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Manufacturing systems encounter various unpredictable external and internal changes that diminish efficiency. These alterations in assembly systems, resulting in variations in processing times, failures, and multiple product types, often lead to issues such as starvation or blocking at workstations. Improving routing flexibility, as opposed to using fixed routing, can enhance the efficiency of assembly lines. A reconfigurable manufacturing system introduces limited routing flexibility, while a matrix-structured manufacturing system (MMS) incorporates complete routing flexibility. This research evaluates the performance of MMS configurations with different levels of flexibility and two allocation rules compared to reconfigurable manufacturing and dedicated systems. The simulation analysis conducted highlights the benefits of MMS compared to reconfigurable and dedicated systems in terms of performance measures and energy consumption. The numerical results emphasize the significant advantages of MMS for both production performance and energy consumption when the setup time accounts for approximately 10% of the average processing time of the tasks. This setup time enables the realization of benefits with a moderate level of machine flexibility within the MMS. However, when the setup time is higher, the reconfigurable system becomes a valid alternative to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the perspectives of post graduate residents working on emergency floor about the need of dedicated emergency department in healthcare department. Study Design: Qualitative Exploratory study. Setting: Allied Hospital, Faisalabad (AHF), Pakistan A Tertiary Care Public Sector Hospital in Punjab. Period: January 10, 2024, to January 30th, 2024. Methods: Post-graduate residents of surgery and medicine department were included in study and interviews were conducted after taking their consent till the data saturation. Total 18 interviews were recorded and then transcribed. Thematic narrative analysis was performed. Results: Out of 18 participants, 14 (77.7%) were males while 4(22.2%) were females. From surgical floor, 8 Residents participated in the study out of which 1 (12.5%) was female and 7 (87.5%) were males while 10 residents participated from medical floor out of which 3 (30%) were females and 7(70%) were males. Theme 1: The problems faced on the emergency floor: All the participants agreed that the working condition of emergency floor is quite hectic and stressful. With sub themes (1a) Over-burdened emergency of tertiary care centers: 1b) Faulty Referral system: (1c) Patient interactions: (1d) Lack of facilities: (1e) Guidance & facilitation center: Theme 2: Dedicated Emergency Department: The Participants when asked about their suggestions regarding improvement of working condition at emergency floor, they all had a clear idea of establishment of a dedicated emergency department with specially trained and recruited staff for this purpose. With subthemes (2a) Filtration clinics: (2b) Rotational Duties: (2c) Proper Training: (2d) Public Awareness. Conclusion: The emergency departments in tertiary hospitals should be a separate department with dedicated staff, proper triage system and adequate facilities to deal with the critical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School Transport is considered an essential service that provides equitable access to school children who have difficulties in accessing their respective schools. Different school transport systems in countries differ from each other based on their resources and topography. This paper presents a case study conducted on the Sri Lankan School Bus service “Sisu Seriya" initiated in 2005 to provide a sustainable, reliable and safe mechanism for providing State assistance for school transport. It provides bus service at a concessionary rate through a state subsidy to schoolchildren across the country, contracting bus operators in both public and private sectors, engaged for regularly scheduled services through a specific contractual arrangement in which a set of regulatory and safety conditions are stipulated. Sisu Seriya engages over 1,565 buses serving more than 100,000 school children daily. This paper has benchmarked the Sisu Seriya service through a systematic review of global best practices. Initiation of the system, design features, implementation mechanism and monitoring procedures of the Sisu Seriya service and areas for potential improvement are discussed based on its 15 years of operation, while elucidating the distinctive characteristics of the system. It further highlights how the service design has addressed the challenge of resource limitations, inherent to developing countries, through effective utilization of the existing fleet.

In addition to academic support, the provision of dedicated affective support during a student’s online learning journey has a significant impact on their emotional wellbeing and ability to remain engaged with their studies. This kind of support is even more essential during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during which students may feel isolated, vulnerable, and overwhelmed by the events taking place around them. This study reports on the value of such support provided by a dedicated affective support mechanism. Within a case study design, 34 participants were purposefully selected to collect data by using focus groups and individual online interviews. The Community of Inquiry framework guided the study. The findings revealed that although students’ dependence on emotional support varied, they recognised that feeling the social presence of a dedicated person who was able to support them emotionally played a key role in their sense of connection to their online learning communities. Recommendations include the consideration of institutions offering online and distance education to plan for a dedicated third party focusing on the facilitation of a stronger sense of emotional connectedness and wellbeing.

In addition to academic support, the provision of dedicated affective support during a student’s online learning journey has a significant impact on their emotional wellbeing and ability to remain engaged with their studies. This kind of support is even more essential during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during which students may feel isolated, vulnerable, and overwhelmed by the events taking place around them. This study reports on the value of such support provided by a dedicated affective support mechanism. Within a case study design, 34 participants were purposefully selected to collect data by using focus groups and individual online interviews. The Community of Inquiry framework guided the study. The findings revealed that although students’ dependence on emotional support varied, they recognised that feeling the social presence of a dedicated person who was able to support them emotionally played a key role in their sense of connection to their online learning communities. Recommendations include the consideration of institutions offering online and distance education to plan for a dedicated third party focusing on the facilitation of a stronger sense of emotional connectedness and wellbeing.

In addition to academic support, the provision of dedicated affective support during a student's online learning journey has a significant impact on their emotional wellbeing and ability to remain engaged with their studies. This kind of support is even more essential during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during which students may feel isolated, vulnerable, and overwhelmed by the events taking place around them. This study reports on the value of such support provided by a dedicated affective support mechanism. Within a case study design, 34 participants were purposefully selected to collect data by using focus groups and individual online interviews. The Community of Inquiry framework guided the study. The findings revealed that although students' dependence on emotional support varied, they recognised that feeling the social presence of a dedicated person who was able to support them emotionally played a key role in their sense of connection to their online learning communities. Recommendations include the consideration of institutions offering online and distance education to plan for a dedicated third party focusing on the facilitation of a stronger sense of emotional connectedness and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically evaluate the spectrum of models providing dedicated resources for emergency urological patients (EUPs). Methods: A search of Cochrane, Embase, Medline and grey literature from January 1, 2000 to March 26, 2019 was performed using methods pre-published on PROSPERO. Reporting followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and meta-analysis guidelines. Eligible studies were articles or abstracts published in English describing dedicated models of care for EUPs, which reported at least one secondary outcome. Studies were excluded if they examined pathways dedicated only to single presentations, such as torsion, or outpatient solutions, such as rapid access clinics. The primary outcome was the spectrum of models. Secondary outcomes were time-to-theatre, length of stay, complications and cost. Results: Seven studies were identified, totalling 487 patients. Six studies were conference abstracts, while one study was of full-text length but published in grey literature. Four distinct models were described. These included consultant urologists allocated solely to the care of EUPs (“Acute Urological Unit”) or dedicated registrars or operating theatres (“Hybrid structures”). In some services, EUPs bypassed emergency department assessment and were referred directly to urology (“Urological Assessment Unit”) or were managed by other dedicated means. Allocating services to EUPs was associated with reduced time-to-theatre, length of stay and hospital cost, and improved supervision of junior medical staff. Conclusion: Multiple dedicated models of care exist for EUPs. Low-level evidence suggests these may improve outcomes for patients, staff and hospitals. Higher quality studies are required to explore patient outcomes and minimum requirements to establish these models.

Objectives: Bifurcation percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) remain a challenging subset with tussle between provisional versus dedicated (i.e. two-stent) stenting. Besides technical issues, many other factors such as cost, operator skill, and availability of surgery affect the practice which is followed in a particular region. Because of paucity of data in Indian settings, as also information with later generation stents; this study was planned. Methodology: Patients with bifurcation lesion undergoing elective PCI during 1-year period were prospectively enrolled. Decision of strategy (provisional or dedicated two-stent) and drug-eluting stent type (second or third generation) were operator's choice. Patients were followed telephonically and/or clinically (on routine visits) for 1-year postprocedure for any major adverse cardiac event. Results: One hundred and seven cases (28 in dedicated and 79 in provisional group) with a mean age of 56.2 ± 10.2 years were enrolled. All cases of dedicated arm were true bifurcation compared to 63.2% in provisional group (P < 0.001). In dedicated arm, 75% of patients had stenosis ≥5 mm in side branch (SB), in provisional group, 74.7% had

Abstract Introduction The parent study was a survey in 28 headache centers (6 countries) which identified five potential root causes for long waiting lists that limit patient access to specialist care. Here we performed an extension of the parent study to increase the panel of centers contacted, the representativeness of the analysis, and the statistical validity of the results, and to explore the role of dedicated headache clinics, triage, and specialized nurses. Methods We conducted a 19-question survey using a sample of 239 headache centers (16 countries). The five-area framework identified in the parent study was confirmed and further developed by describing treatment center archetypes according to their setting (general neurology versus dedicated clinic) and resources available within the center (number of healthcare professional [HCPs] full-time-equivalent positions). Results In total, 474 HCPs were interviewed across 16 countries. The proportion of patients with chronic migraine and episodic migraine varied across centers and countries. There was limited access to specialized centers in this enlarged sample; with global average waiting list of 3.7 months for the first visit and 2.5 months for the follow-up visit. Long waiting lists for headache patient care is a major issue in several countries, with the waiting lists for new patient visits extending up to 14 months. The presence of a dedicated nurse was correlated positively with the use of triage for prioritization of patient access (correlation coefficient: 0.85) and completing migraine diary (0.71). Conclusion This study confirmed differences across treatment center archetypes in terms of patients, waiting lists, level of delegation to nurse, and patient education and compliance, and provides support for the potential benefit of dedicated clinical settings for headache patients. The survey highlighted the potential role of nurses in patient education and waiting list prioritization, consequently benefiting headache centers.

Objectives: Bifurcation percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) remain a challenging subset with tussle between provisional versus dedicated (i.e. two-stent) stenting. Besides technical issues, many other factors such as cost, operator skill, and availability of surgery affect the practice which is followed in a particular region. Because of paucity of data in Indian settings, as also information with later generation stents; this study was planned. Methodology: Patients with bifurcation lesion undergoing elective PCI during 1-year period were prospectively enrolled. Decision of strategy (provisional or dedicated two-stent) and drug-eluting stent type (second or third generation) were operator's choice. Patients were followed telephonically and/or clinically (on routine visits) for 1-year postprocedure for any major adverse cardiac event. Results: One hundred and seven cases (28 in dedicated and 79 in provisional group) with a mean age of 56.2 ± 10.2 years were enrolled. All cases of dedicated arm were true bifurcation compared to 63.2% in provisional group (P < 0.001). In dedicated arm, 75% of patients had stenosis ≥5 mm in side branch (SB), in provisional group, 74.7% had <5 mm stenosis in SB (P < 0.001). T-TAP was most common strategy followed by DK crush and final kissing inflation was done in 96.4% cases of dedicated arm. Nearly 84.1% of patients could be followed up till the end of year. In hospital, events were few in either arm, one patient in the dedicated arm developed acute stent thrombosis and three patients in provisional arm developed in-hospital myocardial infarction. One-year major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) was not significantly different (9.5% provisional vs. 7.4% dedicated; P = 0.65). Conclusions: One-year MACE did not differ in either 1 or 2-stent strategy in suitable patients with bifurcation lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating room (OR) efficiency is a crucial component in the delivery of high quality, cost-efficient healthcare in orthopedic shoulder arthroplasty, and generally in surgery. Utilizing a dedicated OR team may lead to higher clinical efficiency by potentially reducing total OR time and cost while avoiding operational redundancies or errors. The purpose of this study is to identify specific parameters influencing OR efficiency with a 2-roomed system with dedicated OR staff and evaluate its influence on operational cost of the OR per min. From 2017 to 2018, 348 patients underwent primary shoulder arthroplasty at one institution, that had 2 established OR systems: A traditional "1-room" system (TS) with general OR staff, and a "2-room" shoulder service (SS) with a dedicated OR team. Medical health records were accessed to obtain pertinent study data, which included demographics, surgical indication, and time-points per surgical case. Anesthesia preparatory time (APT) was time from patient OR entry to skin incision; surgery time (ST) – from skin incision to skin closure; conclusion time (CT) – from skin closure to patient exiting OR; and turnover time (TT) – time from 1 patient's exiting to the next patient's admittance into the OR. Nonoperative time was a summation of APT, CT, and TT, while Total OR time comprised of nonoperative time and ST. Cost equivalent per minute OR operation was then used to calculate differences between the 2 interest groups. The SS treated 270 patients (77.6%) and TS treated 78 patients (22.4%). The SS demonstrated a 74 minutes decrease in total OR time (116 vs. 190 minutes) when compared to the TS (P <.0001). When surgeon factor ("surgery time") was removed, the SS consistently demonstrated a 23-minute decrease in nonoperative time (76 vs. 99 minutes, P <.0001) and a 26-minute decrease in turnover time (14 vs. 40 minutes, P <.0001) – about a 3-fold reduction. When analyzing cost, the SS demonstrated a $291 decrease in nonoperative cost per case ($1090 vs. $1381, P <.0001) despite the staffing cost of 3 floating staff members. The TT reduction translated to $360 savings in OR cost per case ($198 vs. $558, P <.0001). A dedicated OR team using 2 ORs improves both clinical efficiency (decreases total OR time) and reduces cost (decreases total OR cost) - despite having more staff members and associated staffing costs - compared to a traditional 1-room system. When surgeon-specific factors were removed, the largest reduction in OR cost was associated with decrease in turnover time. Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The parent study was a survey in 28 headache centers (6 countries) which identified five potential root causes for long waiting lists that limit patient access to specialist care. Here we performed an extension of the parent study to increase the panel of centers contacted, the representativeness of the analysis, and the statistical validity of the results, and to explore the role of dedicated headache clinics, triage, and specialized nurses. Methods: We conducted a 19-question survey using a sample of 239 headache centers (16 countries). The five-area framework identified in the parent study was confirmed and further developed by describing treatment center archetypes according to their setting (general neurology versus dedicated clinic) and resources available within the center (number of healthcare professional [HCPs] full-time-equivalent positions). Results: In total, 474 HCPs were interviewed across 16 countries. The proportion of patients with chronic migraine and episodic migraine varied across centers and countries. There was limited access to specialized centers in this enlarged sample; with global average waiting list of 3.7 months for the first visit and 2.5 months for the follow-up visit. Long waiting lists for headache patient care is a major issue in several countries, with the waiting lists for new patient visits extending up to 14 months. The presence of a dedicated nurse was correlated positively with the use of triage for prioritization of patient access (correlation coefficient: 0.85) and completing migraine diary (0.71). Conclusion: This study confirmed differences across treatment center archetypes in terms of patients, waiting lists, level of delegation to nurse, and patient education and compliance, and provides support for the potential benefit of dedicated clinical settings for headache patients. The survey highlighted the potential role of nurses in patient education and waiting list prioritization, consequently benefiting headache centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most organizations nowadays have the required resources and should offer an appropriate culture to provide each employee with the opportunity and context to develop the feeling of meaningful work. The managers and organizational leaders should be the first to recognize and perceive the work they do as being important. In this article, we examine the current development of the study of the nature, causes, and consequences of meaningful work, and we offer ideas of research opportunities regarding the interface of organizational perspectives on performing and providing meaningful work.

In this work, the thermodynamic analysis of dedicated mechanically subcooled vapour compression refrigeration system is presented. A software based computer program in EES has been formulated for computation of the performance results. The effect of varation of degree of subcooling (5-30°C), evaporator temperature (-20 to 10°C) and condenser temperature (30-50°C) has been investigated for energetic and exergetic performance of the system. The analysis of the system has been carried out using zero ODP and very low GWP (1 to 4) refrigerants viz.HFO-R1234ze and R1234yf to compare the performance of HFC-R134a. The results depicts that the COP and exergetic efficiency of dedicated subcooled VCR cycle are better than that of simple VCR cycle. Refrigerant R1234ze performs better than R1234yf and comparable to R134a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of a small-sized nuclear heat-only plant with maximized safety features dedicated to seawater thermal desalination was proposed to address both a serious water crisis and nuclear safety issues, which continue to be perennial problems. In this study, the feasibility of a dedicated nuclear heat-only desalination system for a target country was evaluated in comparison with a target nuclear thermal desalination system. First, the target country was selected, and its current energy and desalination status was investigated. The suitable nuclear desalination options for the target country were then selected. Finally, using corresponding analysis tools, performance and economic analyses were conducted for a dedicated nuclear heat-only desalination system and the target nuclear thermal desalination system. The results of the analyses indicate that operating the small-sized nuclear heat-only plant at low pressures coupled with a seawater thermal desalination plant will considerably improve both the safety and economy without a significant loss in desalination performance. In conclusion, the proposed dedicated nuclear heat-only desalination system is expected to have high potential for solving both problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, the need for energy-efficient and sustainable capacity growth has become stringent for telecommunication networks and great efforts have been produced to reduce their power consumption. Optical technologies based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing are well-recognized as a promising solution for greening the future Internet. One relevant approach to achieve such power savings consists in aggregating traffic flows in few network links, so that power can be saved by switching-off some unused network devices. However, the need to ensure network resiliency against link and/or node failures imposes that still the resources reserved to protect connections become available immediately after a failure occurs. Therefore, a possible solution is to set some devices into low-power sleep-mode, so that they can be rapidly re-activated and provide fast connection recovery. In this paper we focus on the power-efficiency of protected IP-over-WDM networks and provide a comprehensive comparison of four different protection strategies, namely Shared-Link, Shared-Path, Dedicated-Link and Dedicated-Path Protection (SLP, SPP, DLP and DPP respectively) in a sleep-mode scenario. In the proposed design strategies we assume that low-power sleep-mode is enabled for devices used for protection. Mathematical models for a power-aware design with sleep-mode is proposed for the four protection strategies. We show that relevant power savings (up to about 60%) can be obtained for all the protection strategies by setting protection devices into sleep-mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The turtle spinal cord can help reveal how vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) circuits select and generate an appropriate limb movement in each circumstance. Both multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons contribute to the motor patterns for the three forms of scratching, forward swimming, and flexion reflex. Multifunctional interneurons, activated during all of these motor patterns, can have axon terminal arborizations in the ventral horn, where they likely contribute to limb motor output. Specialized interneurons can be specialized for a behavior, as opposed to a phase or motor synergy. Interneurons specialized for scratching can be hyperpolarized throughout swimming. Interneurons specialized for flexion reflex can be hyperpolarized throughout scratching and swimming. Some structure–function correlations have been revealed: flexion reflex-selective interneurons had somata exclusively in the dorsal horn, in contrast to scratch-activated interneurons. Transverse interneurons, defined by quantitative morphological criteria, had higher peak firing rates, narrower action potentials, briefer afterhyperpolarizations, and larger membrane potential oscillations than scratch-activated interneurons with different dendritic morphologies. Future investigations will focus on how multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons interact to generate each motor output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Right ventricular (RV) anodal stimulation may occur in cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-D) when left ventricular (LV) pacing is configured between the LV lead and an electrode on the RV defibrillator lead. RV defibrillator leads can have a dedicated proximal pacing ring electrode (dedicated bipolar) or utilize the distal shocking coil as the proximal pacing electrode (integrated bipolar). This study compares the performance of integrated versus dedicated leads with respect to anodal stimulation incidence, sensing, and inappropriate ventricular tachyarrhythmia detection in patients implanted with CRT-D. Methods: Two hundred ninety-two patients were randomly assigned to receive dedicated or integrated bipolar RV leads at the time of CRT-D implantation. Patients were followed for 6 months. Results: Patients with dedicated bipolar RV leads exhibited markedly higher rates of anodal stimulation than did patients with integrated leads. The incidence of anodal stimulation was 64% at implant for dedicated bipolar RV leads compared to 1% for integrated bipolar RV leads. The likelihood of anodal stimulation in patients with dedicated leads fell progressively during the 6-month follow-up (51.5%), but always exceeded the incidence of anodal stimulation in patients with integrated leads (5%). Clinically detectable undersensing and oversensing were very unusual and did not differ significantly between lead designs. There were no inappropriate ventricular tachyarrhythmia detections for either lead type. Conclusion: Integrated bipolar RV defibrillator leads had a significantly lower incidence of RV anodal stimulation when compared to dedicated bipolar RV defibrillation leads, with no clinically detectable oversensing or undersensing, and with no inappropriate ventricular tachyarrhythmia detections for either lead type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore two depth of interaction (DOI) capable detectors with a high effective packing fraction to be used for the PET portion of a next generation cylindrical pendant breast PET/CT scanner. The proposed dual-readout detectors consist of an unpolished (14 14) array of LSO crystals coupled to a position sensitive-PMT (PSPMT) at the back end for position sensing and either (A) a (2 2) matrix of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) or (B) a single large APD at the front end for measuring DOI. Increased effective packing fraction is achieved by choosing the APDs such that the total front surface contact area of the APD matrix or the single large APD approximately matches both the contact area of the crystal array and the active area of the PSPMT. This results in reduced dead space between adjacent detectors when placed in a cylindrical scanner geometry. We propose to recover DOI for the crystals that are partially occluded due to the inactive area of the APD by using the optical crosstalk from neighboring crystals. We conducted preliminary studies utilizing five prototype modules: two of which used a (9 9) array of LSO crystals, and three that used a (14 14) LSO array of crystals. The readout was performed either by a , or a position sensitive-APD (PSAPD) at the front end and a PSPMT at the rear end. At room temperature, the average energy and DOI resolutions degraded only by 2% and 0.3 mm respectively for edge crystals compared to the center crystals for all PSAPDs. The energy resolution and the DOI resolution for the detector design with readout (A) was estimated to be 14.2% and 4.0 mm, and that for the design with readout (B) was estimated at 14.7% and 4.4 mm. After cooling to 10, the performance of the second design was close to that of the first design. We conclude that a dedicated cylindrical breast PET/CT scanner could be operated with either of the proposed DOI detector schemes, thus improving packing fraction, and hence, sensitivity and NEC. The two designs have dif- - ferent advantages and drawbacks: the first design performs well at room temperature, however, the readout is complex, while the second design has a simpler readout scheme but requires a cooling system for it to achieve optimal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background  This pilot study explored the value of a dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner by focusing on the qualitative depiction of important wrist structures in common wrist pathologies, the overall image quality, artifacts, and participant experience in undergoing the examinations. Methods  Images of the right wrist of 10 healthy adult volunteers were acquired with a 0.31-Tesla (T) dedicated extremity MRI and a 3-T MRI system, using a dedicated wrist coil. Images were separately evaluated by three radiologists. Paired images were randomized and graded for the visibility of anatomical details, including the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC; central disc, meniscus homolog, and ulnar attachment), carpal ligaments (scapholunate [SL] and lunotriquetral [LT] ligaments), intercarpal cartilage, and median and ulnar nerves. Mean values and standard deviations of evaluation results were calculated for each sequence. Participants' experience in undergoing the examination in both MRI scanners was explored using a questionnaire. Results  The mean values of anatomic structures and overall image quality were significantly in favor of the 3-T MRI scanner, compared with the dedicated extremity MRI scanner. With respect to patient satisfaction in undergoing the examination, the overall trend suggested that patients were more in favor of the dedicated extremity MRI scanner. Conclusion  For defining the real clinical value of the dedicated MRI scanner in the treatment of hand and wrist pathology, studies focused on pathologies are needed, which is certainly warranted, considering the important benefits of these devices including lower costs and higher accessibility for both patients and health care providers., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To systematically evaluate the spectrum of models providing dedicated resources for emergency urological patients (EUPs)., Methods: A search of Cochrane, Embase, Medline and grey literature from January 1, 2000 to March 26, 2019 was performed using methods pre-published on PROSPERO. Reporting followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and meta-analysis guidelines. Eligible studies were articles or abstracts published in English describing dedicated models of care for EUPs, which reported at least one secondary outcome. Studies were excluded if they examined pathways dedicated only to single presentations, such as torsion, or outpatient solutions, such as rapid access clinics. The primary outcome was the spectrum of models. Secondary outcomes were time-to-theatre, length of stay, complications and cost., Results: Seven studies were identified, totalling 487 patients. Six studies were conference abstracts, while one study was of full-text length but published in grey literature. Four distinct models were described. These included consultant urologists allocated solely to the care of EUPs ("Acute Urological Unit") or dedicated registrars or operating theatres ("Hybrid structures"). In some services, EUPs bypassed emergency department assessment and were referred directly to urology ("Urological Assessment Unit") or were managed by other dedicated means. Allocating services to EUPs was associated with reduced time-to-theatre, length of stay and hospital cost, and improved supervision of junior medical staff., Conclusion: Multiple dedicated models of care exist for EUPs. Low-level evidence suggests these may improve outcomes for patients, staff and hospitals. Higher quality studies are required to explore patient outcomes and minimum requirements to establish these models., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)