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We propose a model of strategic renegotiation in which businesses are sequentially interconnected through their liabilities. This financing structure, which we refer to as a credit chain, gives rise to externalities, as each lender's willingness to provide concessions to its borrower depends on how this lender's own liabilities are expected to be renegotiated. We highlight how government interventions aimed at preventing default waves should account for private renegotiation incentives and interlinkages. In particular, we contrast the consequences of targeted subsidy and debt reduction programs following economic shocks, such as pandemics and financial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the possible impact of the planned write-off of two-thirds of the region's debts on budget loans on the sustainability of regional debt. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the debts of individual regions, it was concluded that writing off debts will significantly reduce the debt burden on the budgets of the most vulnerable constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, one of the tasks in this context is maintaining budget discipline in the regions. This will require further development of the sphere of regulation and control of regional finances, including through the mechanisms of fiscal rules at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the full-scale invasion of Russian Federation, public finances (PF) have been operating under conditions of uncertainty and unprecedented security challenges, akin to those experienced by the entire economic system. The level of uncertainty is such that it overshadows the current financial crises and parity with the consequences of the Second World War. This became the core objective of the study, which consisted of substantiating conceptual approaches to the formation of debt policy, considering the peculiarities of the projection of martial law on the functioning of PF. The research employs a systematic approach to methodology, integrating methods of factual and situational analysis that are grounded in international standards for public debt assessment and theoretical generalisations. Furthermore, through a comparative analysis, the interrelationships and mutual influences between debt policy and budget strategy are monitored. Furthermore, the study assesses the potential of leveraging the frozen Russian assets to support Ukraine's post-war recovery through the PF system. The study revealed that the debt policy is an integral component of the PF system. Unlike other program documents, it demonstrated resilience to both endogenous and exogenous challenges and the capacity to implement corrective measures during economic crises. This has laid the foundation for a Marshall Plan-like strategy for Ukraine. The PF strategy, which was approved just before the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, prompted discussions on enhancing the predictability of budgetary policy and debt sustainability. This, together with the adoption of a medium-term public debt management strategy, became the basis for the actual establishment of the Debt Agency as a legal entity, which in the future will ensure, on the one hand, the privileging of grants among the financial mechanisms for covering the budget deficit, and, on the other hand, an additional level of budgetary strategy for generating a multiplier effect from the borrowed funds for post-war reconstruction. On the other hand, this approach will create conditions for the transition from external sources of financing the budget deficit to internal ones by expanding and diversifying the range of investors in government securities. It is proved that debt policy in both the short and medium term will serve as the basis for the implementation of the budgetary strategy of post-war reconstruction, and will create conditions for accelerating the process of forced reparations to compensate for the damage caused by the Russian Federation.

This research aims to examine the role of resource efficiency as a measure of the activity ratio in moderating the influence of firm fundamentals as measured by profitability and debt policy. Resource efficiency in this research is grouped into two, namely efficient and inefficient companies. The population of this research are companies incorporated in the Kompas 100 Index listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling, with the criteria that companies indexed by Kompas 100 during the period 2018-2022 consistently and pay dividends. Based on the sampling results, there are 42 companies that meet the criteria, so the number of observations in this research is 210. The data analysis technique uses moderation regression. The results showed that profitability has a significant positive influence on dividend policy, but debt policy has a negative and insignificant influence on dividend policy. Resource efficiency proxied by 1-TATO is able to moderate the influence of profitability and debt policy with dividend policy. From the results of this research, it means that resource efficiency has an important role for companies in determining the firm's dividend policy.

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Copyright of Jurnal Greenation Ilmu Akuntansi (JGIA) is the property of Greenation Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem faced by the company is the use of debt that is not according to plan. The purpose of this study is to determine whether debt policy affects company performance. This study was conducted on manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2023 with a population of 296 companies, the sample used was 73 companies for six years. Thus, the number of samples used in this study was 438. The company performance variable is proxied by (ROE) while the independent variables in this study are debt policy proxied by (DER and DER*KE), investment decisions (KI), managerial ownership (MNJR), and economic conditions (KE). The data analysis method uses multiple linear regression methods with SPSS software version 26. The results of the study show that the debt policy variable (DER) has a negative and significant effect on company performance (ROE) and the debt policy variable*economic conditions (DER*KE) has a positive and significant effect on company performance (ROE). This means that when economic conditions are supportive, companies that use debt to finance operational activities or business expansion tend to experience increased performance. Funds obtained from debt can be used for investment, new product development, or market expansion. Proper use of debt can increase a company's return on equity (ROE), as long as the rate of return on the investment financed by debt is higher than the cost of debt. Timing the debt decision is crucial. In improving economic conditions, companies can take advantage of low interest rates and increase production capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effect of debt policy, dividend policy and profitability on firm value in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange for the 2019-2023 period. This type of research is associative. The population of this research is 95 companies. The sample was determined by purposive sampling technique as many as 17 companies. The type of data in this study is secondary data with quantitative research methods and descriptive approaches. Data analysis used is panel data regression analysis. This research is processed using software EViews 12. The results of this study indicate that debt policy proxied by Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER) and profitability proxied by return on assets (ROA) have a significant effect on firm value, while dividend policy proxied by Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) has no effect on firm value. Simultaneously, debt policy, dividend policy and profitability have an effect on firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the influence of liquidity as measured by the Current Ratio, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and profitability as measured by Return on Assets on capital structure. Firms increase leverage to support growth or to offset poor performance. The population of this study is companies listed as consumers of the non-cyclical sector on the IDX in 2018-2022, with as many as 113 companies. The method used is quantitative with statistical analysis of panel data regression. Capital structure is the dependent variable, and profitability, liquidity, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership are independent variables. The method used is quantitative, with statistical analysis of panel data regression using the SPSS Analysis tool. Capital structure is a framework that describes how equity and debt are used to finance company operations to generate optimal returns for shareholders and maximise company returns by considering the level of risk. The results showed that the Probability (ROA) and Liquidity (CR) were partially significant to the Capital Structure. Institutional and managerial ownership have no significant effect on the Capital Structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the influence of institutional ownership and debt policy on dividend policy with profitability as a moderating variable (in IDX30 index companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange in 2019-2021). The research method used in this research is quantitative research and uses secondary data collection techniques in the form of annual reports. The sample in this study was selected using a purposive sampling method and a sample of 16 IDX30 companies was obtained that met the sample criteria. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis and moderated regression analysis. The results of this research indicate that institutional ownership and debt policy have no effect on dividend policy. Moderating profitability can weaken the influence of institutional ownership on dividend policy. And profitability can strengthen the influence of debt policy on dividend policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into Ukraine’s debt policy over the years 2013–2022, highlighting the critical condition of state debt which notably worsens during financial crises. Ukraine faced three such crises in the last decade alone, revealing that its financial system struggles to recover from these crises and stimulate economic growth. This situation underscores the necessity for reevaluating the priorities of the nation’s debt policy. The piece introduces a set of debt security indicators designed to assess the financial system’s capacity to manage its debt obligations. These indicators have been calculated and assessed against their threshold values. Amidst ongoing military aggression and constrained budget revenues, securing financing for Ukraine’s recovery and reconstruction projects becomes a paramount state policy objective. This includes financing for the state budget through foreign loans and grant aid, aimed at restoring critical infrastructure, bolstering economic and energy sectors, among others. In the reconstruction context, the article discusses the mobilization of financial resources to swiftly revive Ukraine’s economy, leveraging a balanced approach to donor support and domestic borrowing. It highlights the significance of debt policy, particularly the use of military bonds as a major revenue source, demonstrating their effectiveness in the current fiscal landscape [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to analyze the impact of economic and political power, debt policy, and political influence on tax aggressiveness during times of economic uncertainty. In this study, we choose as examples health and pharmaceutical firms trading on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between the years 2018 and 2021. To test for the predicted difference between before and after the covid 19 epidemic, researchers utilized multiple regression and other tests (paired sample t-test) in SPSS version 23. This research backs up the notion that fiscal stability and profitability affect tax aggressiveness. There was no difference in the prevalence of tax evasion strategies either before or after the Covid 19 pandemic, and neither debt policies nor political relationships seemed to have any influence on tax aggression. Using research findings to inform decision making or policy implementation may boost a company's future success. In addition to building on earlier replication attempts, this work also puts to the test comparisons made before and during the COVID-19 epidemic, making it a significant piece of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to ascertain how dividend policy, profitability, and debt policy affected corporate value. In addition to determining if company size can strengthen the impact of profitability, debt policy, and dividend policy on firm value. The study's research methodology was moderate regression analysis (MRA). Theoretically, this approach is suitable for investigating the influence variable after including a moderating component. The novelty aspect of this analysis is the inclusion of firm size as a moderating variable, which is thought to strengthen or decrease the relationship between dividend policy, profitability, and debt policy and firm value. The findings of this study demonstrate how profitability and dividend policy impact corporate value. Next, the impact of dividend policy on firm value is moderated by the size of the company. However, the impact of profitability on firm value is unaffected by the size of the company.

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) 73 regarding leases has been in effect since 2020 in Indonesia. The standard adopts International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 16, which requires companies to record all lease transactions as finance leases. This study examines differences in capital structure and company profitability before and after implementing PSAK 73 in Indonesia. This study uses financial report data for retail and transportation sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019 and 2020 with a population of 160 observations. The secondary data is sourced from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. Based on purposive sampling, the total number of observations that can be used in this study is 104 observations. Hypothesis testing was carried out using a paired sample t-test. This study found that in the first year after the implementation of PSAK 73, the capital structure from debt is higher than that from equity. This condition is different from the period before the implementation of PSAK 73. Then the level of profitability in the first year of implementation of PSAK 73 decreased compared to the period before the implementation of PSAK 73. This research recommends that the Financial Services Authority implement risk mitigation rules for companies registered on the IDX regarding the financial impact of Indonesia's new financial accounting standards.

This study analyzes the factors that affect the company's value, moderated by the debt policy. The population in this research is 49 companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). Determination of the sample using purposive sampling method to obtain 15 companies. The data analysis technique used moderated regression analysis (MRA). The study's results partially found that dividend policy and institutional ownership do not affect firm value. Company growth positively and significantly affects firm value. Debt policy negatively and significantly affects firm value. Debt policy cannot moderate the effect of dividend policy and company growth on firm value. However, debt policy can moderate the effect of institutional ownership on firm value. Research can complement existing theories and become a reference for company management in advancing companies and investors in investing capital.

AbstractWe use a survey approach to investigate how managers in a frontier market apply financing and dividend decision techniques in practice. 15 firm characteristics were grouped into paired subgroups for a two-sample t-test analysis that generated statistical differences, economic significance levels and ranking for each technique investigated. The Ghanaian listed firm’s sample choice was due to the country’s persistent volatile macroeconomic environment. In managing the capital structure, managers consider most relevant issuing of stock to give investors a better impression of their firms’ prospects (signalling). In choosing between short and long-term debt techniques, the most applied technique is matching the firm’s debt maturity with the assets’ useful life span. Managers are most concerned about the volatility of their earnings and cash flows on the appropriate amount of debt to use. A probe into debt policy indicates that the most valuable technique is issuing debt when the firm’s internal funds are inadequate. Under dividend policy, the most treasured technique is ensuring cash availability which deviated from existing literature. These results show that managers in frontier markets are cash-focused, which may lead to short-termism, which may be non-value-adding but important for survival in their persistent liquidity crunch markets.

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The contribution of the plantation subsector to the national economy is increasing and can strengthen economic development. This study aimed to determine the effect of dividend policy, liquidity, profitability, and company size on debt policy with financial performance as an intervening variable in oil palm plantation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. This study uses an experimental approach through a quantitative technique. The total population was 27 companies. The number of samples was 75 observations. Data sources on secondary data by collecting panel data were carried out on the Eviews application with descriptive statistical tests, panel data analysis, panel data regression estimation, hypothesis testing, and path analysis. The research results showed that the dividend policy, liquidity, and profitability significantly affected debt policy. Besides that, firm size has no significant effect on debt policy. Financial performance as an intervening variable had a significant effect on debt policy. Dividend policy, liquidity, and profitability significantly affected financial performance as intervening variables. Also, firm size had no significant effect through financial performance as an intervening variable. Dividend policy, liquidity, and profitability significantly affected debt policy through financial performance as intervening variables. Meanwhile, firm size significantly affected debt policy through financial performance as an intervening variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to show the effect of debt policy on dividend policy and the moderating role of chief executive officer (CEO) share ownership in the relationship between debt policy and dividend policy. Data on the financial reports of companies in the non-financial sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2020 are used as research data. Research data is sourced from www.idnfinancials.com and the company's official website. The number of samples used in testing this research was 454 observations based on purposive sampling. Data analysis in this research used logistic regression. This research shows the results that debt policy has a negative effect on dividend policy. In addition, CEO share ownership weakens the negative effect of debt policy on dividend policy. This research shows that the Indonesian Financial Services Authority needs to improve governance, especially concerning investment protection on the Indonesian Stock Exchange.

The purpose of this article is to identify the main subjects of the debt economy of Russia and the USA. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the disclosure of the mechanism of activity of the US Federal Reserve System (FRS) as a subject of the debt economy, the main holder of public debt and the guarantor of dollar fnancing. The article considers measures of federal budget support, defnes the conditions of growth of federal debt of the United States, the influence of the fnancial policy of the FRS on the state of public debt. The author’s position on strengthening the role of the FRS in management of economic processes is substantiated.

This study aims to examine dividend policies for companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2018-2022 period. Agency theory argues that dividend policy can reduce agency costs and reduce agency conflicts. The percentage of institutional ownership is used as a proxy for agency costs and can be used as a mechanism for lowering agency conflict. The total sample is 44 companies listed on the IDX. The estimation uses the pooling data method and 3SLS. This research develops a simultaneous system econometric model. This study argues that high institutional ownership leads to higher agency conflict, as management and institutions collaborate to prioritize their interests over other shareholders. Conversely, low institutional ownership leads to disputes between management, low institutional, and public shareholders. The entrenchment argument predicts higher conflict in high institutional ownership, while the convergence argument predicts common agency conflict in common institutional ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relevance of the research topic. Ensuring purposeful influence on social development requires the formation and implementation of an effective debt policy based on improving the institutional support of financial and budgetary reforms. Formulation of the problem. Important tasks in modern conditions are: increasing the efficiency of the debt mechanism and ensuring debt sustainability; improving the debt instruments of fiscal policy; optimizing the structure of the debt portfolio. Analysis of recent research and publications. Problems of formation and implementation of debt policy are quite common in the research of: D. Ricardo, R. McConnell, J. Mill, P. Samuelson, A. Smith, M. Friedman, I. Zapatrina, G. Kucher, L. Lysyak, I. Lukyanenko, A. Mazaraki, M. Pasichnyi, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above issues are relevant in connection with the deteriorating trend of socio-economic development, increasing military aggression against Ukraine, which requires a number of specific tasks in the field of debt management. Problem setting, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to reveal the role of debt policy at this stage of development of public relations; substantiate the peculiarities of the application of debt instruments of fiscal policy. The purpose of the study is to reveal the strategic directions of debt policy in modern conditions. Method or methodology of the study. The article uses a set of research methods: a systematic approach, structuring, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of debt policy at this stage of development of public relations is revealed. The peculiarities of the application of debt instruments of fiscal policy are substantiated. The strategic directions of debt policy in modern conditions are determined. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the formation and implementation of debt policy. Conclusions according to the article. The validity of the implementation of debt policy is an important condition for achieving national socio-economic interests. In modern conditions it is necessary to understand the complexity and multidimensionality of the issues raised. At the same time, one of the most important tasks is to increase the efficiency of the debt mechanism and ensure debt stability.

This study aims to examine the effect of free cash flow, profitability, collateralizable asset and debt policy on dividend policy. The method of data analysis in this study uses the method of multiple regression analysis on Eviews program assistance and data collection method using purposive sampling. The data used are secondary data obtained from 81 data financial statements of sector property, real estate and building construction companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The results of this study indicate that the free cash flow and collateralizable assets variable has a positive influence on dividend policy, while profitability and debt policy variable has no postitive effect on dividend policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of profitability, debt policy, dividend policy and capital structure on the firm value of Islamic banks. Method — The population in this study consisted members of Islamic Financial Service Board (IFSB) period 2022, totaling 188 Islamic Financial Institutions. Using the purposive sampling technique, there was 18 Islamic banks that used as a samples with a quarterly time series data from 2021 until 2022. The data used was secondary and analyzed by panel data regression with Eviews10. Result — The results show that partially profitability, dividend policy and capital structure has significant effect on firm value of Islamic banks, but debt policy has no significant effect on firm value of Islamic banks. Meanwhile, simultaneously profitability, debt policy, dividend policy and capital structure have a significant effect on firm value of Islamic banks. Contribution — The main contribution of this research is particular to the firm value literature of Islamic banks, which is useful as a reference and investment decision making for third parties.

The impact of personal risk caused by controlling shareholders' equity pledges on the company's debt policy is an issue worth exploring. Using Chinese A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2020, this paper studies the impact of ultimate owner equity pledges on firm debt size and debt maturity structure and explores the mechanism of ultimate owner personal leverage on firms. The results show that the increase in ultimate owner stock pledges leads to higher financial leverage and a longer debtmaturity structure for the company. In addition, the study reveals that the high personal leverage of the ultimate owner of the pledged equity is an influential mechanism driving the transfer of personal risk to the firm. In particular, even if a company's actual debt ratio is higher than its target debt ratio, equity pledges can prompt listed companies to increase their debt ratios and debt maturities, causing them to take on excessive debt risk and transfer the risk to creditors. It follows that the tunneling effect is a driving force of equity pledging and corporate debt policies. These results remain robust after the robustness test and endogenous test. The conclusions of this paper not only emphasize the impact of shareholders' personal risk on the firm but also provide a reference for investors' perception of firm risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the stock market has resulted in investors being more careful in choosing companies to invest in. The purpose of this study is to determine the Company Growth, Company Size and Liquidity on Company Value with Debt Policy as Moderating Variable in Automotive Companies and Components Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method in this research is descriptive Assosiative. Sampling was done using purposive sampling method. The number of data is 10 selected companies according to the criteria for the automotive and component sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2010- 2020 period. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing (statistical t test and coefficient of determination) using the program Eviews 10.0. The results showed that partially the company's growth variable had no and significant effect on firm value. Firm size has no effect on firm value. Liquidity and significant effect on the value of the company. The result of Debt Policy moderation weakens the influence of Corporate Growth on firm value. The results of Debt Policy moderation strengthen the effect of firm size on firm value. The results of debt policy moderation weaken the effect of liquidity on firm value. The results of the study show that simultaneously company growth, company size and liquidity have a significant effect on company value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers influences of active regulation of operating costs and negative effects (shocks) on financial policy of the Russian public companies. The Russian firms make the choice for benefit of internal financing for the purpose of increase in the corporate benefit in the conditions of external financial restrictions (sectoral sanctions). Growth of the corporate benefit leads to increment of company assets and respectively to welfare of the shareholder. The Russian public companies will review the capital structure in the conditions of growth of adjustment costs. The active policy of the Russian companies is connected with availability of sufficient size of assets which are source of mortgage providing for regulation of capital structure. Thereby, the organization solves problem of adverse selection – financing source selection taking into account its price. The companies are forced to regulate actively the capital structure in the conditions of growth of operating costs and negative shocks. Regulation of capital structure is connected with the aspiration of the company to keep part of debt for its use as financing source. Operating costs are the indicator estimating efficiency of management decisions. The Russian companies will finance the investments, first of all, by internal financing sources. Cash flows are the resource servicing the investment capital. The firms will be attracted the loan capital in the period of deficit of cash flow. The Russian companies will work in logic of precautionary motive, creating monetary stock in the conditions of shocks. The precautionary motive is the protective buffer from negative impacts from the capital markets. Low values of cash flows allow to limit the management concerning his illegal behavior – decision making in private interests.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that debt crises have an extremely negative impact on the national economy, which implies the need for constant attention on the part of the government to issues of public debt management in order to timely, identify possible violations of debt stability. The subject of the research is the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia as the ability of the constituent entities of the federation to timely and fully service the public debt without significant adjustments to the balance of income and expenses. The aim of the research is to assess the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia and develop measures aimed at increasing it in order to prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. An increase in government borrowing rises budget spending on public debt servicing and can provoke an imbalance in the financial system. Diversification of the debt portfolio helps to ensure its balance. The structure of the debt portfolios of the constituent entities of the Federation may include budget loans, government guarantees, government securities, loans from credit institutions and other instruments. The article notes that the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation directly depends on the decisions made at the federal level and the amount of government spending directed to specific regions. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain such a level of debt sustainability, which will prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. This presupposes the application of uniform recommendations for assessing debt sustainability in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the volume and structure of the state debt of the constituent entities of the South of Russia, carried out in the article, made it possible to conclude that the debt policy of the macroregion is fragmented: the structure of debt portfolios is heterogeneous; a change in the level of debt burden can be associated with both an increase in tax and non-tax revenues, a decrease in the amount of public debt, and with reverse processes.

The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy on Firm Value, and examine the role of Profitability in mediating the effect of Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy on Firm Value. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling method. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the financial statements of property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for four years, 2016 to 2019.The data analysis technique uses path analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy have a positive and significant effect on Firm Value; Profitability is able to mediate the relationship between Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy to Firm Value. The implications that can be given from the research findings are that it can enrich the research model and support other empirical studies related to the effect of Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy on Firm Value and the role of Profitability in mediating the effect of Growth Opportunity, Firm Size, and Debt Policy on Firm Value.

Purpose - The research objective is to determine the effect of debt policy, profitability, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on tax aggressiveness in mining sector companies listed in the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index for the period 2014-2019. Method - The population of this study was 35 mining companies listed on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index for 2014-2019. The sample selection in this study used purposive sampling method and 6 companies were selected. The data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. Three tests were conducted; determinant coefficient test, simultaneous significant test, and partial regression test (T-Test). Result - The results show that debt policy (DAR) has a significant negative effect on tax aggressiveness, Profitability (ROA) has a significant negative effect on tax aggressiveness, and disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a significant negative effect on tax aggressiveness. Implication - Mining companies registered in the ISSI for the 2014-2019 period have proven that their tax aggressiveness is low, which means they are compliant with tax payments. However, on the other hand, the company must maintain and improve compliance in paying taxes. Originality - This study is the first study using a sharia mining company registered with the ISSI related to tax aggressiveness.

The influence of risk and return on debt policy, agency costs, and firm value in Indonesian public companies is investigated in this study. The research is based on quarterly data from companies in the LQ45 index. There are 180 observations in all. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling is used to analyze the data (SEM-PLS). The data analysis demonstrates that the company's sales decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an increase in risk and a decline in the company's return. Even though the company's agency charges have failed to increase the sales value, the company's debt is nevertheless covered by its assets and capital. More findings will be presented in-depth. The findings might help researchers identify characteristics that impact business values. These characteristics may then be utilized to identify which strategies and policies a management team should employ to maintain a company's value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Debt, dividend and investment policy constitutes a company's important financial decisions to determine firm performance. The research emphasizes on the problem of overinvestment, a phenomenon that worsens firm operation. Furthermore, it clarifies the moderation role of debt and dividend policy in mitigating the negative effect of overinvestment on firm performance in the case of Vietnamese listed companies. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses all financial statement of non-financial Vietnamese listed companies on Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi Stock Exchange in the period of 2008–2018. The data are collected from Thomson Reuters Eikon. The final data set is comprised of 669 listed companies. The study measures overinvestment though investment demand function and HP filter. Moreover, the research employs the dynamic model, so it has to apply the SGMM method to deal with the problem of endogeneity caused by the lagged dependent variable. Findings – The research finds that overinvestment is negatively associated with firm performance. Debt or dividend policy separately can moderate the negative effect of overinvestment on firm performance. However, when these two policies are combined, they lessen the positive interaction impact of each policy due to the substitution between debt and dividend policy. Research limitations/implications – The research may have two limitations. Firstly, the research measures overinvestment indirectly through investment demand function and HP filter. These two measures only help identify the sign that companies may have the problem of overinvestment because we cannot determine whether they overinvest or not in reality. Secondly, when using interaction variables, the problem of multicollinearity may be higher, and this may adjust the signs and significance level of variables in the models. Practical implications – Practically, the research proposes three policy recommendations. Firstly, a company can exploit debt or dividend policy to limit excessive free cash flow in order to constrain the problem of overinvestment. Secondly, a company should enhance its corporate governance to resolve agency problems. Thirdly, the government should make the financial sector more transparent and effective to improve monitoring functions of various parties in the capital market. Social implications – Overinvestment sometimes can cause social issues. Overinvestment means that companies make ineffective investment. If they continue this situation over a long time, companies may have financial distress or even go bankruptcy. As a result, it will slow down economic growth and increase unemployment in the economy. Originality/value – The research is supposed to make two great contributions to the existing empirical studies in two aspects. Firstly, it is the first attempt to take into consideration the interaction between overinvestment and financial policies. Secondly, it helps enhance the fundamental stance of the agency theory, which supports the interdependence of debt, dividend and investment policy.

Public debt is an integral part of public finances of various countries, the process of its management, including formation, maintenance and repayment has a powerful impact on the macroeconomic system of the state. The subject of the study is the public debt of the Russian Federation. The article performs a correlation and regression analysis of factors that have a direct impact on the state of the Russia’s public debt under the conditions of the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 coronavirus infection, as well as the consequences of these restrictions. The paper proposes an econometric model that describes a system of indirect macroeconomic factors that are not directly related to the state’s debt policy, but show the strongest influence on the formation of public debt in modern realities and increase the efficiency of its management, as well as reflect the quality of public financial management in general. The author concludes that the demographic burden and the indicator reflecting the ratio of the budget deficit to the total budget revenue have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of public debt management.

The author considers features of influence of finance solutions of management of the Russian public companies on debt policy. In a research are included indicators of internal growth and dividend payments by means of which it is possible to estimate corporate financial policy. Internal growth is the indicator of regulation of debt strategy, the including mechanism of precautionary motive. The dependence of the share price on the market value of assets defines installation of communication between the economic interests of shareholders and finance solutions of management. The indicator of dividend payments allows to estimate influence of external negative effects (shocks) on behavior of investors at profit assessment. Increase in dividend payments is connected with their financing from an external source. Management works in logic of precautionary motive, keeping a part of profit for further debt repayment before creditors. The management of the Russian companies not only influences the share price, but also regulates the level of a debt load. The company can use dividend payments on reinvestment of assets (as an investment resource). The author shows as the Russian public companies, solve a problem of adverse selection, switching to cheaper financing sources. The value of a debt is connected with the level of investment into the company. Pledge (property providing) is a guarantee for creditors. As, getting access to debt financing, the company provides to the creditor the complete information about property, thereby, reducing the risks connected with attraction of a debt. The Russian public companies react to changes of debt increase in value of size of assets that will be approved with recapitalization of the company (change of the capital structure due to debt increase and its use for dividend payouts to shareholders).

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Free Cash Flow, Debt Policy, Return On Assets, Company Growth on Dividend Policy. The sample of this study was using 10 companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2015-2018 met all the criteria. Empirical evidence suggests that Free Cash Flow has a Significant Effect on Dividend Policy. Debt Policy Has Negative and Significant Impact on Dividend Policy. Whereas Return On Assets and Company Growth Have No Significant Effect on Dividend Policy.

This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, liquidity, asset structure and company growth on debt policy. The sample in this study amounted to 490 samples obtained from 98 companies for 5 years with purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique used in this research is panel data regression analysis technique which is processed using Eviews 9 software.The results show that profitability and liquidity have a negative effect on debt policy, while asset structure has no effect on debt policy, and company growth has a positive effect on debt policy. debt policy.

The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-2019 is carried out with the definition of three periods: 2014-2015 - increase in borrowed funds, but such borrowings were formed mainly due to debt activity of Kyiv City Council domestic local bonds; 2016–2017 - decrease in the amount of borrowed funds, which occurred under the inÀuence of macroeconomic, political and fiscal instability; 2018-2019 - resumption of debt activity of city councils that had experience of borrowing in the previous, relatively analyzed, period and diversification of forms of local borrowing. Based on the cluster analysis, the main characteristics of the modern debt policy of city councils of Ukraine, which is based on the di൵erentiation of city councils-borrowers, are determined. The main borrower remains the Kyiv City Council (the share was about 67%), the activity of borrowings was noted in the following city councils: Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk. It is established that the debt policy of city councils is based on raising funds from NEFCO, state-owned banks and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Improving the debt policy of city councils of Ukraine should be based on the synergy of actions of central government agencies: (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Debt Agency of Ukraine, NBU, National securities and stock market commission (NSSMC)Financial Control Ofice, etc.) and city councils. Vectors for improving the debt policy of city councils should be an integral part of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 and meet its key strategic goals and directions.

The article describes the features of the debt policy of the Russian Federation, its objectives, assessed the current state of the public debt, determined by reason of its growth, it suggests ways to optimize the management of the external debt of the state.

This study aims to find empirical evidence regarding the relationship between liquidity, debt policy towards the company's financial distress. The population in this study were 29 mining companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2014-2019, with the number of samples used was 17 companies. Data used was secondary data in the form of annual reports obtained from the IDX (www.sahamok.net). Testing in this study was carried out by ratio financial analysis. Statistical analysis of the study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the alternative method is partial least square (PLS) use software SmartPLS version 3.0. The results show that Liquidity has been proven to have a significant positive effect on financial distress, The policy proved to have a significant negative effect on financial distress. The company's liquidity is proven to have a significant negative effect on debt policy. These results suggest that managers need to make some adjustments to the firm's liquidity level to meet their needs for debt and equity financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debt structure remains an area of indispensable concern for businesses across the globe. The organizations are facing difficulty to achieve an optimal capital structure due to inconsistent debt policy. This study investigates the firm's debt policy consistency over a period of twenty-two years after its establishment by observing leverage, debt maturity, debt granularity, and debt specialization as important measures. It has employed a unique dataset covering all the non-financial Pakistani firms listing from 1997 to 2018. The results depict that a firm's debt policy remains remarkably consistent over time, confirming that the initially adopted debt policy is a significant determinant of its future debt policies. However, it is noteworthy that the consistency of the debt policy has shown a declining trend due to the firm's age and size. Additionally, we have examined the effect of business group affiliation on the consistency of debt policy, with further segregation in terms of the financial firm's presence in a group or not. The findings show that a group affiliated firm has more access to the debt market than an unaffiliated firm. Further, the existence of a financial firm in a group serves as an extended financial market that help them to survive in a distress situation. This study will assist the managers in understanding the significance of initial debt policy on the continuity of future policies that help them in financial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy of external and domestic public debt management in different countries has its own specifics, and its results are not always unambiguous. Thus, the existing recommendations of the International Monetary Fund and the Maastricht criteria prove that the maximum value of public debt to GDP should be no more than 60 %. Exceeding this limit can lead to a deterioration in financial stability, debt sustainability, and ultimately to a technical default of the state. However, the practice of public debt management in many developed countries shows quite opposite trends, as a significant excess of the Maastricht criterion not only does not lead to default, but on the contrary allows countries to accumulate the necessary financial resources to ensure stable economic growth. Therefore, the study of European debt strategies and their effectiveness is a very important issue, especially given the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for developing countries. Given the growing external debt dependence of Ukraine as a result of both the war with the Russian Federation and the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for a better experience of European debt policy and consideration of ways to adapt it to domestic realities are discussed in our article. Based on the analysis of the debt policy of European countries, the expediency of using debt rules, aimed at regulating both the country's debt security and the effectiveness of the use of public borrowing to stimulate economic growth has been proved. Cluster analysis of debt strategies of some European countries has shown that the high level of dependence on external public debt has a negative impact on economic security in general, because in the event of deteriorating macroeconomic situation, the likelihood of foreign investors selling government securities increases, and in the case of external loans from international financial and credit organizations -- the risks of negative impact of burdensome non-financial obligations on the national economy grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the problem of increasing the debt sustainability of Ukraine in the context of country's financial sovereignty maintenance. The analysis of debt processes in Ukraine for 30 years of independence was carried out, the influence of the existing institutional traps in the economy on the debt policy was determined. The following problems were defined as the institutional traps formed in the Ukrainian economy (tax evasion and shadowing of the economy): problems with pumping up the budget, its deficit and financing mainly due to an increase in government debt. The special aspects of the situation in the field of government debt in modern conditions in the world and in Ukraine were identified, the existing approaches to government debt management in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic were identified, which is accompanied by problems of debt complications and may cause deterioration in the financial stability of countries. It is noted that Ukraine is now faced with the problem of excessive debt burden under uncertain conditions of economic growth and is forced to balance between the challenges of fiscal consolidation to reduce the volume of government debt and keep refinancing risks at a moderate level, on the one hand, and the need for fiscal incentives to revive economic activity, on the other. The priorities for increasing the level of debt sustainability of Ukraine are proposed, providing for the improvement of debt policy, in particular, in the direction of optimization of the structure of government debt in terms of ratio of service costs and risks while maintaining an acceptable level of debt burden, taking into account the principles of government debt management: increasing the share of government debt in national currency; extending the average maturity and ensuring a uniform repayment schedule for government debt; attraction of long-term concessional financing; continuation of strong investor relationships development. It is also noted that it is necessary to solve the basic problems of the development of the stock market of Ukraine as a source of available resources for financing current activities and investments; creation of liquid markets for financial instruments and mechanisms to reduce risk thereof; ensuring the modernization, consolidation and development of exchange and depository infrastructure of capital markets. It is substantiated that in order to ensure the financial sovereignty of Ukraine in modern conditions, a transition from conservative to progressive financial stability is required, which, in turn, should be the result of achieving a comprehensive functionality of the financial system. It is also necessary to create perfect institutional mechanisms to ensure coordination of actions of economic management institutions to overcome existing imbalances and prevent the creation of new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance of research topic. In the context of institutional reforms, the issue of the limited state financial resources for the implementation of the tasks and functions entrusted to them by state authorities and local self-government is being updated, which predetermines the development of a system of public debt management, which is a powerful instrument of macroeconomic policy. At the same time, the growth of the level of public debt in both developed and transformational economies is conditioned by a number of factors, the most important of which are: the formation of a budget deficit that is of a permanent nature; the need for public expenditures aimed at ensuring macroeconomic stability and accelerating the pace of economic growth, the development of the social sphere. Formulation of the problem. In the context of institutional reforms, the important task is to develop a debt strategy that will ensure the concentration of limited investment resources in those sectors of the economy that will accelerate the pace of economic growth, which requires further scientific research of the theoretical and applied aspects of the formation and implementation of budgetary and debt policies, their coherence, improvement the mechanism of public debt management. At the same time, the choice of tools for managing public debt can both negatively and positively affect macroeconomic stability in the country. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of public debt management is rather widespread in scientific research. These are works by well-known domestic and foreign scholars: J. Buchanan, U. Mitchell, J. M. Keynes, T. Bogolib, I. Zapatrina, L. Lisyak, I. Chugunov and others. Identification of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above issues are actualized in connection with the intensification of globalization processes, the adverse external and internal economic environment, which requires the solution of a number of specific tasks related to the formation of public debt at an economically sound level. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The objectives of the study are: to reveal the role of the system of public debt management in the regulation of socio-economic processes, to justify the relationship between debt and budget policy; carry out an analysis and assessment of Ukraine's state debt; to identify the main factors influencing the level of public debt; to clarify the provision for improving the efficiency of the mechanism of public debt management. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the priority tasks of debt policy in the context of institutional transformations. Method or methodology of conducting research. The article uses a set of methods of scientific research: system approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis, synthesis, and others. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of public debt in state regulation of social and economic development of the country is determined. The analysis and evaluation of public debt has been carried out. The priority tasks of the debt policy in the context of institutional transformations are substantiated. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of formation and implementation of Ukraine's debt policy, reforming the system of public finances. Conclusions according to the article. Ensuring macroeconomic stability in the country involves the development of an effective strategy for managing the public debt, justifying the strategic priorities of debt policy, based on realistic forecast indicators of the country's economic development. The improvement of the mechanism for managing public debt should be based on a clear combination of legally defined budgetary and debt policy instruments. The use of indicators of a structured, cyclically-adjusted balance can increase the validity of fiscal and debt policies. The high level of government debt and significant budget deficits create risks for financial and macroeconomic stability, their potential negative impact on economic development is far more devastating than the pro-cyclical nature of fiscal policies that only affect the economic dynamics in the short term. Accordingly, the important task of fiscal policy is to prevent the growth of public debt and budget deficit while limiting the negative impact of further fiscal consolidation on aggregate demand. The article defines the strategic priorities of debt policy in the context of institutional transformations.