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У статті проаналізовано кулінарні рубрики часопису Союзу Українок Америки «Наше життя» з 1944 по 2016 рік, а також інші матеріали журналу (авторські статті, подорожні замітки, спогади та листи до редакції), що пов’язані з харчуванням, гастрономічною культурою американців українського походження. Часопис «Наше життя» орієнтується на жіночу аудиторію, висвітлюючи проблеми збереження етнічної ідентичності, професійне зростання жіноцтва та повсякденні турботи. Ці матеріали є віддзеркаленням актуальних тем української громади у світі, ролі й статусу жінки у родині, на роботі, у суспільстві, гастрономічних практик та кулінарних тенденцій. Розкривається важлива функція народної кулінарії у збереженні та промоції етнічної ідентичності в мультикультурному середовищі. З’ясовано, як розвивається українська кухня в американському просторі (культурному, етнічному, економічному, кліматичному). Аналіз гастрономічних матеріалів часопису дає можливість виявити актуальні проблеми збереження, адаптації та розвитку української кухні з другої половини ХХ ст. до початку ХХІ ст. Встановлено, що знання української гастрономічної традиції, обізнаність з обрядовими стравами не одне десятиріччя слугували механізмом, що забезпечував відчуття етнічної спільності, належності до української громади. Простежено, що місцеві американські продукти, свята, кулінарна мода та відмінна від української американська система мір та ваги позначилися на гастрономічній традиції американців українського походження, вплинули на розвиток української кухні в американському суспільстві. Завдяки організаційній діяльності Спілки Українок Америки висвітлені зміни харчової поведінки, уявлень про корисну чи шкідливу їжу, правил етикету та гостини. Окремо окреслено питання ролі обрядових страв у сучасному світі американців українського походження та можливості української кухні бути гастрономічною візитівкою українців., The article examines the culinary section in Nashe Zhyttia (Our Life) magazine published by the Ukrainian National Women’s League of America from 1944 to 2016, as well as other materials of the magazine (e.g., opinion pieces, travel articles, memoirs, letters to the editor), all of which, in one way or another, relate to food and the culinary culture of Americans with the Ukrainian roots. Nashe Zhyttia magazine targets the female audience, focusing on preserving national identity, professional development of women, and current issues. These materials reflect topical concerns of the global Ukrainian community; the role and status of the woman in a family, at her workplace, and in the society; dietary habits and culinary innovations. It uncovers the vital role of the national cuisine in preserving and promoting the ethnic identity in a multicultural setting. It brings to light the development of the Ukrainian cuisine in the US society (e.g., cultural, ethnic, economic, and environmental). A careful study of the culinary articles helps understand the pressing issues of preserving, adjusting, and developing Ukrainian cuisine in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. It is established that awareness of the Ukrainian culinary traditions, knowledge of the ritual dishes recipes have served for decades as a means of preserving ethnic cohesion and creating a sense of belonging to the Ukrainian community. According to the research, local American food, national holidays, culinary fashion, and the different systems of weights and measures existing in the US and Ukraine affected the culinary traditions of Americans of Ukrainian descent, impacting the development of Ukrainian cuisine in America. The organizational activities of the Ukrainian National Women’s League of America helped elucidate changes in the culinary behavior, views on wholesome food and junk food, dinner etiquette and hosting. A separate discussion is devoted to the subject of ritual dishes and their importance in the lives of contemporary Ukrainian Americans, as well as the potential of the Ukrainian cuisine to serve as a Ukrainian trademark.

This report provides an analysis of food security in Moldova. It attempts to outline the specific characteristics of food insecurity found in Moldova and to identify its underlying causes. This report provides a basis on which sound public policy can be built. The understanding of food security as a concept has evolved in Moldova over time, but policy has remained focused on food availability as the primary attribute of food security. The report looks at how many people are food insecure in Moldova, where these people live, who they are, and why they face food security challenges. The report adopts the international food security concept and analytical framework based on the four key dimensions: (i) the availability of food; (ii) access to food; (iii) utilization of food; and (iv) the stability of these three dimensions over time. The report is divided into following parts. The part one outlines the methodology used and provides a brief overview of Moldovas agriculture sector. In part two the report focuses on overall food security outcomes by assessing how many people are food insecure in Moldova, where do they live, who they are, and when is food security most affecting them. Part three provides a comprehensive analysis of the four dimensions of food security (availability, access, utilization, and stability) and identifies bottlenecks. Part four introduces the institutional actors and the policy framework. The report concludes with policy recommendations.

On the fringing reef of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, a comparative study was made of habitat use, diet selection, foraging behaviour and food acquisition of the parrotfish species Scarus vetula and Sparisoma viride. The species are sympatric and live in the same reef habitats (depth zones). Both species show similar foraging selectivity, but exploit algal resources differently. Preferred food items are turf algae on substrates infested with endolithic algae, whereas crustose corallines are avoided. Foraging preferences are related to yield, i.e. the amount of AFDW (ash-free dry weight), protein and energy that can be harvested per bite. Foraging behaviour differs between the species. S. vetula takes more bites in long forays, has higher bite rates (no, of bites s(-1)), and makes fewer and smaller scars on grazing substrates than S. viride. Furthermore, S. vetula prefers flat substrate surfaces while adult S. viride graze by preference on concave surfaces. Species-specific differences in preference and utilization of grazing substrates are related to feeding mode. S. vetula employs a scraping feeding mode by which mainly epilithic algae are ingested. In contrast, S. viride is an excavating grazer that ingests large amounts of endolithic and crustose algae. Intake and assimilation of algal AFDW, protein and energy were quantified through a combination of laboratory feeding trials and field observations. S. vetula has lower food intake (mg AFDW bite(-1)) than S. viride (0.8 x 10(-3) x fish wet wt, FWW, and 2.3 x 10(-3) x FWW respectively), resulting from smaller (shallower) bites. Assimilation efficiencies of total AFDW, protein and energy by S. vetula were higher than in S. viride grazing on the same dead coral substrates, In spite of different feeding modes and different fractions of the primary production harvested, daily amounts of assimilated nutrients and energy are similar for both species, resulting from higher feeding rates (no. of bites h(-1)) and higher assimilation efficiency in S. vetula.

Gastric evacuation rates of the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, fed with commercial pelleted food and polychaetes (Nereis diversicolor) were determined under experimental conditions. The estimated gastric evacuation rate for pelleted food was 7.97% h(-1), with a total time of digestion of approximately 9 h. The respective values for the natural food were 6.24% h(-1), with a total digestion time of approximately 12 h. The daily consumption of fish reared in earth ponds in a semi-intensive aquaculture facility was estimated through 24h cycles performed between April and August. The daily consumption varied from 18.58 to 31.98 mg g(-1). There was a constant increase in the average daily consumption per individual of 1.8-4.6 g (dry weight). During these cycles, samples of stomachs were taken and the contents preserved for further observation. The feeding behaviour of the reared fish was compared with a fish sample caught in the Ria Formosa lagoon. No common species were found between samples. A total of 38 prey were identified, which suggests that the gilthead sea bream is a non-specific predator. Despite the high abundance of natural prey in the ponds, the dependence of sea bream on pelleted food was high.

On the fringing reef of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, a comparative study was made of habitat use, diet selection, foraging behaviour and food acquisition of the parrotfish species Scarus vetula and Sparisoma viride. The species are sympatric and live in the same reef habitats (depth zones). Both species show similar foraging selectivity, but exploit algal resources differently. Preferred food items are turf algae on substrates infested with endolithic algae, whereas crustose corallines are avoided. Foraging preferences are related to yield, i.e. the amount of AFDW (ash-free dry weight), protein and energy that can be harvested per bite. Foraging behaviour differs between the species. S. vetula takes more bites in long forays, has higher bite rates (no, of bites s(-1)), and makes fewer and smaller scars on grazing substrates than S. viride. Furthermore, S. vetula prefers flat substrate surfaces while adult S. viride graze by preference on concave surfaces. Species-specific differences in preference and utilization of grazing substrates are related to feeding mode. S. vetula employs a scraping feeding mode by which mainly epilithic algae are ingested. In contrast, S. viride is an excavating grazer that ingests large amounts of endolithic and crustose algae. Intake and assimilation of algal AFDW, protein and energy were quantified through a combination of laboratory feeding trials and field observations. S. vetula has lower food intake (mg AFDW bite(-1)) than S. viride (0.8 x 10(-3) x fish wet wt, FWW, and 2.3 x 10(-3) x FWW respectively), resulting from smaller (shallower) bites. Assimilation efficiencies of total AFDW, protein and energy by S. vetula were higher than in S. viride grazing on the same dead coral substrates, In spite of different feeding modes and different fractions of the primary production harvested, daily amounts of assimilated nutrients and energy are similar for both species, resulting from higher feeding rates (no. of bites h(-1)) and higher assimilation efficiency in S. vetula.