the concept of translation itself but also adjacent notions such as subtitling, interpreting, localisation and transcreation. Through focus groups with translators and translation project managers working for a translation agency, we explore how practitioners understand the concepts of translation, how they categorise and why they categorise as they do. Data were analysed by means of prototype theory, and results show that the focus-group participants understand prototypical translation rather narrowly as source-text oriented, written, interlingual transfer, but also that they have a broad and nuanced understanding of translation as a category. Beyond the prototype, they use 'translation' as a cover term for a wide variety of tasks that involve different degrees of intervention, transformation and creativity. Interestingly, the analyses show that the practitioners in the study categorise quite differently than translation scholars do. They draw on a fluctuating set of criteria for categorisation, some of which are highly pragmatic (e.g. pricing), and their definitions are much more floating and context-sensitive. In fact, they operate with different concepts depending on whom they interact with: clients, colleagues – or scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This study aims to establish a basic definition for micromuseums. Research was conducted among twenty-one micromuseums on eight Mediterranean islands guided by semi-structured interviews with curators of independent, private, and state micromuseums on the Maltese Islands, the Ragusan Province of Sicily, and other islands for comparative purposes. All gathered information was analysed, and the findings indicate that there are specific factors which contribute to defining a micromuseum and differentiate it from traditional establishment museums. In comparison to earlier literature on micromuseology, the study revealed that micromuseums, among other characteristics, focus on specific themes and collections not typically found in larger museums, operate with minimal visibility, have staff members who perform multiple roles, cater to niche audiences, employ curators who are experts in their field, and prioritize interactions between curators and visitors.

Abstract Improving health and social equity for persons living with a rare disease (PLWRD) is increasingly recognized as a global policy priority. However, there is currently no international alignment on how to define and describe rare diseases. A global reference is needed to establish a mutual understanding to inform a wide range of stakeholders for actions. A multi-stakeholder, global panel of rare disease experts, came together and developed an Operational Description of Rare Diseases. This reference describes which diseases are considered rare, how many persons are affected and why the rare disease population demands specific attention. The operational description of rare diseases is framed in two parts: a core definition of rare diseases, complemented by a descriptive framework of rare diseases. The core definition includes parameters that permit the identification of which diseases are considered rare, and how many persons are affected. The descriptive framework elaborates on the impact and burden of rare diseases on patients, their caregivers and families, healthcare systems, and society overall. The Operational Description of Rare Diseases establishes a common point of reference for decision-makers across the world who strive to understand and address the unmet needs of persons living with a rare disease. Adoption of this reference is essential to improving the visibility of rare conditions in health systems across the world. Greater recognition of the burden of rare diseases will motivate new actions and policies to address the unmet needs of the rare disease community.

The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the theoretical concept of elder neglect (EN), analyze definitions used by researchers and identify their characteristics with the view to consistent understanding of the phenomenon. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL using keywords associated with elder neglect. Articles published between 1990 and 2020, including a definition of EN, were taken into consideration. From 7,821 articles found in the initial search, 85 relevant studies were selected for the final evaluation. Most frequently, researchers described neglect as a form of elder abuse or mistreatment, within the framework of the official and internationally used definitions. The review demonstrates inconsistency in identification of EN, but common characteristics are possible to identify in its theoretical concepts. The selected conceptual elements allow to develop a new comprehensive definition of EN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the author explains the necessity to work out a systematic approach to the description of communicative units of real life communication. The article presents an attempt to solve the problem of classifying the units belonging to the secondary communication level. Based on the previously suggested principles and methods of identifying communicative discourse units, the author provides definitions of primary and secondary (supportive) units. Also, the author defi nes typological structural, semantic and functional properties of supportive communicative units, analyzes typological properties of three supportive units: discourse markers, dialogue reaction markers and dialogue repetitions, and gives definitions of these units which correlate with the current state in modern linguistics. The functional and quantitative analysis of three spheres of communication (colloquial, media and spoken academic discourses) shows the balance of primary and secondary units in these spoken discourses. It is proved that all three spoken discourses demonstrate a specific level of the interaction of informative, regulative and organizational “vectors of communication” which can be regarded as a certain functional-pragmatic characteristic of the discourse. Spoken academic discourse demonstrates the highest proportion of supportive communicative units. Colloquial discourse uses mainly dialogue reaction markers and dialogue repetitions, media discourse – discourse markers and dialogue reaction markers, academic discourse – discourse markers. Taking into consideration the modern situation of studying supportive units the author singles out several problematic issues and outlines the prospects of their studying: namely, making up intentional-communicative dictionaries of Russian discourse, using theoretical and practical research results for the communication of a human being with artificial intelligence. In the conclusion the author emphasizes the role of supportive units as means of increasing communication efficiency and claims the importance of dealing with theoretical and methodological issues of supportive units’ usage within linguistic ecology.

Abstract The term long COVID (LC) effectively describes the broad long-term disease burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, encompassing individual suffering and significant socioeconomic impacts. However, its general use hampers precise epidemiological research, diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Misinterpretations occur, for example, when population surveys are compared to studies using health record data, because both refer to these data as LC. This also emphasizes the need for different terminology. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) rapid guideline differentiates ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 from post-COVID conditions, yet real-world observations challenge these two subgroup definitions. We propose refining the term LC into three subgroups: ongoing symptomatic COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 induced or exacerbated diseases and post-acute COVID condition. This stratification aids targeted diagnostics, treatment and epidemiological research. Subgroup-specific documentation using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes ensures accurate tracking and understanding of long-term effects. The subgroup of post-acute COVID condition again includes various symptoms, syndromes and diseases like post-exertional malaise (PEM), dysautonomia or cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, differentiation, especially considering PEM, is crucial for effective diagnostics and treatment.

The aim of the present article is to reveal the possibilities of a rhetoric interpretation of stylistic and formal properties of linguistic academic texts based on the example of definitions used in these texts. In this order the author characterises such components of professional scholarly communication as functional style and relevant professional language. Next, basic information concerning the typology of definitions is given and an attempt is made to determine the kinds of definitions used in linguistic academic texts. The author exposes the problem of these texts being persuasive.

The study of chronic non-communicable diseases has gone from having a biomedical approach which was emphasized in epidemiological models proposed before the 1970s. After the 1970s, emphasis has been placed on the study of environments as part of the determinants of health. The study of environments has seen the need to focus on specific topics. This is the case of food environments. Food environments have been associated with nutritional health outcomes. For the explanation of food environments, the exposition of the variables and scope that compose them, there have been various proposals for explanatory models. Through this work, the elements and dimensions of the INFORMAS model, Retail Food Environment, Domains of the Food Environment Model, FAO Model, about Urbanization and food security, Organizational Food Environment Model, Types of Food Environment Model and The Innocenti Framework on Food Systems for Children and Adolescents, considering in each of them the elements and dimensions of the food environment, as well as the perspectives from which the concept of food environment is understood.