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The German National Library in Leipzig is planning a fifth expansion building to meet the increasing space requirements. An international architecture competition has been launched to select the best design. The German Book and Writing Museum of the German National Library in Leipzig has opened a cabinet exhibition for the 75th anniversary of the Basic Law. The writer Rafael Seligmann has donated his entire literary estate to the Bavarian State Library. The Federal Archives, the Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar, and the HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts are planning a pilot project for the restoration and accessibility of historically significant documents of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany. The Leo Baeck Institute London has digitized its series of writings to expand access to its collections. [Extracted from the article]

The closure of Sydney's Powerhouse Museum has sparked debates about the removal of its largest exhibit, the Catalina seaplane Frigate Bird II. Despite its limited historical significance, the aircraft has become popular among the public. Australian public museums have generally shown disinterest in aviation history, with only one original aircraft acquired in the past 25 years. The museum's interpretation of the plane's pilot and flight has been mythologized, and the significance of the aircraft is being questioned. The article suggests that when the Catalina returns, a display based on evidence-based research should be presented. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is a review of an exhibition titled "Strings the Length of Our Palm's Seal" by artist Ozioma Onuzulike at the ChertL€ udde Gallery in Berlin. The exhibition showcased the artist's textile works made from palm kernel shells and ceramic beads. The review discusses the artist's background, his use of discarded objects as art materials, and the themes explored in his works, including social, economic, political, and environmental issues in Nigeria. The review also highlights specific works in the exhibition, such as the "Extra-Large-Sized Jumper" and "Agbada," which reference popular clothing styles in Nigeria. The text discusses an art exhibition by Ozioma Onuzulike called "Strings the Length of Our Palm's Seal." The exhibition features artworks made from palm kernel shells, terracotta beads, stoneware clay bodies, recycled glass, and copper wire. The artworks explore the esthetic quality and cultural significance of palm kernels in Nigeria, highlighting the historical and economic aspects of the palm trade. The exhibition also addresses the artist's concerns about the reckless behavior of Nigerian politicians and the lopsided trade relations between Africa and the Western world. The artworks are visually striking and symbolically rich, representing the artist's critique of societal issues. [Extracted from the article]

The article examines the dual nature of the fantastic and the magical in the fairy-tale world of Nikolay Raynov. On the one hand, it thrives in a universe completely different from reality. But, on the other hand, it is not a refusal to accept the human situation but rather a way to enrich this situation. The human is situated on the horizon of an ethical imperative that predetermines the fate of the characters. It stands to reason that authorization is a step from magical to fantastical. Parallels have been sought both with Propp's morphology and with Bettelheim's psychoanalytic optics. The existential choice of the heroes turns them into warriors o flight and bearers o flight, which, as a manifestation of the divine in man, is a key concept in the philosophical, theosophical, and artistic works of the prominent Bulgarian classic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prominence of chiaroscuro in late eighteenth-century French oil painting posed significant challenges for tapestry weavers, which led artisans and chemists to seek chemical solutions for replicating in textiles the style's high contrast between light and dark. Textile manufacturers struggled to reproduce the intense gradations of painters like Jacques-Louis David, and innovations in dye technology were driven by the need to match the naturalism and Enlightenment symbolism of contemporary paintings. Napoleon's investment in dye chemistry and the establishment of a dyeing school aimed to standardize colorants and rebrand traditional arts with political imagery. The integration of scientific expertise in the decorative arts led to advancements that laid the groundwork for future developments in synthetic colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xizi Pagoda (惜字塔) is a form of traditional religious building used for burning "Paper with Characters (字纸)", worshiping the gods, praying for blessings, revitalzing culture, and it is also an important material embodiment in the process of the development and evolution of religion in China, carrying China's unique "Scholarly Culture (书香文化)". This paper is the first study of the philosophy of religion of Xizi Pagodas (a vernacular stone religious architectural landscape). The research of the representative Xizi Pagodas in different parts of Hunan province were carried out to analyze the origin of Xizi Pagodas, cultural rituals, modeling paradigms, decorative art, and to explore the traditional Chinese religious and philosophical thoughts embedded in Xizi Pagodas through relevant literatures. The results show that Xizi Pagodas contain the religious concepts of "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism (儒释道)": the emergence of Xizi Pagodas is connected to the development of Confucianism; Xizi Pagodas incorporate Buddhistic thoughts and inherit architectural features of Buddhist Pagodas; and the "Xizi (惜字)" ritual and images of deities on Xizi Pagodas are associated with Taoism. At present, the number of Xizi Pagodas is decreasing, and the remaining ones are in a serious state of dilapidation and disrepair, and the "Xizi" Culture is gradually being forgotten and fading away. This paper enriches the relevant research on the Xizi Pagodas and the "Xizi" Culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the American banker and philanthropist Jules S. Bache (1861–1944) built a collection of European paintings and decorative art which, in the 1930s, was located at a crossroads in collecting practices and museum growth in the United States. His offer of the collection as a gift to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, made in 1936 on condition that it be separately named and housed, was at first rejected. He next opened his home to the public as a museum, burnishing his holdings with frequent exhibitions and publicity. In 1943 the Second World War forced Bache's museum to close but brought the collection on loan to the Met, which had put its own masterworks into protective storage. Acquisition of Bache's collection was now 'imperative', and the parties agreed on terms. At his death he contributed fifty-eight paintings together with items of sculpture, Georgian silver, enamel work, porcelain, tapestry, and furniture. Their transfer to the Met illustrates the competitive forces – personal, financial, institutional and geopolitical – that brought private collections to public museums in the USA before and during the years of global war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Students' choice and their placement into various areas of specialization in their third year (300-level) of study in the Department of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Benin, Nigeria and what informs such choice and placement. Oftentimes, most students, before this level may not have any area of specialization in mind but the course advisers are to counsel them regarding their areas of strength and interest. Sometimes, the Department uses its discretion to place some student. The objective of this paper is to carve out certain criteria to be taken into consideration in placing students into their various areas of specialization. Pedagogic and survey research designs were used in which case questions were served to respondents in order to elicit responses and at the end, it was found out that majority of the students preferred study areas that attracts immediate and attractive monetary rewards like Graphics and Painting. This research examines students' attitudinal disposition towards areas of specialization from 2016/2017 to 2020/2021 academic sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the acquisition of theoretical knowledge, the professional training of a probation counsellor also involves the creation/ development of skills. In this respect, it is useful to be aware of strengths, so that, as the probation officer accompanies the person in the change process, he or she becomes an artisan in using the most appropriate working tools. Starting from the premise that, in probation, the assistance and counselling component represents the flexible side, the counsellor has the rather difficult task, during the supervision period, to put the theoretical acquisitions into practice, to achieve the stated purposes of the probation services, namely that of social reintegration of people who have broken the law, recidivism rate reduction and community protection. Reflecting on the challenge raised during a seminar, whether therapy/counselling is a science or an art, we believe that in the supervision process counselling is the art of applying the science of change. As, at the end of the day, probation does not mean just compliance with certain measures or execution of obligations, but also the courage to exercise creativity, the entire set of skills and attitudes of the counsellor to enable persons with problems and needs to become able to deal with their limits. This article brings to the fore certain aspects regarding the counselling of people who have committed crimes, emphasizing the use of working tools to obtain certain information or reach certain results in the supervision process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The manuscript discusses the limitations of applying AI in trend research platforms for the fashion system. This analysis intends to take a position within the emergent research topic of AI. Considering its ethical implications, we explore the opportunities of implementing AI to support trend research from a design-oriented perspective, realising the relationship between fashion and trends, which is central in shaping the future. Examples of AI-powered trend platforms evidence how valuable their insights are for strategic innovation. The analysis focuses on platforms that provide tailored services using AI and expert interpretation. Virtue ethics of technology serves as a useful framework to examine this topic, proposing a new set of virtues that respond to technology’s shaping of behaviour and its disadvantages. The risks of applying AI are many-fold; the consequences perpetuate power imbalances and social inequality. Proposing guidelines for enabling a responsible practice explores how to forge ethics into AI, creating a pluralised practice.

This article investigates how ritual transforms the ordinary into something extraordinary. It is the capacity of ritual to differentiate, and to be differentiated from other activities, that provides a group with a framework for seeing what they are doing as being meaningfully different than ordinary. Without the proper focusing lens – ritualization – special nonordinary acts and objects can look very mundane indeed. Furthermore, there is often a stark contrast between what ritual actually does, and what is claimed is being done. This study analyzes a first millennium BCE ritual from Mesopotamia – attested both archaeologically and textually – that deals with preparing and manufacturing various materials and paraphernalia necessary for laying a temple's foundations, to underscore (1) the fundamental utility of these notions in broadly studying ritual, (2) the processes and mechanisms that transform ordinary materials into special, perhaps "sacred," products, and (3) how ritual merges the gap between the real and ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of clan paintings reveals a shift in perspective from art aesthetics to cultural connotations to cultural identity, yet literature seldom discusses the relationship between art and kinship culture. Taking the murals of ancestral hall architecture in Guangzhou as an example, this paper utilizes text mining to identify factors influencing its decorative art. It reveals the traditional rites' artistic expression through dimensions of characters' demeanor and the transmission of content values, offering a fresh perspective for heritage value research. Findings: (1) themes and implications are mostly oriented towards positive value transmission, transitioning from idealistic layman life to the realism of lower-class existence, emphasizing humanization; (2) the extroverted portrayal of characters contrasts with the dignified, restrained etiquette of traditional rites, with some characters' portrayal and facial expressions exuding approachability; (3) murals conveying positive emotions are mostly related to longevity, auspiciousness, fortune, and heroic deeds, while those conveying negative emotions mainly involve elderly male figures, reflecting a content bias related to characters; (4) historical allusion murals with complex content reduce the emotional resonance and arousal efficiency of the viewer; (5) incomplete mural content increases negative emotions in perceivers, highlighting the impact of mural preservation on emotional resonance. To delve into the formation of clan painting art, it is essential not only to interpret the diversity of its patterns but also to demonstrate the representation of its social attributes in decorative art. The formation of clan painting decorative art exhibits kinship cultural attributes, epitomizing the essence of traditional ceremonial thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an exhibition titled "Raphael. Gold & Silk" at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, which showcased several rare and luxurious tapestries. The exhibition focused on the influence of Raphael's compositions on tapestry design in Flanders, particularly his cartoons for the Acts of the Apostles tapestries. The exhibition featured tapestries from Flemish artists who were inspired by Raphael's innovations, as well as drawings and preparatory materials related to the tapestries. The article praises the curatorial and design teams for effectively displaying the tapestries and providing explanations of the weaving process. It also mentions the inclusion of decorative vessels and films showing the weaving processes. The article concludes by stating that the exhibition and its accompanying catalogue provide a valuable introduction to the subject of tapestry. [Extracted from the article]

In the second half of the 17th century in the Ottoman Empire, along with political and economic weaknesses, it is observed that painters were directed towards Western culture, leading to changes in Turkish decorative arts, where baroque and rococo styles dominated classical patterns. During this period, which is one of the embellishment elements of mosque architecture, changes also occurred in the art of painting decoration, which is applied on plaster, stone, wood, leather, and fabric using natural dyes and fine-haired brushes. Classical motifs were replaced by acanthus leaves, oyster shells, scallops, thistle leaves, and curtain motifs; “C” and “S” curves gave way to vases filled with flowers, fruit dishes, and baskets. In the ornamentation of Karaoglu Mosque located in the Sarı Bey neighborhood of Birgi district in Izmir, we can see beautiful examples of late-period illumination art both externally and internally. Notable illumination decorations are observed in the door pediment, window pediments, and wall surfaces in the last congregation area; in the pulpit, minbar, and window pediments; and in the corners of the mihrab, balcony floor, and arch transition elements. Generally, red, blue, green, brown, and yellow colors were used in the ornamentation. Upon examining the decorations, geometric elements such as rosettes, oak and pine tree species, cloves, roses, tulips, pomegranates, and poppies placed inside vases were identified alongside equilateral rectangles and triangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the political, religious and cultural development of the Turkish State, its artistic development continued in every period. Turks, who lived as a nomadic community, started to settle down and first developed in the field of architecture due to the need for shelter. Certain branches of art have been used in interior and exterior spaces to beautify architectural structures. The development of art, the formation of cultural infrastructure, and developments in the fields of science have been pioneers in the development of art throughout history. “Religion” is another element that determines, develops and directs art in societies. Depicting religious rituals and decorating holy books and places of worship can be seen in all beliefs. In Turks, religion's influence on art, especially book arts, started with the acceptance of Islam during the Karakhanid period. Desire to write and decorate the Holy Quran more beautifully; It is the most important factor in the development of book arts such as calligraphy, illumination and binding. Decorative arts showed a significant development in the Seljuk period after the Karakhanids. In both the decorations of the Seljuk Period (1040-1308) and the Mamluk Period (1250-1517); Geometric and rumi composition dominates. Although the same motifs were preferred in both periods, it becomes clear when examined that there is a stylistic difference. In this study; Examples of architectural structures from the Seljuk and Mamluk periods were given and the illuminations in selected manuscripts were examined and analyzed. The styles, compositions, motifs, colors and other elements used in the illuminations were evaluated comparatively and the similarities and differences between the two periods were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that an epistemology of martial arts is at least as complex as advanced epistemological positions available to the philosophy of science. Part of the complexity is a product of the epistemic relation between the knower and known, or the scientist and the object of inquiry. In science, we measure things without changing them and, sometimes, complex systems can change as we measure them; but, in the epistemology of sport that we are interested in, each measurer is also an object of inquiry. As such, each martial arts practitioner has to use various epistemic tools to measure a responsive system. We proceed in three steps. First, we discuss three epistemological frameworks in the philosophy of science—perspectivism, productivism, and distributed cognition. Second, we develop an epistemology of martial arts that features components from each of those epistemic frameworks. Third, we close the paper with a brief discussion about the unique complexity available to the martial artist, focusing on the responsive measurements that occur between two systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by the principles of visual perception and basic design, this research was conducted to examine users' preferences on how they perceive natural unique wood phenomena of Pedunculate Slavonian Oak veneers (Quercus robur L.) such as color changes, wood rays, sapwood, and knots, which in the production and technical sense represent defects and wood residue, but could be used in the design of sustainable and ecological wall decorations. The goal was to detect samples with the most positive attributes and to observe their connection with activities and functional space if they are viewed as wall coverings in the interior. The results confirm that discoloration and wood rays are considered the most harmonious ("prettiest") decors. Discoloration is associated with quiet cognitive or medium-intensity activity that can be used in libraries, hotel rooms, and classrooms. Wood rays are connected with very quiet activity in ambulance waiting rooms or religious buildings and museums. Knot decors are considered the most natural and are recommended for interiors with very or medium-intensive activities such as restaurants, cafes, and hotel receptions, but attention should be paid to the way the wall decors are arranged on the walls. Sapwood–hardwood decors are the subject of further research and improvement concerning the relationship between the dark and light parts of the veneer. In conclusion, the results provide useful guidelines for manufacturers with a large veneer residue in production and who want to design decorative wall panels, as well as for designers and architects designing interiors for a specific purpose and function where certain user behavior and psychological stimulation are desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saudi Art & Design Journal is the property of Saudi Art & Design Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the judgments Cofemel and Brompton from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), it is certain that the standard of copyright protection for works of applied art is the same as for any other work categories. However, the harmonising effect of these judgments only extends to the author's economic rights, and not their moral interests. The moral rights of authors have not been popular topics in legal literature concerning copyright and works of applied art. This raises the question of to what extent moral rights apply to these works, which many national copyright laws used to discriminate against prior to the guidance from the CJEU. This multidisciplinary article delves into the complex relationship between moral rights and works of applied art in the specific context of fashion design. It appears that moral rights are absent from the standard practice in the fashion sector. This is evident, inter alia, in the fact that typically only renowned designers are attributed as authors. The article notes that there is no legally valid reason for fashion houses to overlook designers' right of attribution. The right of integrity, however, has much less practical significance in the fashion sector. This article suggests the correct approach to moral rights in the fashion sector. The focus is on the European author's rights tradition. The moral rights tradition of the Nordic states is used as a reference point because it allows for the consideration of the realities in different creative sectors without disrespecting authors' personal interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to the necessity of scarcity and uniqueness in the digital format, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) have recently gained much attention in cultural industries, especially video games and the art market. Faced with the digital paradigm shift and the challenge of dematerialization, creators started to use NTFs in order to emulate the concept of rarity for displaying, promoting, and monetizing their works in digital environments. An NFT is a certificate of ownership implemented through encrypted metadata pointing to a unique copy of a digital file. Likewise, NFTs enable the tokenization of a large array of digital, or even physical, assets. For this reason, they are used to facilitate the digitalization of contents heavily dependent on copyright and scarcity. Non-Fungible Tokens represent an emerging reality of significant economic, social, and cultural importance, which also raises important legal issues especially concerning the very nature of the NFT, as property or license, and the usage of copyrighted contents or trademarks. Indeed, the most frequent legal issues with NFTs are related to the attribution and exploitation of the Intellectual Property (IP) rights of the underlying content or litigations about non-contractual matters (i.e., theft). Litigious cases affecting NFTs most often take on an international dimension due to the decentralized nature of the technology on which they are developed, distributed on servers hosted in a multitude of countries, as well as the business practices of trading platforms that connect users from all over the world. Consequently, the principles of Private International Law (PIL) are applied to solve legal conflicts. This study focuses on the resolution of litigations related to NFTs in the three countries leading the global art markets: the US, the UK, and China. The analysis focuses on the application of international private law in relation to recent jurisprudence concerning conflicts involving NFTs and artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special role in shaping the entrance spaces of buildings, their artistic expressiveness belonged to decorative art, as architects used such materials as artistic wood, artistic metal, artistic glass, artistic ceramics, artistic paintings, sculptural forms, decorative stone and other elements for decorating entrance spaces. Sometimes, one motif could be the main focus in the decor of entrance spaces, echoing with artistic paintings, decor on ceramic tiles, etched pseudo-stained glass, supraports and wrought ironwork of stair railings according to the principle of interaction of arts. However, there are cases of staircases, artistic paintings or stained-glass windows that are not continued in the patterns of ceramic tiles, decor of walls and ceilings, railing enclosures, or artistic solutions of entrance gates. In such cases, these decorative elements act as an accent in the interior. Natural studies allow to systematize the typology of doors based on a number of characteristics: material of manufacture, stylistic execution, principles of decorative solution, location of artistic decoration, type of ornament of wrought iron grilles and so on. However, alongside negative examples of the state of entrance spaces, there is also positive experience of their preservation and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the growing interest in the formation, display, and dispersal of art collections in Europe and the United States over the past two decades. The editors focus on lesser-known collecting practices and aspects of the trade in Italian Renaissance art and its reproductions between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. The article explores the sale and reception of plaster casts and reproductions of paintings in both public and private collections, as well as the role of authentic works and their copies in private collections. It also examines the role of photography in the dissemination of Renaissance art and the export of Italian art to other countries. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of archival research in enriching our understanding of collecting and the international art market. [Extracted from the article]

Статья посвящена вопросу атрибуции — установления авторства и начального периода производства — предметов декоративно-прикладного искусства, выполненных на Кусинском и Каслинском заводах на Урале по моделям забытого русского скульптора и общественного деятеля в сфере художественно-промышленного образования В.М. Пащенко (1854–1908). В материал исследования вошли изображения и данные о предметах чугунного литья в фондах ряда российских музеев и частных коллекций, Каслинского завода архитектурно-художественного литья, прейскуранты и заводские альбомы Каслинского и Кусинского заводов, выставочные каталоги всероссийских и международных выставок конца XIX – начала XX века, собственно предметы чугунного литья из частных коллекций, опубликованные историко-архивные и библиографические изыскания, в том числе архивной дореволюционной периодики. С помощью биографического, формально-стилистического и сравнительного методов, а также знаточеской экспертизы получены следующие результаты. Автором осуществлена реконструкция творческой биографии Владимира Михайловича Пащенко. Установлено и подтверждено авторство модельных прототипов и год начала производства четырех декоративно-прикладных предметов уральского «чугунного искусства», выполненных в стиле «декадент» и отливаемых в конце XIX – начале XX века на Кусинском и Каслинском заводах. Кроме того, в научный оборот введено и впервые атрибутировано еще одно произведение скульптора в технике художественного литья — чугунная ваза «В виде урны, с фигурой плачущей женщины» отливки Кусинского казенного завода.

Mobile hawkers are importantin providing accessible products, particularly to the urban community. For years, traditional on-demand vegetable hawkers have been benefiting from local wisdom. The presence of mobile hawkers who come to customers canreduce community movements by shortening the distance that customersmust travel to shop. By reducing the length traveled in daily shopping, it is possible to reduce the usage of motorized vehicles, which further impacts urban sustainability. The purpose of this research is to compare the environmental impact of community activities with and without mobile hawkers on daily shopping activities. In this research, the Wilcoxon test was employed to determine whether there is a mean difference between two paired samples. The results reveal that mobile hawkers can help reduce the carbon footprint of community daily shopping mobility

This study aims to discuss the role of an anthropological perspective in architecture as well as structural reflection on the dynamics of architecture in relation to society. An anthropological lens can be used to study architecture as a manifestation of human culture to understand betterthe complex interactions between humans, the environment, and social structures. This research takes an anthropological approach to understanding architecture and investigates the dynamics of architecture as a cultural product influenced by social, technological, economic, and political changes. An analysis of the physical structure of architecture that reflects social structure, symbolism, and representation in architecture as a reflection of society is used to explain structural reflection. Case studies encompass vernacular, religious, colonial, and sustainable architecture. Understanding architecture from an anthropological standpoint allows humans to recognize the significance of cultural identity, the preservation of traditions, and their relationship with the physical environment as an art form in development.

As one of Bali's leading tourist regions, Gianyar Regencycontinues to develop tourism destinations in support of the regional tourism development plan and vision of "Realizing High-Quality, Competitive, Sustainable, and Prosperous Cultural Tourism."The development of Gianyar Regency's tourism potential requires understandingthe spatial relationships based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations. This research aimed to reveal the typology of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency, determine the distribution patterns of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency, and assess spatial relationships in Gianyar Regency based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations. The research methodsemployed in this study arequalitative descriptive, Near Neighbour Analysis (NNA), and Linkage system analysis. The typology of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency includes cultural tourism, marine tourism, and natural reserve tourism. The distribution pattern of cultural and marine tourism destinations is clustered, while natural reserve tourism exhibits a random distribution pattern. Overall, tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency have a clustered distribution pattern. Based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations, spatial relationships in Gianyar Regency are visually characterized by linear elements such as roads, corridor elements like buildings and trees, and side elements consisting of variations in tourism typology. The collective spatial relationships found in Gianyar Regency fall into an open-ended group form. The policy implications of this research suggest the need for improvements in tourism infrastructure and the development of spatial relationships to enhance the tourist experience, supporting sustainable tourism development in Gianyar Regency