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The diversity of soils and climate in Brazil imposes the need to evaluate the adaptation of fodder species to soil and climate conditions to guide producers and technicians in choosing the best alternatives for their region. The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify fodder cultivars for pasture and soil cover with tolerance to drought and high production in the sandy soils of southern Bahia, Brazil. The performance of 29 commercial cultivars of perennial and annual tropical forage species was evaluated in six cuts in 2019 and 2020. The green and dry mass yield per cut and the daily dry matter accumulation rate were evaluated considering the periods of water surplus and deficit and the drought tolerance index for each cultivar was estimated. Grass and legume cultivars showed differences in establishment, yield in the water surplus, and in the re-establishment after the water deficit. Based on the values of the drought tolerance index and in the dry mass daily yields before and after the water deficit, the cultivars adapted and indicated for regional continuous grazing were Xaraés, Marandu, Massai, Tanzânia, Paiaguás, and Zuri, in that order. The grasses B. ruziziensis and B. decumbens were indicated for use as cover plants after the harvest due to their high capacity of establishment and short-term production. The annual and perennial legume plants were also indicated for cover, and the combination of cultivars and their potential for straw in direct planting or use in integrated systems still need to be validated.

Stenocarpella spp. causes stalk and ear rot in maize and overwinters in stubble during the off-season. Understanding the factors that guide saprophytic colonization is a crucial strategy for management. In this study, we analyzed the abiotic factors and crop management practices in relation to the inoculum of Stenocarpella spp. in stubble by qPCR. Soil samples were used for suppressiveness tests against Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium graminearum, and Stenocarpella maydis. In the 29 fields, different levels of Stenocarpella spp. were detected. Only three fields were considered suppressive for the three pathogens. Heat maps showed that soil suppressiveness was inversely related to the pathogen concentration, and the suppressiveness of one pathogen was correlated with the suppressiveness of other pathogens. Under no-tillage systems in which rotation with soybeans was adopted, Stenocarpella spp. were detected at lower concentrations than in areas that adopted no-tillage systems with maize monocultures. While in tillage systems, the maize–maize monocropping increases the inoculum level of Stenocarpella spp. Crop rotation is a factor related to the observed reduction in the pathogen concentration and increases in the broad-spectrum antagonistic microbial communities. These communities guide the suppressiveness of soil-borne diseases in maize fields cultivated under tropical conditions.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of corn stunt disease and its effects on the grain yield of off-season corn (Zea mays) hybrids in different sowing seasons. The experiment was conducted in three sites in the state of Tocantins, in different sowing seasons, in a randomized complete block design, with 30 hybrids (treatments) and three replicates. Corn stunt disease incidence was assessed at 80 days after emergence, varying between hybrids and sowing seasons, with a marked effect of sowing season. The most resistant hybrids were: MG652 PW, Penta VIP, MG600 PW, NS90 PRO2, LG3040 VIP3, MG580 PW, and Defender VIP. The Fórmula VIP2 hybrid was the most susceptible to corn stunt disease. The incidence of the disease increased in the later sowing seasons, causing significant declines in grain yield. The most productive hybrids were: MG580 PW, SYN 5T78 VIP, 2B810 PRO, MG600 PW, Supremo VIP, 2B512 PW, NS92 PRO2, P30S31 VYH, MG652 PW, Penta VIP, SX5371 VIP3, and LG6036 PRO. Corn hybrids vary greatly in their resistance to corn stunt disease, and, the later the sowing season, the higher the disease incidence and the lower the grain yield.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to assess yield losses due to stalk rot in corn (Zea mays) hybrids, as well as to identify the main pathogenic fungi responsible for the disease during the off-season, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Two field experiments were carried out, one with five hybrids, in 2015, and another with four, in 2016. Ears of healthy and stalk rot-infected plants were collected from each plot, at harvest. Ear size, grain and ear weights, and grain moisture content were measured. From each diseased plant, a stalk piece with two to three nodes was removed for pathogen identification and quantification. The most common pathogens were: Fusarium graminearum, Stenocarpella maydis, and Macrophomina phaseolina. All yield parameters were significantly lower in stalk rot-infected plants, with average losses of 30.6%, in 2015, and of 34.3% in 2016. The highest yield losses are observed in hybrids with the highest grain/ear weight ratio.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação foliar de fungicidas na redução da incidência de patógenos fúngicos, de grãos ardidos e de fumonisinas totais em grãos de milho (Zea mays). Foram conduzidos três ensaios: um no município de Luís Eduardo Magalhães, na Bahia, e dois em Sete Lagoas, em Minas Gerais, nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, com cultivo de diferentes híbridos comerciais. Os seguintes fungicidas foram aplicados zero, uma e duas vezes: picoxistrobina + ciproconazol, piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole, azoxistrobina + ciproconazol e tiofanato metílico. Em todos os ensaios, foram realizados a quantificação da incidência de grãos ardidos, o teste de patologia de sementes e a quantificação dos teores de fumonisinas totais. Não foi observada diferença significativa para os fatores fungicida e número de aplicações, exceto para rendimento de grãos, em todos os ensaios. Esses resultados são indicativos da ineficiência da aplicação de fungicidas na redução da incidência de patógenos fúngicos, de grãos ardidos e dos teores de fumonisinas totais em grãos de milho.

Objetivou-se propor e validar uma escala diagramática para quantificar a antracnose do colmo em milho. A severidade da antracnose foi estimada por dez avaliadores sem o uso de escala em 139 entrenós, e os mesmos avaliadores avaliaram os entrenós usando uma escala publicada anteriormente na literatura (primeira escala) e uma nova escala proposta. Com o uso da escala proposta, todas as variáveis foram significativamente diferentes em relação à primeira escala, e os valores foram mais próximos de uma medição acurada (r=0,97, Cb=0.98, u=0.09, υ=1.06, ρc=0.96). Os maiores desvios do erro foram observados quando os avaliadores atribuíram notas sem o uso de escalas e com a primeira escala, com vários exemplos de erros maiores do que 30% do valor real. Com a escala proposta, poucos erros acima de 15% do valor real foram encontrados, e a maioria das notas dos avaliadores não ultrapassou, para mais ou para menos, 10% do valor real. Uma maior confiabilidade na estimativa da severidade da doença foi obtida com o uso da escala proposta, com a qual 100% das comparações resultaram em um R2>0,90. A nova escala diagramática proposta no presente trabalho melhorou a acurácia, precisão e confiabilidade das estimativas da severidade da antracnose do colmo em milho

The white spot is a major disease of corn nowadays. Genetic resistance and fungicide application areconsidered the most important procedures to control this disease and the most used by producers.. However, reportsof low efficiency of control with different chemical fungicides have been frequent, which has generated doubts aboutits effectiveness in controlling the disease in the field. In the present study, four experiments were conducted in fieldconditions, using cultivars with different levels of resistance or susceptibility to maize white spot. The efficiency ofdifferent chemical groups of fungicides in the management of maize white spot was evaluated using different numberof applications. The results demonstrated that the strobilurin fungicide group presented the greatest efficiency incontrolling the disease. The fungicides triazole, carbendazim and thiophanate and the antibiotics oxytetracycline andkasugamycin showed low control efficiency.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do uso de multilinhas dinâmicas, por meio de misturas genéticas em populações de híbridos triplos, no manejo da antracnose do sorgo, causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum sublineolum. Foram obtidos 18 híbridos triplos a partir de sete linhagens que continham genes distintos para resistência à doença. Os 25 genótipos de híbridos e linhagens foram avaliados em campo. Verificou-se, em alguns híbridos, grau de resistência superior ao observado para a linhagem mais resistente utilizada nos cruzamentos, o que indica efeito aditivo dos genes de resistência das diferentes linhagens na composição da resistência final dos híbridos. O usodas multilinhas dinâmicas reduziu a intensidade da doença no campo e aumentou a produtividade. Essa estratégia torna possível a utilização de linhagens que apresentam características agronômicas desejáveis, mas são suscetíveis à antracnose.

The reaction of resistance to ten simple hybrids of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), as well as of their 14 parents were evaluated to the pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum, the causal agent of anthracnose. In greenhouse, the genotypes were inoculated separately with 20 monosporic isolates obtained from different sorghum producing areas in the Brazil. Evaluation was carried out ten days after inoculation utilizing methodology proposed by Cardwel et al. (1989). Neither sorghum genotype was resistant to all the isolates inoculated. Line CMSXS657 was resistant to 95%, ATF14 to 90%, ATF08 to 85% and CMSXS210 to 70% of the isolates. The most outstanding hybrids were BRS305 (CMSXS210A X BR012R) resistant to 75% of the isolates, 9920045 (ATF14A X CMSXS180R) to 65% of the isolates, BRS308 (CMSXS233A X BR012R) to 60% of the isolates, and BRS650 (CMSXS222A X CMSXS657R) to 55% of the isolates. Lines BR001 and CMSXS222 were susceptible to 90% of the isolates. The resistance frequency of the hybrids was equal or inferior to that of the parent lines, except for hybrid BRS305 (CMSXS210A X BR012R) which was resistant to a larger number of isolates than its parents. None of the isolates tested were virulent to all the genotypes. The isolates from Campo Novo dos Parecis (MT) were the most virulent while the isolates from Jardinopolis (SP) were the least virulent.

ABSTRACT: Adoption of resistant cultivars is the primary measure used to control anthracnose stalk rot. The goal of this study was to identify maize-resistant genotypes to anthracnose stalk rot, which are similar to the hybrid 2B710. Experiments were performed at Embrapa Maize and Sorghum experimental fields in Brazil. The first experimental trial evaluated 234 maize lines as well as two commercials hybrids, BRS1010 (susceptible) and 2B710 (resistant). Artificial inoculations were performed with a strain at the blister (R2) phase, and evaluation of disease severity was performed after 30 days. The second experimental trial evaluated 48 maize lines and hybrids, inoculated with two Colletotrichum graminicola strains. In the first trial, eight resistance groups were formed, and the last lines were more resistant, as was the hybrid 2B710, with values between 11.50% and 23.0% of severity. In the second trial, there was an interaction between the two factors, lines and isolates, and the lines often showed the same reaction features as those obtained in the first trial. However, the disease severity was higher for most lines, even when using other isolates. These lines with effective levels of resistance could be used in future studies of inheritance, in programs to develop hybrids, and to identify molecular markers associated with resistance to anthracnose stalk rot in maize.