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The current civil legislation of Ukraine stipulates the division of civil law contracts into preliminary and main ones. Contracts that are directly aimed at the emergence of rights and obligations between the participants of a specific contract are considered basic. Instead, contracts should be considered preliminary, the parties to which undertake to enter into a contract in the future (main contract) on the terms established by the previous contract (part 1 of Article 635 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) within a certain period of time (at a certain time). Preliminary contracts should be distinguished from contracts of intent, since in the latter only the intention of the parties to enter into contractual relations in the future is established, without the obligation to conclude a contract in the future. However, the practice of applying previous contracts indicates insufficient regulation of the scope of conclusion and application of the previous contract in practice. At the same time, the conclusion of a preliminary agreement is common in the field of real estate acquisition, in particular, the certification of a preliminary agreement with the participation of a notary. The possibility and procedure of concluding preliminary contracts are regulated by the Civil Code of Ukraine. The contract is the main basis for the emergence of civil legal obligations. It should be noted that a civil law contract is the main basis for the emergence of binding legal relations (obligations), which establishes certain subjective rights and subjective duties for the parties who concluded it. A contract can be defined as an agreement between two or more persons aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil legal relations. The subject of the contract is always a certain action, but this action can only be lawful. If the subject of the contract is an unlawful act, i.e. illegal, then such a contract is recognized as invalid. The contract is considered valid if the following conditions are met: legality of the action; manifestation of will of the parties; compliance with the form of the contract established by law; legal capacity and legal capacity of the parties. The main element of every contract is the will of the parties, aimed at achieving a certain goal that does not contradict the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to consideration and proposals regarding the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions in civil law. The deed in civil law is considered as the main element of annulment, change, or termination of civil legal relations between their participants. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of the conclusion of deeds, and also considers the difficulties that arise in judicial practice in distinguishing the concept of “deeds” from related concepts. At the same time, this article analyzes some aspects of judicial practice arising from the problem of understanding and defining unilateral transactions, where it is noted that they include: issuance and cancellation of a power of attorney; acceptance or preservation of the done thing; notification by one co-owner to other co-owners about the sale of their share in joint ownership; property sale proposal; a public promise of a reward for finding a lost thing; drawing up, changing and revoking a will; acceptance of inheritance and rejection of it, etc. Also, this article takes into account the fact that when considering disputes about the invalidity of transactions, courts need to distinguish between invalid and unconcluded transactions, that is, those that do not have the necessary conditions for their conclusion established by law (for example, there is no agreement on all the essential conditions provided for by law. In the conclusions, the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions are proposed, which include the following: economic - the conclusion of transactions is carried out in order to ensure and improve the state of the general economy of the country; political - the conclusion of transactions in civil law between participants in civil legal relations ensures the general well-being of the state and the well-being of society in general; social – the conclusion of transactions between participants in civil legal relations is determined by the social policy of the state, where the legal status of a person and a citizen plays a significant role; legal - the conclusion of transactions in civil law is determined by legal aspects, where transactions are concluded between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the current provisions of normative legal acts; cultural - it is planned to carry out cultural and educational work, which will involve the implementation of certain measures that will have a positive effect on the improvement of the procedure for concluding transactions between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the requirements of current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notaries who are not careful in carrying out their position in making authentic deeds often cause legal problems to arise because the documents or information provided by the court turn out to be fake, and it often happens that notaries actually know that the information or documents provided are not true, or the deed was made by The notary did not comply with the regulations. The problem in this thesis is regarding the position of the rental agreement deed made by a Notary who does not apply the precautionary principle (Prudentiality Principle) and the legal consequences for the Notary regarding the rental agreement deed not applying the prudential principle (Prudentiality Principle). This thesis uses normative legal research methods (library) with qualitative analysis to obtain conclusions regarding the position of the rental agreement deed made by a Notary who does not apply the prudential principle and is null and void and not binding on the parties to the rental agreement. renting because previously the rental object had been transferred through sale and purchase, so that the party renting out did not have the right to lease to another person. The legal consequences for the Notary regarding the rental agreement deed not applying the principle of prudence (Prudentiality Principle), namely that the Notary can be held liable according to civil law and UUJN as well as the code of ethics because in making the rental deed he received proof of ownership of the certificate in the form of a photocopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pear yield is a primary source of income for smallholder farmers in China, yet significant yield disparities exist among different smallholders. Systematic analyses of limiting factors and the feasibility of solutions at the smallholder level are limited. This study employs a novel DEED (Describe, Explain, Explore, and Design) research cycle centered on smallholders to formulate yield‐improving strategies. RESULTS: A comprehensive survey of 173 smallholders in the Yangtze River pear district, encompassing Zhejiang province, Jiangxi province, and Shanghai city, was conducted to delineate the current yield status. The boundary line analysis model was applied to elucidate the contributions of various yield‐limiting factors. Findings reveal an average yield ranging from 16.7 to 19.3 t ha−1, with a potential highest yield of 37.5 t ha−1. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) was identified as the most pervasive yield‐limiting factor, constituting 62.7% of the average limitation at the regional level and 37.7% at the individual smallholder level, surpassing other yield‐related factors in all three regions. Subsequently, a 2‐year field optimization experiment was conducted to explore the potential for yield improvement through adjustments in N fertilizer rates. Compared with traditional farmer management (FM), the N fertilizer optimization treatment (OPT) resulted in a 38.1% and 22.5% increase in yield for 2022 and 2023, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results identify N fertilizer application rate as the most important yield‐limiting factor and verify the feasibility of optimizing N fertilizer management practices for improving pear yield. This study integrates farmer surveys, boundary line models, and field experiments to provide valuable insights into addressing yield disparities among smallholders in the pear industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Indonesian legal system, the use of foreign languages in making notarial deeds is a complex and significant issue. Notaries, as authorized public officials, are required to draw up deeds in Indonesian in accordance with Law on Notary Positions No. 2 of 2014 Article 43 and Law Number 24 of 2009 concerning the National Flag, Language and Emblem, as well as the National Anthem. This research aims to analyze the legal recognition of the use of foreign languages in notarial deeds and its implications for the validity of the deed. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and case studies. The research results show that although there are provisions requiring the use of Indonesian, there is still freedom in using foreign languages provided that the deed is translated by a sworn translator and included with the original deed. The conclusion of this research is that legal recognition of the use of foreign languages in notarial acts in Indonesia is strictly regulated to ensure clarity and validity of legal documents, as well as to protect the rights of the parties involved. The practical implication of these findings is the need for notaries to ensure compliance with language regulations to avoid potential legal disputes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notary makes a deed in the form of a PPJB deed based on a power of attorney agreement, which means that a legal relationship exists between the giver and the recipient of the power of attorney based on an agreement. The authority of a Notary to make an Authentic Deed comes from the provisions of Article 15 paragraph (1) UUJN. In order to avoid violations that could lead to Notarial actions that could be charged by criminal articles, Notaries in making Authentic Deeds, especially PPJB deeds, must always pay attention to the applicable legal rules. The formulation of the problem in this research is that regarding the position of the PPJB deed, it is known that the object is still in dispute in court and the legal consequences of the PPJB. This thesis uses normative legal research methods (library) with qualitative analysis of secondary data to obtain conclusions about the position of the PPJB deed, it is known that the object is still in dispute in court and is invalid because the legal act of buying and selling through the PPJB does not meet the requirements. the validity of the agreement regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the material requirements in making a PPJB deed. As a legal consequence of the PPJB deed, it is known that its objec still under dispute in court, namely that it is null and void and is not binding on the parties who made it. So, the achievements that have been made will return to normal. Apart from that, this results in the Notary being asked to take responsibility under UUJN and the code of ethics in making PPJB deeds where it is known that the object is still in dispute in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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On the basis of the conducted research, the author has proved that the specific feature of electronic contracts on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program is that: it is exclusively signed through the electronic health care system, is considered an electronic document, must meet all the requirements established for a civil contract. The author has identified the principles of electronic medical deeds: information exchange takes place exclusively in electronic form; the legislation establishes the security of exchange and preservation of medical information, in particular medical confidentiality; modern access to medical care and resources is provided due to their assistance; these electronic contracts are aimed at improving the quality of service and meeting patients needs, transparency of the health care system; they are signed considering technological neutrality and independence from decisions developers; while signing such contracts, the information is recorded in the e-health system without the possibility of deleting or correcting the entered data; electronic identification and authentication of participants in medical relations with a high level of trust is used while they are being signed. It has been established that signing a contract on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program includes the following stages: 1) the National Health Service of Ukraine publishes an announcement on the official website about the intention to sign such a contract under certain conditions; 2) a business entity that wishes to sign a contract with the National Health Service of Ukraine on the terms specified in the announcement must ensure that up-to-date information about its business activity, the possibility of medical practice, is entered into the system before submitting a proposal; 3) the National Health Service of Ukraine considers the received proposals within the definite term; 4) signing a draft contract by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine, which is a proposal to sign a contract (offer) with a validity period of ten calendar days from the date of its signing by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine.

The notary emeritus is a member of the Notary Commission on Discipline, Protection of the Constitution, and the Ministry of Public Works and Public Works. This study aims to examine the legal principles and written legal sources. The study contributes to the understanding of the continuity of notarial duties and the potential legal ramifications for such activities. In this study, it will be systematically explained about the regulations that regulate certain legal categories, analyze the relationship between these regulations, and correlate them with existing problems. In addition, this study discusses the validity of deeds made by or before his term of office ends and the responsibility of the notary for the deedas he makes after his terms of office end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imam Serahsi's work, Al-Mabsut examines the relationship between faith and action from the Hanafi-Maturidi perspective, at the intersection of Islamic law and theology. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental issues of Islamic thought, exploring the relationship between belief and behavior that has persisted since the early days of Islam. Serahsi meticulously addresses the rulings related to apostasy, the deeds of infidels and polytheists, and the views of the sect leaders on these matters. The emphasis placed on combating disbelief and preserving faith within the work is critical for understanding Islamic law and the belief system. Disbelief is defined as the opposite of faith, and in this context, the struggle against disbelief is fundamental to the preservation of faith. Serahsi's in-depth analyses aid in understanding the core principles and beliefs of Islam, helping Muslims to maintain their faith and avoid the negative impacts of disbelief. This study significantly contributes to understanding the complex structure of Islamic law and theology in terms of the relationship between faith and action, guiding solutions to contemporary issues related to this relationship. Additionally, the examination of the behaviors of different faith groups, such as believers, infidels, and polytheists, within the boundaries of faith and disbelief, facilitates a deeper understanding of Islamic creed and belief principles. Thus, al-Mabsut highlights the close relationship between Islamic law and theology while illuminating complex issues related to religion and faith, serving as a significant academic resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of the market relations in Ukraine had caused radical changes in socioeconomic life, which led to the introduction of new categories in business turnover. The main foundations of the legal solution of these issues have been reflected in the Civil code of Ukraine, which, however, is currently in the stage of permanent renewal. The practice of law enforcement confirms that, in connection with the significant renewal of the system of private legislation, there is an objective need for theoretical analysis and scientific generalization of the existing realities. In the context of the above, it is worth emphasizing the great importance that the legal actions play at the present time, in connection with which it is advisable to also take into account their place in the system of legal facts. A legal action is an action of a person aimed at acquiring, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations. They are divided into unilateral, bilateral and multilateral. A unilateral legal action is the deed of one party, which may be represented by one or more persons. A bilateral or multilateral legal action is an agreed deed of two or more parties. The general provisions on obligations and contracts shall apply to legal relations arising from unilateral legal actions, if this does not contradict the acts of civil legislation or the essence of the unilateral legal acton. At the same time, in judicial practice, sometimes there are difficulties associated with the qualification of certain deeds as legal actions. Legal actions, of course, will continue to be one of the most common grounds for the emergence, change and termination of civil legal relations, and the correct definition of the legal nature of a person’s deeds as a legal action is extremely important for the correct resolution of disputes between participants in civil transactions, compliance with the principles of legality, reasonableness, good faith and justice. In the conditions of the development of economic processes and modern technologies, the methods of performing legal actions, the requirements for their form, will be improved, and therefore it seems important in the future to update the approaches to the methods of protecting the rights and interests of their participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışma Mehmet Kenan Şahin’in kaleme aldığı “İmâm Mâtürîdî’nin İman ve Ahlâk Anlayışı (Te’vilâtü’l-Kur’ân ve Kitâbü’t-Tevhîd Bağlamında)” isimli eserini içermektedir. Şahin, Mâtürîdî’nin iman, amel, insan ve ahlâk anlayışı hakkındaki görüşlerini onun Kitâbü’t-Tevhîd ve Te’vîlâtü’l-Ku’rân adlı iki önemli eserini dikkate alarak belirlemeye çalışmıştır. Şahin, İmâm Mâtürîdî’nin iman tanımını yaşadığı dönemdeki iman anlayışlarından daha farklı bir yaklaşımla izah ettiğini savunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte inceleyeceğimiz bu çalışmada yazar, Mâtürîdî’nin eserlerinde sıklıkla imân ile ahlâkî yaşam arasında çok sıkı bir bağ kurduğuna dikkat çekmiştir.

This study reviews the Mehmet Kenan Şahin's work titled above and can be translated as: Imâm al-Mâturîdî's understanding of faith and ethics with regards to his Ta'wîlât al-Qur'ân and Kitâb al-Tawḥîd. While laying out the key elements of faith, deeds, humanity and morality according to the mentioned works in the title, Sahin also argues that al-Mâturîdî explained the definition of faith with a different approach than his contemporaries. Moreover, the author draws further attention to an established connection between faith and moral life in al-Mâturîdî's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkey Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Journal / Türkiye Insansiz Hava Araçlari Dergisi is the property of Ali Ulvi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study discusses the authority and responsibility of notaries in making marriage agreement deeds. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the authority and responsibility of notaries in making marriage agreement deeds and the urgency of marriage agreements. This research method uses normative law because it is based on a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The result of this study is that the notary's authority in making the marriage agreement deed he made is limited to the content of the agreement that has fulfilled the conditions for the validity of the agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code, so he cannot be prosecuted in court; conversely, if the marriage agreement certificate does not meet the requirements of the validity of the agreement, then the deed made by a notary can be cancelled by the judge. The notary's responsibility in the marriage agreement is to ensure that no third party is harmed by the making of a marriage agreement after the marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the settlement agreement as a guarantee of the principle of dispositiveness in the civil process. However, substantive law is the basis for any procedural legal relations. Thus, the civil procedural principle of dispositiveness is an analogue of the principle of freedom in civil law. The principle of dispositiveness in the civil procedural sense means the possibility for the parties of the case to dispose their rights regarding the subject of the dispute at their own discretion. Dispositivity in the civil law sense is the freedom to perform procedural actions freely, without coercion. Dispositiveness in civil proceedings means that the parties to civil proceeding have the right to waive their claims against each other at any stage of the trial by waiving or admitting the claim, or by entering into a settlement agreement. The conclusion of a settlement agreement by the parties at any stage of the court proceedings is an ensuring of the principle of dispositiveness - the freedom to freely dispose of one's procedural and material rights. Researched that settlement agreement is a reconciliation mechanism and the result of an agreement between the parties. The purpose of concluding a settlement agreement is to settle the dispute on the basis of mutual concessions and should concern only the rights and obligations of the parties. Also, the parties can go beyond the scope of the dispute, provided that the settlement agreement does not violate the rights or legally protected interests of third parties. The settlement agreement is a mixed contract, as it is regulated simultaneously by two branches of law - civil and civil procedural. In this regard, the norms relating to bilateral deed, civil obligation and civil agreement may be applied to the settlement agreement. The common features between these concepts in relation to the settlement agreement are that the settlement agreement is a bilateral agreement with a specific subject, parties, rights and obligations, and form. The settlement agreement is also considered concluded from the moment the parties have reached all essential conditions, which characterizes it as a consensual civil law agreement. The essential conditions of a settlement agreement as a civil law agreement are the condition about the subject and terms. All of the above means that due to its legal nature, the settlement agreement has both procedural and substantive legal features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The validity of the authentic deed made by a notary/ppat is questionable. Based on this phenomenon, this study formulates the problem of how the validity of the authentic deed of sale and purchase agreement is valid and how to analyze the considerations of judges who do not accept lawsuits regarding the ratification of the authentic deed. The purpose of this study is to determine the validity and legal considerations. This research is normative juridical or research, this research uses Statute Approach and Analytical Approach. The data collection technique used is library research. Data analysis in this study uses a qualitative method. (deceased) and Soemadjoko are said to be legal (lawful) based on the Notary Deed of binding sale and purchase, dated April 25, 1995 drawn up at the Notary Office of Liana Dewi Santoso, S.H. The lawsuit was not accepted because the judge stated that there had not been a sale and purchase between Mansyur Ali (deceased) and Soemadjoko. The binding sale and purchase of land and buildings that occurred between Mansyur Ali (deceased) and Soemadjoko was said to be legal (lawful) based on the Notary Deed of binding sale and purchase, date April 25, 1995 made at the Notary Office of Liana Dewi Santoso, S.H. In the consideration of the majlis, the judge stated that the sale and purchase of land between the plaintiff and the defendant had not been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the law to the competent authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a public official, a Notary has a role and obligation to ensure that what is in accordance with the wishes of the parties. A notary has the obligation to read the deed to the parties and write a statement of the circumstances of the appearer when he appears before the notary along with the reasons or statement of the deed not being read in the cover of the deed which is a provision contained in the law. If there is a misunderstanding between the parties regarding the preparation of the deed and causes ambiguity over the deed made, then the strength and usefulness of the notary deed needs to be questioned and also regarding the responsibility for the role of the notary who deliberately does not read the deed before the parties. In this study the aim is to examine further the role of the Notary in deed that is not read out before the parties and regarding the validity of the deed that is not read out. The research method used in this study is normative juridical, which is statutory research. It is carried out by examining problems using regulations that are related and relevant to the problem, in this case the rules that have to do with the field of notary law, namely UUJN and the Code of Ethics. Notary Public. The results of the study are that reading the deed is an obligation that must be carried out by a notary and if the notary's deed is not read out it will cause the deed to be null and void and the strength of proof becomes a private deed.

Introduction to The Problem: A notarial deed is an authentic deed containing various legal relationships or events with specific characteristics drafted by or attested by a notary. Its peculiarities vary based on the form, structure, and legal language that are not easily understood by other legal practitioners or the public. To avoid a dispute between the parties, an interpretation of the terms of the legal language used in the deed is required. Based on the literature review, previous studies have yet to discuss the legal interpretation of the deeds made by a notary. Purpose/Objective Study: The research aims to identify and describe the legal interpretation of the terms, phrases, and clauses used in notarial deeds. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is normative-empiric research. Data consists of primary and secondary data. There are 20 deeds of Islamic financing contracts and ten various deeds such as co-operation agreements, repurchase agreements, bank loans, and so on. The deeds were drafted and/or attested by Sari Darmawati, S.E., S.H. notary in Semarang. Findings: The legal interpretation of notarial deeds is pivotal for ensuring the enforceability of agreements, drawing on legal sources like laws and judicial decisions. Standardized terms form a foundational framework, although their unique meanings may be complex for the public. Gender-based designations and clauses regarding breach of contract and force majeure define legal consequences. In Islamic finance, specific definitions are introduced. Emphasizing jurisdiction and legal principles in agreements, parties' intention prevails in case of ambiguity. Progressive law advocates for a functional interpretation, considering social realities. Interpreting notarial deeds demands a nuanced understanding of language and party intentions, requiring adherence to legal principles amid evolving societal dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ULUM Journal of Religious Inquiries is the property of ULUM Journal of Religious Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to analyze the legal protection for a notary either as a witness or as a suspect in the investigation stage of the deed he/she made. This study is important because notaries often face legal issues regarding the authentic deeds they produce. This study combines normative legal research and empirical law. In-depth interviews with notaries who have been examined as witnesses or suspects for the authentic deed made are carried out in depth. The results of this study indicate that investigators did not obtain prior approval from the Notary Honorary Council when examining a notary. Notaries are required to reveal client secrets during examinations, which infringes on their right to refuse. To provide adequate legal protection for notaries, in the future the Notary Honor Council must be empowered so that investigators cannot examine them without the panel’s approval. In addition, the notary’s right of refusal also needs to be used as a means of legal protection. In addition, further research regarding the examination of notaries at the trial stage needs to be carried out to obtain a comprehensive picture of legal protection for notaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is a bond that forms a family within society and the state. With the existence of marriage can realize the welfare and happiness between humans. In a marriage, the husband or wife certainly brings assets called innate assets. So, before the marriage takes place, the prospective husband and wife make a marriage agreement which is a form of agreement made between one party and another and there is no coercion from any party. This study aims to find out how the process of making a marriage agreement deed and to find out whether the marriage agreement has legal consequences for third parties. The type of research used is empirical juridical with primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques with interviews and observation. The results of the study show that in Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, what is unanimously mixed are assets acquired during marriage. As for inherited assets, they remain under the authority of each unless mutually agreed upon by the husband and wife to be united in joint property. In the marriage agreement besides binding the husband and wife, the marriage agreement is also binding on third parties. So, this is a third party is very interested. Abstrak Perkawinan merupakan ikatan yang membentuk suatu keluarga di dalam lingkungan masyarakat dan negara. Dengan adanya perkawinan dapat mewujudkan kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan antar manusia. Dalam suatu perkawinan suami atau istri tentunya membawa harta yang disebut harta bawaan. Maka sebelum perkawinan berlangsung para calon suami dan isteri membuat perjanjian perkawinan yang merupakan salah satu wujud dari perjanjian yang dibuat antara satu pihak dengan pihak yang lain dan tidak ada paksaan dari pihak manapun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses dalam pembuatan akta perjanjian perkawinan serta untuk mengetahui apakah perjanjian perkawinan memiliki akibat hukum bagi pihak ketiga. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan data perimer dan data skunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam Undang – Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, yang dicampurkan secara bulat adalah harta yang diperoleh selama perkawinan. Sedangkan untuk harta bawaan tetap di bawah kekuasaan masing-masing kecuali disepakati bersama oleh suami dan istri untuk disatukan dalam harta bersama. Dalam perjanjian pernikahan selain mengikat pasangan suami-istri tersebut, perjanjian perkawinan juga mengikat terhadap pihak ketiga. Maka hal ini pihak ketiga sangat berkepentingan.

In order to be used as evidence in criminal proceedings, objects containing in their structure or bearing marks on their surface in connection with the crime committed, documents or values of any kind must be in the possession of the judiciary by a legal means. The search represents the evidentiary procedure through which objects or documents are searched and seized that can serve as evidence in the criminal process. Conducting a search relates to the nature and peculiarities of the place. The search can be corporal, on vehicles and at home.

Notaries are public officials (openbare ambtenaren) appointed by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (KEMENKUMHAM) who have the authority to make authentic deeds. The notary deed clearly explains the rights and obligations of the parties so that the notary deed becomes the strongest and most complete means of evidence because it can prove the truth of its contents compared to a deed made privately. If a Notary as a public official is proven to have made a mistake in the deed they made, then as a result of their actions they can be held accountable both criminally and civilly if it causes a loss. In the case of the South Jakarta District Court decision number 782/PDT.G/2020/PN JKT.SEL a Notary in Tangerang was involved in a civil case of unlawful acts that resulted in the deed’s cancellation. A notary deed that is canceled by a court decision does not mean the result of a notary's mistake in making the deed, but can also be caused by an error or negligence on the part of the parties resulting in a lawsuit because the notary has made the deed in accordance with the regulations. The notary as a public official has the right to refuse not to notify the contents of the deed in accordance with the oath of office they uttered and taking the minutes of the deed and calling the notary must go through the approval of Notary Honorary Council as an institution that has the authority to carry out guidance and supervision of the notary and the existence of the right of refusal. become a form of legal protection for Notaries when carrying out their duties. This study uses normative legal research methods, by analyzing court decisions as the primary legal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Notary is a public official who is authorized to perform certain legal formalities, especially to draw up or certify contracts, deeds, and other documents for use in other jurisdictions. The Land Deed Making Officer or PPAT is a public official who is authorized to make certain deeds related to land belonging to Flats Units. The Notary/PPAT is responsible for upholding integrity and morals. Legal protection and guarantees for the Notary/PPAT are needed for the implementation of the legal service function. Protection is needed to protect Notaries/PPATs who have carried out deed-making activities carefully and professionally in accordance with legal provisions and statutory regulations. Notaries/PPATs often receive false information or documents from parties, so Notaries/PPATs are suspected of being involved in criminal or civil cases. The purpose of this study is to examine the legal provisions for the protection of the position of Notary/PPAT in making Deeds based on False Statements (Case Study of Decision Number 73/PDT.G/2012/PN.PL). The research method uses a normative legal approach with qualitative descriptive data analysis. The results of the study show that Notaries/PPATs have the right to obtain legal protection in order to create legal certainty as public officials whose function is to provide services to the public. Notary/PPAT is not responsible in terms of fraud and mistakes made by the parties. The Notary/PPAT is only in charge of recording what is conveyed by the parties to be further stated in the deed or party. The legal protection provided by the state with regulations or legal rules is considered optimal in protecting Notaries/PPATs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Social & Technology / Jurnal Sosial dan Teknologi (SOSTECH) is the property of Green Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This writing aims to determine the legal consequences of a notary when making a deed outside the territory of his office. In this study, the authors used normative data collection techniques carried out by conducting a library search and supported by primary raw materials in the form of applicable laws and regulations, and secondary raw materials in the form of books, articles, and magazines, Pasal 17 letter a Law of The Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary. Determining “Notaries are prohibited from carrying out positions outside their territory of office” is in line with the prohibition of notaries making deeds outside their working area. If a notary draws up a deed outside his territory of office, he will be subject to sanctions contained in Pasal 17 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary.

In the anticipated perspective, electric vehicles (EVs) will take over the transportation exchange. The Multi-objective Mayfly Optimization Algorithm (MMOA) is projected to solve the dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) issue of a 10 thermal units (TUs) system with EVs considering several physical constraints, such as valve point loading effect (VPE), ramp rate limits (RRL), prohibited operating zone (POZ), level of charge (LOC) storage for a day with the hourly change of load profile. The effect of both grid-to-vehicle (G2V) load and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support on DEED is studied. The multi-objective DEED optimization is dealt with the Fuzzy Decision Making (FDM) technique to decipher the considered issue. Furthermore, the management of demand for 30,000 EVs in crest shaving and valley filling (CSVF) zones are analyzed. This paper studied the coordinated use of V2G power and demand management of G2V to cut down emission and total expenses of electric grids with consideration of all four physical constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legume-supported cropping systems affect environmental, production, and economic impacts. In Europe, legume production is still marginal with grain legumes covering less than 3% of arable land. A transition towards legume-supported systems could contribute to a higher level of protein self-sufficiency and lower environmental impacts of agriculture. Suitable approaches for designing legume-supported cropping systems are required that go beyond the production of prescriptive solutions. We applied the DEED framework with scientists and advisors in 17 study areas in nine European countries, enabling us to describe, explain, explore, and redesign cropping systems. The results of 31 rotation comparisons showed that legume integration decreased N fertilizer use and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) in more than 90% of the comparisons with reductions ranging from 6 to 142 kg N ha−1 and from 1 to 6 kg N2O ha−1, respectively. In over 75% of the 24 arable cropping system comparisons, rotations with legumes had lower nitrate leaching and higher protein yield per hectare. The assessment of above-ground biodiversity showed no considerable difference between crop rotations with and without legumes in most comparisons. Energy yields were lower in legume-supported systems in more than 90% of all comparisons. Feasibility and adaptation needs of legume systems were discussed in joint workshops and economic criteria were highlighted as particularly important, reflecting findings from the rotation comparisons in which 63% of the arable systems with legumes had lower standard gross margins. The DEED framework enabled us to keep close contact with the engaged research-farmer networks. Here, we demonstrate that redesigning legume-supported cropping systems through a process of close stakeholder interactions provides benefits compared to traditional methods and that a large-scale application in diverse study areas is feasible and needed to support the transition to legume-supported farming in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dinin esaslarının bize ulaşmasında Hz. Peygamber’den (s.a.v) sonra en büyük katkı sahâbeye aittir. Hz. Peygamber’e (s.a.v) en zor zamanlarda iman etmiş ve O’nunla beraber olmuş bu güzide neslin dinî hükümlerdeki fonksiyonu tabiî olarak büyük önem teşkil etmektedir. Söz konusu merkezî konumları sayesinde sahâbe, tarihsel süreçte Müslümanlar nezdinde haklı bir saygınlık kazanmış ve İslâmî ilimlerin tamamında kendilerine özel bir değer atfedilmiştir. Fukahâ nezdinde de sahâbenin amelleri özel bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuş, görüşleri sahâbî kavli adıyla hüccet olarak görülmüş ve belirli şartlarla deliller hiyerarşisinde yerini almıştır. Fıkhın ikinci kaynağı olan hadislerin nakledilmesinde sahâbe kuşağının cerh ve ta’dîl uygulanmadan rivayetlerinin kabul edilmesi onların hukukî otoriter kişiliklerine verilen değerin başka bir örneğidir. Onlara verilen değerin bir göstergesi de onların amellerinin sünnet olarak kabul edilmesi görüşünün ortaya çıkmasıdır. Bu görüşün oluşmasında Hz. Peygamber’den (s.a.v) farklı bir şey yapamayacakları ön kabulü bulunmaktadır. Sünnet kavramı tarihsel süreç içerisinde kutsal bir hüviyet kazanmış, Hz. Peygamber’den (s.a.v) sahîh bir nakille gelen her türlü söz ve davranış için kullanılmıştır. Sahâbeye verilen hukuki değerin bir sonucu olarak bazı fakihler, sahâbenin amelini de sünnetin kapsamında değerlendirmişlerdir. Tabiûn döneminden itibaren sahâbe ameli, sünnet kategorisinde değerlendirilmeye başlanmış ve bu anlayış Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinin kuruluş döneminde yaygınlaşmıştır. İmam Şâfiî’nin sünnet lafzının sadece Hz. Peygamber’e (s.a.v) has kullanılması gerektiği yönündeki görüşü ile birlikte ibre de bu yönde gelişmiş, sonraki dönemlerde sahâbe amelinin sünnet çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi unutulmaya başlanmıştır. Birkaç asır sonra ise özellikle Mâlikî usûlcüler, sünnetin iki anlamda da kullanılabileceğine dair görüş beyan etmişlerdir. Bazı hukukçular sahâbe amelinin sünnetle ilişkisine açıktan değinip konu ile ilgili görüşlerini beyan etmişlerdir. Ancak diğerlerinde açık bir görüş beyanı bulunmamaktadır. Onların görüşleri sahâbe kavli, hadislerin rivayetlerine verilen isimler ve başka meselelerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Sünnetin kapsamı ile ilgili söz konusu iki görüş sahiplerinin de kendi görüşlerini desteklemek için getirmiş oldukları bazı delilleri vardır. Bu delillerin bir kısmı makalede zikredilmiştir. Geç dönemde ise sünnet, tamamen gidilen yol anlamında kullanılmaya başlanmış ve daha geniş bir içeriğe bürünmüştür. Ancak olumlu anlamı devam etmiş olumsuz yolları ifade etmek için bidat sözcüğü kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Sünnet gibi İslâm’ın temel kavramlarının incelenmesi önemlidir. Bu incelemelerin de önce lafız manalarından başlanması kavramın genel mahiyetini daha doğru bir şekilde açıklayacaktır. Lafız manaları konusunda görüşler ışığında lafzın manası daha iyi öğrenilecektir. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda her ne kadar lafız açıklanıyor ise de lafzın anlamına yönelik görüşler ve bu görüşlerin tarihsel süreci ön planda tutulmuştur. Konunun anlaşılabilmesi için ilk önce kavramlar açıklanmış, kavramların açıklanmasından sonra konu ile ilgili olan bazı terimler ilgileri oranında izah edilmiştir. Ardından esas konumuz olan sahâbe amelinin sünnet ile ilişkisine geçilmiştir. Ancak sünnetin dar anlamıyla çerçevesi genel olarak bilindiği için geniş anlamıyla sünnet görüşünün anlaşılması gaye edilmiştir. Bu çalışmayla çok önemli bir kavramın İslâm tarihinde önemli bir yeri olan kuşakla ilişkisinin bir nebze de olsa anlaşılacağı ümit edilmektedir.

At this moment, the question of the application of the more favorable criminal law, as compared to the previous Criminal Code, of the existence of the transitional situations, of the comparative analysis of the criminalization norms of the current Criminal Code and of the provisions of the previous Criminal Code is less and less raised, but not all decisions pronounced by the High Court of Cassation and Justice in appeal in the interest of the law before 1 February 2014 have lost their applicability, as the opinions expressed in the specialised literature, regarding the different criminalization norms, in their evolution over time, are still of interest, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Although it entered into force relatively recently, the Criminal Code has undergone a series of changes, in its content, especially in the special part, either by criminalizing new acts, or by increasing the special punishment limits, or by introducing new aggravated variants of the already existing crimes. Considering the multitude of normative acts by which the provisions of the special part were amended and supplemented, we consider it necessary to analyze the way of drafting the various norms, having as a reference point also the various opinions from the recent specialized literature, with regard thereto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Default is an omission or negligence, breaking a promise, or violating what has been agreed. One example of an engagement default is case number: 41/Pdt.G/2016/PN.PA. This case began with an agreement between Indoria Hi. The Mpasu brothers were represented by Alfian Chaniago as the authority holder with Lang Hartoyo and Rizal Tjahyadi through a letter of the agreement made by notary XX. Indoria Hi. The Mpasu brothers were unwilling to fulfill the agreement's contents and decided to cancel the agreement unilaterally because they felt they were never involved in the agreement. Based on the case above, a further question arises about how to guarantee legal certainty for authentic deeds and the consequences of the legal deed of agreement that does not follow the procedure. This study is normative legal research, which examines aspects of written law. The approach to the problem in this study is normative juridical, that is, it is based on applicable laws and regulations. In conclusion, the binding deed of the agreement made before a notary does not always go as expected. An authentic deed that does not meet formal requirements is considered imperfect, so it does not have an element of legal certainty. The legal consequence of the deed of the agreement under the power of attorney to sell that is not following the procedure is that the agreement will be null and void.

Currently, many low-carbon approaches are being applied in the power dispatching process, such as dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED), wind power integration and carbon trading. Furthermore, these approaches may influence the carbon emission from electricity. To investigate such joint influence, this paper firstly builds a stochastic DEED model in the forms of chance-constrained programming related to wind power uncertainties. After that, the established model is transformed to a deterministic form by discussing relevant statistical characteristics. Next, an auxiliary decision-making method is designed to draw the optimal dispatching solution upon real-time price of carbon trading. Finally, empirical analysis shows that: (1) the minimization of carbon emissions and fuel costs comes at the expense of the reliability of wind power integrated system, for reasons that the decrement rate of thermal power output is about 60.8% from higher reliability level to lower level, (2) the decrement rate of carbon emissions (0.01%–0.012%) is superior to the growth rate of fuel costs (0.0011%–0.0022%) as the carbon trading price increases, which proves that carbon emission reduction can be effectively realized by carbon trading rather than substantial increase in fuel costs, and (3) carbon trading is conducive to the improvement of carbon emission efficiency.

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the dynamic interaction of events and narratives. As a result of this interaction, stable links ‘events-narratives’ appear; they influence the formation and transformation of social and cultural processes in society. Event-narrative links form the basis of the system of norms and values of society. The corpus of ‘event-narrative’ links creates be­havioural patterns, serves as a motivator for members of society, a cause and reason for ac­tions and an initiator of terraced events that inevitably occur as a response to events in reali­ty. The emerging connections ‘event — narrative — action (special event)’ represent a system with a controlled feedback. Depending on a change in the factors of the occurrence and course of events, such a system can both enhance and reduce the result and consequences of events. In these systems, an event triggers social and cultural processes and creates social reality.

After the Prophet, the greatest contribution belongs to the Companions in the transfer of religious principles. The function of this distinguished generation, who believed in the Prophet in the most difficult times and were with him, in religious decrees is of course of great importance. Thanks to their central position in question, the Companions gained a rightful prestige in the eyes of Muslims during the historical process and a special value was attributed to them in all Islamic sciences. The deeds of the Companions were also subjected to a special evaluation by the fuqaha; their views were seen as proof under the name of Companion’s Qawl and took their place in the hierarchy of evidence under certain conditions. Accepting the narrations of the Companions without applying cerh and ta'dil in the transmission of hadiths, which are the second source of fiqh, is another example of the value given to their legal authoritarian personalities. Another indication of the value given to them is the view that their deeds should be accepted as sunnah. In the formation of this view, there is the presupposition that they cannot do anything different from the Prophet (PBUH). The concept of sunnah has gained a holy identity in the historical process and has been used for all kinds of words and behaviors that come from the Prophet (PBUH). As a result of the legal value given to the Companions, some jurists evaluated the actions of the Companions within the scope of the sunnah. From the Tabiun period, the deeds of the companions began to be evaluated in the category of Sunnah, and this understanding became widespread in the founding period of the Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali sects. With Imam Shafii's view that the word sunnah should be used only for the Prophet (PBUH), the tradition turned in this direction, and in the following periods, the evaluation of the deeds of the companions within the framework of sunnah began to be forgotten. A few centuries later, especially the Maliki scholars stated that sunnah can be used in both senses. Some jurists have openly mentioned the relationship between the practice of the Companions and the sunnah and expressed their views on the subject. However, others do not have a clear statement of opinion. Their views emerged in the Companions' Qawl, the titles used for the narrations of the hadiths, and other issues. The holders of both opinions regarding the scope of the sunnah have some evidence to support their views. Some of this evidence is mentioned in the article. In the late period, sunnah began to be used to describe the way taken and took on a wider content. However, the word bidat has been used to describe false beliefs whose positive meaning endured. It is important to examine the basic concepts of Islam, such as the Sunnah. Starting this study with the literal meanings of quotations of sunnah will explain the general nature of the concept more accurately. The meaning of the word will be learned better in the light of the opinions about their meanings. For this reason, the word is explained in our study, and the views on the meaning of the word and the historical process of these views are kept in the foreground. In order to understand the subject, the concepts were explained first, and then, some terms related to the subject were explained in proportion to their relevance. Later, the relationship between the deeds of the Companions and the sunnah, which is our main topic, has been examined. However, since the narrow meaning of the sunnah is generally known, it is aimed to understand the sunnah view in its broad meaning. With this study, it is hoped that the relationship of a very important concept with the generation, which has an important place in the history of Islam, will be understood to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the practice of buying houses through the Cessie system carried out by the State Savings Bank through the BTN Cheap House page. This practice is carried out on assets, one of which is a house, where the owner is unable to fulfill the loan repayment obligations provided by the bank. The system used in this practice is where the prospective buyer pays a number of credit obligations that still have to be paid by the old home owner. By making this payment, the buyer will get a house certificate which is still in the name of the old home owner and the Cessie Deed. However, for the purchase of a house from the old homeowner, a sale and purchase agreement must be made and payment must be made to fully purchase the house. In addition, the purchase from the house can be completely done so that the certificate of the house can be applied for change of name. So, with this practice, the author analyzes the impact of the practice of buying a house through the Cessie system on the agreement deeds made in this legal act, such as the Cessie Deed and the Sale and Purchase Deed. In addition, the author analyzes the impact on certificates that are still in the name of the old home owner, if the prospective buyer wants to buy the house completely. The author also describes supporting theories, including those related to Guarantee Law, Credit Agreements, Cessie and Mortgage Execution auctions. The research method used is normative juridical, where research is conducted on secondary data, such as laws and regulations, books, journals and internet articles. It is hoped that this paper can be used as an academic reference regarding Cessie's practice in buying and selling houses and its impact on related Notary Deeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notary as a public official who has the authority to make authentic deeds and other deeds mandated by law, where the authentic deeds in accordance with Article 1868 of the Civil Code are deeds made in the form stipulated by law by or in the presence of public officials authorized to that is at the place where the deed was made, and has perfect evidentiary power before a court, unless otherwise stated. In the Bank's operational activities related to the function of the Bank as a channeling institution for funds to the public, it is very necessary to have an authentic deed as a form of legality recognition of the engagement between the Bank and its debtors, and therefore the role of a notary as a partner is urgently needed. However, in the fact, implementation, the Notary must provide an offer to the Bank so that he can enter into a cooperation agreement with the Bank for the preparation of authentic deeds and other matters. The existence of a cooperation agreement between the Bank and the Notary has resulted in the Notary's independence being questioned because it seems as if the Bank can do anything because he is the employer and the Notary is the recipient of the work. Therefore, this study analyzes the level of independence of a notary when he becomes a partner in a bank by conducting research with the juridical-normative method and using a statutory and conceptual approach. The results obtained from this research are the existence of cooperation with the Bank to make the Notary as part of the Bank so that he is not independent in making authentic deeds including in his daily practice both before the cooperation until the time of cooperation. And on this matter, if it is proven that the Notary is not independent, then the authentic deed he has made will become deeds under the hands of the Notary and is threatened by being sued by parties who feel aggrieved by the authentic deed.

Copyright of Polska Myśl Pedagogiczna is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İyilik, kişinin kendisine, aile çevresine ve sosyal çevreye karşı olmak üzere yaptığı faydalı ve yerinde davranışlardır. Yapılan her güzel davranışın Allah katında bir değeri vardır. Fakat bazı hadisler, bir kısım iyiliklere bunun ötesinde bir değer katarak onların etkisinin ölümden sonra da devam edeceğini, sahibinin amel defterinin kapanmayacağını ifade etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Hz. Peygamber’in (sav) bu bağlamdaki hadislerini detaylı şekilde inceleyip insanın amel ve eserinin bu ölümsüzlük boyutunu, irdelemeye çalışacağız. Konuyla ilgili yapılmış olan değerlendirmelere bakıldığında şârihlerin, ölenin arkasından amel defterinin kapanmayacağını bildiren hadisleri, sevabı ölüye ulaşan ve ulaşmayanlar şeklinde daha dar çerçevede yorumladıkları; müfessirlerin ise, Yasin Sûresi 12. ayette geçen (ونكتب ما قدموا وآثارهم) “onların önden göndermiş olduklarını ve bıraktıkları eserleri yazarız.” ifadesini aynı hadisler bağlamında değerlendirerek kişinin toplumun faydası için bıraktığı eserin veya tam aksi bir davranışın geçerliliğinin ölümden sonra da devam edeceği şeklinde daha genel bir yaklaşım sergiledikleri görülmektedir. Bu çalışmayla kişinin ölümle amel defteri kapanmayan eserlerinin sosyal boyuttaki ıslah nitelikli iyilik ve ihsan olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

The origin of the rule that an action of covenant required a deed is something of a mystery, although its consequences were of the greatest importance in the development of the common law. The most recent contribution to the debate has even doubted whether it was a rule of the action of covenant at all. The present article aims to cast as much light on this as possible given the surviving evidence. It restates the traditional view that it was indeed a rule of the action of covenant, dates its appearance, and tentatively suggests that it had may have had a legislative or quasi-legislative origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early Chinese elite were defined by their aristocratic control of the land. That control came directly from the emperor and was documented on bronze ritual vessels, which were handed down from generation to generation. The vessels served to connect the living with their ancestors and heritage. The land grant boundaries were defined using symbols on bronze decorations, and Western Zhou vessels used the inscriptions, which they believed corresponded with the symbols on the bronze decorations, to resolve land disputes. Scholars have misinterpreted the meaning of these vessels for millennia. Methodical analysis comparing the inscriptions in relation to the symbols, combined with an understanding of early Chinese cartography and etymology, allows the bronze vessel land grants to be decoded. This discovery documents many of China's most important historic events and allows researchers to closely examine China's earliest history as recorded at the time. It openly challenges many fundamental beliefs about China. Further research will involve examining bronze inscriptions relative to the symbols and hold the potential of decoding much of China's history that has until now been hiding in plain sight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his Prolegomena to Historiosophy, published in 1838, August von Cieszkowski wrote that we are at the turning point in history, when facts turn into deeds. This raises the question of what is actually to be understood by the term “deed” [Tat] and why, the hour of the deed should have come precisely now. After focusing on Hegel’s concept of a history of freedom, I will present two models of understanding action and conclude by discussing their consequences. More specifically, I will undertake a search that will lead us – by way of a detour via Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit – to Fichte’s concept of the act of doing. That socio-political practice can be justified in this way, however, is denied by those who argue that society and politics in Hegel fall under the category of objective and not of absolute spirit. The alternative model of action that I will focus on, concerns action in relation to objects, or labour, a model that Hegel had already worked out in Jena, and that Marx will re-discover (rather than invent) and further develop.