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57 results on '"DDC 580 / Botanical sciences"'

1. In vitro und in vivo Charakterisierung der putativen mitochondrialen Nuklease MNU2 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Mayer, Kevin Christopher, Binder, Stefan, and Schäfer, Patrick
Subjects: MNU1, MNU2, ddc:580, Mitochondrium, Arabidopsis thaliana, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Mitochondrien, Prozessierung, Mitochondria, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: Diese Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Charakterisierung der putativen mitochondrialen Nuklease 2 MNU2 durch in vivo und in vitro Analysen. MNU2 besitzt neben zwei potentiellen RNA-bindenden Lotus-Domänen und einer putativen NYN-Nuklease-Domäne zwei weitere Domänen, die WW- und OHA-Domäne genannt werden. Da ein Knockout von MNU2 das Transkriptlevel und -muster der ccmFN2-, nad3-rps12 und nad9-Transkripte beeinflusst, wurde davon ausgegangen, dass MNU2 die Funktion einer Nuklease in Bezug auf die 5´-Prozessierung mitochondrialer Transkripte übernehmen könnte. Northern-Blot-Analysen der nad3-rps12-mRNA Prozessierung von MNU2-Mutanten mit Veränderungen einzelner Bereiche in den Domänen deuteten darauf hin, dass eine Deletion der WW- beziehungsweise OHA-Domäne von MNU2 nicht mit dessen Funktion interferierte. Dagegen führte die Deletion größerer Teile des Proteins mit mehreren Domänen stets zu einer Inaktivierung von MNU2. Während die Mutation konservierter Aminosäuren innerhalb der Lotus2-Domäne keinen Einfluss auf die Prozessierung der nad3-rps12-mRNA hatte, führte die Mutation der Lotus1-Domäne zur Aufhebung der MNU2-Funktion. Ein Austausch konservierter Aspartat- und Glutamat-Reste innerhalb der NYN-Domäne führten dagegen nur in einem Teil der untersuchten Pflanzen zu einer Inaktivierung von MNU2. In vitro Analysen eines Fusionsproteins aus der Arabidopsis RNaseP PRORP1 und der NYN-Domäne aus MNU2 konnten keine Nukleaseaktivität in Bezug auf ein Minimalsubstrat von PRORP1 aufdecken. Die Untersuchung von rekombinanten, partiell aufgereinigten MNU2 selbst deutete auf eine endonukleolytische Prozessierung eines ssRNA-Substrats hin. Dagegen konnte diese Prozessierung nicht für dsRNA oder ein ssRNA-Substrat mit abweichender Fluoreszenzmarkierung beobachtet werden. Auch RNA-Substrate mit interner Sekundärstruktur zeigten keine Prozessierung durch MNU2. Zusätzlich konnte die Untersuchung potentieller Protein-Protein-Interaktionen auf eine schwache Interaktion zwischen MNU1 und PRORP1, sowie MNU2 und PRORP1 hinweisen, nicht aber auf eine Interaktion zwischen MNU1 und MNU2. In einer weiteren Analyse der subzellulären Lokalisation der beiden putativen mitochondrialen Nukleasen MNU3, MNU5 und MNU6 gelang der Nachweis einer mitochondrialen Lokalisation von MNU3 und MNU6, nicht aber für MNU5. Auch der Versuch zur Etablierung einer Vierfachmutante durch den Knockout der Gene MNU3 und MNU6 mit Hilfe des CRISPR-Cas9-Systems in der Doppelknockoutmutante mnu1-2/mnu2-1 blieb ohne Erfolg., The main focus of this thesis was the characterisation of the putative mitochondrial nuclease MNU2 by in vivo and in vitro experiments. MNU2 contains two potential RNA-binding Lotus-domains as well a NYN-domain with a putative nuclease function. As a knockout of MNU2 affects the transcript level and pattern of ccmFN2, nad3-rps12 and nad9, MNU2 was thought to act as a nuclease regarding 5´-processing of mitochondrial transcripts. The Northern blot analyses of total RNA from different MNU2 mutants indicated that a deletion of the WW- or OHA-domain does not interfere with protein function. In contrast, the deletion of different domain combinations always inactivated MNU2. While the mutation of conserved amino acids in the Lotus2-domain had no influence on the processing of the nad3-rps12-transcript, the mutation of analogue amino acids in the Lotus1-domain abolished the function of MNU2. However, the mutation of conserved aspartate- and glutamate-residues in the NYN-domain caused an inactivation of MNU2 only in some of the investigated plants. In vitro analyses of a fusion protein consisting of the Arabidopsis RNaseP PRORP1 and the NYN-domain of MNU2 could not detect a nuclease activity for the PRORP1 minimal substrate. Processing assays with recombinant, partially purified MNU2 indicate an endonucleolytic cut within a ssRNA substrate, whereas no processing of a dsRNA or another ssRNA with a different fluorescent labelling could be observed. Also, MNU2 did not process RNA substrates with an internal secondary structure. Additionally, the investigation of potential protein-protein interactions suggested a weak interaction between MNU1 and PRORP1 as well as between MNU2 and PRORP1. An interaction between MNU1 and MNU2 could not be detected. In an additional analysis of the subcellular localisation of the putative mitochondrial nucleases MNU3, MNU5 and MNU6, a mitochondrial localisation was found for MNU3 and MNU6, but not MNU5. Furthermore, the attempt to establish a quadruple mutant by a knockout of MNU3 and MNU6 in the double knockout mutant mnu1-2/mnu2-1 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system was not successful.
Published: 2023
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2. Structural gradients and anisotropic hydraulic conductivity in the enigmatic eel traps of carnivorous corkscrew plants (Genliseaspp.)

Author: Cora Carmesin, Thomas Speck, Simon Poppinga, Andreas Fleischmann, Anna S. Westermeier, Steven Jansen, and Matthias M. Klepsch
Subjects: Water flow, Lentibulariaceae, water flow, Prey capture, Hydraulics, Soil permeability, Plant Science, Hydraulic conductivity, Animal-plant relationships, Genetics, plant-animal interaction, Petrology, Anisotropy, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, functional morphology, biology, Carnivorous Plant, Carnivorous plants, Fleischfressende Pflanzen, Trap (plumbing), prey capture, biology.organism_classification, Glandular Pattern, prey retention, Lamiales, trapping mechanism, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, rhizophyll, Wasserschlauchgewächse, hydraulic conductivity, Genlisea
Abstract: Premise Among the sophisticated trap types in carnivorous plants, the underground eel traps of corkskrew plants (Genlisea spp., Lentibulariaceae) are probably the least understood in terms of their functional principle. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of structural and hydraulic features of G. hispidula traps, contributing to the ongoing debate on whether these traps can actively generate water streams to promote prey capture. Methods Anatomical and hydraulic traits of detached traps, including inner trap diameters, chamber line element, hair length, glandular pattern, and hydraulic conductivity, were investigated quantitatively using light and electron microscopy, x‐ray microtomography, and hydraulic measurements. Results Hydraulic resistivity in the neck of the trap, from the trap mouth toward the vesicle (digestive chamber) was 10 times lower than in the opposite direction. The comparison of measured and theoretical flow rates suggests that the retrorse hairs inside trap necks also provide considerable resistance against movement of matter toward the vesicle. Hairs showed a gradient in length along the neck, with the shortest hairs near the vesicle. Co‐occurrence of quadrifid and bifid glands was limited to a small part of the neck, with quadrifids near the vesicle and bifids toward the trap mouth. Conclusions The combination of structural gradients with hydraulic anisotropy suggests the trap is a highly fine‐tuned system based on likely trade‐offs between efficient prey movement in the trap interior toward the vesicle, prey retention, and spatial digestion capacities and is not counter to the generation of water streams., publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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3. Population genomic analysis of the rapid expansion of the fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica in Europe

Author: Vidal-Villarejo, Mireia, Freund, Fabian, Schmid, Karl, Hanekamp, Hendrik, and Von Tiedemann, Andreas
Subjects: Demographic history, DDC 570 / Life sciences, ddc:580, Koaleszenztheorie, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, ddc:570, Setosphaeria turcica, Transgenic plants, Coalescent theory, Population structure, Genetic diversity
Abstract: The maize fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica has been expanding into Central Europe since the 1980s. We analyse its genetic diversity sampled across Europe and compare it with genetic diversity outside of Europe. Using clustering, phylogenetic and coalescent-based approaches, we find evidence for several clonal lineages across Europe that are rapidly expanding and have only recently emerged. The genetic diversity within the clonal lineages does not seem to be shaped mainly by pervasive selection, but can be explained by a growing population, potentially due to the massive increase in maize production in Central Europe., publishedVersion
Published: 2022

4. Analyse der atp6-2-, nad3-rps12- und nad4L-atp4-mRNA-Polymorphismen in Arabidopsis Mitochondrien und Identifizierung an der RNA-Prozessierung beteiligter Faktoren

Author: Schleicher, Sarah, Binder, Stefan, and Eikmanns, Bernhard
Subjects: Mitochondrium, Arabidopsis thaliana, RNA-Prozessierung, RFL, PPR, Mitochondrien, Mitochondria, Ackerschmalwand, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, RNA, RPF, RNS-Bindungsproteine, Prozessierung, 5'-Enden
Abstract: In Arabidopsis thaliana werden viele mitochondriale RNAs posttranskriptional gereift. An diesen Modifikationen sind u.a. Pentatricopeptid Repeat Proteine (PPR) beteiligt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die mitochondrialen Transkripte nad3-rps12, nad4L-atp4 und atp6-2, für die in verschiedenen Arabidopsis Akzessionen mRNA-Polymorphismen auftreteten, dahingehend untersucht, welche Faktoren jeweils an der Reifung der Transkripte beteiligt sind. RNA Prozessierungsfaktor 8 (RPF8) ist dabei maßgeblich an der Prozessierung von nad3-rps12-mRNAs mit 5'-Ende bei -141 in Van-0 und Pi-2* beteiligt, während ohne RPF1 eine effiziente Generierung des 5'-Termini bei -318 in nad4L-atp4-Transkripten nicht erfolgen kann. Für die beiden untersuchten Ko-Transkripte existieren weitere Faktoren, die an der Bildung weiterer Traskript-Spezies beteiligt sind. Bei atp6-2 handelt es sich um ein nicht essentielles Gen, das in vielen Akzessionen nicht vorhanden ist. Ökotypen, die atp6-2-DNA besitzen weisen stark unterschiedliche Transkriptmengen und -muster auf. Ein ursächlicher Faktor ist auf dem unteren Arm von Chromosom 1 zu suchen. Auch bei der Bildung von atp6-2-mRNAs spielen mehrere Faktoren eine Rolle.
Published: 2022

5. Lianas and trees from a seasonally dry and a wet tropical forest did not differ in embolism resistance but did differ in xylem anatomical traits in the dry forest

Author: Smith-Martin, Chris M., Jansen, Steven, Brodribb, Timothy J., Medina-Vega, José A., Lucani, Christopher, Huppenberger, Andrea, and Powers, Jennifer S.
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, plant functional traits, Ecology, P optical vulnerability technique, Forestry, P50 optical vulnerability technique, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), plant hydraulic strategies, woody plant growth forms, Panama, Isthmus of (Panama), Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Isthmus of Panama, DDC 570 / Life sciences, ddc:580, Dürreresistenz, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, ddc:570, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, canopy crane, rainfall gradient, xylem intervessel pit membranes, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: One of the most prominent changes in neotropical forests has been the increase in abundance and size of lianas. Studies suggest that lianas have more acquisitive strategies than trees, which could allow them to take advantage of water more effectively when it is available in water-limited forests, but few studies compared across growth form (i.e., lianas vs. trees) and forest type (i.e., wet vs. seasonally dry). We measured hydraulic and anatomical traits of co-occurring lianas and trees that convey drought resistance (xylem embolism resistance and intervessel pit membranes) and water transport capacity (xylem vessel diameter and density) in a seasonally dry and a wet evergreen tropical forest to address: (1) Are there differences between vulnerability to embolisms (P50—water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) and hydraulic safety margins (HSM) across growth form and forest type? (2) How do vessel diameter and density vary across growth form and forest type? (3) Are there differences in xylem intervessel pit membrane thickness across growth form and forest type and does it predict xylem embolism vulnerability in trees and lianas? We examined hydraulic and xylem anatomical traits of 32 species—eight lianas and eight trees in each forest type. We found no difference in P50 and HSMs between lianas and trees and between the wetter and drier forest. Dry forest lianas had 81% greater maximum vessel diameter and 125% greater range in vessel diameter sizes than dry forest trees but, there was no significant difference between life forms in the wet forest. Dry forest species had 50% greater vessel density and 30% greater maximum pit membrane thickness than wet forest ones. Maximum pit membrane thickness was correlated to P50 and HSMs. The main difference between lianas and trees occurred in the dry forest, where lianas had larger maximum xylem vessel size than trees, implying that they have proportionally greater hydraulic conductive capacity than the trees in seasonal forests., publishedVersion
Published: 2022

6. Concepts to reduce risk of toxification by pyrrolizidine alkaloids : studying extraction behavior of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and development of a selective adsorbing material based on molecular imprinting

Author: Kopp, Thomas, Mizaikoff, Boris, and Barth, Holger
Subjects: DDC 540 / Chemistry & allied sciences, ddc:580, Pyrrolizidines, Solvent extraction, Extraktion, Medicinal plants, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, ddc:540, Echium, Pyrrolizidinalkaloide, Natternkopf, MIP
Abstract: Literature research on extraction and analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in 14 PA containing medicinal plants reveal that although much is already being done, still much remains to be done. Many research groups extract or analyze PAs in different ways. But only a few have addressed the extraction efficiency of the procedures they applied. It could be shown, if wrong conditions were chosen, a loss in PA content due to degradation or low recovery occur. On the other hand, with the right conditions, an increased recovery is achieved. Considering parameters like, solvent, pH, temperature, time or even pressure, it was shown that best extraction yields were achieved if the plant material is extracted for short-time periods under pressure at elevated temperatures below 100��C with a mixture of organic solvent and water under acidic conditions. On this basis first extraction trials were carried out with acclerated solvent extraction (ASE), which combine automatization and sustainable working conditions (e.g. small volumes, rapid heating) and is therefore more advantageous than commonly used techniques. Senecio jacobaeae, Tussilago farfara and Symphytum officinale were extracted to cover a wide range of possible matrices and PA structure variations. To investigate best extraction conditions parameters like kind of aqueous solvent (different acids or ammonia), concentration or temperature were varied. It was shown, that depending on PA structure, extraction conditions have to be adjusted. If labile functionalities are apparent in side chain, medium conditions are suitable. If all contained PAs have rugged structures more drastic conditions can be applied. Comparing the results of ASE extractions with the extraction procedure of the official internally validated Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) method, it could be shown that applying ASE with a mixture of organic solvent and water under acidic conditions, at elevated temperatures with pressurization result in strongly increased extraction efficiencies. Hence recoveries of 156.5% for Tussilago farfara, 174.4% for Senecio jacobaeae and 288.7% for Symphytum officinale could be achieved compared to extraction with a mixture of aqueous formic acid (w=0.01) and methanol (1:1, v/v)). In order to reduce contamination of herbal extracts or preparations with toxic PAs, an adsorptive material based on molecular group imprinting was developed. That approach tries to create selective cavities for a whole substance family by using one substance as template. It could be shown that a monocrotaline imprinted polymer is suitable for binding 28 different PAs and their N-oxides. Comparison with common used solid phase extraction (SPE) materials reveal that the created MIP show better characteristics for binding of PAs than C18- particles. On the other hand, only similar binding for free bases and a decreased binding of N-oxides was achieved if compared with strong cation exchange (SCX)- material. Applying this imprinted polymer in matrix trials, using an methanolic extract of Chelidonium majus impurified with Echium vulgare, confirmed the good binding characterstics of monocrotaline imprinted polymer towards PAs but disclosed additional interactions with other alkaloids inherent in the extract like berberine, chelidonine and coptisine. It is assumed that binding of PAs to MIP is induced by the tertiary nitrogen center common to all alkaloids. Apart from the observed interaction with other inherent alkaloids, further analytical leading compounds of Chelidonium majus were not affected by polymer treatment of solution. Based on the assumption that binding occur mainly on the tertiary nitrogen center, an alternative approach of core imprinting was tried. In contrast to molecular group imprinting core imprinting focusses only on one functionality for creating selective binding sites. Alternative imprinted polymers (triethylamine, tetraethylammonium) were compared with a monocrotaline based polymer. It was shown that better rebinding could be achieved if triethylamine is used in a fivefold or the combination of triethylamine and tetraethylammonium in a ninefold excess. Matrix trials were carried out in methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Mentha piperita, Chelidonium majus, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Matricaria chamomilla, respectively. All of them were impurified by an extract of Echium vulgare. Echimidine and Echimidine-N-oxides were depleted in good ratios of 31.8-70.0% and 26.1-45.1%, respectively. Analytical leading compounds in methanolic solution were not affected. On the other hand, the content of apigenine-7-glycoside was reduced by about 10% in ethanolic solution, verifying a solvent dependent rebinding behavior, like that shown for PAs. All in all, core imprinting was shown to be a good and cheap alternative for creating selective cavities in polymer matrices for depletion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. This is an important prerequisite for allowing a good scale-up.
Published: 2022

7. Variation in Tracheid Dimensions of Conifer Xylem Reveals Evidence of Adaptation to Environmental Conditions

Author: Hugh Morris, Yajin Li, Filip Vandelook, Steven Jansen, and Jingming Zheng
Subjects: tracheid wall thickness, NORTHERN, Plant Science, Biology, soil, SB1-1110, TREE-RINGS, R PACKAGE, CELL-SIZE, climate, VULNERABILITY, Science & Technology, Ecology, Plant Sciences, Xylem, Plant culture, latitude, CLIMATE, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, GLOBAL ANALYSIS, Variation (linguistics), ddc:580, Klima, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Tracheid, GROWING-SEASON, tracheid diameter, Soils, Adaptation, xylem structure, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, WOOD ANATOMY, RESPONSES
Abstract: Globally distributed extant conifer species must adapt to various environmental conditions, which would be reflected in their xylem structure, especially in the tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood. With an anatomical trait dataset of 78 conifer species growing throughout China, an interspecific study within a phylogenetic context was conducted to quantify variance of tracheid dimensions and their response to climatic and soil conditions. There was a significant difference in tracheid diameter between earlywood and latewood while no significant difference was detected in tracheid wall thickness through a phylogenetically paired t-test. Through a phylogenetic principle component analysis, Pinaceae species were found to be strongly divergent in their tracheid structure in contrast to a conservative tracheid structure in species of Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, and Podocarpaceae. Tracheid wall thickness decreased from high to low latitudes in both earlywood and latewood, with tracheid diameter decreasing for latewood only. According to the most parsimonious phylogenetic general least square models, environment and phylogeny together could explain about 21∼56% of tracheid structure variance. Our results provide insights into the effects of climate and soil on the xylem structure of conifer species thus furthering our understanding of the trees’ response to global change., publishedVersion
Published: 2022
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8. The risk of embolism formation in relation to summer drought, xylem anatomy, and sap chemistry of temperate angiosperm trees

Author: Guan, Xinyi, Jansen, Steven, and Kazda, Marian
Subjects: hydraulic safety margin, polar lipids, Lipide, pit characteristics, fungi, food and beverages, Nanopartikel, xylem embolism resistance, vessel network, summer drought, xylem sap, humanities, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Nanoparticles
Abstract: In this disseration, three chapters are included, with each chapter focusing on different aspects of water transport in plant xylem. In Chapter 1, the risks of embolism formation in both stem and leaf xylem for temperate angiosperm trees during summer drought, and difference in xylem embolism resistance between leaves and stems were studied. The results suggested that stem and leaf xylem of temperate angiosperm tress in Ulm experienced minimal embolism formation during the moderate summer drought in 2019 and 2020; Leaf xylem of the ten species studied is not more vulnerable to embolism than stem xylem, which is further supported by similar intervessel pit membrane thickness in both organs. In Chapter 2, I examined how proximity of pre-existing gas embolism and vessel segmentation would influence embolism spreading. By comparing xylem embolism resistance between deatached leaves and leaves attached to branches, and between intact leaves and leaves with cut minor veins., the results concludes that embolism spreading between intact vessels may not only depend on a certain pressure threshold between the sap-filled and gas-filed conduits, but also on the proximity to gas source. In Chapter 3, I focused on the link of nanoparticle and lipid concentration of xylem sap in different seasons, and their relation with xylem anatomy. I found that nanoparticles and polar lipids are artefact-free components in xylem sap, and mostly do not cross intervessel pit membranes. Their concentrations are largely affected by vessel anatomy among different species. These studies provided important information for helping us understand the risk of embolism formation of temperate angiosperm tress from different aspects.
Published: 2022
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9. Determining the optical properties of apple tissue and their dependence on physiological and morphological characteristics during maturation. Part 1: Spatial frequency domain imaging

Author: Roy McCormick, Ansgar Hohmann, Steffen Nothelfer, Konni Biegert, Alwin Kienle, and Stefan A. Lohner
Subjects: Chlorophyll, Streuung, Apfel, Frucht, Spatial frequency domain imaging, OPTIMIZED INTEGRATING SPHERE, SCATTERING PROPERTIES, Horticulture, Absorption, chemistry.chemical_compound, Image processing, PRECISE DETERMINATION, RESOLVED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, ddc:530, Strength of materials, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Apples, Scattering, Chemistry, DDC 530 / Physics, Apple maturation, FIRMNESS, food and beverages, Starch, WAVELENGTH RANGE, Vascular bundle, DDC 600 / Technology (Applied sciences), Cortex (botany), Wavelength, ddc:580, TURBID MEDIA, Attenuation coefficient, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Fruit, Scattering (Physics), Biophysics, Stärke, Festigkeit, Spatial frequency, Bildverarbeitung, Starch degradation, Agronomy and Crop Science, ddc:600, Food Science
Abstract: Relying on the optical properties of apple tissue for nondestructive quality or maturity prediction requires a detailed understanding of the dependence on its structure and ongoing physiological processes. In this study, a multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) setup was used to investigate local changes in the effective scattering coefficient µ's and absorption coefficient µa related to vascular bundles or heterogeneous starch distribution. Weekly measurements during the maturation period for the cultivars `Elstar', `Gala', `Jonagold', and `Braeburn' allowed further study of how different ripening processes affect the scattering and absorption properties. The results show both a characteristic location-dependent decrease of µ's between the cortex and core region of up to 30 % and an additional temporal decrease of up to 35 % during maturation. The absolute changes depended strongly on the respective cultivar. In general, transport structures such as vascular bundles led to a local decrease of µ's in combination with an increased absorption in the spectral regions that can be attributed to water and chlorophyll b. To our knowledge, it was demonstrated for the first time that the presence of starch granules in the cortex of immature apples had a significant effect on µ's, associated with an increase of up to 60 %. Based on the temporal development of µa, the buildup and degradation of important plant pigments in the cortex during the maturation period could be traced. At a wavelength of 656 nm, a decrease in chlorophyll content and at 447 nm, an increase in carotenoid content was observed upon reaching ripeness. Thus, SFDI proved capable of providing deeper insight into the heterogeneous optical properties of apple tissue and linking these properties to physiological variables. Part 2 of this study investigates the observed effects from a theoretical point of view based on a Mie model considering microstructural properties., acceptedVersion
Published: 2021

10. Differential Evolutionary History in Visual and Olfactory Floral Cues of the Bee-Pollinated Genus Campanula (Campanulaceae)

Author: Manfred Ayasse, Stefan Dötterl, Samuel Prieto-Benítez, Paulo Milet-Pinheiro, and Pablo Sandro Carvalho Santos
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Campanula, DDC 590 / Animals (Zoology), genetic structures, Mutualismus, phylogenetic PCA, floral trait evolution, Plant Science, floral scents, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, pollinator-mediated selection, Article, Pollination by insects, 03 medical and health sciences, DDC 570 / Life sciences, ddc:590, Mutualism, Pollinator, Phylogenetics, Genus, ddc:570, phylogenetic inertia, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, bee vision, Mutualism (biology), Phylogenetic inertia, Campanulaceae, Ecology, biology, Phylogenetic tree, bee olfaction, fungi, Botany, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, Glockenblume, ddc:580, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, QK1-989, floral color
Abstract: Visual and olfactory floral signals play key roles in plant-pollinator interactions. In recent decades, studies investigating the evolution of either of these signals have increased considerably. However, there are large gaps in our understanding of whether or not these two cue modalities evolve in a concerted manner. Here, we characterized the visual (i.e., color) and olfactory (scent) floral cues in bee-pollinated Campanula species by spectrophotometric and chemical methods, respectively, with the aim of tracing their evolutionary paths. We found a species-specific pattern in color reflectance and scent chemistry. Multivariate phylogenetic statistics revealed no influence of phylogeny on floral color and scent bouquet. However, univariate phylogenetic statistics revealed a phylogenetic signal in some of the constituents of the scent bouquet. Our results suggest unequal evolutionary pathways of visual and olfactory floral cues in the genus Campanula. While the lack of phylogenetic signal on both color and scent bouquet points to external agents (e.g., pollinators, herbivores) as evolutionary drivers, the presence of phylogenetic signal in at least some floral scent constituents point to an influence of phylogeny on trait evolution. We discuss why external agents and phylogeny differently shape the evolutionary paths in floral color and scent of closely related angiosperms., publishedVersion
Published: 2021

11. Specialization for Tachinid Fly Pollination in the Phenologically Divergent Varieties of the Orchid Neotinea ustulata

Author: Carlos Martel, Demetra Rakosy, Stefan Dötterl, Steven D. Johnson, Manfred Ayasse, Hannes F. Paulus, L. Anders Nilsson, Hans Mejlon, and Jana Jersáková
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Neotinea ustulata, Pollination, Evolution, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, pollinator efficiency, Pollinator, Specialization (functional), Reproductive biology, QH359-425, food deception, pollinator specialization, QH540-549.5, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Anthophora, Bestäuber, floral scent, Ekologi, Ecology, biology, Pollinators, flower morphology, biology.organism_classification, ddc:580, Inflorescence, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Tachina, flower color, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Despite increased focus on elucidating the various reproductive strategies employed by orchids, we still have only a rather limited understanding of deceptive pollination systems that are not bee- or wasp-mediated. In Europe, the orchid Neotinea ustulata has been known to consist of two phenologically divergent varieties, neither of which provide rewards to its pollinators. However, detailed studies of their reproductive biology have been lacking. Our study aimed to characterize and understand the floral traits (i.e., morphology, color, and scent chemistry) and reproductive biology of N. ustulata. We found that the two varieties differ in all their floral traits; furthermore, while Neotinea ustulata var. ustulata appears to be pollinated by both bees (e.g., Anthophora, Bombus) and flies (e.g., Dilophus, Tachina), var. aestivalis is pollinated almost entirely by flies (i.e., Nowickia, Tachina). Tachinids were also found to be much more effective than bees in removing pollinaria, and we show experimentally that they use the characteristic dark inflorescence top as a cue for approaching inflorescences. Our results thus suggest that while both N. ustulata varieties rely on tachinids for pollination, they differ in their degree of specialization. Further studies are, however, needed to fully understand the reproductive strategy of N. ustulata varieties., publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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12. Hormones as go‐betweens in plant microbiome assembly

Author: Luke Richards, Ruth Eichmann, and Patrick Schäfer
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, plant evolution, Symbiose, Cyclopentanes, Plant Science, Biology, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Plant Growth Regulators, Symbiosis, Si Phytohormones 2021, Genetics, microbiota, Plants Development, Ecosystem, Oxylipins, Microbiome, Plant evolution, Rhizosphere, Indoleacetic Acids, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, Cell Biology, Ethylenes, Plants, 030104 developmental biology, ddc:580, Plants Evolution, Habitat, endosphere, Plant Hormone Functions and Interactions in Biological Systems, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Rhizosphäre, plant development, Adaptation, Salicylic Acid, Phyllosphere, Abscisic Acid, Signal Transduction, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Summary The interaction of plants with complex microbial communities is the result of co‐evolution over millions of years and contributed to plant transition and adaptation to land. The ability of plants to be an essential part of complex and highly dynamic ecosystems is dependent on their interaction with diverse microbial communities. Plant microbiota can support, and even enable, the diverse functions of plants and are crucial in sustaining plant fitness under often rapidly changing environments. The composition and diversity of microbiota differs between plant and soil compartments. It indicates that microbial communities in these compartments are not static but are adjusted by the environment as well as inter‐microbial and plant–microbe communication. Hormones take a crucial role in contributing to the assembly of plant microbiomes, and plants and microbes often employ the same hormones with completely different intentions. Here, the function of hormones as go‐betweens between plants and microbes to influence the shape of plant microbial communities is discussed. The versatility of plant and microbe‐derived hormones essentially contributes to the creation of habitats that are the origin of diversity and, thus, multifunctionality of plants, their microbiota and ultimately ecosystems., Significance Statement Plants and all their tissues are inhabited by, surrounded by and, thus, in interactions with complex microbial communities. Plant hormones drive the establishment of these communities, termed microbiota, which add a diversity of functions to plants that are crucial for plant fitness under changing environments since the time of land colonisation.
Published: 2021

13. Floral cues of non-host plants attract oligolectic chelostoma rapunculi bees

Author: Burger, Hannah, Joos, Nadine, and Ayasse, Manfred
Subjects: Flowers Odor, Malva, Ecology, Evolution, fungi, Malve, food and beverages, Color, Campanula, Spiroacetals, ddc:580, DDC 570 / Life sciences, ddc:570, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, QH359-425, Pollen-specialist bee, Floral scent, Geraniums, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Oligolectic bees are highly dependent on the availability of the host plants to which they are specialized. Nevertheless, females of Chelostoma rapunculi have recently been monitored occasionally to visit Malva moschata and Geranium sanguineum flowers, in addition to their well-known Campanula spp. hosts. The questions therefore arise which floral cues promote visits to non-host plants. As host-specific floral cues are key attractants for oligolectic bees, we have studied the attractiveness of olfactory and visual cues of the established host Campanula trachelium in comparison to the non-host plants G. sanguineum and M. moschata in behavioral experiments. Chemical and electrophysiological analyses of the floral scent and spectral measurements of floral colors were used to compare and contrast host and non-host plants. The behavioral experiments showed that foraging-na��ve bees, in particular, were attracted by olfactory cues of the non-host plants, and that they did not favor the Campanula host scent in choice experiments. Many electrophysiologically active floral volatiles were present in common in the studied plants, although each species produced an individual scent profile. Spiroacetals, the key components that enable C. rapunculi to recognize Campanula hosts, were detected in trace amounts in Geranium but could not be proved to occur in Malva. The visual floral cues of all species were particularly attractive for foraging-experienced bees. The high attractiveness of G. sanguineum and M. moschata flowers to C. rapunculi bees and the floral traits that are similar to the Campanula host plants can be a first step to the beginning of a host expansion or change which, however, rarely occurs in oligolectic bees., publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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14. No gas source, no problem: proximity to pre‐existing embolism and segmentation affect embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem by gas diffusion

Author: Guan, Xinyi, Pereira, Luciano, McAdam, Scott A. M., Cao, Kun‐Fang, and Jansen, Steven
Subjects: ddc:580, Dürre, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, drought stress, bordered pits, pneumatic method, vessel network, optical method, Droughts
Abstract: Embolism spreading in dehydrating angiosperm xylem is driven by gas movement between embolized and sap-filled conduits. Here we examine how the proximity to pre-existing embolism and hydraulic segmentation affect embolism propagation. Based on the optical method, we compare xylem embolism resistance between detached leaves and leaves attached to branches, and between intact leaves and leaves with cut minor veins, for six species. Embolism resistance of detached leaves was significantly lower than that of leaves attached to stems, except for two species, with all vessels ending in their petioles. Cutting of minor veins showed limited embolism spreading in minor veins near the cuts prior to major veins. Moreover, despite strong agreement in the overall embolism resistance of detached leaves between the optical and pneumatic method, minor differences were observed during early stages of embolism formation. We conclude that embolism resistance may represent a relative trait due to an open-xylem artefact, with embolism spreading possibly affected by the proximity and connectivity to pre-existing embolism as a gas source, while hydraulic segmentation prevents such artefact. Since embolism formation may not rely on a certain pressure difference threshold between functional and embolized conduits, we speculate that embolism is facilitated by pressure-driven gas diffusion across pit membranes., publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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15. Determining the optical properties of apple tissue and their dependence on physiological and morphological characteristics during fruit maturation. Part 2: Mie's theory

Author: Steffen Nothelfer, Roy McCormick, Ansgar Hohmann, Alwin Kienle, Stefan A. Lohner, and Konni Biegert
Subjects: Materials science, Streuung, WHEAT-STARCH GRANULES, Mie scattering, Refractive index, OPTIMIZED INTEGRATING SPHERE, Horticulture, Intercellular space, Molecular physics, SINGLE-SCATTERING, Light scattering, CROSS-SECTIONS, PRECISE DETERMINATION, Radiative transfer, RESOLVED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, ddc:530, Brechungsindexprofil, Middle lamella, Interzellularsystem, Scattering, DDC 530 / Physics, Lichtstreuung, Scattering (Light), Weizenstärke, DDC 600 / Technology (Applied sciences), TIME, Core (optical fiber), Light--Scattering, Zellwand, Integrating sphere, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Content (measure theory), Scattering (Physics), Strahlungstransport, Starch degradation, Agronomy and Crop Science, ddc:600, Cell walls, Food Science
Abstract: Mie's theory was used to develop a theoretical model to describe light propagation in apple tissue based on its microstructural properties. Taking into account the size distributions and volume fractions of intercellular space and starch granules, which are known in detail from previous studies, the model predicted a decrease in the effective scattering coefficient µ's of about 30 % during maturation. For the lateral change of µ's within a ripe apple, the model predicted an increase up to 35 % from core to skin. In both cases, the relative changes agree well with the experimental results obtained with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and an integrating sphere setup. Based on the model, at least 70 % of total µ's is attributable to intercellular space, which accordingly plays a dominant role in the temporal and lateral change of scattering. Using an extended Mie model for layered particles assuming a dense cell structure, a negligible effect on µ's was observed for the cell wall. However, for cells separated from the surrounding tissue by a narrow air gap (e.g. dissolution of the middle lamella), µ's was 20 % higher than for cells theoretically isolated in air. Lastly, it was shown that an increase in soluble solids content (SSC) during maturation by up to 15 % and the associated higher refractive index in the cells led to an increase in µ's by about 3-5 % compared to the case without considering SSC. Overall, the application of Mie's theory proved suitable to investigate the influence of different morphological structures on light scattering in apple tissue., acceptedVersion
Published: 2021
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16. Bumblebee behavior on flowers, but not initial attraction, is altered by short-term drought stress

Author: Höfer, Rebecca J., Ayasse, Manfred, and Kuppler, Jonas
Subjects: fungi, Temperatur, Temperature, food and beverages, Plant Science, lcsh:Plant culture, Soil water availability, Cruciferae, ddc:580, Pollinator behavior, Floral traits, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Kreuzblütler, Brassicaceae, Climate change, lcsh:SB1-1110, Original Research
Abstract: Climate change is leading to increasing drought and higher temperatures, both of which reduce soil water levels and consequently water availability for plants. This reduction often induces physiological stress in plants, which in turn can affect floral development and production inducing phenotypic alterations in flowers. Because flower visitors notice and respond to small differences in floral phenotypes, changes in trait expression can alter trait-mediated flower visitor behavior. Temperature is also known to affect floral scent emission and foraging behavior and, therefore, might modulate trait-mediated flower visitor behavior. However, the link between changes in flower visitor behavior and floral traits in the context of increasing drought and temperature is still not fully understood. In a wind-tunnel experiment, we tested the behavior of 66 Bombus terrestris individuals in response to watered and drought-stressed Sinapis arvensis plants and determined whether these responses were modulated by air temperature. Further, we explored whether floral traits and drought treatment were correlated with bumblebee behavior. The initial attractiveness of drought and watered plants did not differ, as the time to first visit was similar. However, bumblebees visited watered plants more often, their visitation rate to flowers was higher on watered plants, and bumblebees stayed for longer, indicating that watered plants were more attractive for foraging. Bumblebee behavior differed between floral trait expressions, mostly independently of treatment, with larger inflorescences and flowers leading to a decrease in the time until the first flower visit and an increase in the number of visits and the flower visitation rate. Temperature modulated bumblebee activity, which was highest at 25°C; the interaction of drought/water treatment and temperature led to higher visitation rate on watered plants at 20°C, possibly as a result of higher nectar production. Thus, bumblebee behavior is influenced by the watered status of plants, and bumblebees can recognize differences in intraspecific phenotypes involving morphological traits and scent emission, despite overall morphological traits and scent emission not being clearly separated between treatments. Our results indicate that plants are able to buffer floral trait expressions against short-term drought events, potentially to maintain pollinator attraction., publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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17. In Arabidopsis thaliana Substrate Recognition and Tissue- as Well as Plastid Type-Specific Expression Define the Roles of Distinct Small Subunits of Isopropylmalate Isomerase

Author: Lächler, Kurt, Clauss, Karen, Imhof, Janet, Crocoll, Christoph, Schulz, Alexander, Halkier, Barbara Ann, and Binder, Stefan
Subjects: Arabidopsis thaliana, Isopropylmalate, Plant Science, lcsh:Plant culture, Plastide, leucine biosynthesis, isopropylmalate isomerase, Ackerschmalwand, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, lcsh:SB1-1110, Plastids, methionine-derived glucosinolates, plastids, Original Research
Abstract: In Arabidopsis thaliana, the heterodimeric isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) is composed of a single large (IPMI LSU1) and one of three different small subunits (IPMI SSU1 to 3). The function of IPMI is defined by the small subunits. IPMI SSU1 is required for Leu biosynthesis and has previously also been proposed to be involved in the first cycle of Met chain elongation, the first phase of the synthesis of Met-derived glucosinolates. IPMI SSU2 and IPMI SSU3 participate in the Met chain elongation pathway. Here, we investigate the role of the three IPMI SSUs through the analysis of the role of the substrate recognition region spanning five amino acids on the substrate specificity of IPMI SSU1. Furthermore, we analyze in detail the expression pattern of fluorophore-tagged IPMI SSUs throughout plant development. Our study shows that the substrate recognition region that differs between IPMI SSU1 and the other two IMPI SSUs determines the substrate preference of IPMI. Expression of IPMI SSU1 is spatially separated from the expression of IPMI SSU2 and IPMI SSU3, and IPMI SSU1 is found in small plastids, whereas IMPI SSU2 and SSU3 are found in chloroplasts. Our data show a distinct role for IMPI SSU1 in Leu biosynthesis and for IMPI SSU2 and SSU3 in the Met chain elongation pathway., publishedVersion
Published: 2020
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18. Root xylem in three woody angiosperm species is not more vulnerable to embolism than stem xylem

Author: Steven Jansen, Carmen Regina Marcati, Ya Zhang, Luciano Pereira, Thais Oya, Min Wu, Yulin Normal University, Ulm University, Anhui Normal University, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Agronomic Institute (IAC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, TENSION, Pneumatic method, Parenchyma, Plant, Parenchym (Botanik), Soil Science, Membrane thickness, Plant Science, Biology, DOUGLAS-FIR, 01 natural sciences, VESSEL DIAMETER, 03 medical and health sciences, Stängel, Botany, medicine, CAVITATION RESISTANCE, Wood Anatomy, Stems (Botany), WATER-STRESS, Acer campestre, Curves, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Xylem embolism resistance, Dürre, Anatomie, fungi, Significant difference, Plant physiology, food and beverages, Xylem, Kurve, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Roots, Droughts, Roots (Botany), ddc:580, Wasserstress, Embolism, Gas, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Stems, Anatomy, Transport system, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Aims Since plants are compartmentalised organisms, failure of their hydraulic transport system could differ between organs. We test here whether xylem tissue of stems and roots differ in their drought-induced embolism resistance, and whether intact roots are equally resistant to embolism than root segments. Methods Embolism resistance of stem and root xylem was measured based on the pneumatic technique for Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus and Corylus avellana, comparing also intact roots and root segments of C. avellana. Moreover, we compared anatomical features such as interconduit pit membrane between roots and stems. Results We found a higher embolism resistance for roots than stems, although a significant difference was only found for A. pseudoplatanus. Interconduit pit membrane thickness was similar for both organs of the two Acer species, but pit membranes were thicker in roots than stems of C. avellana. Also, embolism resistance of an intact root network was similar to thick root segments for C. avellana. Conclusion Our observations show that root xylem is not more vulnerable to embolism than stem xylem, although more species need to be studied to test if this finding can be generalised. We also demonstrated that the pneumatic method can be applied to non-terminal plant samples., publishedVersion
Published: 2020
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19. The analysis of the editing defects in the dyw2 mutant provides new clues for the prediction of RNA targets of arabidopsis E+-class PPR proteinsa

Author: Malbert, Bastien, Burger, Matthias Gordian, Lopez-Obando, Mauricio, Baudry, Kevin, Launay-Avon, Alexandra, H��rtel, Barbara, Verbitskiy, Daniil, Berthom��, Richard, Lurin, Claire, J��rg, Anja, Takenaka, Mizuki, and Delannoy, Etienne
Subjects: RNA editing, ddc:580, %22">Schmalwand , pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Arabidopsis, Schmalwand, genome containing organelles, mutants
Abstract: acceptedVersion
Published: 2020

20. Vertical stratification of seed��dispersing vertebrate communities and their interactions with plants in tropical forests

Author: Thiel, Sarina, Tschapka, Marco, Heymann, Eckhard W., and Heer, Katrin
Subjects: tropical forests, Primates, plant–animal interactions, Fledermäuse, Seeds Dispersal, non��flying small mammals, Tropischer Regenwald, plant��animal interactions, Obst, V��gel, Stratum, non‐flying small mammals, Fruits, Birds, ddc:580, DDC 570 / Life sciences, Animal-plant relationships, ddc:570, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Bats, frugivory, Primaten, Flederm��use, Vögel
Abstract: Vertical stratification (VS) is a widespread phenomenon in plant and animal communities in forests and a key factor for structuring their species richness and biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests. The organisms composing forest communities adjust and shape the complex three��dimensional structure of their environment and inhabit a large variety of niches along the vertical gradient of the forest. Even though the degree of VS varies among different vertebrate groups, patterns of compositional stratification can be observed across taxa. Communities of birds, bats, primates, and non��flying small mammals are vertically stratified in terms of abundance, species richness, diversity, and community composition. Frugivorous members of these taxa play important roles as seed dispersers and forage on fruit resources that, in turn, vary in quantity and nutritional value along the vertical gradient. As a consequence, plant��seed disperser interaction networks differ among strata, which is manifested in differences in interaction frequencies and the degree of mutual specialization. In general, the canopy stratum is composed of strong links and generalized associations, while the lower strata comprise weaker links and more specialized interactions. Investigating the VS of communities can provide us with a better understanding of species habitat restrictions, resource use, spatial movement, and species interactions. Especially in the face of global change, this knowledge will be important as these characteristics can imply different responses of species and taxa at a fine spatial scale., publishedVersion
Published: 2020
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21. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Author: Kattge, J., Bonisch, G., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Tautenhahn, S., Werner, G. D. A., Aakala, T., Abedi, M., Acosta, A. T. R., Adamidis, G. C., Adamson, K., Aiba, M., Albert, C. H., Alcantara, J. M., Alcazar, C C., Aleixo, I., Ali, H., Amiaud, B., Ammer, C., Amoroso, M. M., Anand, M., Anderson, C., Anten, N., Antos, J., Apgaua, D. M. G., Ashman, T. L., Asmara, D. H., Asner, G. P., Aspinwall, M., Atkin, O., Aubin, I., Baastrup-Spohr, L., Bahalkeh, K., Bahn, M., Baker, T., Baker, W. J., Bakker, J. P., Baldocchi, D., Baltzer, J., Banerjee, A., Baranger, A., Barlow, J., Barneche, D. R., Baruch, Z., Bastianelli, D., Battles, J., Bauerle, W., Bauters, M., Bazzato, E., Beckmann, M., Beeckman, H., Beierkuhnlein, C., Bekker, R., Belfry, G., Belluau, M., Beloiu, M., Benavides, R., Benomar, L., Berdugo-Lattke, M. L., Berenguer, E., Bergamin, R., Bergmann, J., Bergmann Carlucci, M., Berner, L., Bernhardt Romermann, M., Bigler, C., Bjorkman, A. D., Blackman, C., Blanco, C., Blonder, B., Blumenthal, D., Bocanegra Gonzalez, K. T., Boeckx, P., Bohlman, S., Bohning Gaese, K., Boisvert Marsh, L., Bond, W., Bond-Lamberty, B., Boom, A., Boonman, C. C. F., Bordin, K., Boughton, E. H., Boukili, V., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Bravo, S., Brende, l M. R., Broadley, M. R., Brown, K. A., Bruelheide, H., Brumnich, F., Bruun, H. H., Bruy, D., Buchanan, S. W., Bucher, S. F., Buchmann, N., Buitenwerf, R., Bunker, D. E., Burge, r J., Burrascano, S., Burslem, D. F. R. P., Butterfield, B. J., Byun, C., Marques, M., Scalon, M. C., Caccianiga, M., Cadotte, M., Cailleret, M., Camac, J., Camarero, J. J., Campany, C., Campetella, G., Campos, J. A., Cano Arboleda, L., Canullo, R., Carbognani, M., Carvalho, F., Casanoves, F., Castagneyrol, B., Catford, J. A., Cavender Bares, J., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Cervellini, M., Chacon Madrigal, E., Chapin, K., Chapin, F. S., Chelli, S., Chen, S. C., Chen, A., Cherubini, P., Chianucci, F., Choat, B., Chung, K. S., Chytry, M., Ciccarelli, D., Coll, L., Collins, C. G., Conti, L., Coomes, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Cornwell, W. K., Corona, P., Coyea, M., Craine, J., Craven, D., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Csecserits, A., Cufar, K., Cuntz, M., da Silva, A. C., Dahlin, K. M., Dainese, M., Dalke, I., Dalle Fratte, M., Dang Le, A. T., Danihelka, J., Dannoura, M., Dawson, S., de Beer, A. J., De Frutos, A., De Long, J. R., Dechant, B., Delagrange, S., Delpierre, N., Derroire, G., Dias, A. S., Diaz Toribio, M. H., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Dobrowolski, M., Doktor, D., Drevojan, P., Dong, N., Dransfield, J., Dressler, S., Duarte, L., Ducouret, E., Dullinger, S., Durka, W., Duursma, R., Dymova, O., E- Vojtko, A., Eckstein, R. L., Ejtehadi, H., Elser, J., Emilio, T., Engemann, K., Erfanian, M. B., Erfmeier, A., Esquivel Muelbert, A., Esser, G., Estiarte, M., Domingues, T. F., Fagan, W. F., Fagundez, J., Falster, D. S., Fan, Y., Fang, J., Farris, E., Fazlioglu, F., Feng, Y., Fernandez, Mendez, Ferrara, C., Ferreira, J., Fidelis, A., Finegan, B., Firn, J., Flowers, T. J., Flynn, D. F. B., Fontana, V., Forey, E., Forgiarini, C., Francois, L., Frangipani, M., Frank, D., Frenette Dussault, C., Freschet, G. T., Fry, E. L., Fyllas, N. M., Mazzochini, G. G., Gachet, S., Gallagher, R., Ganade, G., Ganga, F., Garcia Palacios, P., Gargaglione, V., Garnier, E., Garrido, J. L., de Gasper, A. L., Gea Izquierdo, G., Gibson, D., Gillison, A. N., Giroldo, A., Glasenhardt, M. C., Gleason, S., Gliesch, M., Goldberg, E., Goldel, B., Gonzalez Akre, E., Gonzalez Andujar, J. L., Gonzalez Melo, A., Gonzalez Robles, A., Graae, B. J., Granda, E., Graves, S., Green, W. A., Gregor, T., Gross, N., Guerin, G. R., Gunther, A., Gutierrez, A. G., Haddock, L., Haines, A., Hall, J., Hambuckers, A., Han, W., Harrison, S. P., Hattingh, W., Hawes, J. E., He, T., He, P., Heberling, J. M., Helm, A., Hempel, S., Hentschel, J., Herault, B., Heres, A. M., Herz, K., Heuertz, M., Hickler, T., Hietz, P., Higuchi, P., Hipp, A. L., Hirons, A., Hock, M., Hogan, J. A., Holl, K., Honnay, O., Hornstein, D., Hou, E., Hough Snee, N., Hovstad, K. A., Ichie, T., Igic, B., Illa, E., Isaac, M., Ishihara, M., Ivanov, L., Ivanova, L., Iversen, C. M., Izquierdo, J., Jackson, R. B., Jackson, B., Jactel, H., Jagodzinsk, A. M., Jandt, U., Jansen, S., Jenkins, T., Jentsch, A., Jespersen, J. R. P., Jiang, G. F., Johansen, J. L., Johnson, D., Jokela, E. J., Joly, C. A., Jordan, G. J., Joseph, G. S., Junaedi, D., Junker, R. R., Justes, E., Kabzems, R., Kane, J., Kaplan, Z., Kattenborn, T., Kavelenova, L., Kearsley, E., Kempel, A., Kenzo, T., Kerkhoff, A., Khalil, M. I., Kinlock, N. L., Kissling, W. D., Kitajima, K., Kitzberger, T., Kjoller, R., Klein, T., Kleyer, M., Klimesova, J., Klipel, J., Kloeppel, B., Klotz, S., Knops, J. M. H., Kohyama, T., Koike, F., Kollmann, J., Komac, B., Komatsu, K., Konig, C., Kraft, N. J. B., Kramer, K., Kreft, H., Kuhn, I., Kumarathune, D., Kuppler, J., Kurokawa, H., Kurosawa, Y., Kuyah, S., Laclau, J. P., Lafleur, B., Lallai, E., Lamb, E., Lamprecht, A., Larkin, D. J., Laughlin, D., Le Bagousse Pinguet, Y., le Maire, G., le Roux, P. C., le Roux, E., Lee, T., Lens, F., Lewis, S. L., Lhotsky, B., Li, Y., Li, X., Lichstein, J. W., Liebergesell, M., Lim, J. Y., Lin, Y. S., Linares, Y. C., Liu, C., Liu, D., Liu, U., Livingstone, S., Llusia, J., Lohbeck, M., Lopez Garcia, A., Lopez Gonzalez, G., Lososov, a Z., Louault, F., Lukacs, B. A., Lukes, P., Luo, Y., Lussu, M., Ma, S., Maciel Rabelo Pereira, C., Mack, M., Maire, V., Makela, A., Makinen, H., Malhado, A. C. M., Mallik, A., Manning, P., Manzoni, S., Marchetti, Z., Marchino, L., Marcilio Silva, V., Marcon, E., Marignani, M., Markesteijn, L., Martin, A., Martinez Garza, C., Martinez Vilalta, J., Maskova, T., Mason, K., Mason, N., Massad, T. J., Masse, J., Mayrose, I., Mccarthy, J., Mccormack, M. L., Mcculloh, K., Mcfadden, I., Mcgill, B. J., Mcpartland, M. Y., Medeiros, J., Medlyn, B., Meerts, P., Mehrabi, Z., Meir, P., Melo, F., P. L., Mencuccini, M., Meredieu, C., Messier, J., Meszaros, I., Metsaranta, J., Michaletz, S. T., Michelaki, C., Migalina, S., Milla, R., Miller, J., E. D., Minden, V., Ming, R., Mokany, K., Moles, A. T., Molnar, A., Molofsky, J., Molz, M., Montgomery, R. A., Monty, A., Moravcova, L., Moreno Martinez, A., Moretti, M., Mori, A. S., Mori, S., Morris, D., Morrison, J., Mucina, L., Mueller, S., Muir, C. D., Muller, S. C., Munoz, F., Myers Smith, I. H., Myster, R. W., Nagano, M., Naidu, S., Narayanan, A., Natesan, B., Negoita, L., Nelson, A. S., Neuschulz, E. L., Ni, J., Niedrist, G., Nieto, J., Niinemets, U., Nolan, R., Nottebrock, H., Nouvellon, Y., Novakovskiy, A., Nystuen, K. O., O'Grady, A., O'Hara, K., O'Reilly Nugent, A., Oakley, S., Oberhuber, W., Ohtsuka, T., Oliveira, R., Ollerer, K., Olson, M. E., Onipchenko, V., Onoda, Y., Onstein, R. E., Ordonez, J. C., Osada, N., Ostonen, I., Ottaviani, G., Otto, S., Overbeck, G. E., Ozinga, W. A., Pahl, A. T., Paine, C. E. T., Pakeman, R. J., Papageorgiou, A. C., Parfionova, E., Partel, M., Patacca, M., Paula, S., Paule, J., Pauli, H., Pausas, J., Peco, B., Penuelas, J., Perea, A., Peri, P. L., Petisco Souza, A. C., Petraglia, A., Petritan, A. M., Phillips, O. L., Pierce, S., Pillar, V. D., Pisek, J., Pomogaybin, A., Poorter, H., Portsmuth, A., Poschlod, P., Potvin, C., Pounds, D., Powell, A., Power, S. A., Prinzing, A., Puglielli, G., Pysek, P., Raevel, V., Rammig, A., Ransijn, J., Ray, C. A., Reich, P. B., Reichstein, M., Reid, D. E. B., Rejou Mechain, M., de Dios, V. R., Ribeiro, S., Richardson, S., Riibak, K., Rillig, M. C., Riviera, F., Robert, E. M. R., Roberts, S., Robroek, B., Roddy, A., Rodrigues, A. V., Rogers, A., Rollinson, E., Rolo, V., Romermann, C., Ronzhina, D., Roscher, C., Rosell, J. A., Rosenfield, M. F., Rossi, C., Roy, D. B., Royer Tardif, S., Ruger, N., Ruiz Peinado, R., Rumpf, S. B., Rusch, G. M., Ryo, M., Sack, L., Saldana, A., Salgado Negret, B., Salguero Gomez, R., Santa Regina, I., Santacruz Garcia, A. C., Santos, J., Sardans, J., Schamp, B., Scherer Lorenzen, M., Schleuning, M., Schmid, B., Schmidt, M., Schmitt, S., Schneider, J. V., Schowanek, S. D., Schrader, J., Schrodt, F., Schuldt, B., Schurr, F., Selaya Garvizu, G., Semchenko, M., Seymour, C., Sfair, J. C., Sharpe, J. M., Sheppard, C. S., Sheremetiev, S., Shiodera, S., Shipley, B., Shovon, T. A., Siebenkas, A., Sierra, C., Silva, V., Silva, M., Sitzia, T., Sjoman, H., Slot, M., Smith, N. G., Sodhi, D., Soltis, P., Soltis, D., Somers, B., Sonnier, G., Sorensen, M. V., Sosinski, E. E., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Souza, A. F., Spasojevic, M., Sperandii, M. G., Stan, A. B., Stegen, J., Steinbauer, K., Stephan, J. G., Sterck, F., Stojanovic, D. B., Strydom, T., Suarez, M. L., Svenning, J. C., Svitkova, I., Svitok, M., Svoboda, M., Swaine, E., Swenson, N., Tabarelli, M., Takagi, K., Tappeiner, U., Tarifa, R., Tauugourdeau, S., Tavsanoglu, C., te Beest, M., Tedersoo, L., Thiffault, N., Thom, D., Thomas, E., Thompson, K., Thornton, P. E., Thuiller, W., Tichy, L., Tissue, D., Tjoelker, M. G., Tng, D. Y. P., Tobias, J., Torok, P., Tarin, T., Torres Ruiz, J. M., Tothmeresz, B., Treurnicht, M., Trivellone, V., Trolliet, F., Trotsiuk, V., Tsakalos, J. L., Tsiripidis, I., Tysklind, N., Umehara, T., Usoltsev, V., Vadeboncoeur, M., Vaezi, J., Valladares, F., Vamosi, J., van Bodegom, P. M., van Breugel, M., Van Cleemput, E., van de Weg, M., van der Merwe, S., van der Plas, F., van der Sande, M. T., van Kleunen, M., Van Meerbeek, K., Vanderwel, M., Vanselow, K. A., Varhammar, A., Varone, L., Vasquez Valderrama, M. Y., Vassilev, K., Vellend, M., Veneklaas, E. J., Verbeeck, H., Verheyen, K., Vibrans, A., Vieira, I., Villacis, J., Violle, C., Vivek, P., Wagner, K., Waldram, M., Waldron, A., Walker, A . P., Waller, M., Walther, G., Wang, H., Wang, F., Wang, W., Watkins, H., Watkins, J., Weber, U., Weedon, J. T., Wei, L., Weigelt, P., Weiher, E., Wells, A. W., Wellstein, C., Wenk, E., Westoby, M., Westwood, A., White, P. J., Whitten, M., Williams, M., Winkler, D. E., Winter, K., Womack, C., Wright, I. J., Wright, S. J., Wright, J., Pinho, B. X., Ximenes, F., Yamada, T., Yamaji, K., Yanai, R., Yankov, N., Yguel, B., Zanini, K. J., Zanne, A. E., Zeleny, D., Zhao, Y. P., Zheng, J., Zieminska, K., Zirbel, C. R., Zizka, G., Zo Bi, I. C., Zotz, G., Wirth, C., Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant - Clermont Auvergne (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Unité Expérimentale Forêt Pierroton (UEFP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Max Planck SocietyFoundation CELLEX German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig International Programme of Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS) International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB) GIS 'Climat, Environnement et Societe' France AXA Research Fund NERC Natural Environment Research Council Future Earth, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal [Córdoba] (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales [Córdoba], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina]-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Imperial College London, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology [Oxford], University of Oxford, Balliol College, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE), Department of Environment [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Institute of Ecology and Evolution [Bern, Switzerland], University of Bern, University of Tartu, Tohoku University [Sendai], Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Jaén (UJA), Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use [University of Göttingen] (CBL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, El Bolsón, Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, Qld, Australia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centre for Forest Research, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, University of North Florida [Jacksonville] (UNF), Australian National University (ANU), Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecology [Innsbruck], Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, University of Leeds, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK, Conservation Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, AgroParisTech, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, University of Exeter, University of Adelaide, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA, Département des Science, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, Fundación Natura, Bogota, Colombia, Environmental Change Institute, Laboratório de Estudos em Vegetação Campestre (LEVCamp), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany, Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional de Comunidades (LABEF), Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, University of Gothenburg (GU), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry - ISOFYS (Gent, Belgium), School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA, University of Leicester, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Archbold Biological Station’s Buck Island Ranch, FL, Lake Placid, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Universität Hohenheim, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, Department of Geography and Geology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FICH-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), University of Toronto at Scarborough, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), University of Rostock, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Departamento de Botânica, SCB, UFPR – Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Centre of Excellence for Bioscurity Risk Analysis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Departamento de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia, Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University of Arizona, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Royal Botanic Gardens [Kew], Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, CREA – Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy, Western Sydney University, ungwon University, Goesan, Chungbuk, Korea, Department of Botany and Zoology [Brno] (SCI / MUNI), Faculty of Science [Brno] (SCI / MUNI), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI)-Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering (EAGROF), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain, Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Spain, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Jonah Ventures, Boulder, CO, USA, Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), University of Ljubljana, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia, University of Science – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Swedish Species Information Centre, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department Computational Landscape Ecology [UFZ Leipsig], Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany, Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences (ISFORT), Ripon, QC, Canada, UQO, Department of Natural Sciences, Ripon, QC, Canada, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), The University of Western Australia (UWA), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Universität Wien, Karlstad University [Sweden], Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD), Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Kiel University, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), FFCLRP-USP, Department of Biology [USA], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, University of A Coruña (UDC), School of Physics [UNSW Sydney] (UNSW), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Ordu University - Ordu Üniversitesi, Lanzhou University, Universidad del Tolima, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), University of Sussex, Harvard University, Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, University of Manchester [Manchester], Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Macquarie University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte [Natal] (UFRN), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), INIA-CIFOR, Southern Illinois University [Carbondale] (SIU), Center for Biodiversity Management, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Cearà, The Morton Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Centre Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique (CSIC), Centre Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique, Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Université Paris Sud (Paris 11), Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-University of Maryland [College Park], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Liege, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Murdoch University, Carnegie Museum of Natural History [Pittsburgh], Transilvania University of Brasov, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), University Centre Myerscough, Kiel University, Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Division of Plant Ststematic and Ecology, Biology department, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Applied Sciences of Weihenstephan, Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Kochi University of Technology (KUT), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Kyoto University, Tyumen State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Stanford University, University of Edinburgh, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Philips Research Europe - Hamburg, Sector Medical Imaging Systems, Philips Research, Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bayreuth, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Guangxi Normal University, University College of London [London] (UCL), Hobart - Tasmania 7001, University of Venda [South Africa] (UNIVEN), University of Melbourne, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Agrosystèmes Cultivés et Herbagers (ARCHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Humboldt State University (HSU), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Samara National Research University, Institute of Plant Sciences, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Kenyon College, University of Garmian, State University of New York (SUNY), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Agricultural Research Organization, Landscape Ecology Group, University of Oldenburg, Western Carolina University, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University [Suzhou], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Yokohama National University, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Institut d Estudis Andorrans, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Yamagata University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering - Vienna, Austria, University of Wyoming (UW), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Yangzhou University, Leipzig University, University Pablo de Olavide, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Royal Botanical Gardens, Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen Egyetem [Debrecen]-Research Centre for Molecular Medicine-Medical and Health Science Centre, Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Universidade Federal de Alagoas = Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Lakehead University, Stockholm University, Universidad Nacional del Litoral [Santa Fe] (UNL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Bangor University, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Gorongosa National Park, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Tel Aviv University (TAU), University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Maine, Holden Arboretum, Hawkesbury Institute for he Environment, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of British Columbia (UBC), Research School of Biology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Tucson] (EEB), University of Debrecen, Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Debrecen Egyetem [Debrecen], University of Vermont [Burlington], Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, University of Montana, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Hawaii, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Osaka City University, Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), Charles Darwin Foundation, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Zhejiang Normal University, European Academy of Bolzano, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas [Bogota], University of Bayreuth, Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Canberra, CEH, Department of Systems and Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University-Kyoto University, Departamento de Telemática, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (DT/FEEC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Moscow State University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Meijo University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (ASU / CAS), University of Nijmegen, University of New England (UNE), The James Hutton Institute, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Vienna [Vienna], Center for Desertification Research (CIDE), Universitat de València (UV), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Université de Jaén, National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Department of Plant Production (University of Milan), Tartu Observatory, Botanical Garden of the Samara University, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Tallinn University, Universität Regensburg (REGENSBURG), Universität Regensburg, School of Social Sciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Research Institute for Networks and Communications Engineering (RINCE), Dublin City University [Dublin] (DCU)-Science Foundation Ireland-Enterprise Ireland-Higher Education Authority-School of Electronic Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology [Mianyang] (SWUST), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], University of Southampton, Yale University [New Haven], Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), East Stroudsburg University, INDEHESA, Forestry School, Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), Institute of Physical Geography [Frankfurt am Main], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Lake Ecosystems Group [Lancaster, U.K.] (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Lancaster Environment Centre [Lancaster, U.K.], University of Valladolid, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Algoma University, Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University of Würzburg = Universität Würzburg, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Herencia, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife], Sharplex Services, University of Hohenheim, Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Center for Sustainability Science, Hokkaido, Département de Biologie, University of Regina (UR), Technische Universität Ilmenau (TU ), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), Texas Tech University [Lubbock] (TTU), Florida Museum of Natural History [Gainesville], KU Leuven, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia [Brasília], Universiteit Leiden, University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU) and Competence Centre Wood K plus, University of Novi Sad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), University of Aberdeen, University of Maryland System, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas, Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Bioversity International [Montpellier], Bioversity International [Rome], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], The School for Field Studies, Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, University of Delaware [Newark], Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Stellenbosch University, Czech University of Life Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Osaka Natural History Center, Ural State Forest Engineering University, University of New Hampshire (UNH), University of Calgary, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Dept Forest & Water Management, Lab Forestry, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA [Belém, Brazil] (UFPA), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Fudan University [Shanghai], Department of Ecological Science [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Biology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Duke University [Durham], IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Department of Primary Industries, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Biological Sciences Department (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT), Nanjing University (NJU), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Zhejiang University, Beijing Forestry University, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Universität Leipzig, Max Planck Fellow Program for Christian Wirth, the International Programme of Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS), the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (IGBP), Future Earth, the French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB), and GIS ‘Climat, Environnement et Société’ France, JENS KATTGE, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, ELLEN L. FRY, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM, NIKOLAOS M. FYLLAS, UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE, GERHARD BÖNISCH, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, SUSANNE TAUTENHAHN, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, JENA, GERMANY, GIJSBERT D. A. WERNER, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, OXFORD, UK, TUOMAS AAKALA, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI, FINLAND, MEHDI ABEDI, TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, IRAN, ALICIA T. R. ACOSTA, UNIVERSITY OF ROMA TRE, ITALY, GEORGE C. ADAMIDIS, UNIVERSITY OF BERN, SWITZERLAND, KAIRI ADAMSON, UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, ESTONIA, MASAHIRO AIBA, TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN., CÉCILE H. ALBERT, AIX MARSEILLE UNIV, UNIV AVIGNON, FRANCE., JULIO M. ALCÁNTARA, UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN, SPAIN, CAROLINA ALCÁZAR C, Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Colombia., HAMADA ALI, SUEZ CANAL UNIVERSITY, EGYPT, BERNARD AMIAUD, UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE, FRANCE., CHRISTIAN AMMER, UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN, GERMANY, MARIANO M. AMOROSO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE RÍO NEGRO, ARGENTINA, MADHUR ANAND, UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH, CANADA., MARIJN BAUTERS, GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM., ERIKA BAZZATO, UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI, ITALY., MICHAEL BECKMANN, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany., HANS BEECKMAN, ROYAL MUSEUM FOR CENTRAL AFRICA, BELGIUM., CARL BEIERKUHNLEIN, UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH, GERMANY., RENEE BEKKER, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS., JOANA BERGMANN, FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN, GERMANY., MARCOS BERGMANN CARLUCCI, UFPC, LOGAN BERNER, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, USA., MARKUS BERNHARDT-RÖMERMANN, FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA, GERMANY., CHRISTOF BIGLER, ETH ZURICH, SWITZERLAND., FEDERICO BRUMNICH, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL LITORAL (FICH-UNL), ARGENTINA, HANS HENRIK BRUUN, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, DAVID BRUY, UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, SERRA W. BUCHANAN, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCARBOROUGH, CANADA, ROBERT BUITENWERF, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, DANIEL E. BUNKER, NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, USA, JANA BÜRGER, UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK, GERMANY, SABINA BURRASCANO, SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, ITALY, DAVID F. R. P. BURSLEM, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN, UK, BRADLEY J. BUTTERFIELD, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, USA, CHAEHO BYUN, YONSEI UNIVERSITY, KOREA, MARINA C. SCALON, UFP, MARCO CACCIANIGA, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO, ITALY, MARC CADOTTE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCARBOROUGH, CANADA, MAXIME CAILLERET, AIX?MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY, FRANCE, JAMES CAMAC, THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, JESÚS JULIO CAMARERO, INSTITUTO PIRENAICO DE ECOLOGÍA (IPE?CSIC), SPAIN, COURTNEY CAMPANY, COLGATE UNIVERSITY, USA, GIANDIEGO CAMPETELLA, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, JUAN ANTONIO CAMPOS, UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV/EHU, SPAIN, LAURA CANO-ARBOLEDA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA, COLOMBIA, ROBERTO CANULLO, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, MICHELE CARBOGNANI, UNIVERSITY OF PARMA, ITALY, FABIO CARVALHO, LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, UK, BASTIEN CASTAGNEYROL, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, JANE A. CATFORD, KING'S COLLEGE LONDON, UK, JEANNINE CAVENDER-BARES, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA, BRUNO E. L. CERABOLINI, UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA, ITALY, MARCO CERVELLINI, UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA, ITALY, EDUARDO CHACÓN-MADRIGAL, UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA, COSTA RICA, KENNETH CHAPIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, USA, SAMANTHA DAWSON, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, AREND JACOBUS DE BEER, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA, ANGEL DE FRUTOS, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, GERMANY, LEANDRO DUARTE, UFRGS, EMILIE DUCOURET, UMR ECOFOG (AGROPARISTECH, CNRS, INRA, UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES, UNIVERSITÉ DE LA GUYANE), FRANCE, STEFAN DULLINGER, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA, DAN F. B. FLYNN, ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, USA, VERONIKA FONTANA, INSTITUTE FOR ALPINE ENVIRONMENT, ITALY, KYONG-SOOK CHUNG, JUNGWON UNIVERSITY, KOREA, MILAN CHYTRÝ, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, DANIELA CICCARELLI, UNIVERSITY OF PISA, ITALY, LLUÍS COLL, UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA, SPAIN, COURTNEY G. COLLINS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE, USA, LUISA CONTI, UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC, DAVID COOMES, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, UK, JOHANNES H. C. CORNELISSEN, VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT, THE NETHERLANDS, WILLIAM K. CORNWELL, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, AUSTRALIA, PIERMARIA CORONA, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, MARIE COYEA, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA, JOSEPH CRAINE, JONAH VENTURES, USA, DYLAN CRAVEN, UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR, CHILE, JORIS P. G. M. CROMSIGT, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, SWEDEN, ANIKÓ CSECSERITS, MTA CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, HUNGARY, KATARINA CUFAR, UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA, MATTHIAS CUNTZ, UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE, FRANCE, ANA CAROLINA DA SILVA, SANTA CATARINA STATE UNIVERSITY, BRAZIL, KYLA M. DAHLIN, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, MATTEO DAINESE, INSTITUTE FOR ALPINE ENVIRONMENT, ITALY, IGOR DALKE, INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY OF KOMI SCIENCE CENTRE OF THE URAL BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, RUSSIA, MICHELE DALLE FRATTE, UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA, ITALY, ANH TUAN DANG-LE, UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM, JIRÍ DANIHELKA, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, MASAKO DANNOURA, KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, JONATHAN R. DE LONG, NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY, THE NETHERLANDS, BENJAMIN DECHANT, SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, SYLVAIN DELAGRANGE, INSTITUTE OF TEMPERATE FOREST SCIENCES (ISFORT), CANADA, NICOLAS DELPIERRE, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS?SUD, FRANCE, GÉRALDINE DERROIRE, UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES, FRANCE, ARILDO S. DIAS, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY, MILTON HUGO DIAZ-TORIBIO, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA, PANAYIOTIS G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE, MARK DOBROWOLSKI, THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA, DANIEL DOKTOR, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH – UFZ, GERMANY, PAVEL DREVOJAN, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, NING DONG, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, JOHN DRANSFIELD, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW, UK, STEFAN DRESSLER, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, GERMANY, WALTER DURKA, GERMAN CENTER FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH (IDIV) HALLE?JENA?LEIPZIG, GERMANY, REMKO DUURSMA, WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, OLGA DYMOVA, KOMI REPUBLIC, RUSSIA, E-VOJTKÓ, A., UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, ROLF LUTZ ECKSTEIN, KARLSTAD UNIVERSITY, SWEDEN, HAMID EJTEHADI, FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY OF MASHHAD, IRAN, JAMES ELSER, UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, USA, THAISE EMILIO, UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS UNICAMP, BRAZIL, KRISTINE ENGEMANN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, MOHAMMAD BAGHER ERFANIAN, FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY OF MASHHAD, IRAN, ALEXANDRA ERFMEIER, KIEL UNIVERSITY, KIEL, GERMANY, ADRIANE ESQUIVEL-MUELBERT, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, AUSTRALIA, GERD ESSER, JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, MARC ESTIARTE, SPANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL – CSIC, SPAIN, TOMAS F. DOMINGUES, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY – FFCLRP/USP, BRAZIL, WILLIAM F. FAGAN, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, USA, JAIME FAGÚNDEZ, UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA, SPAIN, DANIEL S. FALSTER, EVOLUTION & ECOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE, AUSTRALIA, YING FAN, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, USA, JINGYUN FANG, PEKING UNIVERSITY, CHINA, EMMANUELE FARRIS, UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI, ITALY, FATIH FAZLIOGLU, ORDU UNIVERSITY, TURKEY, YANHAO FENG, LANZHOU UNIVERSITY, CHINA, FERNANDO FERNANDEZ-MENDEZ, UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, COLOMBIA, CARLOTTA FERRARA, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, ALESSANDRA FIDELIS, (UNESP), RIO CLARO, BRAZIL, BRYAN FINEGAN, CATIE-CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA, COSTA RICA, JENNIFER FIRN, QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (QUT), AUSTRALIA, TIMOTHY J. FLOWERS, UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX, UK, ESTELLE FOREY, UNIVERSITÉ DE ROUEN, FRANCE, CRISTIANE FORGIARINI, UFRGS, BRAZIL., LOUIS FRANÇOIS, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM., MARCELO FRANGIPANI, UFRGS, BRAZIL, DOROTHEA FRANK, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, CEDRIC FRENETTE-DUSSAULT, GÉOPOLE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE, CANADA, GRÉGOIRE T. FRESCHET, PAUL SABATIER UNIVERSITY TOULOUSE, FRANCE, PAUL LEADLEY, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS-SUD, UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SACLAY, ORSAY, FRANCE, IZABELA ALEIXO, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AMAZONIAN RESEARCH (INPA), BRAZIL, SANDRA DÍAZ, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA, SANDRA LAVOREL, UNIV. SAVOIE MONT BLANC, LECA, GRENOBLE, FRANCE, IAIN COLIN PRENTICE, IMPERIAL COLLEGE, UK., CAROLYN ANDERSON, UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, USA, NIELS ANTEN, WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS, JOSEPH ANTOS, UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA, CANADA, DEBORAH MATTOS GUIMARÃES APGAUA, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, TIA-LYNN ASHMAN, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, USA, DEGI HARJA ASMARA, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA, GREGORY P. ASNER, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA., MICHAEL ASPINWALL, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA, USA., OWEN ATKIN, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA., ISABELLE AUBIN, NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA, LARS BAASTRUP-SPOHR, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, DENMARK., KHADIJEH BAHALKEH, TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, IRAN., MICHAEL BAHN, UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA., TIMOTHY BAKER, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, LEEDS, UK., WILLIAM J. BAKER, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW, UK., JAN P. BAKKER, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS., DENNIS BALDOCCHI, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, USA., JENNIFER BALTZER, WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY, CANADA, ARINDAM BANERJEE, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA., ANNE BARANGER, AGROPARISTECH, FRANCE., JOS BARLOW, LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, UK., DIEGO R. BARNECHE, UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UK., ZDRAVKO BARUCH, THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA., DENIS BASTIANELLI, UNIV MONTPELLIER, FRANCE., JOHN BATTLES, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY, USA, WILLIAM BAUERLE, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, SOLVEIG FRANZISKA BUCHER, FRIEDRICH?SCHILLER?UNIVERSITÄT JENA, GERMANY, GAVIN BELFRY, UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, USA., MICHAEL BELLUAU, UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL, CANADA., MIRELA BELOIU, UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH, GERMANY., RAQUEL BENAVIDES, MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES-CSIC, SPAIN., LAHCEN BENOMAR, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA., MARY LEE BERDUGO-LATTKE, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA, COLOMBIA., ERIKA BERENGUER, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK., RODRIGO BERGAMIN, UFRS, NINA BUCHMANN, ETH ZURICH, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND, ANNE D. BJORKMAN, UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN., CHRIS BLACKMAN, UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT-AUVERGNE, FRANCE., CAROLINA BLANCO, UFRGS, BENJAMIN BLONDER, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA., DANA BLUMENTHAL, USDA-ARS RANGELAND RESOURCES & SYSTEMS RESEARCH UNIT, USA., KELLY T. BOCANEGRA-GONZÁLEZ, UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, COLOMBIA., PASCAL BOECKX, GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM., STEPHANIE BOHLMAN, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA., KATRIN BÖHNING-GAESE, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY., LAURA BOISVERT-MARSH, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY., WILLIAM BOND, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA., BEN BOND-LAMBERTY, COLLEGE PARK, USA., ARNOUD BOOM, UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER, UK., COLINE C. F. BOONMAN, RADBOUD UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS., KAUANE BORDIN, UFRGS, ELIZABETH H. BOUGHTON, ARCHBOLD BIOLOGICAL STATION'S BUCK ISLAND RANCH, USA., VANESSA BOUKILI, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, USA, DAVID M. J. S. BOWMAN, UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA., SANDRA BRAVO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, MARCO RICHARD BRENDEL, UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM, MARTIN R. BROADLEY, UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, UK, KERRY A. BROWN, KINGSTON UNIVERSITY, UK., HELGE BRUELHEIDE, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE?WITTENBERG, GERMANY, FERNANDO CASANOVES, CATIE-CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA, COSTA RICA, F. STUART CHAPIN, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS, USA, STEFANO CHELLI, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, SI?CHONG CHEN, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, UK, ANPING CHEN, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, PAOLO CHERUBINI, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, FRANCESCO CHIANUCCI, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, BRENDAN CHOAT, WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, GUILHERME G. MAZZOCHINI, UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS, CAMPINAS, BRAZIL, SOPHIE GACHET, UNIV AVIGNON, FRANCE, RACHAEL GALLAGHER, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, GISLENE GANADE, UFRN, BRAZIL., MARY-CLAIRE GLASENHARDT, THE MORTON ARBORETUM, USA, ALAIN HAMBUCKERS, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM, MASAE ISHIHARA, KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, LEONID IVANOV, TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA, LARISSA IVANOVA, TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA., COLLEEN M. IVERSEN, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA, JORDI IZQUIERDO, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, ROBERT B. JACKSON, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, USA, FRANCESCA GANGA, UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI, ITALY, PABLO GARCÍA-PALACIOS, UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS, SPAIN, VERÓNICA GARGAGLIONE, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PATAGONIA AUSTRAL, ARGENTINA, ERIC GARNIER, UNIV. MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, JOSE LUIS GARRIDO, ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN, SPAIN, ANDRÉ LUÍS DE GASPER, UNIVERSIDADE REGIONAL DE BLUMENAU, BRAZIL, GUILLERMO GEAIZQUIERDO, INIA?CIFOR, SPAIN, DAVID GIBSON, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CARBONDALE, USA, ANDREW N. GILLISON, CENTER FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT, AUSTRALIA, AELTON GIROLDO, INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO CEARÁ, BRAZIL, SEAN GLEASON, WATER MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH UNIT, USA, MARIANA GLIESCH, INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY, SWITZERLAND, EMMA GOLDBERG, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA, BASTIAN GÖLDEL, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, ERIKA GONZALEZ-AKRE, NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NTNU, NORWAY, JOSE L. GONZALEZ-ANDUJAR, CSIC-INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IAS), SPAIN, ANDRÉS GONZÁLEZ-MELO, UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO, COLOMBIA, ANA GONZÁLEZ-ROBLES, UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN, SPAIN, BENTE JESSEN GRAAE, NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NTNU, NORWAY, ELENA GRANDA, UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ, SPAIN, SARAH GRAVES, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA, WALTON A. GREEN, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, USA, THOMAS GREGOR, SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, GERMANY, NICOLAS GROSS, UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS, SPAIN, GREG R. GUERIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA, ANGELA GÜNTHER, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, ALVARO G. GUTIÉRREZ, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, CHILE, LILLIE HADDOCK, COLLEGE PARK, USA, ANNA HAINES, THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, UK, JEFFERSON HALL, SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, WENXUAN HAN, CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, CHINA, SANDY P. HARRISON, UNIVERSITY OF READING, UK, WESLEY HATTINGH, UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, SOUTH AFRICA, JOSEPH E. HAWES, ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY, UK, TIANHUA HE, CURTIN UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, PENGCHENG HE, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, CHINA, JACOB MASON HEBERLING, CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, USA, AVELIINA HELM, UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, ESTONIA, STEFAN HEMPEL, FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN, GERMANY, JÖRN HENTSCHEL, FRIEDRICH-SCHILLER-UNIVERSITÄT JENA, GERMANY, BRUNO HÉRAULT, UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, ANA-MARIA HERE, TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV, ROMANIA, KATHARINA HERZ, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE?WITTENBERG, GERMANY, MYRIAM HEUERTZ, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, THOMAS HICKLER, GOETHE UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, PETER HIETZ, UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES, AUSTRIA, PEDRO HIGUCHI, SANTA CATARINA STATE UNIVERSITY, BRAZIL, ANDREW L. HIPP, THE MORTON ARBORETUM, USA, ANDREW HIRONS, UNIVERSITY CENTRE MYERSCOUGH, UK, MARIA HOCK, INSTITUTE FOR ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH/GEOBOTANY, GERMANY, JAMES AARON HOGAN, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, USA, KAREN HOLL, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, USA, OLIVIER HONNAY, PLANT CONSERVATION AND POPULATION BIOLOGY, BELGIUM, KNUT ANDERS HOVSTAD, DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY, NORWAY, TOMOAKI ICHIE, KOCHI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, BORIS IGIC, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO, USA, ESTELA ILLA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA, SPAIN, MARNEY ISAAC, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, CANADA, BENJAMIN JACKSON, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, HERVÉ JACTEL, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, ANDRZEJ M. JAGODZINSKI, UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES, POLAND, UTE JANDT, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE-WITTENBERG, GERMANY, STEVEN JANSEN, ULM UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, THOMAS, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Helsinki, Tarbiat Modaras University, Roma Tre University, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran, University of Innsbruck, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK., School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/ EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy, BIGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, University of Alaska [Anchorage], Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology, Karlstad University, Quantitative Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Justus Liebig University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), University of Sassari, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Harvard University [Cambridge], Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), University of Cagliari, Universidad de Chile, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of California, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Venda, Philipps University of Marburg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, State University of New York, Stonybrook, IT University of Copenhagen, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Humboldt University of Berlin, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, University of Leipzig [Leipzig, Allemagne], Unité d'Agronomie, University of Debrecen-Research Centre for Molecular Medicine-Medical and Health Science Centre, Global Change Research Institute, University of California [Berkeley], Natural resources institute Finland, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Kyoto University [Kyoto]-Kyoto University [Kyoto], Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], University of Milan, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), University of Extremadura, University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Federal University of Lavras, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Leiden University, University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Departments of Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut national polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), and Factulad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain, UMR Nancy-Université- INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Nancy Université, Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Environmental Sciences, Guelph, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Department of Biological Sciences-Lancaster University, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universiteit Gent [Ghent], School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia, AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], wiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Cestas, France, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, West Sussex, UK, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary, Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Guyane (UG)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Florida [Gainesville], UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Birmingham, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), University of Ordu, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Smithsonian Institution, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Florida International University (FIU), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Stanford University [Stanford], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Charles University [Prague], Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Hokkaido University, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Western Sydney University (UWS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Masaryk University, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Landcare Research [Lincoln], Université de Montréal [Montréal], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), French Institute of Pondicherry (IFP), Normal Zhejiang University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, VU University Amsterdam, Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), University of Parma, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, University of Cardiff, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton] (BNL), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Algoma University [Canada], University of Goettingen, University of Wuerzburg, University of Würzburg, AFSSA, Sherbrooke University, University of Lisbon, Department of Biology (University of Florida), Florida Museum of Natural History, Technical University in Zvolen, University of Zvolen, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Bioversity International, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), University of Tsukuba, Kattge, Jen, Bönisch, Gerhard, Díaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, Iain Colin, Leadley, Paul, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Werner, Gijsbert D A, Aakala, Tuoma, Abedi, Mehdi, Acosta, Alicia Teresa Rosario, Adamidis, George C, Adamson, Kairi, Aiba, Masahiro, Albert, Cécile H, Alcántara, Julio M, Alcázar C, Carolina, Aleixo, Izabela, Ali, Hamada, Amiaud, Bernard, Ammer, Christian, Amoroso, Mariano M, Anand, Madhur, Anderson, Carolyn, Anten, Niel, Antos, Joseph, Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimarãe, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Asmara, Degi Harja, Asner, Gregory P, Aspinwall, Michael, Atkin, Owen, Aubin, Isabelle, Baastrup-Spohr, Lar, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Baker, Timothy, Baker, William J, Bakker, Jan P, Baldocchi, Denni, Baltzer, Jennifer, Banerjee, Arindam, Baranger, Anne, Barlow, Jo, Barneche, Diego R, Baruch, Zdravko, Bastianelli, Deni, Battles, John, Bauerle, William, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzato, Erika, Beckmann, Michael, Beeckman, Han, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Bekker, Renee, Belfry, Gavin, Belluau, Michael, Beloiu, Mirela, Benavides, Raquel, Benomar, Lahcen, Berdugo-Lattke, Mary Lee, Berenguer, Erika, Bergamin, Rodrigo, Bergmann, Joana, Bergmann Carlucci, Marco, Berner, Logan, Bernhardt-Römermann, Marku, Bigler, Christof, Bjorkman, Anne D, Blackman, Chri, Blanco, Carolina, Blonder, Benjamin, Blumenthal, Dana, Bocanegra-González, Kelly T, Boeckx, Pascal, Bohlman, Stephanie, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boisvert-Marsh, Laura, Bond, William, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Boom, Arnoud, Boonman, Coline C F, Bordin, Kauane, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Boukili, Vanessa, Bowman, David M J S, Bravo, Sandra, Brendel, Marco Richard, Broadley, Martin R, Brown, Kerry A, Bruelheide, Helge, Brumnich, Federico, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Bruy, David, Buchanan, Serra W, Bucher, Solveig Franziska, Buchmann, Nina, Buitenwerf, Robert, Bunker, Daniel E, Bürger, Jana, Burrascano, Sabina, Burslem, David F R P, Butterfield, Bradley J, Byun, Chaeho, Marques, Marcia, Scalon, Marina C, Caccianiga, Marco, Cadotte, Marc, Cailleret, Maxime, Camac, Jame, Camarero, Jesús Julio, Campany, Courtney, Campetella, Giandiego, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cano-Arboleda, Laura, Canullo, Roberto, Carbognani, Michele, Carvalho, Fabio, Casanoves, Fernando, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Catford, Jane A, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Cerabolini, Bruno E L, Cervellini, Marco, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Chapin, Kenneth, Chapin, F Stuart, Chelli, Stefano, Chen, Si-Chong, Chen, Anping, Cherubini, Paolo, Chianucci, Francesco, Choat, Brendan, Chung, Kyong-Sook, Chytrý, Milan, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Coll, Lluí, Collins, Courtney G, Conti, Luisa, Coomes, David, Cornelissen, Johannes H C, Cornwell, William K, Corona, Piermaria, Coyea, Marie, Craine, Joseph, Craven, Dylan, Cromsigt, Joris P G M, Csecserits, Anikó, Cufar, Katarina, Cuntz, Matthia, da Silva, Ana Carolina, Dahlin, Kyla M, Dainese, Matteo, Dalke, Igor, Dalle Fratte, Michele, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Danihelka, Jirí, Dannoura, Masako, Dawson, Samantha, de Beer, Arend Jacobu, De Frutos, Angel, De Long, Jonathan R, Dechant, Benjamin, Delagrange, Sylvain, Delpierre, Nicola, Derroire, Géraldine, Dias, Arildo S, Diaz-Toribio, Milton Hugo, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G, Dobrowolski, Mark, Doktor, Daniel, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dong, Ning, Dransfield, John, Dressler, Stefan, Duarte, Leandro, Ducouret, Emilie, Dullinger, Stefan, Durka, Walter, Duursma, Remko, Dymova, Olga, E-Vojtkó, Anna, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Elser, Jame, Emilio, Thaise, Engemann, Kristine, Erfanian, Mohammad Bagher, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Esser, Gerd, Estiarte, Marc, Domingues, Tomas F, Fagan, William F, Fagúndez, Jaime, Falster, Daniel S, Fan, Ying, Fang, Jingyun, Farris, Emmanuele, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feng, Yanhao, Fernandez-Mendez, Fernando, Ferrara, Carlotta, Ferreira, Joice, Fidelis, Alessandra, Finegan, Bryan, Firn, Jennifer, Flowers, Timothy J, Flynn, Dan F B, Fontana, Veronika, Forey, Estelle, Forgiarini, Cristiane, François, Loui, Frangipani, Marcelo, Frank, Dorothea, Frenette-Dussault, Cedric, Freschet, Grégoire T, Fry, Ellen L, Fyllas, Nikolaos M, Mazzochini, Guilherme G, Gachet, Sophie, Gallagher, Rachael, Ganade, Gislene, Ganga, Francesca, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gargaglione, Verónica, Garnier, Eric, Garrido, Jose Lui, de Gasper, André Luí, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gibson, David, Gillison, Andrew N, Giroldo, Aelton, Glasenhardt, Mary-Claire, Gleason, Sean, Gliesch, Mariana, Goldberg, Emma, Göldel, Bastian, Gonzalez-Akre, Erika, Gonzalez-Andujar, Jose L, González-Melo, André, González-Robles, Ana, Graae, Bente Jessen, Granda, Elena, Graves, Sarah, Green, Walton A, Gregor, Thoma, Gross, Nicola, Guerin, Greg R, Günther, Angela, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Haddock, Lillie, Haines, Anna, Hall, Jefferson, Hambuckers, Alain, Han, Wenxuan, Harrison, Sandy P, Hattingh, Wesley, Hawes, Joseph E, He, Tianhua, He, Pengcheng, Heberling, Jacob Mason, Helm, Aveliina, Hempel, Stefan, Hentschel, Jörn, Hérault, Bruno, Hereş, Ana-Maria, Herz, Katharina, Heuertz, Myriam, Hickler, Thoma, Hietz, Peter, Higuchi, Pedro, Hipp, Andrew L, Hirons, Andrew, Hock, Maria, Hogan, James Aaron, Holl, Karen, Honnay, Olivier, Hornstein, Daniel, Hou, Enqing, Hough-Snee, Nate, Hovstad, Knut Ander, Ichie, Tomoaki, Igić, Bori, Illa, Estela, Isaac, Marney, Ishihara, Masae, Ivanov, Leonid, Ivanova, Larissa, Iversen, Colleen M, Izquierdo, Jordi, Jackson, Robert B, Jackson, Benjamin, Jactel, Hervé, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M, Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Steven, Jenkins, Thoma, Jentsch, Anke, Jespersen, Jens Rasmus Plantener, Jiang, Guo-Feng, Johansen, Jesper Liengaard, Johnson, David, Jokela, Eric J, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jordan, Gregory J, Joseph, Grant Stuart, Junaedi, Decky, Junker, Robert R, Justes, Eric, Kabzems, Richard, Kane, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Zdenek, Kattenborn, Teja, Kavelenova, Lyudmila, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kempel, Anne, Kenzo, Tanaka, Kerkhoff, Andrew, Khalil, Mohammed I, Kinlock, Nicole L, Kissling, Wilm Daniel, Kitajima, Kaoru, Kitzberger, Thoma, Kjøller, Rasmu, Klein, Tamir, Kleyer, Michael, Klimešová, Jitka, Klipel, Joice, Kloeppel, Brian, Klotz, Stefan, Knops, Johannes M H, Kohyama, Takashi, Koike, Fumito, Kollmann, Johanne, Komac, Benjamin, Komatsu, Kimberly, König, Christian, Kraft, Nathan J B, Kramer, Koen, Kreft, Holger, Kühn, Ingolf, Kumarathunge, Dushan, Kuppler, Jona, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Kurosawa, Yoko, Kuyah, Shem, Laclau, Jean-Paul, Lafleur, Benoit, Lallai, Erik, Lamb, Eric, Lamprecht, Andrea, Larkin, Daniel J, Laughlin, Daniel, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, le Maire, Guerric, le Roux, Peter C, le Roux, Elizabeth, Lee, Tali, Lens, Frederic, Lewis, Simon L, Lhotsky, Barbara, Li, Yuanzhi, Li, Xine, Lichstein, Jeremy W, Liebergesell, Mario, Lim, Jun Ying, Lin, Yan-Shih, Linares, Juan Carlo, Liu, Chunjiang, Liu, Daijun, Liu, Udayangani, Livingstone, Stuart, Llusià, Joan, Lohbeck, Madelon, López-García, Álvaro, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Louault, Frédérique, Lukács, Balázs A, Lukeš, Petr, Luo, Yunjian, Lussu, Michele, Ma, Siyan, Maciel Rabelo Pereira, Camilla, Mack, Michelle, Maire, Vincent, Mäkelä, Annikki, Mäkinen, Harri, Malhado, Ana Claudia Mende, Mallik, Azim, Manning, Peter, Manzoni, Stefano, Marchetti, Zuleica, Marchino, Luca, Marcilio-Silva, Viniciu, Marcon, Eric, Marignani, Michela, Markesteijn, Lar, Martin, Adam, Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mašková, Tereza, Mason, Kelly, Mason, Norman, Massad, Tara Joy, Masse, Jacynthe, Mayrose, Itay, Mccarthy, Jame, Mccormack, M Luke, Mcculloh, Katherine, Mcfadden, Ian R, Mcgill, Brian J, Mcpartland, Mara Y, Medeiros, Juliana S, Medlyn, Belinda, Meerts, Pierre, Mehrabi, Zia, Meir, Patrick, Melo, Felipe P L, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Meredieu, Céline, Messier, Julie, Mészáros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha, Michaletz, Sean T, Michelaki, Chrysanthi, Migalina, Svetlana, Milla, Ruben, Miller, Jesse E D, Minden, Vanessa, Ming, Ray, Mokany, Karel, Moles, Angela T, Molnár, Attila, Molofsky, Jane, Molz, Martin, Montgomery, Rebecca A, Monty, Arnaud, Moravcová, Lenka, Moreno-Martínez, Alvaro, Moretti, Marco, Mori, Akira S, Mori, Shigeta, Morris, Dave, Morrison, Jane, Mucina, Ladislav, Mueller, Sandra, Muir, Christopher D, Müller, Sandra Cristina, Munoz, Françoi, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Myster, Randall W, Nagano, Masahiro, Naidu, Shawna, Narayanan, Ayyappan, Natesan, Balachandran, Negoita, Luka, Nelson, Andrew S, Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Ni, Jian, Niedrist, Georg, Nieto, Jhon, Niinemets, Ülo, Nolan, Rachael, Nottebrock, Henning, Nouvellon, Yann, Novakovskiy, Alexander, Nystuen, Kristin Odden, O'Grady, Anthony, O'Hara, Kevin, O'Reilly-Nugent, Andrew, Oakley, Simon, Oberhuber, Walter, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Oliveira, Ricardo, Öllerer, Kinga, Olson, Mark E, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E, Ordonez, Jenny C, Osada, Noriyuki, Ostonen, Ivika, Ottaviani, Gianluigi, Otto, Sarah, Overbeck, Gerhard E, Ozinga, Wim A, Pahl, Anna T, Paine, C E Timothy, Pakeman, Robin J, Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C, Parfionova, Evgeniya, Pärtel, Meeli, Patacca, Marco, Paula, Susana, Paule, Juraj, Pauli, Harald, Pausas, Juli G, Peco, Begoña, Penuelas, Josep, Perea, Antonio, Peri, Pablo Lui, Petisco-Souza, Ana Carolina, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petritan, Any Mary, Phillips, Oliver L, Pierce, Simon, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Pomogaybin, Alexandr, Poorter, Hendrik, Portsmuth, Angelika, Poschlod, Peter, Potvin, Catherine, Pounds, Devon, Powell, A Shafer, Power, Sally A, Prinzing, Andrea, Puglielli, Giacomo, Pyšek, Petr, Raevel, Valerie, Rammig, Anja, Ransijn, Johanne, Ray, Courtenay A, Reich, Peter B, Reichstein, Marku, Reid, Douglas E B, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, de Dios, Victor Resco, Ribeiro, Sabina, Richardson, Sarah, Riibak, Kersti, Rillig, Matthias C, Riviera, Fiamma, Robert, Elisabeth M R, Roberts, Scott, Robroek, Bjorn, Roddy, Adam, Rodrigues, Arthur Viniciu, Rogers, Alistair, Rollinson, Emily, Rolo, Victor, Römermann, Christine, Ronzhina, Dina, Roscher, Christiane, Rosell, Julieta A, Rosenfield, Milena Fermina, Rossi, Christian, Roy, David B, Royer-Tardif, Samuel, Rüger, Nadja, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Rumpf, Sabine B, Rusch, Graciela M, Ryo, Masahiro, Sack, Lawren, Saldaña, Angela, Salgado-Negret, Beatriz, Salguero-Gomez, Roberto, Santa-Regina, Ignacio, Santacruz-García, Ana Carolina, Santos, Joaquim, Sardans, Jordi, Schamp, Brandon, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schleuning, Matthia, Schmid, Bernhard, Schmidt, Marco, Schmitt, Sylvain, Schneider, Julio V, Schowanek, Simon D, Schrader, Julian, Schrodt, Franziska, Schuldt, Bernhard, Schurr, Frank, Selaya Garvizu, Galia, Semchenko, Marina, Seymour, Colleen, Sfair, Julia C, Sharpe, Joanne M, Sheppard, Christine S, Sheremetiev, Serge, Shiodera, Satomi, Shipley, Bill, Shovon, Tanvir Ahmed, Siebenkäs, Alrun, Sierra, Carlo, Silva, Vasco, Silva, Mateu, Sitzia, Tommaso, Sjöman, Henrik, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G, Sodhi, Darwin, Soltis, Pamela, Soltis, Dougla, Somers, Ben, Sonnier, Grégory, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Sosinski, Enio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Souza, Alexandre F, Spasojevic, Marko, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Stan, Amanda B, Stegen, Jame, Steinbauer, Klau, Stephan, Jörg G, Sterck, Frank, Stojanovic, Dejan B, Strydom, Tanya, Suarez, Maria Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svitková, Ivana, Svitok, Marek, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swaine, Emily, Swenson, Nathan, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Takagi, Kentaro, Tappeiner, Ulrike, Tarifa, Rubén, Tauugourdeau, Simon, Tavsanoglu, Cagatay, Te Beest, Mariska, Tedersoo, Leho, Thiffault, Nelson, Thom, Dominik, Thomas, Evert, Thompson, Ken, Thornton, Peter E, Thuiller, Wilfried, Tichý, Lubomír, Tissue, David, Tjoelker, Mark G, Tng, David Yue Phin, Tobias, Joseph, Török, Péter, Tarin, Tonantzin, Torres-Ruiz, José M, Tóthmérész, Béla, Treurnicht, Martina, Trivellone, Valeria, Trolliet, Franck, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Tsakalos, James L, Tsiripidis, Ioanni, Tysklind, Nikla, Umehara, Toru, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Vadeboncoeur, Matthew, Vaezi, Jamil, Valladares, Fernando, Vamosi, Jana, van Bodegom, Peter M, van Breugel, Michiel, Van Cleemput, Elisa, van de Weg, Martine, van der Merwe, Stephni, van der Plas, Fon, van der Sande, Masha T, van Kleunen, Mark, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Vanderwel, Mark, Vanselow, Kim André, Vårhammar, Angelica, Varone, Laura, Vasquez Valderrama, Maribel Yesenia, Vassilev, Kiril, Vellend, Mark, Veneklaas, Erik J, Verbeeck, Han, Verheyen, Kri, Vibrans, Alexander, Vieira, Ima, Villacís, Jaime, Violle, Cyrille, Vivek, Pandi, Wagner, Katrin, Waldram, Matthew, Waldron, Anthony, Walker, Anthony P, Waller, Martyn, Walther, Gabriel, Wang, Han, Wang, Feng, Wang, Weiqi, Watkins, Harry, Watkins, Jame, Weber, Ulrich, Weedon, James T, Wei, Liping, Weigelt, Patrick, 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University Toulouse, University of Manchester, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia Austral, Univ. Paul Valéry, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Agricultural Research Service, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), CSIC – Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Universidad del Rosario, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, University of Alcalá, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, The University of Manchester, China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Reading, University of the Witwatersrand, Anglia Ruskin University, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Curtin University, INP-HB, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Goethe University, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, The Field Museum, Florida International University, US Department of Energy, Santa Cruz, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Kochi University, University of Illinois at Chicago, Universitat de Barcelona, University of Toronto, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Ulm University, Guangxi University, Jl. Kebun Raya Cibodas, Philipps-University Marburg, University Salzburg, CIRAD, Humboldt State University, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Charles University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, State University of New York at Stony Brook, University of Amsterdam, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Weizmann Institute of Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Technical University of Munich, Wageningen University & Research, Land Life Company, Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, UMR Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, University of Saskatchewan, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University of Wyoming, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, University College London, Sun Yat-sen University, University of Leipzig, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Wageningen University and Research, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), University of Jaén, DRI, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Federal University of Alagoas, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Tel Aviv University, The University of Queensland, CSIRO, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, The Australian National University, The University of Edinburgh, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), ICREA, UEFP, University of Waterloo, Tulipan s/n, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Vermont, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Matieland, University of Freiburg, University of Hawai'i, Université Grenoble-Alpes, French Institute of Pondicherry, Oklahoma State University, Charles Darwin Research Station, University of Idaho, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, NORD University, NTNU, Gifu University, Romanian Academy, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Universidad de las Américas, Wageningen Environmental Research, Technische Universität München, University of New England, Democritus University of Thrace, Universidad Austral de Chile, Desertification Research Center (CIDE-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), National Institute for Research-Development in Forestry, University of Regensburg, McGill University, Morton Arboretum, Université Rennes 1/CNRS, Université Paul Valéry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Universitat de Lleida, Universidade Federal do Acre, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Royal Museum for Central-Africa (RMCA), Mississippi State University, Radboud University Nijmegen, Yale University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, University of Zurich, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Canadian Forest Service, University of Valladolid-INIA, University of Lausanne, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oxford University, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Universidade de Coimbra, Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (SBiK-F), Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, University of Regina, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Università degli Studi di Padova, Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Texas Tech University, Archbold Biological Station, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), CIRAD-UMR SELMET-PZZS, Hacettepe University, Utrecht University, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, University of Sheffield, Silwood Park, MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, University of Delaware, UMR PIAF, MTA-TKI Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, University of Illinois, Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, University of New Hampshire, National University of Singapore, Edinburgh University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of Konstanz, Taizhou University, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universidad de Concepcion, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Goa University, Pondicherry University, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fujian Normal University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Maritime and Science Technology Academy, University of Winnipeg, King Saud University, University of California – Irvine, U. S. Geological Survey, Duke University, NSW Department of Primary Industries, SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Sorbonne-Université, Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), George Washington University, National Taiwan University, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INP-HB), University Oldenburg, and Biyoloji
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, LIFE-HISTORY, Geography & travel, WOOD DENSITY, plant trait, Biodiversity & Conservation, 05 Environmental Sciences, Growth, 580 Plants (Botany), COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, ROOT TRAITS, Biologiska vetenskaper, Ecological modeling, data coverage, data integration, data representativeness, functional diversity, plant traits, TRY plant trait database, Biodiversity, Ecology, Plants, Access to Information, Ecosystem, data representativene, ddc:910, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, GLOBAL PATTERNS, food and beverages, LEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC TRAITS, Biological Sciences, CAVElab, Data processing, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, INCLINATION ANGLE DISTRIBUTION, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Ecology and Environment, Database, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, ddc:570, Datenintegration, Environmental Chemistry, DDC 004 / Data processing & computer science, Intraspecific competition, Data integration (Computer science), Science & Technology, Biology and Life Sciences, Plant, 06 Biological Sciences, Environmental factor, Nutrient Network, Biology and Microbiology, FUNCTIONAL TRAITS, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ddc:004, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences, RELATIVE GROWTH-RATE
Abstract: Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives., publishedVersion
Published: 2020
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22. Sexual dimorphism in floral scents of the neotropical orchid catasetum arietinum and its possible ecological and evolutionary significance

Author: Brandt, Katharina, Machado, Isabel Cristina, do Amaral Ferraz Navarro, Daniela Maria, Dötterl, Stefan, Ayasse, Manfred, and Milet-Pinheiro, Paulo
Subjects: floral scent, Euglossa nanomelanotricha, Geschlechtsunterschied, euglossine bees, Flowers Odor, Catasetinae, fungi, Catasetums, food and beverages, Prachtbiene, Best��ubung, Catasetum arietinum, ddc:580, DDC 570 / Life sciences, Sexual dimorphism (Plants), ddc:570, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Pollination, Bestäubung, perfume-rewarding orchids
Abstract: Dioecy in angiosperms is often associated with sexual dimorphism in floral traits other than the sexual organs. Species of the neotropical orchid genus Catasetum produce unisexual flowers characterized by a remarkable morphological sexual dimorphism. Catasetum species emit strong floral perfumes that act as both signal and reward for male euglossine bee pollinators. Although the role of floral perfumes of Catasetum in attracting euglossine pollinators is well investigated, little is known about whether perfumes differ between floral sexes and, if they do, whether this chemical dimorphism influences the pollination ecology of the plants. Taking Catasetum arietinum as a model species, our aim was to observe the behaviour of pollinators on male and female flowers and to compare scent properties (i.e. chemical composition, total amount and temporal fluctuation) of male and female flowers. Floral scent samples were collected by using dynamic headspace methods and were analysed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Catasetum arietinum is pollinated by males of two Euglossa species (i.e. E. nanomelanotricha and E. securigera). Bees approached male and female inflorescences of C. arietinum in similar proportions but landed significantly more often and spent more time on female flowers, which emitted more scent than male flowers. Furthermore, the amount of scent emitted varied across the different times of sampling, corresponding to the pattern of the diel foraging activity of pollinating bees on male and female flowers. The chemical composition of scents differed significantly between sexes. The two major compounds (Z)-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate and (E)-geranyl geraniol contributed most to this difference. This is the first case of sexual dimorphism reported in orchid floral perfumes. We discuss the influence of sex-specific floral scents on the behaviour of euglossine pollinators and offer new insights into the ecological and evolutionary significance of divergence in floral scents among dioecious plants., publishedVersion
Published: 2020
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23. High porosity with tiny pore constrictions and unbending pathways characterize the 3D structure of intervessel pit membranes in angiosperm xylem

Author: Lucian Kaack, Paul Walther, Steven Jansen, Tabea Matei, Cora Carmesin, H. Jochen Schenk, Matthias Weber, Volker Schmidt, Ya Zhang, Matthias M. Klepsch, and Martyna M. Kotowska
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Cinnamomum camphora, Embolism, Plant Science, Cellulose fibrils, Gold Colloid, 01 natural sciences, Tortuosity, Bordered pit membranes, Diffusion, Atomic force microscopy, Fagus, bordered pit membranes, cellulose fibrils, dehydration, modelling, pore constriction size, porous media, Porous materials, Dehydration, Wirkungsgrad, Constriction, Membrane, ddc:580, Populus, Transmission electron microscopy, Volume fraction, Gefäß, Porosity, Pore constriction size, Materials science, EFFICIENCY, Liriodendron, Porous media, Soil permeability, Acer, Modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, TORTUOSITY, Magnoliopsida, Corylus, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Xylem, SNAP-OFF, CAVITATION RESISTANCE, Gef��, Water transport, Persea, HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, Water, Biological Transport, 030104 developmental biology, Chemical engineering, VESSEL, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Porous medium, Mesoporous material, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Pit membranes between xylem vessels play a major role in angiosperm water transport. Yet, their three-dimensional (3D) structure as fibrous porous media remains unknown, largely due to technical challenges and sample preparation artefacts. Here, we applied a modelling approach based on thickness measurements of fresh and fully shrunken pit membranes of seven species. Pore constrictions were also investigated visually by perfusing fresh material with colloidal gold particles of known sizes. Based on a shrinkage model, fresh pit membranes showed tiny pore constrictions of ca. 20 nm, but a very high porosity (i.e. pore volume fraction) of on average 0.81. Perfusion experiments showed similar pore constrictions in fresh samples, well below 50 nm based on transmission electron microscopy. Drying caused a 50% shrinkage of pit membranes, resulting in much smaller pore constrictions. These findings suggest that pit membranes represent a mesoporous medium, with the pore space characterized by multiple constrictions. Constrictions are much smaller than previously assumed, but the pore volume is large and highly interconnected. Pores do not form highly tortuous, bent, or zigzagging pathways. These insights provide a novel view on pit membranes, which is essential to develop a mechanistic, 3D understanding of air-seeding through this porous medium., publishedVersion
Published: 2019

24. Different response of bacteria, archaea and fungi to process parameters in nine full‐scale anaerobic digesters

Author: Susanne G, Langer, Christina, Gabris, Daniel, Einfalt, Bernd, Wemheuer, Marian, Kazda, and Frank R, Bengelsdorf
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, lcsh:Biotechnology, DNA, Ribosomal, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Bioreactors, DDC 570 / Life sciences, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, ddc:570, Digester gas, RNA, Ribosomal, 28S, Cluster Analysis, Anaerobiosis, Digesters, DNA, Fungal, Phylogeny, Research Articles, Microbiota, Fungi, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Biogas production, Archaea, Bacterial communities, Manure, bacteria, archaea, fungi, DNA, Archaeal, ddc:580, Biofuels, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Autoclaves, Metagenomics, Research Article, Biogasgewinnung
Abstract: Biogas production is a biotechnological process realized by complex bacterial, archaeal and likely fungal communities. Their composition was assessed in nine full-scale biogas plants with distinctly differing feedstock input and process parameters. This study investigated the actually active microbial community members by using a comprehensive sequencing approach based on ribosomal 16S and 28S rRNA fragments. The prevailing taxonomical units of each respective community were subsequently linked to process parameters. Ribosomal rRNA of bacteria, archaea and fungi, respectively, showed different compositions with respect to process parameters and supplied feedstocks: (i) bacterial communities were affected by the key factors temperature and ammonium concentration; (ii) composition of archaea was mainly related to process temperature; and (iii) relative abundance of fungi was linked to feedstocks supplied to the digesters. Anaerobic digesters with a high methane yield showed remarkably similar bacterial communities regarding identified taxonomic families. Although archaeal communities differed strongly on genus level from each other, the respective digesters still showed high methane yields. Functional redundancy of the archaeal communities may explain this effect. 28S rRNA sequences of fungi in all nine full-scale anaerobic digesters were primarily classified as facultative anaerobic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Since the presence of ribosomal 28S rRNA indicates that fungi may be active in the biogas digesters, further research should be carried out to examine to which extent they are important players in anaerobic digestion processes., publishedVersion
Published: 2019

25. The functional morphology of interconduit pit membranes in fresh and dehydrated xylem tissues of angiosperm species

Author: Zhang, Ya, Jansen, Steven, and Walther, Paul
Subjects: Membran, ddc:580, Xylem, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Embolism, Pit membrane, Membranes (Biology), Bordered pits, Dehydration (Physiology)
Abstract: Interconduit pit membranes represent porous media for water transport between neighbouring conduits. Anatomical observations of bordered pits and their pit membranes in vesselless and vessel-bearing angiosperms based on light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) are required to understand functional questions surrounding embolism formation. Perfusion with colloidal gold was performed to compare the relative porosity between fresh and dried-rehydrated membranes. Besides, a pneumatic method constructing vulnerability curves based on air flow measurements of terminal branch ends was applied for 10 temperate tree species, including six diffuse, two ring-porous and two gymnosperm species, and compared with the flow-centrifuge or the hydraulic-bench dehydration method. Shrunken, damaged and aspirated pit membranes caused by dehydration were 50 % thinner than pit membranes in fresh samples. Dehydration caused larger poses in dried-rehydrated pit membranes of Drimys winteri, but smaller pores in dried-rehydrated pit membranes of three vessel-bearing angiosperms. the pneumatic method provided a good estimate of the degree of xylem embolism for all angiosperm species but showed significantly reduced Ψ50 values for the two conifers. pit membrane shrinkage is irreversible and associated with a considerable increase in pore size. The findings suggest that the shrinkage of pit membranes, which may occur in planta, is irreversible. Moreover, the pneumatic method could provide a fast and accurate approach for angiosperms due to its convenience and feasibility, at least within the range of embolism resistances covered by our samples.
Published: 2018

26. Effects of abiotic environmental factors and land use on the diversity of carrion-visiting silphid beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) : a large scale carrion study

Author: von Hoermann, Christian, Jauch, Dennis, Kubotsch, Carolin, Reichel-Jung, Kirsten, Steiger, Sandra, and Ayasse, Manfred
Subjects: DDC 590 / Animals (Zoology), ��kosystem, Arthropoda, Ecological Metrics, Forest Ecology, Swine, lcsh:Medicine, Forests, Environment, Endangered ecosystems, Ecosystems, Beetles, ddc:590, Biodiversität, Germany, Animals, lcsh:Science, Ecosystem, Mammals, Bodennutzung, Ecology, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Species Diversity, Biodiversity, Aask��fer, Invertebrates, Terrestrial Environments, Silphidae, Biodiversit��t, Insects, Coleoptera, Shannon Index, ddc:580, Aaskäfer, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Vertebrates, Amniotes, Land use, Ökosystem, lcsh:Q, Seasons, Research Article
Abstract: Anthropogenic land use causes global declines in biodiversity. Despite the knowledge that animal carrion is the most nutrient-rich form of dead organic matter, studies on landscape and local scales determining whether and the means by which land use intensity influences the diversity of the carrion-associated insect fauna are globally scarce. We investigated the effects of land use intensity and abiotic and biotic environmental factors on the abundance, species richness, and diversity of the important ecosystem-service-providing silphid beetle taxon (carrion beetles) in three regions of Germany. In 61 forest stands distributed over three geographically distinct regions in Central Europe, we trapped silphid beetles on exposed piglet cadavers during late summer. In all three regions, higher ambient temperatures and higher fine sand contents were associated with the abundance of the silphid beetle taxa. The carrion community silphid diversity was negatively affected by an increase in mean ambient temperature in all three regions. Although management intensity in forests did not affect the overall abundance of Silphidae, the abundance of Nicrophorus humator decreased significantly with higher forest management intensity across all three regions. Unmanaged and age-class forests showed a higher abundance of N. humator compared with extensively managed forest stands. These findings indicate that N. humator has potential as an indicator species for anthropogenic disturbances in forests. Overall, the direct responses of the silphid beetle community to diverse soil characteristics underline soil as an important factor determining the abundance and diversity of necrophagous carrion beetles in Central Europe. To protect these valuable ecosystem-service providers, forest-management-induced soil modifications need to be paid close attention., publishedVersion
Published: 2018

27. Improving biogas production by sugar beet silage co-fermentation: an approach for on-demand biogas energy

Author: Ahmed, Sharif, Kazda, Marian, and Riedel, Christian
Subjects: Silage, On-demand biogas energy, Sugar beet, Grassilage, Maize silage, Biogas, Maissilage, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, DDC 620 / Engineering & allied operations, Grass silage, ddc:620, Sugar beet silage, Zuckerrübe
Abstract: Biogas has become a well-established energy resource, especially through the use of renewable biomass i.e. energy crops. The advantages of using energy crops in biogas production are high biogas yield (Weiland, 2010), reducing greenhouse gas emission (Meyer-Aurich et al., 2016), increasing soil nutrients by crop rotations (Björnsson et al., 2013), mitigating disposal problems of agricultural residues (Zhang and Zhang, 1999). Unsolicited problems, however, were realized during mono-digestion of energy crops such as low buffering capacity (Braun et al., 2010), foam formation as well as various physical damages (Bachmann, 2015). Animal manure as co-feedstock is beneficial as it balances the missing nutrients, and therefore gas production rate increases (Comparetti et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the availability of manure can be locally limited due to increasing demand. Demirel and Scherer (2009) reported that about 15% of German biogas plants were operated without manure addition because of logistic problems. Manure limitation emphasizes to focus on another feedstocks and sugar beet silage is considered as an option, since sugar beet contains high alkalinity within the range of 2.5-6 g CaCO3-equivalents L-1 (Scherer et al., 2009). This thesis describes the effects of sugar beet silage in co-fermentation with fibrous substrates (Manuscript 1) and the potential role of beet silage in demand-based energy production (Manuscript 2). Different structural growth of microbial communities as well as their activities in anaerobic digestion using sugar beet as co-feedstock will be illustrated finally in the last part of this thesis (Manuscript 3). In Manuscript 1, the study investigated the effects of sugar beet silage in co-digestion with maize silage as well as grass silage, respectively. Grass silage is known as low degradable feedstock due to its low water-soluble carbohydrates and high proportion of proteins. Furthermore, low buffering capacity during mono-digestion of grass silage is asking for additional alkalinity to stabilize the process (Koch et al., 2009). Adding sugar beet silage showed a positive effect as it increased biogas yield with increasing amount of beet silage. The reason was attributed to the easily degradable components present in beet silage that released the energy while decomposing organic matter. Such energy would enhance the microbial metabolism and, as a consequence, the degradation of grass silage components is improved and leading to higher biogas yield. Such phenomenon, as mentioned above, is mostly implied in soil sciences where readily available carbohydrates decompose soil organic matter as they spur the overall microbial activity and is regarded as “priming effect” (Fontaine et al., 2003). It was found from this study that even small share of sugar beet silage (14% of volatile solids) increased the biogas yield by 44% in comparison to fermentation of grass silage alone. On the other hand, the effect was barely found during co-digestion of sugar beet silage and maize silage. In the future, biogas can be utilized as an attractive solution for demand-based energy generation. Demand-based energy is defined as the variable energy compensating the volatile production by solar or wind. Both solar and wind energies vary due to seasonal and meteorological scarcity, that has an impact on electricity production from these sources. Unlike other renewables, biogas production does not depend on weather conditions and can be easily stored, thus it opens a new aspect in terms of demand based energy production. In this context, different approaches have been tested in lab scale (Mauky et al., 2015; Persson et al., 2014). Among all, just-in-time biogas production with flexible feeding scheme seemed to be very effective as it minimized the requirement for additional biogas storage capacity (Mauky et al., 2015). Flexible feeding scheme aims to produce biogas in times of its demand and such effort can be met by introducing easily degradable substrates. In this context, sugar beet silage may have positive influence as it contains easily degradable compounds. In Manuscript 2, demand-based energy production was evaluated by testing sugar beet silage in co-fermentation with grass silage. The experiments were conducted in continuous mode (8hrs feeding interval) at two different organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1.5 kgVS m-3 day-1 (referred as low OLR) and 2.5 kgVS m-3 day-1 (high OLR), each with mixtures of grass silage and sugar beet silage at the ratios of 1:0, 3:1, 1:3 (based on volatile solids). The results showed that maximum biogas production rates were reached within short time after feeding in the reactors with sugar beet silage, but were noticeable only at high OLR. Also, these findings elucidated similar lag time required to reach maximum biogas or methane production after feeding, irrespective of OLRs. It was obvious that adding sugar beet silage to low degradable substrates (e.g. grass silage) stimulated degradability of the latter and increased overall biogas production. So, it can be concluded from the study presented in Manuscript 2 that such feedstocks can meet demand-based energy requirements under preferential use of high OLR. Manuscript 3 illustrated the structural changes of microbial communities in anaerobic digestion supplied with the feedstocks, maize silage and sugar beet silage, at different ratios (volatile solids based) of 1:0, 6:1, 3:1 and 1:3 at OLR 1.25 kgVS m-3 day-1. Both bacterial and archaeal communities shifted with increasing amount of beet silage. In respect of bacterial communities, family of Clostridiales was mainly dominating in the reactors with sugar beet silage and was escalating while sugar beet silage increased. It was demonstrated by Klang et al. (2015) that family of Clostridiales bacteria was mainly involved in the degradation of sugars during anaerobic digestion. Similar phenomenon can be realized in this study as the abundance of family Clostridiales was increasing in the reactors while increasing sugar, one of the main components of sugar beet. In respect to archaeal community, different members of acetoclastic archaea were observed in the relation to beet silage. However, Methanosaeta species were dominating in the reactors fed with maize silage mainly, whereas Methanosarcina species were controlling in the addition of higher amount of beet silage, i.e. at 3:1 and 1:3, respectively. Similar findings were also found by Klang et al. (2015) who mentioned that Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina were prevailing during anaerobic digestion of maize silage and sugar beet silage, respectively. Most surprisingly, irrespective of diverse microbial communities, similar biogas production rates were realized in all reactors. It was shown that microbial communities stabilized the digestion process by optimizing their metabolism under different feedstocks compositions. This work was a cooperative study between the Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology and the Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, whereas this thesis concentrated mainly on process parameters and biogas yield. In summary, this thesis elucidated, as explicated in the above mentioned manuscripts, different positive aspects of sugar beet silage as a co-feedstock with fibrous substrates (such as grass silage). Because of easy-to-degrade characteristics, sugar beet silage stimulates the hydrolysis process in co-fermentation with the grass silage. Most precisely, adding beet silage increases the cellulolytic activity of microorganisms that may enhance the hydrolysis of lignocellulose components, mainly cellulose, in grass silage. Indeed, sugar beet silage shows a better option in comparison to animal manure to enhance the biogas production of grass silage in co-digestion process. It has also the advantage for the production of demand-based energy. In the case of co-digestion of sugar beet silage with the grass silage, easy-to-digest compounds from beet silage could promote the anaerobic degradation of grass silage. Thus, the surface area of grass silage would be increased permitting microorganism to access. Thereafter, the mixtures of beet silage and grass silage in anaerobic digestion will boost the biogas production within short time. Such co-digestion can be applied to produce biogas for generating electricity when it is required. Furthermore, the analysis of microbial function at different feedstocks showed that microbial communities adapted towards optimal biogas production. Even though, different structural growth of microorganisms, irrespectively bacteria or archaea, are evolved during anaerobic digestion based on feedstock compositions.
Published: 2018

28. Analyse der Funktion von MORF-Proteinen im mitochondrialen RNA-Editing in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Glass, Franziska, Brennicke, Axel, and Takenaka, Mizuki
Subjects: RNA editing, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Arabidopsis thaliana, Genetics, RNS-Edierung, RNA-Editing, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: Durch den Prozess des RNA-Editing werden in mitochondrialen Transkripten der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana 400-600 Cytidine zu Uridinen umgewandelt. Möglich wird diese Veränderung der RNA-Sequenz durch einen Proteinkomplex, der sich aus verschiedenen Editingfaktoren zusammensetzt. Zwei Hauptinteraktionspartner stellen dabei die PPR-Proteine (PPR: Pentatricopeptide Repeat) und die MORF-Proteine (MORF: Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factor) dar. Es war bereits bekannt, dass das PPR-Protein MEF13 am Editing der betreffenden Cytidine in den Transkripten ccb452-50, cox3-314, nad2-59, nad4-158, nad5-1665, nad5-1916 und nad7-213 beteiligt ist. Durch die Analyse der EMS-Linie mef13-1 konnte bewiesen werden, dass dieser Editingfaktor ebenfalls an der Modifikation der Editingstelle ccb452-415 teilhat. Im Vergleich zum Wildtyp Columbia wies die Mutante mef13-1 ein verlangsamtes Wachstum auf. Dieser Makrophänotyp konnte durch die Transformation von mef13-1 mit dem Transgen MEF13 aufgehoben werden. Alle genannten Editingstellen weisen ebenfalls verminderte Editingeffizienzen in den Mutationslinien morf3/rip3 und morf8/rip1 auf. Mittels einer Yeast Three-Hybrid-Analyse konnte belegt werden, dass die zusätzliche Expression des Proteins MORF8 einen stabilisierenden Effekt auf die Interaktion von MORF3 und MEF13 ausübt. Diese Stabilisierung konnte nicht durch die Expression des Editingfaktors MORF1 beobachtet werden. Dies weist auf eine funktionelle Einheit des PPR-Proteins MEF13 mit einem MORF3-MORF8-Heteromer hin. Alle MORF-Proteine beinhalten einen ca. 100 Aminosäuren umfassenden konservierten Bereich, der als MORF-Box bezeichnet wird. Dieses Areal kann wiederum in vier Sequenzmotive unterteilt werden, welche innerhalb dieser Proteinfamilie, bezüglich ihrer Position und Aminosäureausstattung, leicht variieren. Jedes dieser konservierten Motive stellt ein potentielles Interaktionsareal für die Bildung von Homo- und Heteromeren mit weiteren Editingfaktoren dar. Mittels einer Yeast Two-Hybrid-Analyse wurde untersucht, ob verschiedene Deletionskonstrukte des trans-Faktors MORF1 zur Bildung von Homo- respektive Heteromeren fähig waren. Hierbei konnte belegt werden, dass die Interaktion zwischen MORF1 und MORF3 hauptsächlich über die konservierten Motive 2 und 3 vermittelt wird. Diese beiden Motive befinden sich in der C-terminalen Hälfte der MORF-Box. In der EMS-Linie morf1-1 wurde untersucht, ob chimäre Konstrukte aus MORF1 und MORF3 in der Lage waren, Editing an den betroffenen Cytidinen wieder herzustellen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Chimären als Transgene in morf1-1 exprimiert. Die cDNA verschiedener Transkripte wurde auf die Effizienz des C-zu-U-Editing hin überprüft. Die Positionen der Verbindungsstellen zwischen den MORF1- bzw. MORF3-basierten Sequenzen der chimäre Konstrukte wurden so gewählt, dass jeweils mindestens eines der konservierten Motive, zwischen den schlussendlich exprimierten Proteinen, ausgetauscht wurde. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Chimären deren N-Terminus MORF3-basiert war, nicht in der Lage sind, den Editingdefekt in morf1-1 auszugleichen. Es wurden ebenfalls Chimären hergestellt, deren Termini in umgekehrter Orientierung angeordnet waren. Folglich basierten die N-terminalen Sequenzen auf MORF1 und der C-Terminus war MORF3-kodiert. Diese chimären Konstrukte waren größtenteils in der Lage, den Editingdefekt in morf1-1 auszugleichen. Ein Vergleich mit bekannten Editingfaktoren belegte, dass die Wiederherstellung einer geeignet hohen Editingeffizienz an Stellen auftrat, deren cis-Elemente von PPR-Proteinen der E-Unterklasse erkannt werden. Demgegenüber waren Vertreter dieser Chimären nicht in der Lage Editing an Stellen zu erzeugen, die von PPR-Proteinen der DYW-Untergruppe erkannt werden.
Published: 2017

29. Aluminium accumulation in tropical and temperate plants: ecological, physiological and evolutionary aspects

Author: Schmitt, Marco, Jansen, Steven, and Kazda, Marian
Subjects: Evolution (Biology), Pteridophytes, Akkumulation, ddc:580, Accumulation, Hydroponics, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Aluminium, Hydrokultur, Pteridophyta, Farnpflanzen, Aluminum
Abstract: The goal of the first chapter of this thesis was to quantitatively evaluate the Al concentration in various plant tissues of Symplocos species natively growing in their natural habitats in Indonesian montane rainforests. My main goal was to investigate the natural concentration of Al in different plant organs of Symplocos species in order to improve sustainable use by weaving communities. Furthermore, this study contributes to our understanding of the intraspecific and within-tree variation of Al accumulation, which was also studied with respect to soil characteristics. The second chapter includes a hydroponic setup in order to investigate the Al behaviour of Symplocos paniculata. I tested the effect of Al on seedlings and saplings of S. paniculata. The goal was to determine whether this temperate species a) would be able to accumulate Al in its above ground plant organs similar to tropical sister species, and b) would show a beneficial effect on its growth when Al was added to the nutrient solution. The third chapter, unlike chapters one and two, focuses on ferns and lycophytes instead of angiosperm plant species. While the evolution and phylogeny of Al accumulation was studied in detail for angiosperms (Jansen et al. 2000, 2002, 2004), this trait remains poorly explored in pteridophytes. By compiling a global dataset from literature and novel data, I aimed to explore the phylogenetic signals associated with Al accumulation in fern and lycophyte species.
Published: 2017

30. Identifizierung und funktionelle Analyse von am mitochondrialen RNA-Editing beteiligten PPR Proteinen in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Nadja Brehme, Takenaka, Mizuki, and Binder, Stefan
Subjects: PPR-Protein, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Pentatricopeptide repeat genes, Molekulare Botanik, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: RNA-Editing umschreibt die co- und posttranskriptionalen Modifikation von genomisch kodierten Nukleotiden auf RNA-Ebene. In den Organellen höherer Landpflanzen, so auch denen der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana, findet dabei überwiegend die Umwandlung von Cytidin zu Uracil statt. Diese Umwandlung wird durch einen flexiblen Proteinkomplex, das Editosom, vermittelt, das sich aus verschiedenen trans-Faktoren zusammensetzt. Neben den PPR-Proteinen, welche die spezifische Erkennung und Bindung der Editingstelle vermitteln, sind weitere trans¬-Faktoren an der Assemblierung sowie Stabilisierung des Editosoms beteiligt. Drei PPR-trans-Faktoren wurden im Zuge dieser Arbeit durch Anwendung eines Vorhersage-Programms identifiziert. Das PPR-Protein MEF35 (mitochondrial RNA editing factor 35) konnte als essentieller Faktor für die Erkennung der mitochondrialen Editingstellen cob-286, nad4-1373, sowie rpl16 209 bestätigt werden. Mit MEF46 konnte ein weiterer mitochondrialer Editingfaktor durch Anwendung des Vorhersage-Programms identifiziert werden. Das PPR-Protein ist essentiell für die Erkennung der Editingstelle nad5-1958. Das PPR-Protein MEF55 wurde als möglicher PPR-trans-Faktor für die Editingstelle atp4 248 prognostiziert und konnte im Zuge der Analyse des Editingphänotyps in den T DNA Insertionslinien mef55-1 und mef55-2 als spezifischer PPR-trans-Faktor für die Editingstellen atp4-248, -250 und 251, sowie nad5-155 identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus weisen die erfolgreich durchgeführten Komplementationen mit orthologen PPR-Proteinen aus B. oleracea und B. napus auf die konservierte Funktion des MEF55-Proteins als Editingfaktor für diese vier Editingstellen innerhalb der Brassica hin. Durch die Identifizierung der drei PPR-Proteine konnten die Nützlichkeit aber auch die Limitierungen des angewendeten Vorhersage-Programms aufgezeigt werden. Die Expression von artifiziellen PPR-Proteinchimären aus PPR-Motiven mit spezifischer Nukleotidaffinität in planta konnte kein artifizielles Editingereignis in Arabidopsis erzeugen. Auch der Einsatz solcher PPR-Chimären mit nativer mitochondrialer Lokalisierungssequenz sowie C-terminalen Domänen des MEF55-Proteins konnte das Editing an den in mef55-1 betroffenen Editingstellen nicht wiederherstellen. Die Spezifität der PPR-Motive bestimmter PPR-Proteine konnte auch durch die Analyse der Proteinchimäre MEF32-MEF35 bestätigt werden. Gemeinsam mit dieser Analyse deutet dies auf eine Komplexität der PPR-Nukleotid-Bindung hin, die über eine reine Affinität bestimmter Aminosäurekombinationen der einzelnen PPR-Motive zu spezifischen Nukleotiden hinausgeht.
Published: 2017

31. Predicting angiosperm tree mortality based on embolism resistance, cambium vitality and intervessel pit membrane thickness

Author: Li, Shan, Jansen, Steven, and Kazda, Marian
Subjects: Intervessel pit membrane thickness, Membranes (Biology), Fluidity, %22">Kambium , Cambium, Dürre, fungi, food and beverages, Wassermangel, Trees, Mortality, Droughts, ddc:580, Kambium, Cambium vitality, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Lethal water potential, Baumkrankheit
Abstract: Drought is one of the most challenging environmental factors inducing world-wide forest die-back and tree mortality. In this thesis, xylem embolism resistance (P50, i.e., the xylem water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity), cambium vitality and intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM) was investigated to predict drought-induced lethal water potential in angiosperm tree species. A drought-rewatering experiment was conducted on five common European tree species, and lethal water potential was estimated based on the leaf photosynthetic recovery rate upon rewatering. Cambium ultrastructure during drought stress was visualized under light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the root of C. avellana. Data on TPM and P50 was collected from a broad range of woody angiosperm species. Fresh samples directly fixed for TEM was investigated from 71 species while non-fresh samples were from an additional 60 species. The lethal water potential of studied five species correlated with stem P99 (i.e., the xylem water potential at 99% loss of hydraulic conductivity, PLC). However, several plants that were drought-stressed beyond water potential at 100% PLC showed complete recovery, suggesting that the lethal water potential might be underestimated. C. avellana seedlings that were moderately water-stressed with water potential less negative than P50 (-2.0 MPa), showed intact cambial cells. In contrast, in severely drought-stressed seedlings with water potential more negative than P50, the cell membranes of cambial fusiform cells were detached from the cell wall, with shrunken and/or damaged cytoplasm. However, ray cambial cells remained alive for a longer period than fusiform cells. Death of cambial fusiform cells corresponded to more or less the lethal water potential of C. avellana, suggesting that drought-induced mortality of this species is closely associated with cambial death. A strong relationship betweenP50 and TPM was found on fresh material (r = 0.78, P < 0.01, n = 37), demonstrating that TPM measured on fresh samples provides one of the strongest wood anatomical correlates of drought-induced embolism in angiosperm.
Published: 2017
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32. Several proteins form variable RNA editing complexes in plant organelles

Author: Bayer-Császár, Eszter, Takenaka, Mizuki, and Marchfelder, Anita
Subjects: RNA editing, Proteomanalyse, Y2H, Chimera, RNS-Edierung, ddc:580, DDC 570 / Life sciences, ddc:570, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Protein expression, Plant proteins, Protein engineering, Plant proteomics
Abstract: In RNA editing in plant organelles, PPR (Pentatricopeptide Repeat) proteins with an E or E and DYW domains at the C-terminus are important participants for recognizing the specific cis-elements. These proteins are able to connect to their target RNA sequence via the PPR domains. Recognition of the specific target RNA sequence by PPR proteins is based on the specific binding of one PPR motif to one nucleotide. There are several possibilities for the function of the E-domains in the PPR RNA editing factors: they may bind to the RNA as well as the PPR motifs, or provide the interacting surface for other proteins involved also in the RNA editing process. It is also not excluded that E domains perform these two possible tasks simultaneously. The DYW domain contains a conserved motif (HxExnCxxC) of cytidine deaminases and shows zinc-binding capability, suggesting the domain works as the so far missing deaminase enzyme. But its cytidine deaminase activity has not yet been proofed. The MORFs (Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factors) also termed as RIPs (RNA editing factor Interacting Proteins) are also involved in several C-to-U substitution events in flowering plants mitochondria and/or in chloroplasts. Nine members of this family contain the conserved 100 amino acids long MORF box and one protein contains only the C-terminally half of that. The exact function of these proteins is unknown yet, but it is suggested that they work together with PPR proteins to perform certain RNA editing events maybe through their direct connections to PPR proteins at each MORF box. To understand further detailed functions of the three domains PPR, E and DYW in RNA editing factors, I employed three different approaches. The first one is functional complementation of the mef28-1 RNA editing mutants with chimeric PPR type RNA editing factors. The MEF28 is involved in the editing of two neighboring cytidines at the nad2-89 and 90 sites. We are interested in how this rarely event is performed by a single PPR protein. The DYW domain of MEF28 is not able to substitute to other DYW domains to edit the downstream cytidine in the two nad2 sites, suggesting its requirement for the flexible targeting function. In the second approach I used Y2H analyses for mapping the binding sites between MEFs (Mitochondrial RNA Editing Factors) and MORFs. In the most cases the bait wild type and partial MEF proteins could connect to the MORF1, MORF2, MORF8 and MORF9, rarely with MORF3 and very rarely with MORF4, MORF5, MORF6 and MORF7. In contrast, the wild type and the partial MEF8 bait constructs (except the MEF8_ECE+) could bind to almost all MORF preys, indicates that MEF8 is a very unique PPR protein. After Y2H analyses of several different partial E domain constructs, I found that the MEF21 is able to bind with the MORF1 through the N-terminal part of the E domain. Finally, I established the Pichia pastoris expression system to express recombinant PPR type RNA editing proteins. The system is now available for further molecular functional analysis of PPR proteins that have been difficult to be expressed in E.coli system.
Published: 2017
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33. The structure and function of ray and axial parenchyma in woody seed plants

Author: Morris, Hugh, Jansen, Steven, and Binder, Stefan
Subjects: Angiosperms, fungi, Carbohydrates, Woody plants, Axial parenchyma, Starch, Parenchyma, plant, Ray parenchyma, Secondary xylem, Conifers, ddc:580, Nadelgehölze, Xylem, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, %22">Parenchym , Nadelgeh��lze, sense organs, Growth form, Parenchym
Abstract: Parenchyma represents an important interconnected three-dimensional living tissue in secondary xylem of woody seed plants, with functions ranging from transport and storage to defence and biomechanics, along with less understood functions, such as in long-distance water transport. We lack a large-scale analysis of ecological traits associated with ray parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP). Here, we explore global trends in the AP and RP fraction per cross-sectional wood area based on literature data, including 1,727 entries from three major biomes (temperate, subtropical and tropical). We found a 29-fold variation in RAP fraction, where temperature was found to be the biggest driver of RAP (RP+AP) levels, followed by precipitation, with the latter showing a significant but negative relationship with RAP, demonstrating an increase in RAP towards drier sites. RAP fractions were higher in tropical than temperate angiosperm trees (21.1 vs 36.2 %), respectively, where AP was found to be the most versatile parenchyma type resulting in the sharp rise of RAP in the tropics, while RP remained relatively constant. Succulents (including pachycauls) and lianas were found to have higher RAP fractions than non-succulent angiosperm trees and conifers, with the latter having the lowest RAP fractions, as expected. The observed trends were interpreted with respect to the various functions of RAP in plants. We tested one of the hypotheses arising from the global analysis, and found RAP or/and ��living�� fibres levels in a range of temperate species to be the uppermost limit for NSC storage, demonstrating that species with higher RAP and/or living fibre fractions in the selected species have a greater capacity for carbon storage: the same trend was not found for lowland tropical species. Also, starch accumulation was equally distributed across both RP and AP (including contact cells) in most of the temperate species analysed at the onset of winter, a trend not observed in the tropical species, where, although evident, the distribution was far sparser, with the exception of Brosimum sp. In summary, our results form a strong basis in which to better understand the functional implications of the great anatomical variability in wood parenchyma.
Published: 2016

34. Oxygen as dynamic parameter in internal aeration and the rhizosphere of wetland plants

Author: Faußer, Anna, Kazda, Marian, and Jansen, Steven
Subjects: Internal oxygen partial pressure, food and beverages, Rhizoplane biofilm, Soil aeration, Rhizosphere oxygenation, Aerenchyma, Macrophyte, Methane-oxidizing bacteria, Internal carbon dioxide, Methanol dehydrogenase, ddc:580, Typha angustifolia, waste water treatment, Internal oxygen dynamics, Radial oxygen loss, Carbon dioxide, Wetland plants, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Typha latifolia, Biofilms, In-situ field study, Internal aeration, Phragmites australis, Immunological labelling
Abstract: In wetland ecosystems, actively ventilating plants strongly influence the oxidation of reduced substances from anaerobic soil layers by releasing oxygen (O2) from the roots to the substrate. The objective of this thesis was to connect in-situ plant-mediated O2 transport to submerged organs with O2 usage associated with the roots. Plant-internal O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured in-situ continuously and concomitantly over several days. A greenhouse experiment was performed to reveal the influence of water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on aeration efficiency of submerged organs and the rhizosphere. The roots were analysed for associated biofilms and aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). The O2 concentrations assessed inside culms and rhizomes of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. showed active pressurization of fresh air to submerged organs. Regulation mechanisms for aerobic metabolism were assumed during times with reduced O2 supply. The observed negative correlation of plant-internal O2 to CO2 emphasizes the strong inter-dependency of plant-mediated O2 supply and O2 consuming processes in the rhizosphere. Changing of VPD influenced the aeration patterns of rhizomes and rhizospheres of Typha angustifolia L. strongly. This effect is assumed to be induced by stomatal narrowing in response to increasing VPD in the surrounding atmosphere. Dense biofilms were detected on the roots of P. australis and T. latifolia L.. The proportions of MOB were higher than one third of total biofilm bacteria which demonstrates that the rhizosphere is highly influenced by methane diffusing from anaerobic soil layers. The present study confirms that the combined assessment of plant-internal O2 and CO2 concentrations can be used to estimate O2 supply to and O2 consumption in wetland soils. The large number of root-associated MOB indicates the high potential of methane consumption mediated through plants in wetland ecosystems.
Published: 2016

35. Funktionelle Charakterisierung von Branched-Chain Aminotransferasen und der Isopropylmalat Isomerase in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Imhof, Janet
Subjects: Branched-Chain Aminotransferase, Molekularbiologie, ddc:580, Arabidopsis thaliana, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Molekulare Botanik, Isopropylmalat Isomerase, Verzweigte-Aminosäuren-Transaminase, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: In this thesis, the main topic was to investigate the detailed biological roles of the isopropylmalate isomerase small subunit 1 (IPMI SSU1) as well as of the branched-chain aminotransferases 2 and 5 (BCAT2 and 5) in A. thaliana. For the analysis of IPMI SSU1 transgenic lines expressing an artificial microRNA targeting the IPMI SSU1 mRNA (amiR-SSU1-B) were established. These mutants showed a severe macroscopic and microscopic phenotype as well as changes in the expression of genes involved in development processes and changes in contents of different phytohormones. Metabolite profiling of these mutants revealed changes in the free levels of isopropylmalate and glucosinolates as well as its intermediates demonstrating a function of IPMI SSU1 both in leucine biosynthesis and the methionine chain elongation. Surprisingly the levels of free leucine slightly increased. With regard to BCAT2, this gene seems to play no role in the glucosinolate formation, while it was shown that BCAT2 is involved in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism. In vitro activity assays revealed that recombinant BCAT2 deaminates all BCAA. The contents of BCAA in vivo in seeds are significantly higher in BCAT2 knockout mutants than in the correspondent wild types. Similar to other genes involved in the BCAA degradation the expression of BCAT2 is drastically induced under carbon starvation. The biological role of BCAT5 could not be clearly elucidated in this thesis. Transgenic bcat3-1 knockout mutants expressing artificial microRNAs against BCAT5 (amiR-BCAT5) as well as the T-DNA insertion line bcat5-2 did not show clear reductions in the BCAT5 transcript levels. In addition, there were just minor changes in the amino acid and glucosinolate levels in amiR-BCAT5 and the double mutant bcat5-2 x bcat3-1. Likewise, the metabolite profiles of the double mutants bcat4-1 x bcat5-2 and bcat5-5 x bcat4-2 did not reveal a distinct function of BCAT5 in amino acid and glucosinolate metabolism.
Published: 2013

36. Optimierung und alternative Substrate in der ABE-Fermentation mit Clostridium acetobutylicum

Author: Standfest, Thiemo
Subjects: Pentosen, ddc:580, Chemostat, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Fermentation, CodY, Glycerin, Microarray analysis, Lignocellulose Biomasse, Gluconat
Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wurde die ABE-Fermentation von Clostridium acetobutylicum mit den Zuckersubstraten der Lignocellulose D-(+)-Glucose, D-(+)-Xylose und L-(-)-Arabinose in synthetischen Medien untersucht. Es konnte erfolgreich ein Chemostatverfahren für die Fermentation mit den Pentosesubstraten entwickelt werden. Es wurde bei dem Substrat D-(+)-Xylose die ABE-Produktivität um das 4,7-fache im Vergleich zum Satzkulturverfahren gesteigert. Ebenfalls zeigte sich D-(+)-Gluconat als ein Substrat von C. acetobutylicum. DNA-Microarray-Studien ergaben Hinweise für mögliche Zuckertransportwege in die Zelle. Durch die Optimierung des Fermentationsmediums konnte der Lösungsmittelertrag über verschiedene Fermentationsmaßstäbe verbessert werden. Die Geninaktivierung von codY in C. acetobutylicum äußerte sich in einer Verbesserung der Butanolproduktion im Satzkultur- und Chemostatverfahren bei unterschiedlichen pH-Werten.
Published: 2013
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37. Einfluss pflanzlicher Biofilmträger auf die Vergärung von Speiseresten

Author: Zak, Manuel
Subjects: Acidification, Vergärung, ddc:580, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Biofilm, Biodegradation, Biogas, Digestion
Abstract: Due to their high amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, wastes of the food industry have huge biogas potentials and quickly decompose while acidification. To avoid process instability these substrates only get digested in minor amounts resulting in less absolute yields of biogas. By fast and almost complete decomposition these substrates lack of required surface for microbial syntrophic growth. It was proven that the co-digestion with other substrates had a positive influence on the methane forming process (Sasaki et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2010). In this study laboratory-scaled experiments (4 x 10 L) were run to discover the effects of plant based biofilm-carriers while digesting higher loads of substrates rich in energy (e.g. food waste). In average of several batch experiments the specific methane yield could be increased up to 7 % and the grade of organic dry matter degradation up to 10 % when additional biofilm-carriers were supplied. Due to procedural conditions (feeding and mixing) of the laboratory biogas unit during continuous digestion the plant structures could not be mixed completely into the digestion liquid. For this reasons the positive effects attributed to the addition of biofilm-carriers in the previous batch-digestions could not be achieved. But it was possible to realise those findings successfully in a 300 m3 full-scaled digester of a co-digestion plant. Increasing the input of food waste and providing straw as a biofilm-carrier at the same time, the absolute yield of methane could be increased about 43 % and the specific one about 23 % without compromising the digestion process. Due to their slow decomposition plant biofilm-carriers were sufficient even in small amounts to stabilise the digestion process, to provide prior methane formation and in most instances higher gas yields at increased organic loads.
Published: 2012
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38. Floral biology, breeding system, pollination and reproductive success of selected understory tree species in fragments of Atlantic rainforest in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

Author: Braun, Marcus
Subjects: ddc:580, Atlantic Forest: Brazil, Fragmentation, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Veilchengewächse, Annonaceae, Reproductive success, Brazil [Atlantic Forest], Understory trees, Pollination, Rahmapfelgewächse, Violaceae
Abstract: It has been little studied whether reproductive success of understory trees in tropical forests responds negatively to fragmentation. Pollination biology and reproductive success of four understory tree species in the Annonaceae and Violaceae families were studied in small and large fragments of Atlantic rainforest. All four species had limited seed dispersal ranges and aggregated (patchy) distributions. Anaxagorea dolichocarpa (Annonaceae) flowers were pollinated exclusively by small beetles (Colopterus spp.). The self-compatible plants reproduced well in small and large fragments. Pollen limitation was not detected, and pollinator abundance did not decline in small fragments. Flowers of Cymbopetalum brasiliense (Annonaceae), expected to be pollinated by large scarab beetles, received no visitors, but produced many seeds. Seed set was likely apomictic. Thermogenesis was detected in flowers of both Annonaceae species. Amphirrhox longifolia (Violaceae) and Paypayrola blanchetiana (Violaceae) flowers started anthesis at night, continuing during daytime. Both species were self-incompatible and showed signs of pollen limiation. A. longifolia flowers offered pollen and scent as rewards, and received few visits by orchid bees, halicticid bees (Megalopta sp.) and Heliconius butterflies. P. blanchetiana produced nectar as main reward and was visited by many diverse insects. However, plants had consistently low relative seed set (0.6 %). Relative seed set was a positive function of fragment size and a negative function of patch flowering intensity. Loss of incompatibility alleles and inbreeding depression are discussed as possible causes for the low reproductive success, especially in small fragments. Additionally, accumulating nectar reduces the viability of the pollen, which is presented in close proximity to the nectar in the spurless corolla tubes of Paypayrola flowers.
Published: 2010
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39. Pollinator attraction in wasp-flowers

Author: Brodmann, Jennifer
Subjects: ddc:580, Pollinators, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Wasp-flower, Chemical analysis, Orchids, Bestäubung
Abstract: Because little was known about the pollinator attracting floral signals that are used by flowers pollinated by social wasps, in my thesis I investigated in a comparative approach the floral cues, which are responsible for the specific attraction of social wasps to the flowers. I wanted to answer the question, if there is a wasp specific attractant that can be found in all wasp-flowers or if various wasp-flowers use different strategies to attract wasps. Furthermore I explored if there is a difference between orchids and non-orchids and between rewarding and deceptive wasp-flowers concerning the attractants used for the specific wasp attraction.
Published: 2010
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40. Morphologische und blütenbiologische Parameter einer Population des Gongora quinquenervis (Orchidaceae)-Komplexes in Costa Rica

Author: Hentrich, Heiko
Subjects: Costa Rica, Orchids. Costa Rica, ddc:580, Sympatrische Speziation, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Variabilität, Parfümblume, Orchidaceae, Orchideen, Euglossini, Gongora quinquenervis
Abstract: In einem tropischen Sekundärwald an der Pazifikküste Costa Ricas wurde die Blütenökologie einer großen Population von Parfümorchideen des Gongora quinquenervis-Komplexes untersucht. Die Blüten variierten stark in ihrer Morphologie und Blütenfarbe. Innerhalb einer Pflanze waren jedoch sämtliche Blüten gleich gestaltet und unterschieden sich nur in ihrer Größe. Die Blütenfarbe variierte von cremeweiß bis fuchsrot, das Farbmuster von einfarbig bis gefleckt oder gepunktet. Alle Pflanzen produzierten einen Blütenduft, der von cis- und trans-Methyl-4-methoxy-cinnamat dominiert wurde. Weitere Hauptkomponenten, welche jedoch nur bei einem Teil der Pflanzen vorkamen, waren Estragol und Chavicol. Blütenbesucher waren ausschließlich duftsammelnde Bienenmännchen der Tribus Euglossini. Die Besucherbeobachtung zeigte, dass es innerhalb der Population Unterschiede in den Bestäuberspektren der Pflanzen gab, die offensichtlich auf die Zusammensetzung des Blütenduftes zurückzuführen waren. An Blüten, die Estragol und Chavicol produzierten, wurden überwiegend Euglossa azureoviridis und E. variabilis beobachtet, während Blüten, deren Duft diese Substanzen nicht beinhaltete, von E. deceptrix, E. erythrochlora und E. variabilis besucht wurden. Gekoppelte GC-EAD-Versuche mit E. variabilis zeigten, dass die Bienen sowohl cis-/trans-Methyl-4-methoxy-cinnamat, als auch Estragol und Chavicol wahrnehmen können. Köderversuche mit Estragol im Untersuchungsgebiet blieben jedoch erfolglos. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die unterschiedliche Duftzusammensetzung die zwei Pflanzengruppen reproduktionsbiologisch isoliert und letztendlich zu sympatrischer Speziation führt. Da sämtliche Pflanzen einen gemeinsamen Bestäuber, E. variabilis, besitzen, ist Introgression jedoch nicht auszuschließen. Aufgrund der starken Variabilität der Blütenform und -farbe, war es nicht möglich, die Pflanzen beider Gruppen anhand ihrer Morphologie auseinanderzuhalten.
Published: 2010
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41. Charakterisierung von Proteinen des RNA-Metabolismus in Haloferax volcanii

Author: Fischer, Susan
Subjects: ddc:580, Archaebakterien, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, NZ-Protein, RNA, tRNase Z, Archaea, Lsm-Protein, Haloferax volcanii
Abstract: In this thesis three proteins in connection to the cellular RNA metabolism of the model archaeon H. volcanii were investigated for their biological functions. The first project focussed on gaining knowledge about the Lsm protein through generation and characterisation of a deletion mutant of the hvolsm gene as well as co-immunoprecipitation of potential interaction partners of the protein. While in Bacteria and Eukarya functions of the Sm/Lsm family of proteins are well understood, for the archaeal homologs only the typical ring-shaped structure and the characteristic binding to oligo(U) stretches could be shown thus far. This thesis research provides evidence that HvoLsm is not essential for cell survival. In addition, first co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed an interaction of HvoLsm with as yet unidentified RNA species as well as MS-analysed specific proteins. In another project the tRNA 3’ processing enzyme tRNase Z was investigated for its in vivo functions. Here, essentiality of this protein for survival of H. volcanii was verified, as a deletion of the hvotrz gene turned out to be lethal. Therefore the analysis of the biological function of this protein can only be achieved using different strategies (see Hölzle et al., 2008). In the last project dealing with the tRNase Z homolog NZ, it could be demonstrated that despite extensive in vitro and in vivo studies the function of this so far uncharacterised, unessential protein remains elusive. Nevertheless, several hints were obtained for an involvement of HvoNZ in the methylglyoxal metabolism or more specific the glyoxalase system as a glyoxalase II. Moreover, first results of co-immunoprecipitation experiments hint on a possible role in transcription regulation or even cell proliferation. Further analyses are necessary to account for the function and relevance of HvoNZ for the cell and possibly also for the evolution of the long version of the tRNase Z proteins.
Published: 2010
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42. Beiträge zur Populationsdynamik von Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. im Bereich der mittleren Schwäbischen Alb

Author: Feldt, Christian
Subjects: ddc:580, Population dynamics, Growth-form, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Grasslands, fungi, Antennaria, Katzenpfötchen, food and beverages, Populationsdynamik
Abstract: Occurrence of Antennaria dioica is decreasing in the area of Schwäbische Alb (Southern Germany). The reasons of this decrease were studied. The surviving populations of this plant were mapped in dry grasslands. From existing sites data concerning slope and exposition, the soil depth and the pH-value of upper soil and the composition of the vegetation were recorded. The population biology of the plants was examined in respect to vegetative and generative life form development. The life form development of particular plants and groups of plants was tracked in all areas in order to show the population dynamics. From 1991 to 2007 some sites were therefore continuously observed several times a year. Due to plagiotropic growth the plant grows near the surface of the ground and its spreading is therefore restricted. A. dioica is not able to survive long periods of drought. Flowering of A. dioica depends on sufficient water supply in preceding years. The fructification is highly dependent on the distance of sexes of the dioecious plant. Isolated populations generally do not produce fruits at all. For long-distance dispersal the plant uses anemochorous achenes, which however do not depart very far from the flowering elder plant. In natural conditions only very few seedlings develop. In most locations surviving seedlings were not discovered. Reasons for the decrease of A. dioica may be change in the pasture regimes. Due to felting the biomass close to the soil surface biomass is increasing. Because of strict plagiotropic growth of the species the plant is not able to outcompete accompanying vegetation. High growing plants and compact turfs of grasses cannot be overgrown. A second observed reason for the local decrease of A. dioica may be the increase of long lasting dry seasons as a result of climate change. In order to conserve the species on the Alb specific nature management is necessary in order to maintain habitats suitable for the plant.
Published: 2009

43. The seedpod gum of Parkia pendula (Fabaceae) as a deadly trap for vertebrates

Author: Gerhard Gottsberger and Daniel Piechowski
Subjects: Seedpod gum, Biology, Tropidurus hispidus, ddc:570, Botany, Parkia pendula, Atlantic forest, Mimosoideae, lcsh:Science, lcsh:QH301-705.5, General Environmental Science, Fabaceae, biology.organism_classification, Atlantic Forest, Mimosoideae, Parkia pendula, seedpod gum, Tropidurus hispidus, Legumes, Mata Atlântica, Mimosoideae, Goma de vagem, ddc:580, lcsh:Biology (General), DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Atlantic Forest, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:Q
Abstract: In the literature, it has been mentioned that the seedpod gum of Parkia pendula is used for catching birds. Here we present an observation of a Tropidurus hispidus individual that died after being glued to the substrate by the gum of P. pendula in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco State. This observation proves the enormous gluing performance of this gum, which can be considered as a potential danger for small vertebrates. A goma da vagem de Parkia pendula: uma armadilha fatal para vertebrados. O uso da goma de vagens de Parkia pendula para capturar aves foi mencionado uma única vez na literatura. No presente trabalho apresentamos a observação de um indivíduo do lagarto Tropidurus hispidus que morreu após ser colado no substrato pela goma de P. pendula de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Estado de Pernambuco. Esta observação evidencia a enorme capacidade adesiva desta goma, que pode ser considerada um perigo potencial para pequenos vertebrados.
Published: 2009
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44. Funktionelle Analyse mitochondrialer RNA-Helikase Komplexe von Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Köhler, Daniela
Subjects: ddc:580, DEAD-box-Proteine, Mitochondrium, Arabidopsis thaliana, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, RNA-Metabolismus, Mitochondria. Metabolism, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: The subject of this thesis was to determine the functions of the two highly similar DEAD-box proteins PMH1 and PMH2 (76 % identical amino acids) in the mitochondrial RNA metabolism of A. thaliana. The investigation of T-DNA insertion mutants revealed that PMH2 is expressed stronger than PMH1. Both proteins seem to be part of high molecular mass complexes. It was found that the PMH proteins can be dissociated from the complexes by treatment of the mitochondrial lysates with potassium chloride. Under the same conditions ribosomes or polysomes remain unaffected. This observation and the different distribution of the PMH proteins and the ribosomal RNAs throughout the fractions of a sucrose gradient led to the conclusion that an integration or stable association of the proteins with ribosomes or polysomes is unlikely, although a weak or transient interaction cannot be excluded. Up to now the composition of these high molecular mass complexes remains unclear. The phenotypic analysis of the T-DNA insertion mutants showed that PMH1 is not an essential protein and has only a weak influence on the development of the plants. The function of this protein in the mitochondrial RNA metabolism is still unknown. No developmental or any other macroscopic phenotype was observed for the pmh2 mutants. It was thus concluded that PMH2 has no important function in development or the morphology of the plants. In the PMH2 mutant the steady state levels of the nad2-, nad4-, nad7- and nad9-mRNAs, but not the atp8-mRNA were reduced suggesting that PMH2 participates in the maturation of some but not all mitochondrial mRNAs. Further investigations showed that the splicing of some of the mitochondrial cis-splicing introns was reduced in the pmh2 mutant. In the mutant none of the posttranscriptional processes is completely blocked supporting a role of as a chaperone in the formation or maintenance of reactive secondary RNA structures.
Published: 2009
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45. Gaswechsel, Kohlenstoffbilanz und Biomasseproduktion bei Typha angustifolia L

Author: Leffler, Sascha
Subjects: Plant biomass, ddc:580, Typha angustifolia, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Gaswechsel, Wasserspiegelschwankungen, Biomasse, Kuibyschew-Reservoir, Emergent macrophyt, Schmalblättriger Rohrkolben, Gasaustausch, Kohlenstoffhaushalt
Abstract: Typha angustifolia L. belongs to the group of aquatic emergent macrophyts. The species is widely spread in all types of wetlands and efficiently productive. By forming aerenchym the species is able to ventilate its roots and rhizomes in the rhizosphere and can withstand flooding. The Kuybyschew reservoir (Russia) was the area investigated in this study. Like many wetlands it fluctuates annually and periodically in their water level up to a maximum of 6 m. Little is known about the effect of such water-level fluctuations on the shore, especially in Typha angustifolia-dominated plant communities. The aim of the following study was to investigate the effect of water-level fluctuation with regard to productivity and biometry, CO2/H2O gas exchange as well as its carbon household in stands of Typha angustifolia. For this purpose two sites were set up at the Kuybyshew reservoir in three investigation periods from 2002 to 2004. The density, height, fruits, leaf area index and above-ground biomass were investigated. CO2/H2O gas exchange was measured. The daily carbon uptake was calculated. This was used to calculate the annual carbon household. Water-level fluctuation had a negative influence on above-ground biomass production and density of the stems. Furthermore CO2 uptake at the leaf surface did not correspond with photon flux density at any of the sites, water levels or during any investigation period. About 25 - 60 % of carbon of biomass did not derive from atmospheric carbon dioxide source. This negative carbon household might be explained by the ability of Typha angustifolia plants to use CO2 from the oxidation of methane by microorganisms. This is transported and accumulated in their aerenchym. Thus, they can maintain their carbon household. The results suggest that emergent macrophyts as Typha angustifolia are able to use carbon from the sediment as an additional carbon source. Thus, they play a major role in the carbon cycle of wetlands and the emission of trace gases.
Published: 2008

46. Pollination biology of cantharophilous and melittophilous Annonaceae and Cyclanthaceae in French Guiana

Author: Teichert, Holger
Subjects: Floral odor, ddc:580, Cyclanthaceae, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Pollination biology, Annonaceae, Rahmapfelgewächse, Pollination by insects, Scheibenblumengewächse, French Guiana
Abstract: Due to human impact tropical forests become fragmented and their preservation and sustainable management receive more attention. Functioning plant-animal interactions are crucial for long-term preservation of biodiversity in every rainforest. Therefore, understanding the plant-animal interactions is the key to sustainable management of this ecosystem. In undisturbed ecosystems, these interactions exist in their most preserved state and provide the true account on the ecology of the species concerned. The relationship between plants and their insect pollinators is one of the most important interactions in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Most tropical plants are pollinated by insects, but only a fraction has been investigated and information is completely missing for many evolutionary important taxonomical groups. The aim of the present study was to estimate pollination mechanisms of selected species belonging to the families Annonaceae and Cyclanthaceae in their original and undisturbed habitat. Annonaceae are an evolutionary old family, and their members form an important component of tropical rainforests because of their species richness and high abundance. The Cyclanthaceae occur only in the Neotropics. Their live form include mostly terrestrial herbs or (hemi)-epiphytes.
Published: 2008

47. The reproductive biology of euglossine-pollinated plants in the natural reserve Nouragues, French Guiana

Author: Hentrich, Heiko
Subjects: Episcia, Anthuriums, Floral fragrances, Understory plants, Mandevilla, Rapatea, Spathiphyllum, Prachtbiene, Euglossini, Araceae, Bonafousia, Ischnosiphon, Costus, Gentianaceae, Myco-heterotrophic plants, Nectar, Nouragues, French Guiana, ddc:580, Fragrance collection, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Pollination biology, Calathea, Pollen, Voyria
Abstract: The reproductive biology of several euglossine-pollinated species of an understory community in the natural reserve Nouragues in French Guiana were studied. The first two chapters deal with the pollination biology of three sympatric, co-flowering aroids (Anthurium sagittatum, Anthurium thrinax and Spathiphyllum humboldtii). Each of the studied species possessed a specific floral scent bouquet that attracted species-specific pollinators. The pollinators were male euglossine bees, which collected floral scent at the spadices of the plants. Floral scent might be a major factor in the reproductive isolation of these plant species. In the third chapter, the reproductive biology of three myco-heterotrophic Voyria species (Gentianaceae) was studied. Voyria clavata was highly specialized in its floral biology towards middle-sized, long-tongued euglossine bees, while V. caerulea and V. rosea had a broader visitor spectrum (long-tongued insects). The results of our study indicate that the former species was obligate xenogamous, while the latter were facultative inbreeders. For understory plants, whose individuals are widely spread in the forest, close pollinator-plant relationships might be of major importance for a successful reproduction. The fourth chapter deals with the reproductive biology of a plant community of euglossine-pollinated nectar- and pollen-plants. Visitor spectra of the plants were as restricted as in euglossine-pollinated perfume-flowers. Important factors affecting the visitor spectrum were floral morphology (e.g. corolla length) and daily floral nectar amounts. Interestingly, also the pollen flowers were visited by few euglossine species. This might indicate that euglossine bees are flower constant or even oligolectic. The most frequently observed flower visitors were bees of the Euglossa subgenus Glossura, which are known to be the most individual-rich euglossine group. Probably many plant species have evolved and specialized under their influence.
Published: 2008
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48. Charakterisierung der Funktion von Branched-Chain Aminotransferasen und Isopropylmalat Isomerasen im Primär- und/oder Sekundärmetabolismus in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Knill, Tanja
Subjects: Amino acids, branched-chain, ddc:580, Aminotransferasen, Verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren, Arabidopsis thaliana, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Transaminasen, Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Glucosinolate, Isomerasen, Ackerschmalwand
Abstract: The main topic of this thesis was to investigate in detail the function of different branched-chain aminotransferases (AtBCATs) in A. thaliana. These characterizations should help to understand the relevance of AtBCATs in primary and secondary metabolism. In vitro enzyme activity tests showed highest affinity of AtBCAT4 to the main substrate in the methinone-derived glucosinolate biosynthesis. In addition, detailed metabolite profiling with corresponding AtBCAT4 knock out mutants revealed significant decrease in all methionine-derived glucosinolates, and thus a 50 % reduction in total amount of methionine-derived glucosinolates. These results indicate that AtBCAT4 is responsible for the initial transamination reaction in the very beginning of the methionine-derived glucosinolate biosynthesis. AtBCAT3, a plastid member of the AtBCAT family, seems to have a dual function in primary and secondary metabolism. In enzyme activity tests AtBCAT3 accepts substrates of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, as well as ketomethylthiobutyrate (MTOB) from which the methionine-derived glucosiolates are built. A further important part of this thesis was to identify potential candidates for the isomerization reactions involved in the chain elongation cycle of glucosinolate biosynthesis and in the leucine biosynthesis. These analyses lead to the identification of an aconitase gene family in A. thaliana which comprises seven members. Due to DNA homology one large subunit and three small subunits of the isopropylmalate isomerase, as well as three aconitase genes, were found. Metabolite profiling of corresponding T-DNA insertion lines indicate that IPMI LSU, IPMI SSU2 and IPMI SSU3 are involved in both glucosinolate and leucine biosynthesis. Since ipmi ssu1 is embryolethal, a participation in leucine biosynthesis might be possible.
Published: 2008
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49. Floral biology, flowering phenology and floral visitors of five insect-pollinated tree species in a tropical lowland rainforest remnant of Pernambuco, Brazil

Author: Krause, Leonhard
Subjects: Caesalpinioideae, Canopy tree species, Eschweilera ovata, Atlantic rainforest, Anacardiaceae, Trichilia lepidota, Plants [Dimorphism], Nectar concentration, Pollination by insects, Rainfall triggering, Nectar composition, Lauraceae, Dimorphism: Plants, Lecythidaceae, Floral visitors, Sclerolobium densiflorum, Meliaceae, Pollination, Dioecy, Bees, Male excess, ddc:580, Flowering phenology, Ocotea glomerata, Tapirira guianensis, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Nectar evaporation, Floral scent, Tachigali densiflorum, Bestäubung
Abstract: Reproductive processes of frequent canopy tree species that persisted up to now in the few remnants of the Brazilian Atlantic forest might be thought to be robust. To test this hypothesis, the reproductive biology, flowering phenology, and the floral visitors of Tapirira guinanensis (Anacardiaceae), Ocotea glomerata (Lauraceae), Trichilia lepidota (Meliaceae), Sclerolobium densiflorum (Fabaceae), and Eschweilera ovata (Lecythidaceae) were studied in a 319 ha forest fragment 30 km north of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Insect visits were essential for all species to form fruits. T. guianensis, O. glomerata, and T. lepidota were dioecious and showed no apomixis. The other species were hermaphrodite but auto-incompatible (S. densiflorum) or auto-compatible without spontaneous self-pollination (E. ovata). T. guianensis showed "multiple bang" flowering, triggered and synchronized between the sexes by single rainfalls. In that species, the high flower number excess in the inflorescences of male trees is suggested to guide pollinators first to male and then to female trees during the few days of flowering, compared to the low male excess in O. glomerata and T. lepidota that flower many weeks. Fruiting in S. densiflorum was inhibited by florivore attacks and by lack of flowering in two years. HPLC analysis showed that the nectar of T. guianensis is dominated by hexoses, and that of O. glomerata and E. ovata by sucrose. T. lepidota showed an equilibrated sugar composition. Floral scent compositions obtained by GC-MS analysis are provided for T. guianensis, O. glomerata, and T. lepidota. The spectrum of floral visitors in E. ovata was narrow, impoverished, and specialized, with Xylocopa frontalis (Xylocopini, Apidae) causing more than 80 % of the fruit set, whereas that of the other tree species was more generalist and diverse. The results indicate that even in apparently robust tropical tree species reproductive processes are highly complex and show a series of limitations.
Published: 2008
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50. Reproductive ecology, seedling performance, and population structure of Parkia pendula in an Atlantic forest fragment in Northeastern Brazil

Author: Piechowski, Daniel
Subjects: Mimosaceae, Atlantic Forest: Northeastern Brazil, Secondary seed dispersal, Seed production, Reproduction, fungi, food and beverages, Germination, Seedpod gum, Floral odor, ddc:580, Seedling establishment, Phenology, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Northeastern Brazil [Atlantic Forest], Parkia pendula, Amino acids, Mimosengewächse, Habitat fragmentation, FOS: Medical biotechnology, Nectar production, Pollination
Abstract: The reproductive ecology, seedling performance, and population structure of Parkia pendula (Mimosaceae) were studied in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Northeastern Brazil. The developmental phases from buds to ripe pods, capitulum and flower morphology, breeding system, floral odour, nectar production and nectar sugar and amino acid composition, as well as the mammalian flower visitors were studied in detail during this 2-years lasting investigation. Furthermore, edge effects on the population phenology, seed production, secondary seed dispersal and predation, germination, seedling establishment and population structure were investigated.
Published: 2007

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