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This study investigates anopheline species diversity in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, employing morphological and molecular methods, focusing on the D3 domain of 28S rRNA (D3) and second internal spacer (ITS2). Ten Anopheline species were identified morphologically and confirmed with molecular markers. While the D3 region demonstrated low level of inter- and intra-specific genetic distance in all the species, ITS2 revealed clear barcoding gap. Among the ten species, A. barbirostris exhibited significant diversity when compared with the sequences from other countries available in GenBank. Further analyses of additional samples of A. barbirostris were carried out using ITS2 and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) markers. Limited variations among the sequences from the islands were observed, suggesting a prevalent single molecular form. However, when compared with the GenBank sequences, our samples formed a separate cluster closely related to the A3 species. The genetic distance between our samples and the A3 cluster was 0.02 for COI but very high (0.104) for ITS2, suggesting a potentially new molecular form or species in the island region. This warrants a more comprehensive and detailed analysis of A. barbirostris in these islands at both genetic and morphometric levels. Overall, these observations added-up the new knowledge in the understanding of anopheline diversity in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago and highlight the necessity for continuous molecular investigations to unravel complexities within mosquito population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I derive a stationary distribution of lifetime wealth accumulation factor in a model featuring inheritance of productivity, wealth, and health condition, where lifetime wealth is the sum of financial wealth and human wealth. Assuming ex-ante heterogeneity in the death rate, I show that the distribution of the lifetime wealth accumulation factor is constituted by a weighted sum of shape-differing Pareto distributions. It is shown that raising the wealth tax reduces inequality of lifetime wealth not only within a death-rate type but also across all the death-rate types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research finds that investors' returns vary with their wealth and level of sophistication. We bring a new perspective from the supply side by showing that return heterogeneity can be magnified as assets offered by the market become more complex. Using detailed account-level data, we examine the trading of B funds—complex, structured products in the Chinese market. During a 3-year market cycle, the return gap between the naive and sophisticated is an order-of-magnitude greater when trading B funds than when trading simple, non-structured funds. In an event study, we confirm that this disparity is driven by differences in investors' understanding of product complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of income distribution as poverty reduction on sustainable development (SD), by taking the moderating role multidimensional regional integration (MRII) in fostering the integrated sustainability across 64 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 2005 to 2020. Utilising Sys-GMM methodology, the findings support the notion that countries within the BRI are theoretically aligned with a sustainable development path as suggested by economic theory. Moreover, MRII significantly contributes to the integrated sustainability path. The direct channel analysis reveals a negative yet significant effect of income distribution on sustainable development, indicating an increase in disparity and capital management system. Conversely, the indirect channel suggests a reduction in disparity and regionally integrated BRI boost the sustainable poverty reduction. This study identifies positive contributions from macroeconomic conditions, institutional quality, and population size to BRI countries' sustainable development. Additionally, it suggests the inefficient utilisation of resources by BRI countries, particularly in government consumption. The study underscores the need for enhanced regional policies aimed at increasing income and reducing poverty to foster sustainable development. Upcoming research should investigate the unexplored effects of household consumption, financial inclusion, financial aid, and energy poverty influence on integrated sustainability, regarding global financial integration.

Vitamin A and Vitamin D play an important role in immunity. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether vitamin D3 and retinyl palmitate could induce the effectiveness of 2nd line Anti-Tuberculosis (TB) drugs. We majorly focus on cell death process. C3HeB/FeJ mice were infected with Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis and grouped randomly. The 1st group was euthanized to evaluate TB germs grown in the lungs. 2nd group is received no therapy. The 3rd group was given 2nd line anti-TB drugs. The 4th was given retinyl palmitate along with 2nd line drugs. 5th group was given 2nd line drugs with D3. 6th group was given a combination of 2nd line drugs, retinyl palmitate and D3. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the quantitative measurement of nuclear receptor expression of Vitamin D (VDR) and Vitamin A (Retinoic Acid Receptor Gamma 2) (RARγ2), apoptosis Caspase-3 (CASP3) marker, autophagy markers Cathelin-Related Antimicrobial Peptide (CRAMP) and Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3B (MAP1LC3B), marker of necrosis namely, Receptor Interacting threonine Kinase 3 (RIPK3) and interstitial collagenase Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1). TB germs in lung were counted in Colony Forming Units (CFU). Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 3.2.6 software was used to analyze structural model within variable. Vitamin D3 plays an important role in increasing autophagy of infected cells and MMP1. Both vitamin D3 and retinyl palmitate played a role in increasing Casp3 expression and reducing CFU. The combination of D3 and retinyl palmitate reduced cell necrosis which was characterized by a decrease in RIPK3. Our study proves that the combination of D3 and retinyl palmitate supplementation on the 2nd line anti-TB drugs reduces cell necrosis directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central nervous system (CNS) disease known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is essentially an inflammatory demyelinating condition with a variety of clinical manifestations and variable histological findings. A number of immunological and biochemical markers may alter MS, which is also characterized as an autoimmune illness. MS patients (n = 100) were divided into two groups: newly diagnosed (n = 42) and patients with ongoing treatments (n = 58). These groups were compared to healthy subjects (n = 55); the mean age ±SD was (30±8.46 years), (37±8.06 years), and (31±8.73 years) for MS newly diagnosed patients, patients with ongoing treatments, and healthy subjects, respectively. Studies for serum levels of eotaxin-1, myelin basic protein (MBP), IL-23, 27, 9, and 37 were measured by the ELISA technique. Eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate were significantly higher in all MS patient groups, but for IL-37, there was no significant difference between newly diagnosed patients when compared with patients with ongoing treatment. Weak positive correlations were found between IL-9 and myelin (r = 0.282, p≤0.05) and a weak positive correlation between IL-23 and ALP (r = 0.209, p≤0.05) in MS patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied for the parameters eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate, which showed a high sensitivity according to the area under the curve. The present results conclude that eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate can be used as diagnostic markers for multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between the degree of human capital and the labor's share for selected 30 economies over the 1980–2019 period. The main rationale behind this nexus is to show that a higher degree of human capital reduces the labor's share if the bargaining power of workers is relatively low than the threat option of capital. This also leads to exacerbation of inter-class conflicts and thus may result in a higher rate of income diversion among the wage and salaried workers. Along with the negative impact of the bargaining framework on labor's share, the study also refers to the argument that technological progress can increase the labor's share if it absorbs the excess supply of workers by tending to an increase in employment opportunities. However, the empirical findings also imply that technological progress alone has a downward trend on labor's share since it may lead to provide an extra surplus for capital and thus raises the capital's share at the expense of labor's share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strigolactones (SLs) play fundamental roles in regulating plant architecture, which is a major factor determining crop yield. The perception and signal transduction of SLs require the formation of a complex containing the receptor DWARF14 (D14), an F-box protein D3 and a transcriptional regulator D53 in an SL-dependent manner. Structural and biochemical analyses of D14 and its orthologs DAD2 and AtD14, D3 and the complexes of ASK1−D3−AtD14 and D3CTH–D14 have made great contributions to understanding the mechanisms of SL perception. However, structural analyses of D53 and the D53−D3−D14 holo-complex are challenging, and the biochemical mechanism underlying the complex assembly remains poorly understood. Here, we found that apo-D53 was rather flexible and reconstituted the holo-complex containing D53, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), D3 and D14 with rac- GR24. The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of SKP1−D3−D14 in the presence of D53 was analyzed and superimposed on the crystal structure of ASK1−D3−AtD14 without D53. No large conformational rearrangement was observed, but a 9Å rotation appeared between D14 and AtD14. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry, we analyzed dynamic motifs of D14, D3 and D53 in the D53−SKP1−D3−D14 complex assembly process and further identified two potential interfaces in D53 that are located in the N and D2 domains, respectively. Together, our results uncovered the dynamic conformational changes and built a model of the holo-complex D53−SKP1−D3−D14, offering valuable information for the biochemical and genetic mechanisms of SL perception and signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tour de France cycling stage race is the largest sporting event in the world organized annually. From its creation in 1903 to 2023, 110 editions were held. Due to their spatial variability, which is represented by individual stage places and mountain climbs, they are also extremely interesting from the point of view of geography as a spatial science. In a longterm history, we have identified a total of 756 stage places and 342 mountain climbs of the second, first category and so-called "Hors catégorie". Using the example of collected historical data stored in a database, we point out the main trends in its development from the point of view of the representation of stage finish places and mountain climbs in individual decades. Here we observe a clear trend from the inclusion of stable stage centres in the itinerary of individual editions, to the increasingly frequent inclusion of new stage centres with less periodicity of inclusion in the stage itinerary. A similar trend is also visible in mountain climbs. Here, however, in addition to the discovery of new climbs, we can also see the regular inclusion of some today "iconic" climbs that have their irreplaceable place in the Tour de France history (Tourmalet, Aspin, Galibier, Alpe d'Huez, etc.). The contribution also includes a website (www.aguc.tdfrance.eu) where client can create his own map outputs of stage finish places and mountain climbs for any period. These maps are created by using the D3 digital library, the TopoJSON format and the MySQL database system. It also includes a comprehensive data visualization of selected historical statistics created in the PowerBI program. This allows researchers, who are not familiar with any programming language, to visualize and subsequently share data on the Internet. We consider data visualization to be an extremely important part of (not only) geographical research, because of sharing research results on the Internet in an at - tractive form is an important tool for promoting geography as a scientific discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/purpose – Street traders are seen selling all kinds of goods to patrons who pass-by or who are vehicular traffics on Nigerian roads, particularly major intra and inter-state roads in urban and rural areas. The study assessed the perspectives of salespersons from six selected FMCG companies regarding the extent to which street trading has contributed to the overall performances of their respective firms.

While there is a well-documented positive relationship between income and life satisfaction, little research (if any) has examined this relationship for samples split by location (rural and urban areas) in South Africa. Using panel data from five waves of National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) we track the subjective well-being of rural and urban households and estimate static and dynamic models of life satisfaction, which incorporate a range of independent variables (lagged subjective well-being, relative income and other control variables), and dependent variable (life satisfaction). Our findings reveal that, despite considerable differences between urban and rural households in terms of income, rural households report experiencing greater subjective well-being than urban households do. Furthermore, our results suggest that not only does own-income have a positive effect, comparison-income or relative income also positively affect SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are increasing calls for concrete suggestions on how to account for distributional impacts in policy analysis. Within the context of benefit-cost analysis, per se, one possibility is to apply "distributional weights," to inflate costs and benefits experienced by poor or disadvantaged groups. We distinguish between "utility-weights," intended to correct for the bias in willingness to pay caused by diminishing marginal utility of income, and "equity-weights," intended to account for the possibility that decision makers might have disproportional concern about the welfare of the poor or other disadvantaged groups. We argue that utility-weights are appropriate and necessary to maintain the legitimacy of BCA as a measure of aggregate welfare, but that equity-weights are inappropriate because they involve moral judgments that should remain in the domain of democratically accountable decision makers, and because they conflate information about both the welfare and equity impacts of policies, making it impossible for decision-makers to apply their own moral values to the assessment of tradeoffs between welfare and equity. We offer concrete suggestions regarding the application of utility-weights and the calculation of a set of metrics to provide intuitively comprehensible and useful information about, and allow decision makers to quantitatively assess the tradeoffs between, welfare and equity caused by specific policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He argues that the limitation of affirmative action policies of NEP was already evident, as inter-ethnic disparity accounted for only a small proportion of income inequality in 1970. Lee on social justice and affirmative action in Malaysia Hwok-Aun Lee ([14]) provides a historical narrative and critical analysis of Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) and its successor policies. Keywords: Asia; inequality; social justice; welfare; B52; D3; D63; D72; F6; H26; H30; I14; I31; I32; J3; J15; L16; N3; N45; O15; O17; O21; O33 EN Asia inequality social justice welfare B52 D3 D63 D72 F6 H26 H30 I14 I31 I32 J3 J15 L16 N3 N45 O15 O17 O21 O33 1 14 14 01/13/23 20230101 NES 230101 Inequality, Social Justice and Welfare in Asia The importance of the themes of inequality, justice, and welfare has been heightened by the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (World Bank, [17]). In his discussion on the failure of structural transformation, Kanchoochat begins by observing that almost all high-income economies underwent a structural transformation with a declining share of agriculture employment and a rise in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but this did not happen in Thailand. [Extracted from the article]

The Asia–Pacific region's rapid growth and poverty reduction in recent decades have been accompanied by rising income and wealth inequality. Technological progress, globalization, deregulation and market‐oriented reform, and financialization have generated many new opportunities, but rewarded capital more than labor, benefited skilled workers more than the unskilled, widened spatial inequality, and produced a growing number of the superrich. For some countries, population aging has also contributed to rising inequality. The present paper provides an update on recent trends of income and wealth inequality in the Asia–Pacific region, examines causes behind rising inequality, and discusses policy actions needed to tackle inequality. It also assesses how the COVID‐19 has likely worsened inequality in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon is one of the most monitored elements in extractables and leachables studies of pharmaceutical packaging systems and related components. There is a need to review and evaluate toxicological thresholds of silicon because of its direct contact with drug products (DP) especially a liquid form of DP with the widely used pharmaceutical packaging systems made of silicon materials like glass and silicone. It is required by regulatory authorities to test silicon content in DP; however, there are no official guidelines on the toxicology of silicon that are currently available, yet the knowledge of toxicological thresholds of silicon is critical to justify the analytical limit of quantification (LOQ). Therefore, we reviewed the toxicity of silicon to derive a toxicological threshold by literature review of toxicity studies of both inorganic and organic silicon compounds. Oral toxicity is low for inorganic silicon like silicon dioxide or organic silicon polymers such as silicone tube/silicone oil (polydimethylsiloxane, or namely, PDMS as the major ingredient). In comparison, inhalational toxicity of silicon dioxide leads to pulmonary silicosis or even lung cancer. When orally administered, the toxicity of silicon dioxide, glass, polymers, or PDMS oligomers varies depending on their morphology, molecular weight (MW), and degrees of polymerization. PDMS with high MW has minimal toxic symptoms with non-detectable degradation/elimination by both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration routes, while exposure to either PDMS or small molecule dimethyl silicone compounds by the intravenous administration route may lead to death. We here determined a general parenteral permitted daily exposure (PDE) of 93 μg/day for inorganic silicon element and 100 μg/day for organic silicon element by reviewing toxicological data of both forms of silicon. In conclusion, this work provides evidence for pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies on the PDEs of silicon elements in pharmaceutical packaging and process components through a variety of administration routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D3/D2 sub‐specificity is a complex problem to solve. Indeed, in the absence of easy structural biology of the G‐protein coupled receptors, and despite key progresses in this area, the systematic knowledge of the ligand/receptor relationship is difficult to obtain. Due to these structural biology limitations concerning membrane proteins, we favored the use of directed mutagenesis to document a rational towards the discovery of markedly specific D3 ligands over D2 ligands together with basic binding experiments. Using our methodology of stable expression of receptors in HEK cells, we constructed the gene encoding for 24 mutants and 4 chimeras of either D2 or D3 receptors and expressed them stably. Those cell lines, expressing a single copy of one receptor mutant each, were stably constructed, selected, amplified and the membranes from them were prepared. Binding data at those receptors were obtained using standard binding conditions for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. We generated 26 new molecules derived from D2 or D3 ligands. Using 8 reference compounds and those 26 molecules, we characterized their binding at those mutants and chimeras, exemplifying an approach to better understand the difference at the molecular level of the D2 and D3 receptors. Although all the individual results are presented and could be used for minute analyses, the present report does not discuss the differences between D2 and D3 data. It simply shows the feasibility of the approach and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can financial incentives aid habit formation in people attempting to establish a positive health behavior? We provide evidence on this question from a randomized controlled trial of modest-sized incentives to attend the gym among new members of a fitness facility. Our experiment randomized 690 participants into a control group that received a $30 payment unconditionally or one of 3 incentive groups that received a payment for attending the gym at least 9 times over the first 6 weeks of membership. Two incentive treatment arms offered monetary payments of $30 and $60. The third incentive treatment, motivated by the endowment effect, offered a physical item worth $30. All three incentives had only small impacts on attendance during members' first 6 weeks and no effect on their post-incentive visit trajectories. We document substantial overconfidence among new members about their likely visits and discuss how overconfidence may undermine the effectiveness of incentive programs.

Background: Lymphadenectomy during right hemicolectomy for colon cancer varies between the U.S. and Japan., Methods: Patients undergoing right hemicolectomy for non-metastatic right-sided colon cancer between 2010 and 2019 ​at U.S. and Japanese institutions were compared. Outcomes included survival, pathologic findings, and postoperative complications., Results: 319 American patients (57 ​% female, mean age 70 years) underwent conventional resection and 308 Japanese patients (52 ​% female, mean age 70 years) underwent extended dissection. The conventional group underwent more laparotomies (26.6 ​% vs. 8.4 ​%, p ​< ​0.001), had more poorly differentiated histology (31.7 ​% vs. 11.0 ​%, p ​< ​0.01), lower lymph node yield (M ​= ​27 ​± ​11 vs. M ​= ​32 ​± ​14, p ​< ​0.001), and more 30-day readmissions (31 vs. 5, p ​< ​0.001). Adjusting for demographics, pathology, perioperative outcomes, and adjuvant chemotherapy, extended lymphadenectomy improved disease-free survival (HR 0.50; 95 ​% CI, 0.31-0.80; p ​= ​0.004), but not overall survival (HR 0.98; 95 ​% CI, 0.95-1.02; p ​= ​0.14)., Conclusions: Extended lymphadenectomy for right sided-colon cancer improves disease-free, but not overall, survival among Japanese patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no proprietary or commercial interest in any product mentioned or concept discussed in this article. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Recent studies revealed intriguing associations between cholecalciferol (D3) and reproductive functions. Seasonal changes of D3 concentrations are well known; however, they are not always considered in the context of reproductive functions. In this study, we analyzed D3 serum concentration in IVF/ICSI patients with respect to seasonal 3-month quartiles and anti-Muellerian hormone (AMH) referring to the impact on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) outcome.Materials and Research Methods: We studied 469 female patients, presenting between 2012 and 2018 for ART treatment in our fertility center. D3 as well as the AMH serum concentrations were measured at the beginning of the follicle stimulation (days 3-5 of menstrual cycles). Results were evaluated with respect to seasonal quartiles and outcome of the ART cycles.Results: D3 concentrations showed significant fluctuations within annual quartiles with a pronounced peak in August-October and a minimum in February-April (26.0 vs. 20.5 mg/dl; p < 0.0001). Similar seasonal dynamics were found for AMH (2.98 vs. 1.78 ng/ml; p = 0.010) and these were associated with significantly shorter stimulation periods during August-October (11.29 vs. 12.12 days; p = 0.042), higher number of fertilized oocytes between August and October (6.23 vs. 4.97; p = 0.05) along with a trend towards higher numbers of cumulus-oocyte complexes. However, no such differences were found for the numbers of MII oocytes or pregnancy rates.Conclusion: Our data indicate seasonal 3-month quartile variations of AMH concentrations and characteristics of ART, such as days of ovarian stimulation and number of fertilized oocytes. Highest AMH concentrations were found between August and October and this quartile was associated with highest D3 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the causality nexus among technology, innovation, and income inequality for G7 countries. For this aim, the bootstrap panel Granger approach is employed. The dataset covers the years between 1981 and 2015. Using two different Gini coefficients with pre-tax and post-tax income, the impact of income taxes on the nexus above is investigated. The results indicate that the bi-directional causality nexus is not detected in G7 countries except France. The signs of the nexus become different by countries. In this differentiation, income tax plays an important role. The novelty of this paper is to consider both the bi-directional causality and the effect of income tax in the technology, innovation, and income inequality nexus. It is thought that obtained findings may play a significant role in determining income distribution policies for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new method to approximate income distribution dynamics at the micro level using only macro data on aggregate moments of the income distribution. Under the assumption that individual incomes follow a lognormal autoregressive process, we show that the evolution of the mean and standard deviation of log income across individuals provides sufficient information to bound the degree of mobility. We estimate mobility bounds for 46 countries, using time series data on aggregate moments of the income distribution available in the World Inequality Database and the World Bank's PovcalNet database. This new data allows us to study the correlates of mobility, and to document churning in the top and bottom of the income distribution, in a much larger set of countries than was previously possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Large-scale biodiversity data, for example, on species distribution and richness information, are being mobilized and becoming available at an increasing rate. Interactive web applications like atlases have been developed to visualize available datasets and make them accessible to a wider audience. Web mapping tools are changing rapidly, and different underlying concepts have been developed to visualize datasets at a high cartographic standard. 2. Here, we introduce the Combined Atlas Framework for the development of interactive web atlases for ecological data visualization. We combine two existing approaches: the five stages of the user-centred design approach for web mapping applications and the three U approach for interface success. 3. Subsequently, we illustrate the use of this framework by developing the Atlas of Plant Invasions based on the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. This case study illustrates how the newly developed Combined Atlas Framework with a user-centred design philosophy can generate measurable success through communication with the target user group, iterative prototyping and competitive analysis of other existing web mapping approaches. 4. The framework is useful in creating an atlas that employs user feedback to determine usability and utility features within an interactive atlas system. Finally, this framework will enable a better-informed development process of future visualization and dissemination of biodiversity data through web mapping applications and interactive atlases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive thermogenesis in small mammals and infants takes place in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Heat is produced via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated uncoupling between oxidation of energy substrates and adenosine 5′-triphosphate synthesis. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays a role in this process. The deiodinases activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) (D2) or inactivate T4 and T3 to 3,3,5′-triiodothyronine and T2 (D3), respectively. Using a mouse model with selective inactivation of Dio 3 in BAT (flox-Dio3 × UCP1-cre = BAT-D3KO), we now show that knocking out D3 resulted in premature exposure of developing brown adipocytes (embryonic days 16.5-18.5) to T3 signaling, leading to an earlier expression of key BAT genes, including Cidea , Cox8b , Dio 2, Ucp1 , and Pgc1α. Adult BAT-D3KO mice exhibited increased expression of 1591 genes as assessed by RNA sequencing, including 19 gene sets related to mitochondria, 8 related to fat, and 8 related to glucose homeostasis. The expression of 243 genes was changed by more than 1.5-fold, 36 of which play a role in metabolic/thermogenic processes. BAT-D3KO mice weigh less and exhibit smaller white adipocyte area, but maintain normal energy expenditure at room temperature (22 °C) and in the cold (4 °C). They also defend their core temperature more effectively and do not lose as much body weight when exposed to cold. We conclude that the coordinated actions of Dio3 in the embryonic BAT define the timing and intensity of T3 signaling during brown adipogenesis. Enhanced T3 signaling during BAT embryogenesis (Dio3 inactivation) results in selective life-long modifications in the BAT transcriptome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is because of the differences in social spending, and the reduction in income inequality among elderly in China while income inequality among working-age families is stagnant. Keywords: D3; F6; J3; N3; O15; O33 EN D3 F6 J3 N3 O15 O33 42 44 3 01/13/23 20230101 NES 230101 I agree with Zhuang ([5]) in his summary assessments of the negative effects of income inequality. [Extracted from the article]

Model-based phylogenetic reconstructions increasingly consider spatial or phenotypic traits in conjunction with sequence data to study evolutionary processes. Alongside parameter estimation, visualization of ancestral reconstructions represents an integral part of these analyses. Here, we present a complete overhaul of the spatial phylogenetic reconstruction of evolutionary dynamics software, now called SpreaD3 to emphasize the use of data-driven documents, as an analysis and visualization package that primarily complements Bayesian inference in BEAST (http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk, last accessed 9 May 2016). The integration of JavaScript D3 libraries (www.d3.org, last accessed 9 May 2016) offers novel interactive web-based visualization capacities that are not restricted to spatial traits and extend to any discrete or continuously valued trait for any organism of interest.

Metopimazine (MPZ) is a peripherally restricted, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist used for four decades to treat acute nausea and vomiting. MPZ is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of gastroparesis (GP). MPZ undergoes high first‐pass metabolism that produces metopimazine acid (MPZA), the major circulating metabolite in humans. Despite a long history of use, the enzymes involved in the metabolism of MPZ have not been identified. Here we report a series of studies designed to identify potential MPZ metabolites in vitro, determine their clinical relevance in humans, and elucidate the enzymes responsible for their formation. The findings demonstrated that the formation of MPZA was primarily catalyzed by human liver microsomal amidase. Additionally, human liver cytosolic aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes the formation of MPZA, in vitro, although to a much lesser extent. Neither cytochrome P450 enzymes nor flavin‐monooxygenases (FMO) were involved in the formation MPZA, although two minor oxidative pathways were catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 in vitro. Analysis of plasma samples from subjects dosed 60 mg of MPZ verified that these oxidative pathways are very minor and that CYP enzyme involvement was negligible compared to microsomal amidase/hydrolase in overall MPZ metabolism in humans. The metabolism by liver amidase, an enzyme family not well defined in small molecule drug metabolism, with minimal metabolism by CYPs, differentiates this drug from current D2 antagonists used or in development for the treatment of GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether extended complete mesocolic excision (e-CME) for sigmoid colon cancer improves oncological outcomes without compromising morbidity or functional results. Background: In surgery for cancer of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum, s-CME removes the lymphofatty tissue surrounding the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), but not the lymphofatty tissue surrounding the portion of the inferior mesenteric vein that does not run parallel to the IMA. Evidence about the safety and efficacy of extending CME to include this tissue is lacking. Methods: This single-blind study randomized sigmoid cancer patients at 4 centers to undergo e-CME or s-CME. The primary outcome was the total number of lymph nodes harvested. Secondary outcomes included disease-free and overall survival at 2 years, morbidity, and bowel and genitourinary function. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03107650. Results: We analyzed 93 patients (46 e-CME and 47 s-CME). Perioperative outcomes were similar between groups. No differences between groups were found in the total number of lymph nodes harvested [21 (interquartile range, IQR, 14–29) in e-CME vs 20 (IQR, 15–27) in s-CME, P = 0.873], morbidity (P = 0.829), disease-free survival (P = 0.926), or overall survival (P = 0.564). The extended specimen yielded a median of 1 lymph node (range, 0–6), none of which were positive. Bowel function recovery was similar between arms at all timepoints. Males undergoing e-CME had worse recovery of urinary function (P = 0.026). Conclusion: Extending lymphadenectomy to include the IMV territory did not increase the number of lymph nodes or improve local recurrence or survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim We investigated the clinical impact of D3 lymph node dissection preserving left colic artery (LCA) compared to D3 without LCA preservation using data from JCOG0404. LCA preservation is expected to maintain adequate blood supply, which is effective in preventing anastomotic leakage, intestinal paralysis, and bowel obstruction. Whether D3 with LCA preservation (Group A) improves clinical outcomes following resection of sigmoid colon cancer compared to D3 without LCA preservation (Group B) is unclear. Methods Procedure type was identified from photographs of the surgical field collected for central surgical review in JCOG0404. Clinical outcomes were compared between each procedure. Results Among the 1057 randomized patients in JCOG0404, 631 patients receiving sigmoid colectomy or anterior resection were included in the subgroup analysis. Group A comprised of 135 patients and Group B of 496 patients. Patient backgrounds did not differ between groups. Median operative time, blood loss, anastomotic leakage, and intestinal paralysis were not remarkably different (Group A vs Group B: 185 vs 186 minutes, 60 vs 50 mL, 3.0% vs 5.0%, and 2.2% vs 3.8%). More overall postoperative complications occurred in Group B than Group A (21.6% vs 9.6%, P = .022). Five‐year relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) tended to be better in Group A than Group B (RFS: 83.7% and 80.5%, HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.51‐1.26], OS: 96.3% and 91.1%, HR 0.41 [95% CI 0.19‐0.89]). Conclusions Short‐ and long‐term outcomes tend to be better in Group A than Group B, indicating that preservation of LCA could be an alternative treatment.

Abstract Metopimazine (MPZ) is a peripherally restricted, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist used for four decades to treat acute nausea and vomiting. MPZ is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of gastroparesis (GP). MPZ undergoes high first‐pass metabolism that produces metopimazine acid (MPZA), the major circulating metabolite in humans. Despite a long history of use, the enzymes involved in the metabolism of MPZ have not been identified. Here we report a series of studies designed to identify potential MPZ metabolites in vitro, determine their clinical relevance in humans, and elucidate the enzymes responsible for their formation. The findings demonstrated that the formation of MPZA was primarily catalyzed by human liver microsomal amidase. Additionally, human liver cytosolic aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes the formation of MPZA, in vitro, although to a much lesser extent. Neither cytochrome P450 enzymes nor flavin‐monooxygenases (FMO) were involved in the formation MPZA, although two minor oxidative pathways were catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 in vitro. Analysis of plasma samples from subjects dosed 60 mg of MPZ verified that these oxidative pathways are very minor and that CYP enzyme involvement was negligible compared to microsomal amidase/hydrolase in overall MPZ metabolism in humans. The metabolism by liver amidase, an enzyme family not well defined in small molecule drug metabolism, with minimal metabolism by CYPs, differentiates this drug from current D2 antagonists used or in development for the treatment of GP.