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Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a term that encompasses various clinical presentations such as ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), Non STEMI (NSTEMI), or unstable angina. Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL), also known as lipocalin-2, belongs to the lipocalin category of extracellular proteins. Recent research indicates that NGAL levels are increased in different cardiac situations, regardless of the presence of acute renal injury. Aim: To compare the levels of serum NGAL and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores between cases with ACS and Angio-negative cases, and to study the correlation of serum NGAL with the GRACE score (clinical severity score) in ACS patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 128 patients at the Department of Biochemistry, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India, presenting to the Cardiac Emergency Department from November 2020 to August 2021. Coronary Angiograms (CAG) were done to confirm the presence of Coronary Artery Disease CAD), and patients were grouped accordingly as Group-1 with ACS patients and Group-2 with angiogram-negative cases. Apart from the routine work-up, including serum urea and creatinine, serum electrolytes, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and management, all patients underwent determination of serum NGAL levels and GRACE score at admission. The data were analysis using student's t-test and Pearson's correlation test. Results: Among the 128 participants (64 cases in Group-1 and 64 cases in Group-2), Group-1 comprised 37 cases of STEMI, 26 cases of NSTEMI, and one case of unstable angina. Serum NGAL levels were significantly elevated in patients with CAGproven ACS (140.89±56.47 ng/mL) without any renal dysfunction, sepsis, or overt infection compared to patients without CAD on CAG (52.01±18.39 ng/mL) (p<0.0001). The serum NGAL level exhibited a positive correlation of 0.359 (p=0.004) with the severity of ACS, as measured by the GRACE score. Conclusion: The present study suggests that serum NGAL in patients with ACS may serve as a potential novel biomarker for risk stratification and predicting the severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor expressed in adipose tissue, causes inflammation in hypertension and vice versa. The excess adipose tissue increases the production of PAI-1. There have been no relevant studies conducted on PAI-1 in southern Odisha in relation to Body Mass Index (BMI) and hypertension. Aim: To compare the BMI, Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist Circumference (WC), and serum levels of PAI-1 in hypertensive cases with controls, and also to correlate the serum level of PAI-1 with BMI and blood pressure. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Medicine of MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India from November 2020 to August 2021. A total of 45 newly diagnosed primary hypertensive patients and 43 healthy age and sex-matched individuals between the ages of 18 to 60 years were enrolled in the study. Serum PAI-1 was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). BMI, WC, hip circumference, WHR, and blood pressures of the controls as well as cases were recorded. Data were statistically analysed using the Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The proportion of males was higher (56%) than females (44%). The cases had a significantly higher level of serum PAI-1 (203.36 ng/mL) compared to the control group (60.11 ng/mL) (p-value<0.001). The cases had a higher BMI, WC (meters), and WHR compared to the control group. The serum PAI-1 level positively correlated with Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (r-value=0.852, p-value<0.001), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (r-value=0.726, p-value=0.000), BMI (r-value=0.620, p-value=0.001), WC (r-value=0.444, p-value=0.002), and WHR (r-value=0.593, p-value<0.001). Conclusion: A high serum PAI-1 level was found in the newly diagnosed hypertensive cases, and a significant positive correlation was observed between PAI-1 and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, along with BMI, WC, and WHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]