1. Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases
- Author
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A. V. Sanz Ros, Ana Pérez-Sierra, Salvatore Moricca, Stephen Woodward, B. Henricot, G. Magnano di San Lio, Z. Á. Nagy, Anna Maria Vettraino, Panaghiotis Tsopelas, C. Olsson, Antonio Franceschini, Benoit Marçais, Anna Rytkönen, Milka Glavendekić, Bruno Scanu, D. Chavarriaga, A. Lyubenova, Andrea Vannini, Nenad Keča, A. G. Aday, G. Denton, Tomasz Oszako, C. Pintos Varela, M. L. Herrero, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, Antonella Pane, Sarah Green, O. Aguín Casal, Simone Prospero, Thomas Jung, M. Wenneker, G. Hartmann, Paloma Abad-Campos, Daniel Rigling, Slavtcho Slavov, Epaminondas J. Paplomatas, M. Horta Jung, Iryna Matsiakh, María Esperanza Sánchez, C. Rial Martínez, Santa Olga Cacciola, Jan Nechwatal, Venche Talgø, Z. Tomic, J. Bakonyi, Jarkko Hantula, Edmundo Sousa, T. Decourcelle, S. Diamandis, Alejandro Solla, Ivan Milenković, Hélio Rubens Machado, J. Schumacher, D. Ivic, A. Schlenzig, T. Cech, Cécile Robin, Arja Lilja, Tamara Corcobado, Volodymyr Kramarets, P. J. Mansilla Vázquez, Jan Stenlid, Leszek B. Orlikowski, Beatrice Ginetti, Alfredo Cravador, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Partenaires INRAE, Research Institute of Horticulture, Royal Horticultural Society, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Faculty of Forestry, Süleyman Demirel University, EXCMA, Plant Protection Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Faculty of forestry, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Vantaa Research Centre, Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), AgroBioInstitute, IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' [Kiev], Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research Institute, University of Athens, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Government, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Université of Tunis, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), and Forest Research [Great Britain]
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR ,Phytophthora ,MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Biosecurity ,Phytophthora, invasive species ,Nurseries ,Introduced species ,DECLINING OAK TREES ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Invasive species ,FLORICULTURE CROPS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ornamental plant ,Infestation ,medicine ,PRODUCCION VEGETAL ,Life Science ,2. Zero hunger ,Ecology ,biology ,NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ,SPECIES CAUSING ROOT ,SP-NOV ,WESTERN-AUSTRALIA ,MICROSATELLITE MARKERS ,MULTILOCUS PHYLOGENY ,Forestry ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Collar rot ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Woody plant ,BBF Team Randwijk - Abstract
[EN] An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host¿Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora¿host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discused., The authors are grateful to all public and private owners of nurseries and plantings who contributed to this extensive study. T. Jung acknowledges the support by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Visiting Professor Program at the University of Sassari, Italy. The authors also thank the COST Office and the European Council for providing the European COST Actions FP0801 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP0801) and FP 1002 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP1002), the EU projects FOR-THREATS and ISEFOR, and BiodivERsA project RESIPATH as platforms for stimulating discussions on the nursery pathway and possible management solutions.
- Published
- 2016
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