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In transitional economies, contract farming is widely recognized as a means for addressing numerous market failures affecting small farmers. Reviewing the scholarship on contract farming, we show that its traditional understandings have been framed by the narratives of transaction cost economics and power dynamics. We critically evaluate these narratives and demonstrate how stakeholder theory, with its relational understanding of business, offers a more comprehensive understanding of contract farming. We argue that a stakeholder theory perspective underscores the trust-based and collaborative nature of successful contract farming arrangements. It highlights the importance of informal and moral stakeholder relationships that compensate for the limitations of weak enforcement mechanisms and inadequate legal frameworks in transitional economies. This way, a stakeholder theory perspective on contract farming highlights its strategic management and business ethics dimensions, offering valuable guidance for cultivating successful stakeholder relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of the growing elderly population and single-person households on residential electricity demand in China. Using a dynamic panel model, this study investigates a balanced panel dataset encompassing 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2016. The results indicate that households in China show limited responsiveness to changes in electricity prices and household income in the short and long run. Regarding demographic transitions, the results reveal that the presence of working-age individuals, elderly individuals, and single-person households contributes to an increase in electricity demand. Furthermore, the results highlight the significance of higher education in reducing electricity demand, suggesting the need for educational programmes that promote energy-saving behaviour and environment-friendly attitudes. These findings offer valuable insights for policy makers and stakeholders aiming to develop effective strategies for managing residential electricity demand in light of changing demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the price and income elasticities of short- and long-run industrial electricity demand in Brazil between 2003 and 2020. The research also examines the impacts of COVID-19 in Brazil's industrial electricity sector, including an analysis in states more and less industrialized. Design/methodology/approach: Dynamic adjustments models in panel data are used to present robust estimates and analyze the impact of different methodologies on reported elasticities. Findings: The short-run price elasticity is estimated at −0.448, while the long-run values are around −1.60. Regarding income elasticity, the value is 0.069 in the short-run and is concentrated in 0.25 in the long-run. The inelastic results of income show that the industrial demand for electric energy follows the trend of loss of competitiveness of the Brazilian industry in the past years. In addition, the price of natural gas, the level of employment, and, in specific cases, the level of imports also influence industrial electricity demand. Originality/value: The research is a pioneer in the investigation of the industrial behavior of electricity of the Brazilian industrial branch, using as control variables, the average temperature, and the level of rainfall, this one, so important for a country whose main source is hydroelectric. In addition, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first study, which is prepared to analyze the effects of COVID-19 on electric consumption in the industrial sector, investigating these impacts, including in the states considered more and less industrialized. The estimates generated may help in the design of the Brazilian energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dopamine (DA) plays a pivotal role in reward processing, cognitive functions, and emotional regulation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a critical brain region for these processes. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons are one of the major classes of inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the cortex, they modulate the activity of neighboring neurons, influencing various brain functions. While DA receptor expression exhibits age-related changes, the age-related changes of these receptors in PV+ neurons, especially in the PFC, remain unclear. To address this, we investigated the expression of DA D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) receptors in PV+ neurons within the orbitofrontal (OFC) and prelimbic (PrL) cortices at different postnatal ages (P28, P42, P56, and P365). We found that the expression of D1R and D2R in PV+ neurons showed both age- and region-related changes. PV+ neurons in the OFC expressed a higher abundance of D1 than those in the PrL, and those neurons in the OFC also showed higher co-expression of D1R and D2R than those in the PrL. In the OFC and PrL, D1R in PV+ neurons increased from P28 and reached a plateau at P42, then receded to express at P365. Meanwhile, D2R did not show significant age-related changes between the two regions except at P56. These results showed dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex exhibit age- and region-specific changes, which may contribute to the difference of these brain regions in reward-related brain functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating genetic diversity simplifies the identification of superior genotypes, facilitating the development of high-yielding, resilient to climatic conditions and promoting effective crop improvement. The present study aimed to examine the divergence, correlation and path analysis across 55 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) germplasms for 17 traits during the summer season (March-July) of 2022. The experiment utilized randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in Phagwara, Punjab. Analysis of variance suggested a sufficient amount of genetic variation was found among all genotypes. Using Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the samples were classified into seven clusters, the largest being cluster I, composing 34 germplasm. Only one germplasm was found in Clusters II, IV, V, VI, and VII. The inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters II and VII, whereas the intra-cluster distance was greatest in Cluster III. The number of fruits per plant had the highest percent contribution to the divergence, accounting for 49.63%. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, there was a strong positive correlation (+) observed between fruit yield and various characteristics, including plant height, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and the number of pickings. Genotypic path analysis revealed that characteristics such as the first flowering node, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height, inter-nodal length, number of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, marketable fruits per plant, and average fruit weight exhibited a positive and direct effect on fruit yield. When selecting this trait to improve yield in okra through breeding, it is essential to focus on specific characteristics that directly contribute to higher production. This research will help resilient okra varieties understand yieldinfluencing factors in Punjab environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Households in low-income and food insecure nations such as Niger are vulnerable to food price shocks as a large portion of their budgets are spent on calories derived from cereals and other staples. However, there is very weak understanding of the structure of food demand in many African nations making proactive food policy recommendations ineffective. This is particularly acute in West Africa where the paucity of quantitative expenditure and consumption information has forced some studies to borrow demand parameters from other low-income nations located in regions outside of Sub-Saharan Africa. We empirically estimate food demand elasticities as tools to conduct a short-run welfare analysis of price shocks and build upon the welfare impacts to assess long-run pressure on farmland and trajectories toward future availability and price scenarios. The welfare analysis finds that an increase in millet price reduces rural welfare while a sorghum price increase primarily reduces urban households’ welfare. Given population growth, acreage-driven millet and sorghum production growth, and the income elasticities for both staples, holding all else constant, any food price shock in the future will likely result in higher welfare losses for consumers. Taken together, food price policy should focus on millet to improve the welfare of rural and the poorest households in Niger. Facing a land frontier constraint reinforces calls for total factor productivity growth in millet and sorghum to reduce pressure on marginal land. Technological change in food production and the identification of import opportunities are required to relieve upward pressure on prices given current consumption patterns, trade, land frontier constraints, and the importance of these two crops in the national food system.

There is increased risk of psychosis associated with cannabis use disorder and the interaction of THC with dopamine neurotransmission is complex. It is important to investigate the recovery from cannabis-induced psychosis and its effects on the brain's dopamine neurotransmission. This study was to evaluate dopamine receptor D2 availability in the striatum (caudate/putamen) in recently abstinent cannabis dependent users after recovery from psychosis in comparison with abstinent MDMA "ecstasy" abusers and healthy control participants. Participants were eight abstinent ex cannabis-dependent users who were treated for cannabis-induced psychosis with anti-psychotic medication and psychosocial support for 4 months in an inpatient treatment center for drug users. They were compared with nine abstinent ex MDMA "ecstasy" abusers who received medication and psycho-social treatment for 4 months at the same treatment facility and eight healthy control participants. All participants were scanned with bolus and constant infusion of [123I] Iodobenzamide (IBZM) in Single Photon Computed Tomography (SPECT). Cannabis abstinent users who were treated for cannabis-induced psychotic episodes showed no difference in dopamine D2 receptor availability in the caudate compared with abstinent MDMA "ecstasy" abusers and healthy control participants. This finding indicates minimal effects of cannabis-induced psychosis on dopamine reward mechanisms. There is evidence for reduced D2 receptor availability measures in the right putamen (uncorrected) which may indicate a residual effect of anti-psychotic medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garbage can account of organizations where problems, solutions, and people chase each other is often invoked but rarely studied since its publication 44 years ago. It has been critiqued for being a metaphor rather than a model, and offering a deterministic rather than stochastic account. We reline the garbage can model of organizational decision-making by modeling the arrival of problems, people, and solutions as queues that get matched randomly. We show that queuing models allow us to understand the effect of using either experts, supervisor approval, teams, and deviation from supervision on problem resolution and oversight. Our approach shows that manager approval increased the standard deviation of problem resolution, whereas queues are processed faster and have lower variance when there is oversight or teamwork, or when manager approval is bypassed due to independent action by problem solvers. It also shows the costs of using an organizational hierarchy to address problems with different levels of difficulty, or specialization to address a mixture of fundamentally different problems. Thus, a stochastic garbage can model provides insights into why organizations make many decisions but often fail to resolve problems! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increased risk of psychosis associated with cannabis use disorder and the interaction of THC with dopamine neurotransmission is complex. It is important to investigate the recovery from cannabis-induced psychosis and its effects on the brain’s dopamine neurotransmission. This study was to evaluate dopamine receptor D2 availability in the striatum (caudate/putamen) in recently abstinent cannabis dependent users after recovery from psychosis in comparison with abstinent MDMA “ecstasy” abusers and healthy control participants. Participants were eight abstinent ex cannabis-dependent users who were treated for cannabis-induced psychosis with anti-psychotic medication and psychosocial support for 4 months in an inpatient treatment center for drug users. They were compared with nine abstinent ex MDMA “ecstasy” abusers who received medication and psycho-social treatment for 4 months at the same treatment facility and eight healthy control participants. All participants were scanned with bolus and constant infusion of [123I] Iodobenzamide (IBZM) in Single Photon Computed Tomography (SPECT). Cannabis abstinent users who were treated for cannabis-induced psychotic episodes showed no difference in dopamine D2 receptor availability in the caudate compared with abstinent MDMA “ecstasy” abusers and healthy control participants. This finding indicates minimal effects of cannabis-induced psychosis on dopamine reward mechanisms. There is evidence for reduced D2 receptor availability measures in the right putamen (uncorrected) which may indicate a residual effect of anti-psychotic medication.

Background: Pigeonpea has remarkable contribution in flourishing the Indian agricultural economy but over the decades, its productivity has remained stagnant. Presence of genetic diversity in breeding population is the key to develop high yielding varieties. Therefore the current study was aimed to explore genetic divergence among pigeonpea genotypes. Methods: A set of 178 pigeonpea germplasm lines were evaluated in randomized block design to assess the genetic divergence and clustering pattern of pigeonpea genotypes. Observations on various yield component traits were recorded. For the estimation of the Fe and Zn content ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer USA) was used. Mahalanobis D² analysis was carried out to assess the genetic divergence. Result: Wide range of genetic diversity was revealed among lines for eleven traits studied. Mahalanobis D² analysis grouped all the genotypes into eleven non-overlapping clusters. The inter cluster D² values indicated that cluster IV and XI (21046.45) were the most diverse and cluster V and cluster VII (60.67) were the less diverse. Out of the eleven characters studied days to maturity, plant height and yield per plot contributed 93.32 per cent of the total divergence. Based on mean performances, cluster XI and cluster II were found to be beneficial for early flowering and early maturity genotypes, cluster V and cluster VII for number of pods per plant and yield per plot, respectively. The highest mean value for grain iron and zinc content was recorded in cluster III rendering simultaneous improvement for these traits. Therefore, trait-wise selection of diverse parents from different clusters would be desirable and beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germplasm collection of 145 accessions of barnyard millet were evaluated for fifteen quantitative traits to study the genetic divergence. Among them, high yield along with earliness was seen in GB 6, GB 10 and GB 12. PCGB 41 was high yielding with earliness coupled with high Fe and Zn. GB 30, GB 35, PCGB 2 showed significant performance for high yield and Zn content. GB 41, GB 46, PCGB 1, PCGB 3, PCGB 5, PCGB 6, PCGB 9, PCGB 13 and PCGB 16 showed high Fe content and grain yield. D² Cluster analysis suggested composition of 145 genotypes into 24 clusters. Cluster I had a maximum of ninety six genotypes, followed by Cluster XVIII with nine genotypes, Cluster XVI with seven genotypes and Cluster XI, XX, XXIII with five genotypes each. The inter cluster distances varied from 15.46(between cluster II and V) to 246.21(between cluster XII and XX). Inter crossing between the accessions of cluster VII, X, XI, XX and XIX in all possible combinations would exhibit high heterosis and also generate a broad spectrum of variability for effective selection in the segregating generations for development of high yielding cultivars with increased Fe and Zn content in the grain. Out of 25 SSR markers used in this study 24 markers produced clear, scorable and polymorphic marker profile and were used for the further analysis. The PIC values ranged from 0.50 (p88) to 0.95 (b 126) with an average of 0.70. SSR markers used in this study were highly informative and polymorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents empirical evidence on the impacts of product innovation, export, and other important factors on employment growth in Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2000–2006. The results of our analysis show that the overall demand effect of firms' output growth on their average yearly employment growth amounts to 7.0%, of which 3.5%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 0.7% correspond to the output growth of, respectively, domestic-old, export-old, domestic-new and export-new products. The displacement effect from process and organizational innovations, as measured by firms' productivity efforts to catch up with industry regional productivity frontiers, accounts for a 5.4% average reduction of yearly employment growth. We also observe a trade-off between growth of productivity and growth of employment, which could have been on average higher by 2% for productivity (16.8% instead of 14.8%) and lower by 2% for employment (1.4% instead of 3.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has launched a flagship project-4 consisting of 58 rice genotypes ‘Antenna Panel’ (a panel of diverse genotypes having various beneficial genes introgressed) from the Global Rice Array-IV (GRA-IV). Exploring diversity provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop resilient crops and analysis of diversity is important for any crop improvement programme. Mahalanobis’s distance matrix thus obtained was further subjected to clustering by the UPGMA hierarchical agglomerative clustering method to decipher the degree of genetic divergence in the ‘Antenna Panel’ genotypes of IRRI’s Global Rice Array-IV. On the basis of D2 values, rice genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. Cluster I was the largest and contained the maximum number of genotypes. The inter-cluster distance ranged from 5.8 between cluster I and cluster VIII to 18.8 between cluster V and cluster X. The highest inter cluster distance was recorded between clusters V and X (18.80) followed by clusters II and V (17.78). The intra cluster distance was found to be maximum in cluster II (5.20) followed by cluster V (5.01), and cluster I (4.25). The character days to 50% flowering (33.1%) showed a maximum contribution followed by plant height (30.2%), grain yield (10.3%), the number of grains per panicle (10.00%), panicle length (7.3 %), the number of tillers per plant (4.8%) and 1000-grain weight (4.3%). If a superior genotype with an ample amount of genetic divergence and well adapted in India’s Indo-Gangetic Plains can be selected, from these global databases then it can be of great help to break the stagnation of yield by improving the genetic potential of the existing rice varieties through hybridization and exploitation of heterosis. In this context, if hybridization is attempted between the genotypes included in the cluster V (SUPA, ZANTON::IRGC 31248-1 and URAIBOOL::IRGC 52785-1) and cluster X (Hokkai 188, M202) greater heterosis can be expected.

mTORC1 is a central signaling hub that integrates intra- and extracellular signals to regulate a variety of cellular metabolic processes. Mutations in regulators of mTORC1 lead to neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism, which is characterized by repetitive, inflexible behaviors. These behaviors may result from alterations in striatal circuits that control motor learning and habit formation. However, the consequences of mTORC1 dysregulation on striatal neuron function are largely unknown. To investigate this, we deleted the mTORC1 negative regulator Tsc1 from identified striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons and examined how cell-autonomous upregulation of mTORC1 activity affects their morphology and physiology. We find that loss of Tsc1 increases the excitability of striatonigral, but not striatopallidal, neurons and selectively enhances corticostriatal synaptic transmission. These findings highlight the critical role of mTORC1 in regulating striatal activity in a cell type- and input-specific manner, with implications for striatonigral pathway dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease.

I address the question of productive capabilities and competitive advantage in ways that differ markedly from the approach that Pisano lays out in his essay under review. In commenting on the Pisano article, I outline the roles of perspective, theory, and methodology in my research in the hope of broadening and deepening the dynamic-capabilities debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain involves both sensory and affective dimensions. The amygdala is a key player in linking nociceptive stimuli to negative emotional behaviors or affective states. Relief of pain is rewarding and activates brain reward circuits. Whether the reward circuit from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the central amygdala (CeA) is involved in pain relief remains unexplored. Using a model of experimental postsurgical pain, we found that pain relief elicited conditioned place preference (CPP), activated CeA-projecting dopaminergic cells in the VTA, and decreased dopaminergic D2 receptor expression in the CeA. Activation of the VTA–CeA neural pathway using optogenetic approaches relieved incisional pain. Administration of a D2 receptor agonist reversed the pain relief elicited by light-induced activation of the VTA-CeA pathway. These findings indicate that the VTA-CeA circuit is involved in pain relief in mice via dopamine receptor D2 in the CeA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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D3/D2 sub‐specificity is a complex problem to solve. Indeed, in the absence of easy structural biology of the G‐protein coupled receptors, and despite key progresses in this area, the systematic knowledge of the ligand/receptor relationship is difficult to obtain. Due to these structural biology limitations concerning membrane proteins, we favored the use of directed mutagenesis to document a rational towards the discovery of markedly specific D3 ligands over D2 ligands together with basic binding experiments. Using our methodology of stable expression of receptors in HEK cells, we constructed the gene encoding for 24 mutants and 4 chimeras of either D2 or D3 receptors and expressed them stably. Those cell lines, expressing a single copy of one receptor mutant each, were stably constructed, selected, amplified and the membranes from them were prepared. Binding data at those receptors were obtained using standard binding conditions for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. We generated 26 new molecules derived from D2 or D3 ligands. Using 8 reference compounds and those 26 molecules, we characterized their binding at those mutants and chimeras, exemplifying an approach to better understand the difference at the molecular level of the D2 and D3 receptors. Although all the individual results are presented and could be used for minute analyses, the present report does not discuss the differences between D2 and D3 data. It simply shows the feasibility of the approach and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of dopamine neurons is dependent on both intrinsic properties and afferent projections. One potent form of inhibition is mediated by the activation of two inhibitory G protein‐coupled receptors, D2 and GABAB receptors. Each of these receptors activates G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Recordings in brain slices have shown that co‐activation using saturating concentrations of agonists results in occlusion of the GIRK current. The present study examined the interaction between D2 and GABAB receptors using transient applications of sub‐saturating concentrations of agonists where the co‐application of one agonist resulted in both facilitation and inhibition (desensitization) of the other. The heterologous facilitation was modelled based on the known cooperative interaction between the G protein βγ subunits and GIRK channels. The results indicate that a low tonic level of G βγ results in facilitation of GIRK current and a high level of G βγ results in occlusion. The kinetics of the current induced by transient receptor activation is prolonged in each case. The results suggest that the cooperative interaction between G βγ subunits and GIRK channels determines both the amplitude and kinetics of GPCR‐dependent current. Key points: Inhibitory D2 and GABAB receptors modulate dopamine neuron activity through shared G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels.This study reports robust bidirectional interactions between these two converging receptor pathways.Coincident activation of D2 and GABAB receptors leads to facilitation of GIRK channel currents, augmenting both amplitude and prolonging the duration of phasic responses.Activation of either D2 or GABAB receptors also acutely desensitized the GIRK channel current induced by D2 receptor activation that rapidly recovers following termination of desensitizing stimulus.Results demonstrate that the activity of either G protein‐coupled receptor system must be considered in the context of other G protein‐coupled receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic distance assessment of forty blackgram genotypes was conducted employing Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics considering ten quantitative characters. All the studied genotypes were grouped in ten discrete clusters, among which cluster I was indeed the largest with thirteen genotypes followed by cluster V with eight genotypes, cluster IV with seven genotypes and cluster II with five genotypes. Cluster IX was digenotypic, other clusters III, VI, VII, VIII and X were all solitary. Cluster IV and IX had the greatest inter-cluster gap followed by cluster VIII and IX, clusters VII and IX, clusters II and IX, clusters III and IX, clusters V and IV, clusters IX and Cluster X and between cluster VI and IX, implying that a successful breeding programme can be begun by selecting diverse lines to improve productivity and other yield-related traits. In the current investigation, cluster X, cluster VI, cluster IV and cluster VIII were considered divergent enough and found to be the best. Hence, genotypes from these clusters viz., TU 94-2 from cluster IX, PU 31 from cluster VI, IPU 94-1 from cluster IV and LBG 623 from cluster VIII can be used in the crossing programme for additional genetic enhancement. Cluster IX had the highest mean score for traits viz., the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per plant, pod length, test weight and grain yield per plant. The number of pods per plant provided the most to genetic diversity succeeded by the number of clusters per plant, days to maturity, plant height, pod length and test weight. As a result, in a crossing programme, selecting and utilising genotypes based on these traits will be more rewarding. Furthermore, taking into account the genotype disposition in various clusters, one can perform different possible crosses to produce heterotic hybrids or transgressive segregants, based on the nature of gene action regulating the traits.

The genetic divergence of forty bitter gourd genotypes was studied for sixteen different parameters by adopting Mahalanobis D2 statistics using Tocher's method. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters irrespective of geographic divergence, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. A maximum of 32 genotypes entered in cluster I, followed by 4 genotypes in cluster II. The cluster III, IV, V and VI had single genotypes each. The maximum inter-cluster distance was obtained between cluster II and VI (1620.05) while minimum distance was between III and V (103.32). Cluster V followed by cluster VI showed superiority for yield and other desirable traits, which indicate the potentiality of these diverse genotype collection for providing basic material for future breeding programmes.

A principal seeks to efficiently allocate a productive public resource to a number of possible users. Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) mechanisms provide a detail‐free way to do so provided users have deep pockets. In practice however, users may have limited resources. We study a dynamic allocation problem in which participants have limited liability: transfers are made ex post, and only if the productive efforts of participants are successful. We show that it is possible to approximate the performance of the pivot VCG mechanism using limited liability detail‐free mechanisms that selectively ignore reports from participants who cannot make their promised payments. A complementary use of cautiousness and forgiveness achieves approximate renegotiation‐proofness. We emphasize the use of prior‐free online optimization techniques to approximate aggregate incentive properties of the pivot mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of emotional labour on deviant workplace behaviour (DWB) among health workers in teaching hospitals. The data used have been collected from health workers in two government-owned teaching hospitals through a survey research design and have been analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The paper finds that superficial acting and deep acting are positively related to deviant workplace behaviour among health workers in teaching hospitals, and honest acting has negative but significant contributions to deviant workplace behaviour. The paper concludes that in order for teaching hospitals to achieve person–job fit, health workers in training should be exposed to the reality that they would be required to master their emotions to succeed in their practice. It is therefore recommended that the management of teaching hospitals as well as government organizations should ensure that rules and policies are enforced to curb certain deviant behaviours, which could otherwise easily become norms if taken for granted.