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Clinical and biochemical data were collected prospectively from 8032 jaundiced patients to form a database as part of a EU-supported project on computer-aided diagnosis. Patients were recruited prospectively from centres in all EU-countries and some other countries as well. Five hundred and twenty-eight jaundiced patients were collected from four centres in Denmark. Alcoholic cirrhosis, acute alcoholic liver disease and malignancy of the pancreas or the biliary tract were more common in the Danish data base: 49% of cases in Denmark as compared to 30% of cases in the international database. Viral hepatitis was underrepresented in Denmark, 16% as compared to 23% in the international group. A crude Bayesian diagnostic programme on the total database with 17 diagnostic groups achieved 63% accuracy. For the 528 Danish cases the diagnostic accuracy was 64% when the European data base was used, whereas it increased to 81% when only the Danish data base was taken as basis for the calculations. In conclusion, we found a drop in diagnostic accuracy for the Danish patients when using the large European data base instead of the national one.

Based on the hypothesis that rapid corrections of pH, Na+ and osmolality give rise to disequilibrium (DES) during efficient haemodialysis (HD), a 14 compartment model has been designed for dynamic analysis of the induced fluid shifts and the resulting haemodynamic reactions. Simulated HD and ultrafiltration (UF) on the model were based on data from 11 steady state dialysis (RDT) patients (diffusion coefficients for urea, body fluid compartments, haemodynamic monitoring by Swan-Ganz catheters). The model reactions correlated remarkably with clinical findings and indicate how far a patient's haemodynamic compensation can prevent circulatory collapse and hypovolaemia, mainly through lowering the mean pressure in a major portion of the capillaries. Steady weight dialysis causes reduction of blood volume up to 65 per cent before circulatory collapse occurs.

In 23 patients with pancreatitis, daily pain for at least 3 months, and no abuse of alcohol, the pain-relieving effect of electroacupuncture (13 patients) or transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) (16 patients) was studied. In two prospective studies with a cross-over design, active acupuncture was compared with sham acupuncture, and TENS of the segmental points of the pancreas with sham treatment. Neither electroacupuncture nor TENS brought about pain relief that could substitute for or supplement medical treatment.

In the period 1964-74 four different dialysate delivery systems have been used in our department. 1) Central mixing of dialysate using tap water and a dialysate delivery line with "dead ends" resulting in stagnant dialysate. 2) Central mixing of dialysate with cold distilled water, otherwise equal to system 1. 3) Local mixing of dialysate with cold distilled water, delivered through a line with "dead ends" resulting in stagnant water. 4) Local mixing of dialysate with distilled water, cooled to 25 degrees C just prior to use, reduced "dead ends" and monitored constant overflow to drain through the water supply line. The bacterial contamination of the four systems was examined and related to the clinical occurrence of pyrogenic and other reactions. An improvement was noted with the change from central to local mixing of dialysate (system 3) but complete sterility and virtual freedom from clinical reactions were first obtained in system 4. It is concluded that the use of sterile or near sterile dialysate is recommendable.

There are several imaging techniques available to the clinician today. The clinical evaluation of a new method such as applied potential tomography (APT) raises a number of questions and these are reviewed in this paper. In particular, the advantages of APT over other methods are stressed. It is considered to be harmless both to the patient and the clinical staff, it is easy to apply and there is no discomfort to the patient during the imaging procedure. The main drawback of this new and inexpensive imaging method appears to be its low resolution. Several clinical applications of APT have already been investigated and others are anticipated in this paper. Each application is reviewed in some detail and the value of dynamic imaging is emphasised in several cases. The most promising clinical application of APT so far has been the monitoring of gastric emptying.