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1. One-quarter of freshwater fauna threatened with extinction

Author

Sayer, Catherine A., Fernando, Eresha, Jimenez, Randall R., Macfarlane, Nicholas B. W., Rapacciuolo, Giovanni, Böhm, Monika, Brooks, Thomas M., Contreras-MacBeath, Topiltzin, Cox, Neil A., Harrison, Ian, Hoffmann, Michael, Jenkins, Richard, Smith, Kevin G., Vié, Jean-Christophe, Abbott, John C., Allen, David J., Allen, Gerald R., Barrios, Violeta, Boudot, Jean-Pierre, Carrizo, Savrina F., Charvet, Patricia, Clausnitzer, Viola, Congiu, Leonardo, Crandall, Keith A., Cumberlidge, Neil, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Dalton, James, Daniels, Adam G., De Grave, Sammy, De Knijf, Geert, Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Dow, Rory A., Freyhof, Jörg, García, Nieves, Gessner, Joern, Getahun, Abebe, Gibson, Claudine, Gollock, Matthew J., Grant, Michael I., Groom, Alice E. R., Hammer, Michael P., Hammerson, Geoffrey A., Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hodgkinson, Laurel, Holland, Robert A., Jabado, Rima W., Juffe Bignoli, Diego, Kalkman, Vincent J., Karimov, Bakhtiyor K., Kipping, Jens, Kottelat, Maurice, Lalèyè, Philippe A., Larson, Helen K., Lintermans, Mark, Lozano, Federico, Ludwig, Arne, Lyons, Timothy J., Máiz-Tomé, Laura, Molur, Sanjay, Ng, Heok Hee, Numa, Catherine, Palmer-Newton, Amy F., Pike, Charlotte, Pippard, Helen E., Polaz, Carla N. M., Pollock, Caroline M., Raghavan, Rajeev, Rand, Peter S., Ravelomanana, Tsilavina, Reis, Roberto E., Rigby, Cassandra L., Scott, Janet A., Skelton, Paul H., Sloat, Matthew R., Snoeks, Jos, Stiassny, Melanie L. J., Tan, Heok Hui, Taniguchi, Yoshinori, Thorstad, Eva B., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Torres, Armi G., Torres, Yan, Tweddle, Denis, Watanabe, Katsutoshi, Westrip, James R. S., Wright, Emma G. E., Zhang, E, and Darwall, William R. T.

Published
2025
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10. Flagship umbrella species needed for the conservation of overlooked aquatic biodiversity

Author

Kalinkat, Gregor, Cabral, Juliano S., Darwall, William, Ficetola, G. Francesco, Fisher, Judith L., Giling, Darren P., Gosselin, Marie-Pierre, Grossart, Hans-Peter, Jähnig, Sonja C., Jeschke, Jonathan M., Knopf, Klaus, Larsen, Stefano, Onandia, Gabriela, Pätzig, Marlene, Saul, Wolf-Christian, Singer, Gabriel, Sperfeld, Erik, and Jarić, Ivan

Published
2017

11. A multi-taxon analysis of European Red Lists reveals major threats to biodiversity

Author

Hochkirch, Axel, primary, Bilz, Melanie, additional, Ferreira, Catarina C., additional, Danielczak, Anja, additional, Allen, David, additional, Nieto, Ana, additional, Rondinini, Carlo, additional, Harding, Kate, additional, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, additional, Pollock, Caroline M., additional, Seddon, Mary, additional, Vié, Jean-Christophe, additional, Alexander, Keith N.A., additional, Beech, Emily, additional, Biscoito, Manuel, additional, Braud, Yoan, additional, Burfield, Ian J., additional, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, additional, Cálix, Marta, additional, Carpenter, Kent E., additional, Chao, Ning Labbish, additional, Chobanov, Dragan, additional, Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., additional, Collette, Bruce B., additional, Comeros-Raynal, Mia T., additional, Cox, Neil, additional, Craig, Matthew, additional, Cuttelod, Annabelle, additional, Darwall, William R. T., additional, Dodelin, Benoit, additional, Dulvy, Nicholas K., additional, Englefield, Eve, additional, Fay, Michael F., additional, Fettes, Nicholas, additional, Freyhof, Jörg, additional, García, Silvia, additional, Criado, Mariana García, additional, Harvey, Michael, additional, Hodgetts, Nick, additional, Ieronymidou, Christina, additional, Kalkman, Vincent J., additional, Kell, Shelagh P., additional, Kemp, James, additional, Khela, Sonia, additional, Lansdown, Richard V., additional, Lawson, Julia M., additional, Leaman, Danna J., additional, Brehm, Joana Magos, additional, Maxted, Nigel, additional, Miller, Rebecca M., additional, Neubert, Eike, additional, Odé, Baudewijn, additional, Pollard, David, additional, Pollom, Riley, additional, Pople, Rob, additional, Presa Asensio, Juan José, additional, Ralph, Gina M., additional, Rankou, Hassan, additional, Rivers, Malin, additional, Roberts, Stuart P. M., additional, Russell, Barry, additional, Sennikov, Alexander, additional, Soldati, Fabien, additional, Staneva, Anna, additional, Stump, Emilie, additional, Symes, Andy, additional, Telnov, Dmitry, additional, Temple, Helen, additional, Terry, Andrew, additional, Timoshyna, Anastasiya, additional, Swaay, Chris van, additional, Väre, Henry, additional, Walls, Rachel H. L., additional, Willemse, Luc, additional, Wilson, Brett, additional, Window, Jemma, additional, Wright, Emma G. E., additional, and Zuna-Kratky, Thomas, additional

Published
2023
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13. Spatial patterns and trophic modelling within the Lake Malawi demersal fish community : conservation and fisheries applications

Author

Darwall, William Robert Thomas and Turner, George F.

Subjects
597.176096897, Biological sciences
Abstract

Lake Malawi has a complex, highly speciose, fish community supporting a diverse fishery of great importance as a food source for subsistence communities and to local and national economies. The fish community is also of international importance to scientists interested in the study of evolutionary mechanisms. Little information is available on the structure and ecology of the demersal fish community to help managers understand how best to both sustain fisheries productivity and maintain species diversity. Community level impacts of the demersal trawl fishery in the southern part of the lake are documented but mechanisms for the impacts are unknown. A greater understanding of species distributions and the trophic structure and function of the demersal fish community are required. The principal aim of this thesis was to improve the information base on demersal fish distributions for use in the selection and design o f aquatic reserves, and to enable a more predictive approach to management of the fish community through ecosystem modelling. Specific objectives were: describe spatial patterns of species distributions throughout the lake; determine the trophic structure of the fish community through dietary studies; model community trophic structure using the ECOPATH software, and; evaluate the ECOSIM simulation software for predicting impacts of ecosystem disturbance such as from demersal trawling and the introduction of non-native species. Species catch compositions from over four hundred demersal trawls conducted throughout Lake Malawi were analysed for spatial distribution patterns. Species assemblages were differentiated along gradients of water depth and geographic location. Depth differentiation was characterised by a combination of species replacements, differences in the abundance of shared species, and a reduction in species richness with increasing depth. Only the catfish species were shared by species assemblages from all depths. Assemblage similarity along the geographic gradient was negatively correlated with the distance between sample areas but the proportion of species shared between sample areas showed no clear spatial pattern. A number of hypotheses are proposed as possible explanations for the evolution and persistence of the observed pattern of species assemblages. In particular, the lake-wide consistency in species richness at depth is discussed in the context of species-energy limitations within the system. Finally, the potential application of information on species spatial patterns to the selection of ‘no-take’ conservation areas and aquatic reserves is discussed. Diet analysis, supported by analysis of stable isotope ratios, identified ten main trophic guilds among the demersal fish community ranging across three to four trophic levels. An additional guild was formed to incorporate those shallow water species not often encountered in the demersal trawls that were reported in the literature as feeding on epilithic algae and macrophytes. The mean trophic level o f the demersal fish community for all depths and sample areas, pooled and weighted by the respective areas of lakebed coverage, was estimated at 3.18 with the bulk of biomass (58%) concentrated at trophic level 3.0. Mean trophic levels of fish assemblages were significantly influenced by water depth and sample location. The main influence of depth was realised in the shallow water where mean trophic values in the 0 to 20 m depth band were significantly lower than at all other depths. For many taxa within the demersal fish community there appeared to be a high proportion of trophic-equivalence. It was therefore thought that the community included a number of functional analogues that might be maintained by spatial variability, or perhaps by unobserved behavioural mechanisms operating across species complements. While subtle mechanisms may be at play to support the unusually high species diversity of the lake the results suggested that elimination of a species might result in its subsequent replacement by a functional analogue. Caution should be exercised, however, in making this interpretation based on the rather broad dietary characteristics considered here. Moreover, such functional analogues could also be highly important for the maintenance of ecosystem function and stability through provision of a buffer against environmental change. Loss of these species could thus be highly damaging to the long-term resilience and ecological integrity of the community and, consequently, to the viability of the fishery. Energy flows between trophic levels were estimated through food consumption studies for a selection o f representative species. A trophic model o f the demersal fish community and a graphical representation o f the food web and its energy flows were constructed using the ECOPATH approach and software. The area of the lake modelled was restricted to the southern and western sectors o f the lake to a water depth of approximately 140m. The proposed role of the lakefly (Chaoborus edulis) in the ecosystem was somewhat clarified. Previous study showed that C. edulis was a more important food source to the pelagic fish community than originally suggested, and went on to propose that demersal fish might also rely on consumption of C. edulis larvae. Integration of the demersal and pelagic systems to form a model of the complete ecosystem showed that approximately 57 % of C. edulis production was directly consumed by pelagic fish and a further 2.4 % by demersal fish. The remaining 40 % of production either flowed to detritus, where a certain proportion was recycled through detritivores, or left the system through dispersal as flying adults, some of which returned to the lake to be consumed by surface-feeding catfish. In the demersal zone the role of C. edulis was less significant than in the pelagic. System modelling suggested that although C. edulis provided a direct link between the demersal fish community and pelagic productivity the main pathways for energy flow in the demersal domain were through the consumption of detritus and, to a lesser extent, consumption of copepods by demersal fish apparently migrating into the pelagic for feeding. Integration of the demersal and pelagic components of the Lake Malawi ecosystem indicated that, for the area of lake modelled, the system was more efficient than previously supposed as the demersal fish community was able to utilise much of the pelagic production. In summary, the demersal system appeared to rely most heavily on biomass imported from the pelagic through consumption of detritus and of copepods consumed by fish migrating vertically to feed in the pelagic. Sensitivity analyses were run for a number of ECOSIM simulations based on disturbance scenarios of relevance to the Lake Malawi demersal fish community. Simulations included increased fishing yields, initiation of a deep-water trawl fishery, and the introduction of an alien pelagic zooplanktivore. In all cases the quantitative nature of ECOSIM predictions was sensitive to input values for the ‘vulnerability’ parameter while the qualitative nature of predictions was unaffected. As available data were found insufficient to obtain robust estimates for vulnerability it was concluded that ECOSIM simulations should not be employed to predict the quantitative nature o f group biomass changes but may be used in a qualitative way to predict the direction of change. In all impact scenarios modelled ECOSIM simulations predicted a change in species composition and community trophic structure. It was suggested that the predicted changes in trophic structure might lead to unpredictable outcomes such as trophic cascades and abrupt phase shifts in community structure with associated reduction or stagnation of catches. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the complex nature of trophic interactions within the Lake Malawi fish community. Modelling simulations have demonstrated the potential for human intervention to disrupt community structure with associated consequences of reduced productivity and stability of the fishery. A number of gaps in knowledge have been identified which, if filled, would greatly increase the robustness of the model and increase its utility as a predictive tool for managing the fishery.

Published
2003

16. A multi-taxon analysis of European Red Lists reveals major threats to biodiversity

Author

Hochkirch, Axel, Bilz, Melanie, Ferreira, Catarina C, Danielczak, Anja, Allen, David, Nieto, Ana, Rondinini, Carlo, Harding, Kate, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Pollock, Caroline M, Seddon, Mary, Vié, Jean-Christophe, Alexander, Keith NA, Beech, Emily, Biscoito, Manuel, Braud, Yoan, Burfield, Ian J, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Cálix, Marta, Carpenter, Kent E, Chao, Ning Labbish, Chobanov, Dragan, Christenhusz, Maarten JM, Collette, Bruce B, Comeros-Raynal, Mia T, Cox, Neil, Craig, Matthew, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Darwall, William RT, Dodelin, Benoit, Dulvy, Nicholas K, Englefield, Eve, Fay, Michael F, Fettes, Nicholas, Freyhof, Jörg, García, Silvia, Criado, Mariana García, Harvey, Michael, Hodgetts, Nick, Ieronymidou, Christina, Kalkman, Vincent J, Kell, Shelagh P, Kemp, James, Khela, Sonia, Lansdown, Richard V, Lawson, Julia M, Leaman, Danna J, Brehm, Joana Magos, Maxted, Nigel, Miller, Rebecca M, Neubert, Eike, Odé, Baudewijn, Pollard, David, Pollom, Riley, Pople, Rob, Presa Asensio, Juan José, Ralph, Gina M, Rankou, Hassan, Rivers, Malin, Roberts, Stuart PM, Russell, Barry, Sennikov, Alexander, Soldati, Fabien, Staneva, Anna, Stump, Emilie, Symes, Andy, Telnov, Dmitry, Temple, Helen, Terry, Andrew, Timoshyna, Anastasiya, Swaay, Chris van, Väre, Henry, Walls, Rachel HL, Willemse, Luc, Wilson, Brett, Window, Jemma, Wright, Emma GE, Zuna-Kratky, Thomas, Hochkirch, Axel, Bilz, Melanie, Ferreira, Catarina C, Danielczak, Anja, Allen, David, Nieto, Ana, Rondinini, Carlo, Harding, Kate, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Pollock, Caroline M, Seddon, Mary, Vié, Jean-Christophe, Alexander, Keith NA, Beech, Emily, Biscoito, Manuel, Braud, Yoan, Burfield, Ian J, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Cálix, Marta, Carpenter, Kent E, Chao, Ning Labbish, Chobanov, Dragan, Christenhusz, Maarten JM, Collette, Bruce B, Comeros-Raynal, Mia T, Cox, Neil, Craig, Matthew, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Darwall, William RT, Dodelin, Benoit, Dulvy, Nicholas K, Englefield, Eve, Fay, Michael F, Fettes, Nicholas, Freyhof, Jörg, García, Silvia, Criado, Mariana García, Harvey, Michael, Hodgetts, Nick, Ieronymidou, Christina, Kalkman, Vincent J, Kell, Shelagh P, Kemp, James, Khela, Sonia, Lansdown, Richard V, Lawson, Julia M, Leaman, Danna J, Brehm, Joana Magos, Maxted, Nigel, Miller, Rebecca M, Neubert, Eike, Odé, Baudewijn, Pollard, David, Pollom, Riley, Pople, Rob, Presa Asensio, Juan José, Ralph, Gina M, Rankou, Hassan, Rivers, Malin, Roberts, Stuart PM, Russell, Barry, Sennikov, Alexander, Soldati, Fabien, Staneva, Anna, Stump, Emilie, Symes, Andy, Telnov, Dmitry, Temple, Helen, Terry, Andrew, Timoshyna, Anastasiya, Swaay, Chris van, Väre, Henry, Walls, Rachel HL, Willemse, Luc, Wilson, Brett, Window, Jemma, Wright, Emma GE, and Zuna-Kratky, Thomas

Abstract

Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species’ distributions and threats. We present an analysis of the conservation status of 14,669 European terrestrial, freshwater and marine species (ca. 10% of the continental fauna and flora), including all vertebrates and selected groups of invertebrates and plants. Our results reveal that 19% of European species are threatened with extinction, with higher extinction risks for plants (27%) and invertebrates (24%) compared to vertebrates (18%). These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk. Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines.

Published
2023

18. We need better understanding about functional diversity and vulnerability of tropical freshwater fishes

Author

Vitule, Jean R. S., Agostinho, Angelo A., Azevedo-Santos, Valter M., Daga, Vanessa S., Darwall, William R. T., Fitzgerald, Daniel B., Frehse, Fabrício A., Hoeinghaus, David J., Lima-Junior, Dilermando P., Magalhães, André L. B., Orsi, Mário L., Padial, André A., Pelicice, Fernando M., Petrere, Jr., Miguel, Pompeu, Paulo S., and Winemiller, Kirk O.

Published
2017
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22. The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World's Vertebrates

Author

Hoffmann, Michael, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Angulo, Ariadne, Böhm, Monika, Brooks, Thomas M., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Carpenter, Kent E., Chanson, Janice, Collen, Ben, Cox, Neil A., Darwall, William R. T., Dulvy, Nicholas K., Harrison, Lucy R., Katariya, Vineet, Pollock, Caroline M., Quader, Suhel, Richman, Nadia I., Rodrigues, Ana S. L., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Aguiar, John M., Allen, David J., Allen, Gerald R., Amori, Giovanni, Ananjeva, Natalia B., Andreone, Franco, Andrew, Paul, Ortiz, Aida Luz Aquino, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Baldi, Ricardo, Bell, Ben D., Biju, S. D., Bird, Jeremy P., Black-Decima, Patricia, Blanc, J. Julian, Bolaños, Federico, Bolivar-G., Wilmar, Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James A., Capper, David R., Castro, Fernando, Catullo, Gianluca, Cavanagh, Rachel D., Channing, Alan, Chao, Ning Labbish, Chenery, Anna M., Chiozza, Federica, Clausnitzer, Viola, Collar, Nigel J., Collett, Leah C., Collette, Bruce B., Fernandez, Claudia F. Cortez, Craig, Matthew T., Crosby, Michael J., Cumberlidge, Neil, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Derocher, Andrew E., Diesmos, Arvin C., Donaldson, John S., Duckworth, J. W., Dutson, Guy, Dutta, S. K., Emslie, Richard H., Farjon, Aljos, Fowler, Sarah, Freyhof, Jörg, Garshelis, David L., Gerlach, Justin, Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora D., Hammerson, Geoffrey A., Harris, Richard B., Heaney, Lawrence R., Hedges, S. Blair, Hero, Jean-Marc, Hughes, Baz, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Icochea M., Javier, Inger, Robert F., Ishii, Nobuo, Iskandar, Djoko T., Jenkins, Richard K. B., Kaneko, Yoshio, Kottelat, Maurice, Kovacs, Kit M., Kuzmin, Sergius L., La Marca, Enrique, Lamoreux, John F., Lau, Michael W. N., Lavilla, Esteban O., Leus, Kristin, Lewison, Rebecca L., Lichtenstein, Gabriela, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Mallon, David P., McGowan, Philip J. K., Mclvor, Anna, Moehlman, Patricia D., Molur, Sanjay, Alonso, Antonio Muñoz, Musick, John A., Nowell, Kristin, Nussbaum, Ronald A., Olech, Wanda, Orlov, Nikolay L., Papenfuss, Theodore J., Parra-Olea, Gabriela, Perrin, William F., Polidoro, Beth A., Pourkazemi, Mohammad, Racey, Paul A., Ragle, James S., Ram, Mala, Rathbun, Galen, Reynolds, Robert P., Rhodin, Anders G. J., Richards, Stephen J., Rodríguez, Lily O., Ron, Santiago R., Rondinini, Carlo, Rylands, Anthony B., de Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy, Sanciangco, Jonnell C., Sanders, Kate L., Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schipper, Jan, Self-Sullivan, Caryn, Shi, Yichuan, Shoemaker, Alan, Short, Frederick T., Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, Silvano, Débora L., Smith, Kevin G., Smith, Andrew T., Snoeks, Jos, Stattersfield, Alison J., Symes, Andrew J., Taber, Andrew B., Talukdar, Bibhab K., Temple, Helen J., Timmins, Rob, Tobias, Joseph A., Tsytsulina, Katerina, Tweddle, Denis, Ubeda, Carmen, Valenti, Sarah V., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Veiga, Liza M., Veloso, Alberto, Wege, David C., Wilkinson, Mark, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Xie, Feng, Young, Bruce E., Akçakaya, H. Resit, Bennun, Leon, Blackburn, Tim M., Boitani, Luigi, Dublin, Holly T., da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B., Gascon, Claude, Lacher, Thomas E., Mace, Georgina M., Mainka, Susan A., McNeely, Jeffery A., Mittermeier, Russell A., Reid, Gordon McGregor, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Rosenberg, Andrew A., Samways, Michael J., Smart, Jane, Stein, Bruce A., and Stuart, Simon N.

Published
2010

24. Spatial priorities for freshwater biodiversity conservation in light of catchment protection and connectivity in Europe

Author

Szabolcs, Márton, primary, Kapusi, Felícia, additional, Carrizo, Savrina, additional, Markovic, Danijela, additional, Freyhof, Jörg, additional, Cid, Núria, additional, Cardoso, Ana Cristina, additional, Scholz, Mathias, additional, Kasperidus, Hans D., additional, Darwall, William R. T., additional, and Lengyel, Szabolcs, additional

Published
2022
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25. A Future for the Inland Fish and Fisheries Hidden Within the Sustainable Development Goals

Author

Elliott, Vittoria L., primary, Lynch, Abigail J., additional, Phang, Sui C., additional, Cooke, Steven J., additional, Cowx, Ian G., additional, Claussen, Julie E., additional, Dalton, James, additional, Darwall, William, additional, Harrison, Ian, additional, Murchie, Karen J., additional, Steel, E. Ashley, additional, and Stokes, Gretchen L., additional

Published
2022
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31. Twenty‐five essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity

Author

Harper, Meagan, primary, Mejbel, Hebah S., additional, Longert, Dylan, additional, Abell, Robin, additional, Beard, T. Douglas, additional, Bennett, Joseph R., additional, Carlson, Stephanie M., additional, Darwall, William, additional, Dell, Anthony, additional, Domisch, Sami, additional, Dudgeon, David, additional, Freyhof, Jörg, additional, Harrison, Ian, additional, Hughes, Kathy A., additional, Jähnig, Sonja C., additional, Jeschke, Jonathan M., additional, Lansdown, Richard, additional, Lintermans, Mark, additional, Lynch, Abigail J., additional, Meredith, Helen M. R., additional, Molur, Sanjay, additional, Olden, Julian D., additional, Ormerod, Steve J., additional, Patricio, Harmony, additional, Reid, Andrea J., additional, Schmidt‐Kloiber, Astrid, additional, Thieme, Michele, additional, Tickner, David, additional, Turak, Eren, additional, Weyl, Olaf L. F., additional, and Cooke, Steven J., additional

Published
2021
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32. The Living Planet Index (LPI) for migratory freshwater fish: Technical Report

Author

Deinet, Stefanie, Scott-Gatty, Kate, Rotton, Hannah, Twardek, William M., Marconi, Valentina, McRae, Louise, Baumgartner, Lee J., Brink, Kerry, Claussen, Julie E., Cooke, Steven J., Darwall, William, Eriksson, Britas Klemens, Garcia de Leaniz, Carlos, Hogan, Zeb, Royte, Joshua, Silva, Luiz G. M., Thieme, Michele L., Tickner, David, Waldman, John, Wanningen, Herman, Weyl, Olaf L. F., Berkhuysen, Arjan, and Eriksson group

Abstract

Migratory freshwater fish (i.e. fish that use freshwater systems, either partly or exclusively) occur around the world and travel between critical habitats to complete their life cycle. They are disproportionately threatened compared to other fish groups but global trends in abun-dance, regional differences and drivers of patterns have not yet been comprehensively described. Using abundance information from the Living Planet Database, we found widespread declines between 1970 and 2016 in tropical and temperate areas and across all regions, all migration categories and all populations. Globally, migratory freshwater fish have declined by an average of 76%. Average declines have been more pronounced in Europe (-93%) and Latin America & Caribbean (-84%), and least in North America (-28%). The percentage of species represented was highest in the two temperate regions of Europe and North America (almost 50%). For the continents of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America, data was highly deficient, and we advise against making conclusions on the status of migratory freshwater SUMMARYfish in these areas. Potamodromous fish, have declined more than fish migrating between fresh and salt water on average (-83% vs -73%). Populations that are known to be affected by threats anywhere along their migration routes show an average decline of 94% while those not threatened at the population level have increased on av-erage. Habitat degradation, alteration, and loss accounted for around a half of threats to migratory fish, while over-exploitation accounted for around one-third. Protected, regulated and exploited populations decreased less than unmanaged ones, with the most often recorded actions being related to fisheries regulations, including fishing restrictions, no-take zones, fisheries closures, bycatch reductions and stocking (these were most com-mon in North America and Europe). Recorded reasons for observed increases tended to be mostly unknown or un-described, especially in tropical regions. This information is needed to assemble a more complete picture to assess how declines in migratory freshwater fishes could be reduced or reversed. Our findings confirm that migratory freshwater fish may be more threatened throughout their range than previously documented.

Published
2020

33. Monitoring Extinction Risk and Threats of the World’s Fishes based on the Sampled Red List Index

Author

Miranda, Rafael, primary, Miqueleiz, Imanol, additional, Darwall, William, additional, Sayer, Catherine, additional, Dulvy, Nicholas, additional, Carpenter, Kent, additional, Polidoro, Beth, additional, Dewhurst-Richman, Nadia, additional, Pollock, Caroline, additional, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, additional, Freeman, Robin, additional, Collen, Ben, additional, and Böhm, Monika, additional

Published
2020
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34. The Living Planet Index (LPI) for migratory freshwater fish:Technical Report

Author

Deinet, Stefanie, Deinet, Stefanie, Scott-Gatty, Kate, Rotton, Hannah, Twardek, William M., Marconi, Valentina, McRae, Louise, Baumgartner, Lee J., Brink, Kerry, Claussen, Julie E., Cooke, Steven J., Darwall, William, Eriksson, Britas Klemens, Garcia de Leaniz, Carlos, Hogan, Zeb, Royte, Joshua, Silva, Luiz G. M., Thieme, Michele L., Tickner, David, Waldman, John, Wanningen, Herman, Weyl, Olaf L. F., Berkhuysen, Arjan, Deinet, Stefanie, Deinet, Stefanie, Scott-Gatty, Kate, Rotton, Hannah, Twardek, William M., Marconi, Valentina, McRae, Louise, Baumgartner, Lee J., Brink, Kerry, Claussen, Julie E., Cooke, Steven J., Darwall, William, Eriksson, Britas Klemens, Garcia de Leaniz, Carlos, Hogan, Zeb, Royte, Joshua, Silva, Luiz G. M., Thieme, Michele L., Tickner, David, Waldman, John, Wanningen, Herman, Weyl, Olaf L. F., and Berkhuysen, Arjan

Abstract

Migratory freshwater fish (i.e. fish that use freshwater systems, either partly or exclusively) occur around the world and travel between critical habitats to complete their life cycle. They are disproportionately threatened compared to other fish groups but global trends in abun-dance, regional differences and drivers of patterns have not yet been comprehensively described. Using abundance information from the Living Planet Database, we found widespread declines between 1970 and 2016 in tropical and temperate areas and across all regions, all migration categories and all populations. Globally, migratory freshwater fish have declined by an average of 76%. Average declines have been more pronounced in Europe (-93%) and Latin America & Caribbean (-84%), and least in North America (-28%). The percentage of species represented was highest in the two temperate regions of Europe and North America (almost 50%). For the continents of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America, data was highly deficient, and we advise against making conclusions on the status of migratory freshwater SUMMARYfish in these areas. Potamodromous fish, have declined more than fish migrating between fresh and salt water on average (-83% vs -73%). Populations that are known to be affected by threats anywhere along their migration routes show an average decline of 94% while those not threatened at the population level have increased on av-erage. Habitat degradation, alteration, and loss accounted for around a half of threats to migratory fish, while over-exploitation accounted for around one-third. Protected, regulated and exploited populations decreased less than unmanaged ones, with the most often recorded actions being related to fisheries regulations, including fishing restrictions, no-take zones, fisheries closures, bycatch reductions and stocking (these were most com-mon in North America and Europe). Recorded reasons for observed increases tended to be mostly unknown or un-described, especiall

Published
2020

36. Freshwater fish diversity hotspots for conservation priorities in the Amazon Basin

Author

Jézéquel, Céline, primary, Tedesco, Pablo A., additional, Darwall, William, additional, Dias, Murilo S., additional, Frederico, Renata G., additional, Hidalgo, Max, additional, Hugueny, Bernard, additional, Maldonado‐Ocampo, Javier, additional, Martens, Koen, additional, Ortega, Hernan, additional, Torrente‐Vilara, Gislene, additional, Zuanon, Jansen, additional, and Oberdorff, Thierry, additional

Published
2020
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37. The alliance for freshwater life

Author

Darwall, William, Bremerich, Vanessa, De Wever, Aaike, Dell, Anthony I., Freyhof, Joerg, Gessner, Mark O., Grossart, Hans-Peter F. (Prof. Dr.), Harrison, Ian, Irvine, Ken, Jähnig, Sonja C., Jeschke, Jonathan M., Lee, Jessica J., Lu, Cai, Lewandowska, Aleksandra M., Monaghan, Michael T., Nejstgaard, Jens C., Patricio, Harmony, Schmidt-Kloiber, Astrid, Stuart, Simon N., Thieme, Michele, Tockner, Klement, Turak, Eren, and Weyl, Olaf

Subjects
ddc:570, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Abstract

1. Global pressures on freshwater ecosystems are high and rising. Viewed primarily as a resource for humans, current practices of water use have led to catastrophic declines in freshwater species and the degradation of freshwater ecosystems, including their genetic and functional diversity. Approximately three-quarters of the world's inland wetlands have been lost, one-third of the 28 000 freshwater species assessed for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List are threatened with extinction, and freshwater vertebrate populations are undergoing declines that are more rapid than those of terrestrial and marine species. This global loss continues unchecked, despite the importance of freshwater ecosystems as a source of clean water, food, livelihoods, recreation, and inspiration. 2. The causes of these declines include hydrological alterations, habitat degradation and loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and the multiple impacts of climate change. Although there are policy initiatives that aim to protect freshwater life, these are rarely implemented with sufficient conviction and enforcement. Policies that focus on the development and management of fresh waters as a resource for people almost universally neglect the biodiversity that they contain. 3. Here we introduce the Alliance for Freshwater Life, a global initiative, uniting specialists in research, data synthesis, conservation, education and outreach, and policymaking. This expert network aims to provide the critical mass required for the effective representation of freshwater biodiversity at policy meetings, to develop solutions balancing the needs of development and conservation, and to better convey the important role freshwater ecosystems play in human well-being. Through this united effort we hope to reverse this tide of loss and decline in freshwater biodiversity. We introduce several short- and medium-term actions as examples for making positive change, and invite individuals, organizations, authorities, and governments to join the Alliance for Freshwater Life.

Published
2018

38. The Alliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation

Author

Darwall, William, primary, Bremerich, Vanessa, additional, De Wever, Aaike, additional, Dell, Anthony I., additional, Freyhof, Jörg, additional, Gessner, Mark O., additional, Grossart, Hans‐Peter, additional, Harrison, Ian, additional, Irvine, Ken, additional, Jähnig, Sonja C., additional, Jeschke, Jonathan M., additional, Lee, Jessica J., additional, Lu, Cai, additional, Lewandowska, Aleksandra M., additional, Monaghan, Michael T., additional, Nejstgaard, Jens C., additional, Patricio, Harmony, additional, Schmidt‐Kloiber, Astrid, additional, Stuart, Simon N., additional, Thieme, Michele, additional, Tockner, Klement, additional, Turak, Eren, additional, and Weyl, Olaf, additional

Published
2018
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41. Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism

Author

Collen, Ben, Whitton, Felix, Dyer, Ellie E, Baillie, Jonathan E M, Cumberlidge, Neil, Darwall, William R T, Pollock, Caroline, Richman, Nadia I, Soulsby, Anne-Marie, and Böhm, Monika

Subjects
Congruence, decapods, diversity metric, geographical range, species richness, conservation planning, Research Papers
Abstract

Aim Global-scale studies are required to identify broad-scale patterns in the distributions of species, to evaluate the processes that determine diversity and to determine how similar or different these patterns and processes are among different groups of freshwater species. Broad-scale patterns of spatial variation in species distribution are central to many fundamental questions in macroecology and conservation biology. We aimed to evaluate how congruent three commonly used metrics of diversity were among taxa for six groups of freshwater species. Location Global. Methods We compiled geographical range data on 7083 freshwater species of mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, crabs and crayfish to evaluate how species richness, richness of threatened species and endemism are distributed across freshwater ecosystems. We evaluated how congruent these measures of diversity were among taxa at a global level for a grid cell size of just under 1°. Results We showed that although the risk of extinction faced by freshwater decapods is quite similar to that of freshwater vertebrates, there is a distinct lack of spatial congruence in geographical range between different taxonomic groups at this spatial scale, and a lack of congruence among three commonly used metrics of biodiversity. The risk of extinction for freshwater species was consistently higher than for their terrestrial counterparts. Main conclusions We demonstrate that broad-scale patterns of species richness, threatened-species richness and endemism lack congruence among the six freshwater taxonomic groups examined. Invertebrate species are seldom taken into account in conservation planning. Our study suggests that both the metric of biodiversity and the identity of the taxa on which conservation decisions are based require careful consideration. As geographical range information becomes available for further sets of species, further testing will be warranted into the extent to which geographical variation in the richness of these six freshwater groups reflects broader patterns of biodiversity in fresh water.

Published
2013

43. A critical sites network for freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin.

Author

Sayer, Catherine A., Carr, Jamie A., and Darwall, William R. T.

Subjects
FRESHWATER biodiversity, WATERSHEDS, LAKES, SPECIES diversity, BIODIVERSITY conservation
Abstract

The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. Freshwater ecosystems within this region are highly threatened, putting both biodiversity and human livelihoods at risk. Protected areas (PAs) should provide the foundation for conservation actions to tackle threats but currently poorly represent freshwater species. To address this issue, systematic conservation planning (Marxan) was used to identify networks of sites within the LVB for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, based on existing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and PAs, and with minimal cost in terms of area and human impact. Networks were identified separately for threatened species and/or those endemic to the LVB, and those susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Here, these were combined to present an overall sites network for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Site‐level recommendations are provided as a scientific basis for the development and expansion of the existing network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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45. Achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 to improve the performance of protected areas and conserve freshwater biodiversity

Author

Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, Harrison, Ian, Butchart, Stuart HM, Flitcroft, Rebecca, Hermoso, Virgilio, Jonas, Harry, Lukasiewicz, Anna, Thieme, Michele, Turak, Eren, Bingham, Heather, Dalton, James, Darwall, William, Deguignet, Marine, Dudley, Nigel, Gardner, Royal, Higgins, Jonathan, Kumar, Ritesh, Linke, Simon, Milton, G Randy, Pittock, Jamie, Smith, Kevin G, van Soesbergen, Arnout, Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, Harrison, Ian, Butchart, Stuart HM, Flitcroft, Rebecca, Hermoso, Virgilio, Jonas, Harry, Lukasiewicz, Anna, Thieme, Michele, Turak, Eren, Bingham, Heather, Dalton, James, Darwall, William, Deguignet, Marine, Dudley, Nigel, Gardner, Royal, Higgins, Jonathan, Kumar, Ritesh, Linke, Simon, Milton, G Randy, Pittock, Jamie, Smith, Kevin G, and van Soesbergen, Arnout

Abstract

1. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020), adopted at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, sets 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to be met by 2020 to address biodiversity loss and ensure its sustainable and equitable use. Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 describes what an improved conservation network would look like for marine, terrestrial and inland water areas, including freshwater ecosystems. 2. To date, there is no comprehensive assessment of what needs to be achieved to meet Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity. Reports on implementation often fail to consider explicitly freshwater ecosystem processes and habitats, the pressures upon them, and therefore the full range of requirements and actions needed to sustain them. 3. Here the current progress and key gaps for meeting Aichi Target 11 are assessed by exploring the implications of each of its clauses for freshwater biodiversity. 4. Concerted action on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity by 2020 is required in a number of areas: a robust baseline is needed for each of the clauses described here at national and global scales; designation of new protected areas or expansion of existing protected areas to cover known areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, and a representative sample of biodiversity; use of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in places where designating a protected area is not appropriate; and promoting and implementing better management strategies for fresh water in protected areas that consider its inherent connectivity, contextual vulnerability, and required human and technical capacity. 5. Considering the specific requirements of freshwater systems through Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 has longterm value to the Sustainable Development Goals discussions and global conservation policy agenda into the coming decades.

Published
2016

46. Flagship umbrella species needed for the conservation of overlooked aquatic biodiversity

Author

Kalinkat, Gregor, primary, Cabral, Juliano S., additional, Darwall, William, additional, Ficetola, G. Francesco, additional, Fisher, Judith L., additional, Giling, Darren P., additional, Gosselin, Marie‐Pierre, additional, Grossart, Hans‐Peter, additional, Jähnig, Sonja C., additional, Jeschke, Jonathan M., additional, Knopf, Klaus, additional, Larsen, Stefano, additional, Onandia, Gabriela, additional, Pätzig, Marlene, additional, Saul, Wolf‐Christian, additional, Singer, Gabriel, additional, Sperfeld, Erik, additional, and Jarić, Ivan, additional

Published
2016
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47. We need better understanding about functional diversity and vulnerability of tropical freshwater fishes

Author

Vitule, Jean R. S., primary, Agostinho, Angelo A., additional, Azevedo-Santos, Valter M., additional, Daga, Vanessa S., additional, Darwall, William R. T., additional, Fitzgerald, Daniel B., additional, Frehse, Fabrício A., additional, Hoeinghaus, David J., additional, Lima-Junior, Dilermando P., additional, Magalhães, André L. B., additional, Orsi, Mário L., additional, Padial, André A., additional, Pelicice, Fernando M., additional, Petrere, Miguel, additional, Pompeu, Paulo S., additional, and Winemiller, Kirk O., additional

Published
2016
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48. Assessing the Cost of Global Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge

Author

Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, primary, Brooks, Thomas M., additional, Butchart, Stuart H. M., additional, Jenkins, Richard B., additional, Boe, Kaia, additional, Hoffmann, Michael, additional, Angulo, Ariadne, additional, Bachman, Steve, additional, Böhm, Monika, additional, Brummitt, Neil, additional, Carpenter, Kent E., additional, Comer, Pat J., additional, Cox, Neil, additional, Cuttelod, Annabelle, additional, Darwall, William R. T., additional, Di Marco, Moreno, additional, Fishpool, Lincoln D. C., additional, Goettsch, Bárbara, additional, Heath, Melanie, additional, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, additional, Hutton, Jon, additional, Johnson, Tim, additional, Joolia, Ackbar, additional, Keith, David A., additional, Langhammer, Penny F., additional, Luedtke, Jennifer, additional, Nic Lughadha, Eimear, additional, Lutz, Maiko, additional, May, Ian, additional, Miller, Rebecca M., additional, Oliveira-Miranda, María A., additional, Parr, Mike, additional, Pollock, Caroline M., additional, Ralph, Gina, additional, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, additional, Rondinini, Carlo, additional, Smart, Jane, additional, Stuart, Simon, additional, Symes, Andy, additional, Tordoff, Andrew W., additional, Woodley, Stephen, additional, Young, Bruce, additional, and Kingston, Naomi, additional

Published
2016
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49. Achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 to improve the performance of protected areas and conserve freshwater biodiversity

Author

Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, primary, Harrison, Ian, additional, Butchart, Stuart HM, additional, Flitcroft, Rebecca, additional, Hermoso, Virgilio, additional, Jonas, Harry, additional, Lukasiewicz, Anna, additional, Thieme, Michele, additional, Turak, Eren, additional, Bingham, Heather, additional, Dalton, James, additional, Darwall, William, additional, Deguignet, Marine, additional, Dudley, Nigel, additional, Gardner, Royal, additional, Higgins, Jonathan, additional, Kumar, Ritesh, additional, Linke, Simon, additional, Milton, G Randy, additional, Pittock, Jamie, additional, Smith, Kevin G, additional, and van Soesbergen, Arnout, additional

Published
2016
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