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A sensitive, rapid, efficient, inexpensive, and easy-to-use vortex-assisted eutectic solvent microextraction process was extended to quantify Ponceau-4R (PN4R) in beverage samples followed by spectrophotometric detection. Here, a green solvent consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide: n-octanol at a ratio of 1:3 was tested in the PN4R microextraction process. Also, different parameters affecting PN4R quantification through deep eutectic solvent in the microextraction model, including microliter volumes of extraction solvent, concentration of salt, extraction time, and pH were studied using multivariate procedures. Using this model, the maximum response was achieved with a eutectic solvent volume of 262 μL, extraction time of 5.3 min, pH 6.7, and 0.9% salt with Desirability = 1. The linear range was determined in optimum conditions to be from 15 to 1200 μg L−1. The enrichment factor and limit of detection were achieved to be 50-fold and 4.5 μg L−1, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 15 μg L−1. To monitor PN4R, this model has been used in fruit juice samples with favorable recoveries in the range of 97.8%–101%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising eco-friendly pre-treatment agents for lignocellulosic biomass, offering considerable advantages for the nanofibrillation process. This study investigates the impact of DESs on cellulose fibers morphology, focusing on solubilization phenomena in the amorphous regions that may facilitate cellulose nanofiber production. The pre-treatment process combining a DES (triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole, TEMA:IMD) with microwave (MW) energy was optimized to enhance the solubility of cellulosic fibers. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the DES-MW-assisted pre-treatment. Results show that the reaction time and the temperature significantly influence the solubility of cellulosic fibers. The optimized conditions resulted in cellulose fibers with low content of hemicellulose and lignin, high crystallinity index, and improved thermal stability. The effectiveness of DES-MW pre-treatment in producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from native and pre-treated fibers was investigated. Cellulose fibers pre-treated with a DES yielded CNFs with a narrower diameter distribution. Overall, optimized DES-MW pre-treatment offers a promising strategy for the efficient and sustainable extraction of CNFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPlantaginis Semen (PS) are the dried mature seeds of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantagodepressa Willd. in the Plantago family. Its polysaccharides are important components of PS. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction process of PS polysaccharides (PSP). The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters were a solid-liquid ratio of 1:35 g/mL, an extraction time of 73 min, and a molar ratio of 2:1. The yield of PSP was 0.64% and 1.20% by water immersion and ultrasonic water extraction, respectively, indicating that the DES extraction method (2.21 ± 0.06%) is superior to these two methods, and the optimization effect is good. Through the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities experiment, it was found that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 1122 and 220.5 μg/mL. DPPH·and ABTS+ scavenging activity experiments showed that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 19.2 and 4.3 μg/mL, respectively. Its molar ratio of monosaccharide composition is rhamnose: galactose: galacturonic acid: glucose: glucuronic acid: arabinose: mannose: xylose = 33.6:13.3:6.5:3:2.6:2:1.4:1. Therefore, this study can provide an experimental basis for the establishment of an industrialized production process of polysaccharides and the study of their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeysuckle, a traditional Chinese medicine, holds significant medicinal value, making it ubiquitous in the medical field. However, the efficient extraction of chlorogenic acid from Chinese herbal medicine while maintaining its pharmacological activity remains a pressing challenge. To address the issues of environmental pollution and inefficient extraction using traditional solvents, there is a need to develop a novel solvent. Due to their low cost, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly characteristics, deep eutectic solvents can be used for extracting traditional Chinese medicinal materials while preserving the activity of their active ingredients during the extraction process. In this study, we examined the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid, a key component of honeysuckle, after extraction using a deep eutectic solvent. We gained preliminary insights into the antibacterial activity of the extract against various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, we analyzed the antibacterial activity of extracts of different concentrations in liquid medium, and the morphology of the bacteria after inhibition was analyzed. These findings suggest that deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective method for extracting the active components of honeysuckle. Moreover, the active components extracted using DES retain robust physiological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel solvent extraction system was developed to separate Y3+ from Sr2+, where tributyl phosphate was chosen as an extractant and an organic solvent was a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of oleic acid (OA) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). The extraction experiment demonstrated that the extraction system using OA‐[BMIM]Cl DES as an organic solvent exhibited great advantages of fast extraction and excellent selectivity for Y3+ (Y/Sr separation factor >500), which are hardly achieved in the extraction systems using conventional molecular solvent, for example, n‐heptane. Density functional theory calculations also confirmed that the Y/Sr separation is more thermodynamically favorable in OA‐[BMIM]Cl DES as an organic solvent compared to n‐heptane. An extraction process comprising two‐stage extraction, one‐stage scrubbing, and one‐stage stripping was proposed, achieving 95.06% of Y3+ selectively separated from a simulated solution and Y purity of 98.55% in the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sodium cobalt phosphate (NaCoPO4) was successfully prepared by a cost-effective ionothermal method using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the first time. The synthesized NaCoPO4 was used to fabricate a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. The surface morphology of the prepared materials and its compositional analysis were done by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and EDX studies revealed that the material has orthorhombic-shaped particle morphology with uniform distribution and is in nanoscale (approximately 50 nm). The nature of the cation inserted (Na+ ion insertion) was confirmed by recording CV profiles at different concentrations of the Na2SO4 electrolyte. The reversibility of the electrode redox reaction was studied by varying the scan rate in CV studies, and it was found that the electrode exhibits a reversible behavior with a resistive behavior. In GCPL studies, the cell TiO2/2MNa2SO4/NaCoPO4 showed significant reversibility with a prominent discharge capacity of 85 mAh g−1 at 0.1°C and 88% of capacity retention after 100 cycles. Thus, the prepared materials could be used as an effective futuristic alternative battery material for rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ε‐Caprolactam (CPL) is industrially produced by Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) under fuming sulfuric acid, resulting in corrosive and environmental issues. Herein, we prepared triethylamine hydrochloride (TEAHC) and ZnCl2 formed deep eutectic solvent (DES) [TEAHC:2ZnCl2] with Brønsted and Lewis acid sites for efficient liquid rearrangement, achieving 100% conversion of CHO and 95.5% yield of CPL at 80 °C for only 1 h. The results show that ZnCl2 in [TEAHC:2ZnCl2] can promote the detachment of proton, which acts as Brønsted acid site combined with another ZnCl2 molecule to synergistically catalyze the reaction. In the Brønsted acid catalyzed process, the nitrogen atom in CHO as reactive site can be readily attacked by the proton to form protonated CHO, which subsequently undergoes rearrangement. By adding ZnCl2 into TEAHC to obtain [TEAHC:2ZnCl2], the formation of ZnCl2‐CHO complex results in a significant reduction in reaction energy barrier through synergistic effect of Brønsted and Lewis acids. Particularly, the fitted reaction kinetics and low activation energy also confirm the rearrangement can occur under low reaction temperature. Thus, the DESs with efficient catalytic performances for ketoxime rearrangements provide a potential method to design active sites for Beckmann rearrangements of oximes under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A greener, safer, and more efficient methodology for the synthesis of (Z)‐5‐benzylidene‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐ones (3 a–u) and (Z)‐5‐benzylidenethiazolidine‐2,4‐diones (4 a–i) has been developed. The deep eutectic solvent (DES) ZnCl2/urea used as a greener solvent as well as a catalyst in this study accelerated the condensation of rhodanine and thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione with different aldehydes to afford the target scaffolds in excellent yields (88‐98 %). The reaction methodology adopted offered significant advantages such as mild reaction conditions, functional group tolerance, quick reaction time, column‐free isolation, catalytic recyclability, and applicability to gram‐scale production. Moreover, density function theory calculations were carried out to investigate the global reactivity and stability profiles of these compounds. Finally, the green metrics analysis supported the greener nature of the present methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the effects of potassium bromide (KBr) on the electrodeposition of manganese on copper from a DES consisting of a stoichiometric 1:2 mix of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (Ethaline 200). The speciation of MnCl2.4H2O in Ethaline 200 has been investigated using UV–vis spectroscopy, in particular with regard to the addition of KBr to the plating bath, for which no apparent change in the Mn species was noted. This said, the physical properties of the manganese deposits themselves were found to have been considerably improved in comparison to when KBr was omitted from the bath; indeed, the actual adhesion of Mn was achieved for the first time on a copper substrate, somewhat remarkably producing a coating of some considerable thickness. Given its clear electrochemical behavior of the Mn liquid were subsequently determined via cyclic voltammetry method. A reduction in the peak current of Mn was noted on addition of KBr. The mechanism of Mn deposition has been examined via chronocoulometry and chronoamperometry. Surface analyses of Mn deposits have been conducted via SEM/EDX, AFM, and XRD, from which improvements to the Mn surface coatings in depositions performed from an electrolyte containing 0.1 M KBr were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical stability of tetramethylammonium (TMA) head groups, both with and without the presence of a choline chloride and ethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), was studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT calculations of transition state energetics ( Δ E reaction , Δ G reaction , Δ E activation , and Δ G activation ) for key degradation mechanisms, ylide formation (YF) and nucleophilic substitution ( S N 2 ), suggested that the presence of DES enhances the stability of the TMA head groups compared to systems without DES. Ab initio MD simulations across hydration levels (HLs) 1 to 5 indicated that without DES, YF dominates at lower HLs, while S N 2 does not occur. In contrast, both mechanisms are suppressed in the presence of DES. Temperature also plays a role: without DES, YF dominates at 298 K, while S N 2 becomes prominent at 320 K and 350 K. With DES, both degradation mechanisms are inhibited. These findings suggest DES could improve the chemical stability of TMA head groups in anion exchange membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Twenty new substituted erlotinib analogs with anticancer activity were produced with good to excellent yields through the one‐step reaction of erlotinib, aromatic aldehydes, and cyclic secondary amines such as piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, N‐methylpiperazine, or imidazole using nano‐CuO in choline chloride: urea (ChCl:urea) solvent under ultrasound irradiation at 80°C. MTT protocol was applied to investigate the cytotoxicity of all produced substituted erlotinib analogs in A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma cell) and HU02 (foreskin fibroblast) cell lines. The results illustrated that at a concentration of less than 10 μM, the growth of A431 cells could be inhibited by the produced compounds. Compared to erlotinib as positive control, the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 equal to 2.58 ± 0.57 μM belonged to compound 4c carrying 4‐fluorobenzene with piperidine substitution. All of the synthesized compounds showed significant cytotoxic activity on A431, while showing no apparent cytotoxicity to HU02. The reasons for the stronger cytotoxic activity 4c can be most probably attributed to the two phenomena of greater solubility of the fluoro derivative and the flexibility of piperidine. Based on this study, compound 4c is the most promising compound with anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting and purifying lignin from wood without compromising cellulose quality is a challenging process. Lactic acid: choline chloride is a deep eutectic solvent (DES) that has been identified as acceptable delignification solvent, producing lignin and hemicellulose as byproducts to the cellulose. Hemicellulose is partly transformed into furanic compounds (such as furfural and 5-HMF). While the larger lignin can be obtained by water precipitation from DES, smaller lignin molecules and furanics can be recovered by liquid–liquid extraction (LLX), either directly or after precipitation of the larger lignin molecules. The presence of water in the DES after water precipitation reduced the mutual miscibility with the solvents, allowing the use of a wider range of solvents in the LLX process. In the precipitation step, all the larger molecular weight lignin (Mw > 5000 Da) can be recovered when adding at least 3.5:1 [g/g] water to DES-black liquor. For the LLX step, guaiacol was found as suitable alternative to the previously published 2-methyltetrahedrofuran (2-MTHF). In addition, here we report the use of 2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl oxolane (TMO), a recent addition to the palette of (potentially) bio-based solvents. The distribution coefficients of smaller lignin molecules and furanics in LLX with guaiacol, TMO and 2-MTHF were compared, revealing that smaller lignin molecules (500–5000 Da) can be recovered with a reasonable distribution coefficient by 2-MTHF and guaiacol. Furfural showed distribution coefficients of at least 1.27 in all three solvents. Guaiacol and TMO both showed a significantly lower lactic acid leaching than 2-MTHF. This makes them potential alternatives for 2-MTHF in this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber nanocomposites exhibit strain softening under large‐amplitude oscillation shear and large‐strain cyclic tension while the softening behaviors are hard to regulate in industry. Herein, an oligomer deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from polyethyleneglycol and tetrabutylammonium bromide is used to mediate the vulcanization and softening behaviors of natural rubber (NR) gums and their nanocomposites. The results show that DES could accelerate NR vulcanization and improve crosslinking density. For the hydrophilic silica nanocomposites, DES could greatly reduce tanδ and weaken weak strain overshoot accompanying Payne and lower percentages damping accompanying Mullins effects. The effects in nanocomposites filled with hydrophilic/hydrophobic silica and carbon black are investigated and compared. The investigation provides a new way for tailoring elasticity and dissipation of vulcanizate nanocomposites filled with hydrophilic silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is an important biomass‐based platform compound that links biomass feedstocks with petrochemical refinery products. In this work, we developed a novel approach using triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC)‐based acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs) to synthesize 5‐HMF through the dehydration of fructose. Our approach demonstrates significant improvements in both 5‐HMF yield and process efficiency compared to conventional solvent systems. Under optimal experimental conditions (90 °C, 4.5 h), a maximum 5‐HMF yield of 97.77±3.20 % was achieved at a TEBAC:acetic acid ratio of 2 : 3 with 1 wt % fructose loading, which represents a notable advancement over other methods. Notably, our system inhibits the formation of by‐products such as levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), which are commonly detected in other dehydration processes. Additionally, higher 5‐HMF yields of 76.67±0.33 % and 73.51±1.14 % were achieved with 10 wt % and 20 wt % fructose loadings, respectively, further highlighting the scalability of the process. The acidity of ADESs was found to significantly affect the dehydration rate and yield, as demonstrated through Hammett's acidity function analysis. The key innovation of our study lies in the strategic selection of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the DES, enabling both high efficiency and selectivity in 5‐HMF production. These findings provide a promising pathway for large‐scale biomass conversion with reduced by‐product formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sodium cobalt phosphate (NaCoPO4) was successfully prepared by a cost-effective ionothermal method using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the first time. The synthesized NaCoPO4 was used to fabricate a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. The surface morphology of the prepared materials and its compositional analysis were done by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and EDX studies revealed that the material has orthorhombic-shaped particle morphology with uniform distribution and is in nanoscale (approximately 50 nm). The nature of the cation inserted (Na+ ion insertion) was confirmed by recording CV profiles at different concentrations of the Na2SO4 electrolyte. The reversibility of the electrode redox reaction was studied by varying the scan rate in CV studies, and it was found that the electrode exhibits a reversible behavior with a resistive behavior. In GCPL studies, the cell TiO2/2MNa2SO4/NaCoPO4 showed significant reversibility with a prominent discharge capacity of 85 mAh g-1 at 0.1°C and 88% of capacity retention after 100 cycles. Thus, the prepared materials could be used as an effective futuristic alternative battery material for rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Meticulous electrode design is pivotal in advancing greener and more sustainable electro‐organic synthesis practices. In this research, our team designed and synthesized a copper‐doped electrode on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and characterized it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Subsequently, this electrode was utilized as a catalyst at the electrode surface, serving as a cathode in electro‐oxidation reactions in the presence of phenylacetylene, sodium azide (NaN3), and benzyl halide for the production of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives under ambient temperature, within a 30‐min reaction time, and at atmospheric pressure, achieving an efficiency level ranging from good to excellent, specifically between 88% and 96%. The synthesized 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and melting point. In this paper, choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvents (DES) serve multiple roles in the reaction mechanism. They function as solvents and co‐catalysts, generate weak bases, and provide numerous advantages in green chemistry. These advantages include low toxicity, reduced environmental risks, improved atom economy, and non‐volatility, making them safer alternatives to traditional organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented work, a new original procedure for the interfacial synthesis of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with a polymer shell and functionalized by an ionic liquid or a deep eutectic solvent in aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) is proposed. The synthesis is carried out at the interface of immiscible liquids based on aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol and inorganic salts. The advantages of the ABSs are biocompatibility, availability, and the high solvating properties of the components, which leads to control the composition and size of the prepared MNPs. The synthesis of the Fe3O4@PEG, Fe3O4@PEG@Cyphos IL 101, and Fe3O4@PEG@TOPO/butanol MNPs has been provided for biomedical and analytical applications. The morphology and structure of MNPs have been characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The average diameter of the MNPs is 12–14 nm with a narrow size distribution. Their superparamagnetic nature has been described using magnetometry. The synthesis parameters have been optimized and statistically analyzed using response surface methodology. The developed approach of interfacial synthesis can be potentially scaled up and/or be used to obtain nanoparticles of various composition and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization potential of industrial walnut pruning wastes was investigated as a value-added product. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was prepared from walnut pruning wastes via hydrated choline chloridelactic acid deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-LA DES) pretreatment followed by grinding, and these were used as paper strength additives. The effect of reaction time on NFC properties were investigated and compared. The structure of nanocellulose was determined by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rheological analysis. The results show that carboxylated NFC having high aspect ratio could be successfully isolated after DES-pretreatment with the average diameter of 39 to 77 nm. Prepared NFC was added to the bulk suspensions of papermaking slurries at various percentages (up to 8%) together with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The drainage and electrokinetic properties of the pulp and mechanical properties of fabricated handsheets were analyzed and compared. The addition of 1% NFC to the bulk suspensions increased tensile index by 14.2% and burst index by 6.3%. There were further increases observed up to 71.8% in tensile index and up to 72.3% in burst index at 8% NFC addition. Results indicate that DES pretreated cellulose nanofibrils have great potential as reinforcing agent in papermaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, deep eutectic polymer blend Choline chloride with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and eutectogel based on PVA and deep eutectic solvent (DES) (Choline Chloride-Xylitol) were synthesized. Quantum chemistry calculations (QCC) and Fourier transforms middle infrared (FTIR), Cl3 and H1 NMR spectroscopy were used to study the interactions between Choline Chloride and Xylitol at the formation of DES. The H–H interaction in the DES was detected in the 4.0 to 6.5 ppm range in H1 NMR, corresponding to hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and chloride ions. QCC show that DES is a stable solvent with an energy gap between the donor and the acceptor of 0.39 eV. The thermal stability, viscosity and electrical resistance of the DES have been studied. The perspective of using a DES to obtain a hydrophilic polymer was shown. The FTIR results reveal that intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed between PVA and Choline Chloride and DES Choline Chloride-Xylitol in the composites. The physical properties (thermal stability) of hydrophilic polymers were investigated. The Tonset, of the DES is 160 ºC, Tdecomp, ºC amounts to 280 ºC. For the polymers the Tdecom up to 300 and 410 ºC were increases by the Choline Chloride or DES addition, respectively. The DES has fairly high electrical (0.129 Sm/m). The eutectogel also exhibited good functional properties such as stability in various pH and absorptivity capacity. Every sample showed maximal swelling at acidic pH and reduced swelling at neutral pH; hydrogels began to swell once again at pH = 9.18. The addition of Choline Chloride and DES did not affect the microstructure of PVA. While the microstructures of PVA and the blend of PVA and Choline Chloride exhibited comparable morphologies, there was little variation when compared to pure PVA at a Choline Chloride level of 10:3. Additionally, a series of experiments was carried out to assess the eutectic polymer blend and DES-Based eutectogel antibacterial efficacy against C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, eutectogels have emerged as ideal candidates for flexible wearable strain sensors. However, the development of eutectogels with robust mechanical strength, high stretchability, excellent transparency, and desirable conductivity remains a challenge. Herein, a covalently cross-linked eutectogel was prepared by exploiting the high solubility of oligoethylene glycol in a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (DES) form of acrylic acid (AA) and choline chloride (ChCl). The resulting eutectogel exhibited high transparency (90%), robust mechanical strength (up to 1.5 MPa), high stretchability (up to 962%), and desirable ionic conductivity (up to 1.22 mS cm−1). The resistive strain sensor fabricated from the eutectogel exhibits desirable linear sensitivity (GF: 1.66), wide response range (1–200%), and reliable stability (over 1000 cycles), enabling accurate monitoring of human motions (fingers, wrists, and footsteps). We believe that our DES-based eutectogel has great potential for applications in wearable strain sensors with high sensitivity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent‐free photopolymerization of vinyl monomers to produce high modulus materials with applications in 3D printing and photoswitchable materials is demonstrated. Polymerizable eutectic (PE) mixtures are prepared by simply heating and stirring various molar ratios of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), acrylamide (AAm) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The structural and thermal properties of the resulting mixtures are evaluated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). UV photocuring kinetics of the PE mixtures is evaluated via in situ photo‐DSC and photorheology measurements. The PE mixtures cure rapidly and display storage moduli that are orders of magnitude greater than equivalent copolymers cured in an aqueous medium. The versatility of these PE systems is demonstrated through the addition of a photoswitchable spiropyran acrylate monomer, as well as applying the PE formulation as a stereolithography (SLA)‐based 3D printing resin. Due to the hydrogen‐bonding network in PE systems, 3D printing of the eutectic resin is possible in the absence of crosslinkers. The addition of a RAFT agent to reduce average polymer chain length enables 3D printing of materials which retain their shape and can be dissolved on demand in appropriate solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New hybrid compounds were successfully prepared from highly substituted imidazoles and 1,2,3-triazoles using copper-catalyzed click reactions. Also, an efficient method described for the synthesis of tri- and tetrasubstituted imidazoles in the presence of ZnCl2/urea as an efficient catalyst by multi-component reaction under solvent-free conditions. The advantages of this one-pot methodology are experimental simplicity, easy work-up, and afford desired products with high to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of plant protein resources, focusing on novel extraction and precipitation methods that contribute to the advancement of sustainable and efficient protein production. The increasing global demand for plant‐based proteins as a key component of balanced diets has spurred research into optimizing extraction processes from various plant sources. The review encompasses a wide range of plant protein resources, including legumes, cereals, oilseeds, and other plant‐based alternatives. Special emphasis is given to innovative techniques in protein extraction, such as enzyme‐assisted extraction, aqueous extraction, and emerging technologies like ultrasound and microwave‐assisted methods. Additionally, the review investigates novel precipitation methods employed to isolate and purify plant proteins, shedding light on techniques like isoelectric precipitation, salting‐out, and membrane filtration. The integration of sustainable practices in protein extraction, coupled with a focus on minimizing environmental impact, is a central theme throughout the review. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art in plant protein extraction and precipitation methods, offering valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers involved in the rapidly evolving field of plant‐based protein production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of strict fuel quality regulations is to decrease the levels of sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatic chemicals in gasoline, thereby enhancing environmental safety. Due to the high costs of hydrodenitrification and hydrodesulfurization, many studies are looking for alternative fuel-purifying processes. The straightforward extraction approach using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has proven to result in the removal of impurities and the enhancement of gasoline quality. Seven DESs were employed in a batch extraction process to purify the model fuel. The TbabFa-0 solvent was chosen for extraction in millireactors with different lengths, volume flows, and solvent ratios. In the millireactor, a slug regime and a laminar flow pattern were established for every process condition. For the chosen process conditions, the diffusion coefficient, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and distribution ratio were determined. Better separation of all three key components was achieved during extraction in a millireactor using TbabFa-0. The efficiency of extraction with regenerated solvent was lowered by a maximum of 8%, showing the possibility of performing extraction in a millireactor with solvent recirculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present work, a systematic study has been performed to optimize the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (wheat bran (WB)) to maximize fermentable sugar content by using an effective combination of high-pressure and deep eutectic solvents (DES). First, DES type and molar ratios were compared to determine the most suitable condition for the pretreatment at high-pressure reactor (HPR). This was performed with a two-stage pretreatment. WB samples were mixed with choline chloride (ChCl):glycerol and ChCl:acetic acid at different molar ratios (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6) and treated at 80 °C for 24 h in a water bath (conventional DES treatment). Then, DES-applied biomass was mixed with 1.99% (v/v) sulphuric acid solution at 121 °C in an autoclave for 1 min. ChCl:glycerol (1:2 molar ratio) and ChCl:acetic acid (1:2 molar ratio) provided the highest fermentable sugar concentrations (FSCs), 72.54 and 69.77 g/L, respectively. Therefore, the experiments in the high-pressure reactor (HPR) were continued with the aforementioned DES types. The effects of temperature (T, 100–150 °C), time (t, 20–40 min) and liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR, 4–10 w/w) on the FSCs in the HPR were examined using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). FSC and total phenolic substance concentration (TPC) were selected as dependent variables. In addition, the levels of sugars (glucose, xylose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and arabinose) and furans (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) in the samples were also measured after the pretreatment. Based on the results, the optimal pretreatment conditions were found as 130 °C, 27 min and 4 w/w liquid-to-solid ratio with ChCl: glycerol (1:2). Under optimal conditions, FSC and TPC were 75.43 g/L and 0.41 g GA/L. The results showed that DES pretreatment in the HPR is a promising technology that can be successfully implemented for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass resulting in high sugar yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic acid have a wide range of applications with high demand. Since acetic acid is well soluble in water, treating its wastewater presents a technical challenge. In this work, new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized by using methyltrioctylammonium chloride (TOMAC) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and acetic acid as hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The properties of DESs were characterized by DSC, TG, and FT-IR. As HBA, TOMAC was used for in situ generation of DES to extract acetic acid from aqueous solution. The extraction efficiency reached 65.28% when TOMAC/acetic acid was 7:3 (molar ratio), which is better than that of the traditional acetic acid extractants, such as tributyl phosphate (60.46%). When metal ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ coexist in solution, the salt precipitation effect not only prevents the emulsification phenomenon but also improves the acetic acid extraction effect. For volatile fatty acids such as propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid, the extraction efficiency of TOMAC was good, reaching 84.96%, 92.04%, and 95.81%, respectively. The method of using TOMAC to extract acetic acid from aqueous solutions by forming DES in situ provides a new way for the treatment of VFAs wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal Zn anode encounters uncontrolled dendrite growth, resulting in poor cycling stability and low coulombic efficiency (CE). Herein, a novel approach for oriented‐electrochemical etching of Zn (ECE‐Zn) in deep eutectic solvent (DES) is presented to adjust the interface concentration and electric fields, effectively mitigating intractable issues. The oriented etches off the crystal edges between the (002), (100), and (101) principal crystal planes of commercial Zn foil, subsequently etches the (100) and (101) crystal planes, resulting in the formation well‐organized Zn columns. Comprehensive experimental investigations and theoretical analyses reveal that Zn ions directionally nucleate and grow between Zn columns, enabling epitaxial growth at the (002) crystal plane. The ECE‐Zn‐2 anodes demonstrate remarkable stability, along with low nucleation and polarization voltages. Specifically, the symmetric ECE‐Zn‐2 cells show sustained operation for 5400 h, and long‐term 10 000 cycles at 40 mA cm−2. More significantly, the asymmetric cells exhibit an average CE as high as 99.92% over 6000 cycles at 5.0 mA cm−2. When assembled with a V2O5 cathode, a high retention of 81.5% can be maintained even under severe condition (N/P ratio of 7.35). This strategy of oriented‐electrochemical etching for commercial Zn opens up a new pathway for dendrite‐free Zn metal anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of advanced electrocatalysts with exceptional performance at high current densities is pivotal for reducing electric energy consumption in industrial water splitting for hydrogen production. Herein, a flexible one‐step electrodeposition approach is developed to synthesize superhydrophilic 3D flower‐like clusters of Cu–Co–P nanosheets grown in situ on nickel foam (NF). Introducing Cu into Co–P causes strong electron interactions, forming an electronic configuration favorable for the adsorption and desorption of intermediates, which significantly improves the intrinsic catalytic activity. The as‐deposited Cu–Co–P/NF display notable bifunctional catalytic activity with low overpotentials of 259 and 65 mV for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, respectively, at 10 mA cm−2. Superwetting 3D flower‐like nanostructures are conducive to the penetration of electrolytes and the rapid release of bubbles, enabling the efficient utilization of active sites and the timely release of bubble stress under high current densities. An assembled Cu–Co–P/NF(+, −) electrolyzer achieves an impressive voltage of 1.85 V at 500 mA cm−2 for water splitting and appreciable stability for over 220 h under simulated industrial conditions. This work offers an attractive strategy for regulating superaerophobic Co–P electrocatalysts for industrial water splitting, which can contribute to practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state electrolytes (SSE) exhibit great promise in enhancing the safety of Li metal batteries by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes. However, the practical application of SSE is hampered mainly due to the poor electrode–electrolyte interface, low ion conductivity, and inferior electrochemical stability. Herein, superior nonflammable solid polymer electrolytes are elaborately designed by in situ encapsulating succinonitrile (SN)‐based deep eutectic solvent (DES) into the ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) matrix (DES‐ETPTA). Benefiting from strong polarity and high anti‐oxidation capability, as‐prepared DES‐ETPTA electrolyte shows high ionic conductivity (9.55 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C), high Li+ transference number (0.68), and good electrochemical stability. As a result, the assembled LiFePO4 || Li full cells based on the designed DES‐ETPTA electrolyte deliver a high reversible capacity and capacity retention at −10 °C and room temperature. Furthermore, considering the compatibility with high‐voltage layered oxide cathode, the electrochemical stability of the ETPTA is further improved through the decoration of cyanoacrylate (CA) with strong electron‐withdrawing characteristic of C≡N. Consequently, the constructed 4.5 V LiCoO2 || Li full cells using DES‐ETPTA‐CA electrolyte deliver a high reversible capacity of 144 mAh g−1 and a superior retention rate of 93% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This work paves a new pathway to design high‐safety and high‐voltage solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesized a variety of indole derivatives using commercially available 2,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde 18 as a starting material. The synthetic route involves a sequential usage of Knoevenagel and Fischer indolization reactions as key steps and the Fischer indolization is facilitated by deep eutectic solvent (DES) such as L‐tartaric acid/dimethylurea (TA:DMU). All the compounds prepared here are characterized by HRMS, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR data. The methodology described in this study showcases the utility of deep eutectic solvents in facilitating the synthesis of diverse indole derivatives, thereby expanding the toolkit of sustainable synthetic methodologies. These compounds are medicinally important and play a key role as an effective template in Kinase inhibitors (CK2). Various functionalized indeno[1,2‐b]indole scaffolds synthesized here might be valuable as novel inhibitors of human CK2. Elevated levels of protein kinase CK2, previously known as casein kinase 2 or II, have been linked to higher cell growth and proliferation in both normal and cancerous cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a technique for decontaminating radioactive surfaces by employing a gel, herein termed as radiation decontamination gel with eutectic liquids (RADGEL), composed of a deep eutectic solvent and polyvinyl alcohol, with the goal of enabling reuse of the surface post‐decontamination. The decontamination effectiveness of RADGEL underwent thorough evaluation through trials conducted on different simulated surfaces, achieving decontamination efficiency up to 99.9% for alpha as well as gamma radionuclides. The various parameters influencing decontamination factors such as amount of complexing agent used, polymer film thickness, nature, and magnitude of radioactivity, as well as surface characteristics of substrates to be decontaminated were optimized. Additionally excellent mechanical strength of RADGEL, affirms its potential as practically efficient, cost‐effective, and safe option for surface decontamination. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis suggest RADGELs capability for both physical and chemical interactions with contaminants, thus highlighting its comprehensive decontamination efficacy. The outcomes of this study carry substantial implications for the decontamination of surfaces contaminated with various types of radionuclides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advancements of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the synthesis of cobalt-based catalysts for water splitting is reviewed. ILs and DESs possess unique physical and chemical properties, serving as solvents, templates, and reagents. Combined with calcination techniques, their advantages can be fully leveraged, enhancing the stability and activity of resulted catalysts. In these solvents, not only are they suitable for simple one-step calcination, but also applicable to more complex multi-step calcination, suitable for more complex reaction conditions. The designability of ILs and DESs allows them to participate in the reaction as reactants, providing metal and heteroatoms, simplifying the preparation system of cobalt phosphide, sulfide, and nitride. This work offers insights into design principles for electrocatalysts and practical guidance for the development of efficient and high-performance materials for hydrogen production and energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biocatalysis has become essential in both academic and industrial domains for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amines, and it serves as an alternative tool to transition‐metal catalysis and complements traditional chemical methods. It relies on the swift expansion of available processes, primarily as a result of advanced tools for enzyme discovery, combined with high‐throughput laboratory evolution techniques for optimizing biocatalysts. This concept paper explores the utilization of non‐conventional media such as ether‐type solvents, deep eutectic solvents, and micellar catalysis to enhance biocatalytic reactions for chiral amine synthesis. Each section focuses on the unique properties of these media, including their ability to stabilize enzymes, alter substrate solubility, and modulate enzyme selectivity. The paper aims to provide insights into how these innovative media can overcome traditional limitations, offering new avenues for sustainable and efficient chiral amine production through biocatalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thermo‐assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was developed for the analysis of five phthalate esters in different water samples. In the procedure involved, a DES composed of lidocaine, an amphiphilic amine, and oleic acid, was mixed with the sample assisted by ultrasound, and phase separation was achieved with increasing temperature. The heating of the extraction system induced the change of acid‐base properties of the DES components. Thus, the formation of microdroplets of DES in the sample was provided, and two phases were separated. The structure of the upper hydrophobic layer was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Also, the amount of water in the DES phase was analyzed by mass spectrometer and Karl Fischer titration. Some critical variables on the extraction yield were assessed. The proposed method achieved 1.2–1.3 and 4.1–4.3 µg/L for limits of detection and limits of quantification, respectively. The intra‐day and inter‐day percentage relative standard deviations (n = 5) were determined to be in the range of 4.2–6.2% and 5.1–7.2%, respectively. Ultimately, this method analyzed the five phthalate esters in different water samples with high recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and environmentally friendly molecularly imprinted polymer (PCA-MIP) was successfully synthesized in an aqueous solution for the selective extraction of protocatechuic acid (PCA). In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride/methacrylic acid, 1:2, mol/mol) and chitosan were employed as the eco-friendly functional monomers. These two components interacted with PCA through hydrogen bonding, integrating a multitude of recognition sites within the PCA-MIP. Thus, the resulting PCA-MIP exhibited outstanding adsorption performance, rapid adsorption rate, and better selectivity, with a maximum binding capacity of 30.56 mg/g and an equilibrium time of 30 min. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses revealed that the synthesized polymers possessed a uniform morphology and substantial surface areas, which were conducive to their adsorption properties. Moreover, the PCA-MIP integrated with HPLC demonstrated its efficacy as an adsorbent for the selective extraction of PCA from mango juice. The PCA-MIP presented itself as an exemplary adsorbent, offering a highly effective and eco-friendly method for the enrichment of PCA from complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are an essential secondary resource containing valuable metal elements. Transforming spent LIBs into efficient catalysts through a simple process presents a promising strategy to address both metal resource scarcity and clean energy challenges. Herein, a deep eutectic solvent‐assisted synthesis of Co3O4 material from spent LIBs is proposed. The obtained Co3O4 material possesses efficient and stable electrocatalytic activity for converting raw polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into high‐purity formic acid and terephthalic acid products under ambient conditions. As expected, the Co3O4 catalyst exhibits a high FE of 92 % with a concentration of produced potassium formate of 23.6 mM under alkaline conditions. This study presents a waste‐treating‐waste strategy for the simultaneous recovery of spent LIBs and PET waste in a greener manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLiquid phase microextraction (LPME) with a dithizone/deep eutectic solvent (DTZ-DES)-based probe was employed for the determination of trace cadmium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). All extraction parameters were univariately optimized to achieve the highest efficiency and the limits of detection and quantification were 3.5 and 11.8 ng mL−1. Good linearity was obtained from 10 to 200 ng mL−1 with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9979. The sensitivity of FAAS system was improved 26.9-fold by the microextraction procedure. The accuracy and applicability of the method were investigated with recovery experiments carried out using corn silk tea extracts. The recovery values with matrix matching calibration were from 81.3 to 114.3%, demonstrating that this environmentally friendly method is applicable for determination of cadmium in tea samples with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinazolines are biologically potent heterocyclic compounds; however, their synthesis poses high challenges. In this present study, we have developed an inexpensive cobalt metal‐catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative pathway for the sequential synthesis of alkenylated quinazolines from benzhydrol via dehydrogenation, cyclization, and subsequent dehydrogenative sp3 C−H functionalization. This transformation holds potential owing to its commercially available key starting materials, good functional tolerance, moderate reaction conditions, environmental friendliness, and applicability for gram‐scale synthesis. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the synthesized derivatives has been explored through various reactions, including reduction, halogenation, methoxylation, Michael addition, and spiro cyclization. Additionally, the photophysical properties indicate that the nitrogen atom of the synthesized derivatives readily undergoes a reversible protonation, leading to significant changes in colour. This characteristic presents an opportunity for the creation of pH sensors with colourimetric capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three deep eutectic solvents (DESs), choline chloride-urea (CU), choline chloride-oxalic acid (CO) and choline chloride-glycerol (CG), were synthesized and utilized to modify polybutyrolactam (PBL) in order to lower its melting point. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed for investigating the effects of DES on the thermal stability, melting point and crystallization of PBL, as well as analyzing the underlying interaction mechanisms. Additionally, tensile testing and melt index measurements were conducted to verify the influence of DES on the mechanical and processing properties of PBL. CU partially disrupted the hydrogen bonds of PBL while forming new ones between NH groups on PBL and C=O on urea. This led to a distortion in the crystal lattice structure and parameters of PBL, resulting in a reduction in crystallinity by 16.2% along with a decrease in melting point from 265 ℃ to 253 ℃. CO distorted the lattice structure by forming new hydrogen bonds between oxalic acid carboxyl groups and free carbonyl groups on PBL, while CG primarily acted as a plasticizer; both had less influence on PBL hydrogen bonds compared to CU. As a result, they reduced crystallinity by only 4.4% and 1.9%, leading to decreases in melting point by 8 ℃ and 6 ℃ respectively. CU, the most effective DES, decreased the tensile strength of PBL by 3.5 MPa, increased the elongation at break by 15.6%, and lowered the melting temperature of PBL to below 32 5 ℃ with further addition of CU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are widely used to extract bioactive components from plant biomass; however, hydrophilic DES and bioactive component isolation methods have not been developed. In this study, we synthesized hydrophilic DES (CL‐CA‐DES) using citric acid and choline chloride. We combined this with environmentally friendly anion‐ and cation‐exchange resin column chromatographic isolation methods. This approach extracted and isolated four polyphenolic compounds (catechins, epicatechins, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2) from raspberry root and efficiently recovered the hydrophilic DES. CL‐CA‐DES extracted significantly higher contents of catechin and procyanidin B2 from raspberry root compared to other solvents. It also extracted substantially higher contents of epicatechin compared to butyl alcohol, 70% ethanol, and water, but there was no significant difference when compared with acetone and ethyl acetate. Additionally, CL‐CA‐DES extracted significantly higher contents of procyanidin B1 compared to butyl alcohol, water, and ethyl acetate, with no significant difference when compared with 70% ethanol and acetone. The isolation efficiency of the bioactive components in the raspberry root extract by anion‐ and cation‐exchange resin column chromatography was higher than that of the organic solvent extraction and precipitation generation methods, and the method was effective in recovering CL‐CA‐DES with a recovery rate higher than 60%. In conclusion, this study developed a new method for the efficient recovery of hydrophilic CL‐CA‐DES, which can be used for isolating polyphenolic compounds from raspberry root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and facile surface molecularly imprinted polymer coated on magnetic chitosan (Fe3O4@CS@MIP) was fabricated for the selective recognition and enrichment of naringin (NRG). The Fe3O4@CS@MIP was prepared based on covalent–noncovalent synergistic imprinting strategies, utilizing 4‐vinyl phenyl boric acid as covalent functional monomer, deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/methacrylic acid [ChCl/MAA]) as non‐covalent functional monomer and Fe3O4@CS nanoparticles as the magnetic support. The obtained Fe3O4@CS@MIP exhibited a uniform morphology, excellent crystallinity, outstanding magnetic properties, and high surface area. Owing to the double recognition abilities, the resultant polymer showed exceptional binding performance and rapid mass transfer in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The maximum binding amount of Fe3O4@CS@MIP was found to be 15.08 mg g−1, and the equilibrium adsorption could be achieved within 180 min. Moreover, they also exhibited stronger selectivity for NRG and satisfactory reusability, with only 11.0% loss after five adsorption‐desorption cycles. Additionally, the Fe3O4@CS@MIP, serving as an adsorbent, presented practical application potential in the separation and enrichment of NRG from pummelo peel, with extraction efficiency in the range of 79.53% to 84.63%. This work provided a new strategy for improving the performance of MIP and contributed an attractive option for the extraction of NRG in complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, methanolic extracts from thyme and dittany plants were prepared and characterized in terms of their polyphenolic content through analytical and spectrophotometric techniques. Rosmarinic acid, thymol and carvacrol were found to be the main components of the extracts, which were further biologically assessed for their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipase and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As found, thyme extracts exhibited superior antioxidant activity (SC50 at 33.9 μg mL−1), while dittany extracts inhibited the microbial growth to a great extent against Bacillus subtilis strain (MIC at 0.5 mg mL−1) and E. coli strain (MIC at 2 mg mL−1). Furthermore, the thyme extract was proven to strongly inhibit the activity of lipase from Candida rugosa (IC50 at 63.9 μg mL−1), comparable to the standard inhibitor orlistat, while its inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase was weak. On the other hand, the dittany extract presented an inhibitory effect against the tested lipase (IC50 over 500 μg mL−1) and an activation effect against tyrosinase (at concentrations > 500 μg mL−1). Additionally, molecular docking studies of the main compounds of the extracts showed that rosmarinic acid plays a crucial role on the inhibitory activity of the extracts against lipase, while thymol has a stronger effect on inhibiting tyrosinase. Furthermore, both extracts were employed in the preparation of gelatin-deep eutectic solvent (DES) hydrogels that were further studied for their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the incorporation of the extracts offered antibacterial properties to the biopolymer-based hydrogels and enhanced the antioxidant activity of gelatin up to 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new binary acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were derived from tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) coupled with azelaic acid (AzA), benzilic acid (BeA) and boric acid (BoA) as hydrogen bond donors (HBD). In order to draw the complete phase diagram and find the molar ratios in which the DESs are formed, HBA and HBDs were mixed together in the full range of molar ratios and their thermal behavior (by differential scanning calorimetry method) and stability were investigated. The activity coefficient models including Wilson, NRTL and regular solution were applied to correlate the measured solid–liquid equilibrium data. FT–IR and NMR analysis were used to investigate the chemical structures, occurrence the hydrogen bond formation between the DESs constituents and purity of the prepared DESs. Physicochemical properties of these DESs including melting point, density, and speed of sound, conductivity and refractive index were measured at different temperatures. The performance of these new DESs were successfully evaluated for the dissolution of four metal oxides including PbO, CuO, Fe2O3 and ZnO and the obtained solubility values were compared with the reported literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two- and three-component mixtures were prepared using the monosubstituted urea of 1-methylurea (Um) and 1-hydroxyurea (Uh) as hydrogen bond donors, and guanidine monohydrochloride (GuHCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms and the solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the mixtures were compared with those of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of urea (U) and GuHCl. At room temperature, 2Um-GuHCl was a DES in the supercooled state unlike solid state 2 U-GuHCl. Conversely, 2Uh-GuHCl did not form a DES. The methylation of urea resulted in the weakening of the hydrogen bonding of Cl− with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are effective solutions for the development of high-performance and flexible lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, the key problems of SPEs including low ionic conductivity and inability to repair damage have hindered their industrialization process. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked network gel polymer electrolyte (CNGPE) is designed. The addition of deep eutectic solvent (DES) improves the ionic conductivity of CNGPE. The hydrogen bonds and dynamic disulfide bonds in the 3D cross-linked network endow CNGPE rapid self-healing ability at ambient temperature. In addition, the addition of lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3) helps to form a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Due to the ingenious design, the Li/CNGPE/Li symmetrical cell exhibits excellent interface stability and no short circuit occurs for more than 800 h. The assembled LiFePO 4 /CNGPE/Li cell exhibits a discharge specific capacity of 126 mAh g−1 after 960 cycles at 0.5C. This work has shown that the self-healing gel polymer electrolyte containing DES provides an effective and feasible method for the development of high-performance LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is one of the important trace element, but its high amount in aquatic bodies is detrimental to health. Hence, the objective of this paper was to synthesize deep eutectic solvent (DES) nanoparticles and evaluate their adsorption behavior for the removal of zinc (II) ions from industrial wastewater using appropriate standard techniques. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were utilised to investigate the adsorption kinetics, and the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were employed to assess the adsorption isotherms. The results of the kinetic study shows that the adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm model (0.9740) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (0.9186). At pH 7 and room temperature, the highest adsorption capacity was determined to be 22.883 mg/g. These findings indicate that DES nanoparticles may be a promising, highly effective, and ecologically benign adsorbent for extracting zinc (II) ions from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising global population has led to an escalating demand for affordable, high-quality proteins intended for human consumption. Different efforts have been made to develop efficient and greener solvents for protein production. Most proteins are produced from raw plant and animal parts, but the use of the residues in commercial-scale protein production is very scarce. Therefore, this research aims to collect an overview of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for protein extraction and purification. In this context, solvent type and operating parameters should also be selected to modify DESs and NADESs physicochemical characteristics for the achievement of high protein yield with preserved functional properties. The results show that appropriate implementation of combined DESs and NADESs with advanced extraction and purification techniques can improve protein yield and prevent detrimental effects on the extracted protein and environment. The application of DESs and NADESs can increase the efficiency of protein extraction and recovery in various parts of plants and animals by 55.72% and 98.16%, respectively, with purity reaching 99.82%. This research also reviews safety, environmental impacts, and drawbacks as well as shows feasible future recommendations for commercial-scale protein production processes. NADESs are safer than petroleum-based solvents but have higher toxicity than DESs. Magnetic adsorbent and magnetic solid-phase extraction methods have been shown to reduce labor-intensive steps, resulting in shorter operating times and superior protein recovery while maintaining functional properties. Meanwhile, protein producers' knowledge and motivation to use DES and NADES are strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as viable alternatives to toxic organic solvents. The most intriguing aspect of these solvents is perhaps the widely varying physicochemical properties emerging from the changes in the constituents that form DESs along with their composition. Based on the constituents, a DES can be hydrophilic/polar or hydrophobic/non-polar, rendering a vastly varying spectrum of polarity a possibility. DESs formed by mixing urea (U) with hydrated lanthanide salts, lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (La : U), cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce : U), and gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate (Gd : U), respectively, exhibit very high polarity as manifested via the probe-reported empirical parameters of dipolarity/polarizability (π*). The highest π* of 1.70 exhibited by the DES (Gd : U) in a 1 : 2 molar ratio is unprecedented. The π* ranges from 1.50 to 1.70 for these DESs, which is almost the highest reported for any solvent system. The π* decreases with an increasing amount of urea in the DES; however, the anomalous trends in H-bond donating acidity (α) and H-bond accepting basicity (β) appear to be due to the hydrated water of the lanthanide salt. The emission band maxima of the fluorescence probe of the "effective" dielectric constant (εeff) of the solubilizing media, pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde (PyCHO), in salt-rich DESs reflect higher cybotactic region dipolarity than that offered by water. Probe Nile red aggregates readily in these DESs to form non-fluorescent H-aggregates, which is a characteristic of highly polar solvents. The behavior of probe pyranine also corroborates these outcomes as the (lanthanide salt : urea) DES system supports the formation of the deprotonated form of the probe in the excited state. The (lanthanide salt : urea) DES system offers solubilizing media of exceptionally high polarity, which is bound to expand their application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]