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It is noted that the effectiveness of the technological processes in agriculture is usually evaluated according to economic, operational and relative criteria. Such an estimate often proves to be inaccurate for solving applied problems. The functioning of the biotechnical system "operator – feed – machine – animal" reveals this discrepancy to the highest extent. The paper confirms the necessity and relevance of a fact-based analysis of energy flows in the biotechnical system, as well as the energy flows interaction with each other and with the external environment. (Research purpose) To substantiate a methodological approach to assessing the fodder production efficiency based on a bioenergetic analysis of fodder production technologies. (Materials and methods) The research involves the comparative analysis of exchange energy accumulation by plants before harvesting and the parameters of its reduction in the plant raw materials, taking into account technological impacts. (Results and discussion) It is obtained that a one-megajoule input of mechanical energy in the cultivation of cereal-grass forage mixtures provides 121 megajoules of exchange energy. The exchange energy content in the cereal-grass forage mixture is calculated to be 44,850 megajoules per hectare (1950 megajoules per ton) while the specific mechanical energy consumption amounts to 370.6 megajoules per hectare (16.1 megajoules per ton) for the feed mixture cultivation. (Conclusions) It is established that the dynamics of energy accumulation during the vegetable raw material cultivation and the character of a decrease in its energy content during fodder preparation and storage have a sustainable common trend. The growth trend of energy accumulation is proved to have a linear character for both various types of fodder crops and the decrease in the feed energy content. Efficiency assessment criteria are proposed for the mechanical energy consumption during fodder crop cultivation, plant material processing and feed storage. A mathematical model is developed making it possible to study implicit variables in a complex system of accumulation and entropy of feed exchange energy, take optimal engineering decisions to justify and improve the technologies for feed cultivation, harvesting and preparation, as well as its effective use.

The legislation effectiveness on the organization of police officers’ physical and fire training in the Russian Federation is formulated in the work as a solution to the problem of optimizing the police officer training for the lawful and effective use of physical force, special means and firearms in situations of operational and service activity. Based on a practiceoriented approach to the formation of police competence in the field of the use of physical force and firearms, the experience available to the author (statistics, cases) in the field under study is investigated. As a result of the current legislation analysis, proposals to improve the regulatory framework for the use of physical force and firearms by police officers have been formulated. To ensure the adequacy of the reforms on the regulatory and legal provision of physical and fire training of police officers, it is proposed to organize an All-Russian study of the facts of physical force, special equipment and firearms use by police officers, with classification according to the directions of the physical force and firearms use set out in the Federal Law dated February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”. The proposed study should be of an interdepartmental nature, and a project approach should be used in its organization. Expected result: identification and classification of problems, difficulties in the process of using physical force and weapons by police officers, determination of the causes of such “shortcomings”, as well as identification of territorial features that affect the effectiveness of the use of physical force and firearms by police officers. The results of this study should become the basis for improving the current system of physical and fire training of police officers.

The aim of the article is to develop a scientific and methodical support for the forensic cost evaluation of real estate objects defferent from the federal appraisal standards. The authors solve the problem of comparative analysis of the professional activity of a real estate appraiser and a forensic expert who determines the market value, they also reveal their formal and substantive differences. They come to a reasonable conclusion about the necessity to develop a special methodology for forensic cost evaluation, as a study focused on the judicial system and considering the modern achievements in construction sciences, international valuation standards.The proposed methodology includes the analysis of two evaluations presented by the litigants and the fair (equilibrium) value of the property in a forensic expert’s opinion. The authors offer to compare two cost models identifying the critical parameters that led to the formation of the initial cost interval.The proposed version of scientific and methodical support does not require changes in the legislation and federal evaluation standards, but it involves the development of the guidelines for determining fair value by comparing the estimates submitted to the court by the parties to the dispute. The suggested methodology presents some additional opportunities for the development of a system of pre-trial resolution of disputes.

INTRODUCTION. Achieving the goals of international legal regulation of a particular area of inter-State relations depends mainly on the existence of an effective dispute settlement mechanism. In the field of international air law, such powers are attributed to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter - ICAO), established under the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 (hereinafter – the Chicago Convention). The Council's activities in this area cannot be called fruitful. Since the establishment of ICAO in 1947, the Council has not issued a single decision on disputes that have been brought before it. States have proved to be reluctant to use the dispute settlement mechanism established under the Chicago system. This is mainly due to the imperfection of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention, which for many years have been the object of criticism in international legal doctrine. Moreover, the provisions of the Chicago Convention do not answer the question regarding the legal nature of the Council as a dispute settlement body and the limits of its competence. The issue of the Council's competence has been considered twice by the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (hereinafter - ICJ). The judgments issued by the ICJ have not, in our view, resolved the existing legal problems but instead have contributed to further ambiguity. Furthermore, this topic has become especially relevant in light of the fact that in March 2022 the Netherlands and Austria initiated a dispute settlement procedure in the Council under Article 84 of the Chicago Convention against Russia for the downing of Malaysian civil aircraft in 2014. In these circumstances, the Council's de facto role in resolving international civil aviation disputes needs to be clarified. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This paper examines the provisions of the Chicago international legal regime governing dispute settlement in the Council. The authors also analyse the established State practice in the application of Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention. Particular attention is given to legal doctrine, where several international legal concepts emerge to resolve existing legal problems. The methodological basis consists of general scientific and special research methods, including analysis, synthesis, systematisation, as well as formal-legal, formallogical and critical-legal methods. RESEARCH RESULTS. The Council as a dispute settlement body has a dual legal nature. This is reflected in the fact that in procedural terms the Сouncil is similar to international judicial bodies in many aspects, but a number of features concerning the composition of the Council and the opportunity to appeal the decision issued prevent it from qualifying as a judicial body. This calls into question the power of the Council to issue legally binding deci-sions and the existence of its jurisdiction per se. State and Council practice also confirms that the Council under Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention acts as a mediator, which contrasts with the recent decision of the ICJ on the Qatar Air Blockade case, under which the Council has jurisdiction. Moreover, the Chicago Convention provides sanctions for non-compliance with Council decisions, which does not allow the Council to be considered as a mediator. Equally controversial was the ICJ finding that the Council, in settling disputes arising from the Chicago Convention (the Transit Agreement or other treaties), could examine issues outside their scope. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The unclear legal status of the Council as a dispute settlement body, which was promoted by the controversial decision of the ICJ on the Qatar Air Blockade case, makes the mechanism under Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention highly ineffective. It is doubtful that states, consistently seeking legal certainty, would initiate proceedings in the Council under the existing international legal framework. As a result of the analysis of international legal concepts that propose the modernisation of the Chicago Convention dispute settlement mechanism, the authors conclude that either the establishment of a permanent arbitral institution within the structure of ICAO or the modification of the text of Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention so that the ICAO Council would act only as a mediator would be the preferable options. The authors share the position of lawyers who point to the need to negotiate new universal international law norms in the field of air law.

INTRODUCTION. This research paper presents the authors view on the essence of the problems of modern international law regulation of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) and international arms circulation. The authors dwell upon various aspects of new technologies in the field of creating LAWS, outline the prospects for the solution of the current challenges, as well as give a legal assessment of the legality of new types of weapons, methods and means of warfare from the perspective of contemporary international law. The system and mechanisms of international law regulation of the military purpose products circulation are also analyzed in this scientific work.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of this study comprises international treaties, international customs, general principles of international law and national legislation of states. The study also includes the analysis of international acts of different nature, reports and other documents of international organizations, national authorities, scientific and educationalliterature. The methodological basis of this study is a wide range of research methods, namely: formal-legal, formal-logical, comparative-legal and historical-legal. In addition, the researchers apply system, structural and functional methods, as well as methods of analysis and generalization.RESEARCH RESULTS. The result of the study is the conclusion about the perspectives of developing auniversal definition of LAWS, as well as a common approach to understanding their characteristics and parameters of human control, and also about the advantages of LAWS in the course of military operations and solving national security problems of states, primarily in terms of compliance with IHL rules, which all military personnel are required to strictly observe. It is also necessary to take into account the crucial role of the issues of secrecy and national security, while Article 36 of Additional Protocol I does not contain criteria for distinguishing new types of weapons from other types of weapons, for example, from those that have undergone multi-stage modernization. It can be stated that at present there are only separate and insuffi ently effective mechanisms of international law regulation due to their voluntary basis. Therefore, national export control mechanisms are of paramount importance for the process of regulating the circulation of military purpose products, which is an essential element of national sovereignty.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The authors come to the following conclusions: the existing provisions of IHL are fully applicable to LAWS; responsibility for the use of LAWS should be borne by the person who manages the robotic complex or «programs» and gives the order to use LAWS, but the specific forms and methods of human control should remain at the discretion of states; Article 36 of Additional Protocol I provides extremely limited opportunities to prevent the creation of new weapons systems, does not require any reporting and control format; research and development of new types ofweapons are secret, and the acquisition or adoption of obviously or presumably indiscriminate weapons systems are not a violation, but rather a preparation for a violation or an activity of a controversial nature; further improvement of the international law regulation of arms circulation should be developed by creating mandatory universal mechanisms of international law regulation that would prevent the uncontrolled circulation and illegal distribution of weapons, including their sale to terrorists.

INTRODUCTION. The article focuses on the analysis of the international legal personality of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the context of its international cooperation. Practical implementation of legal possibilities of the interregional interaction is examined on the example of the legal cooperation of the Union with the UN regional commissions, which have recently been incorporated in its foreign policy concept. The authors have also studied the role of the Russian Federation in the process of the practical implementation of the aforementioned track of the Union’s foreign affairs, taking into account Russia’s chairmanship in the EAEU institutions in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Legal acts related to the EAEU foreign policy strategy, theoretical works of scientists on the international personality of regional integration organizations, offi ally published documents and working materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission form the basis of the present study. Its methodological base consists of such methods of formal logic as analysis, synthesis and induction, along with the use of special methods of the legal analysis required for a comprehensive study, including the formal dogmatic and comparative legal approach.RESEARCH RESULTS. Through the study of the cor-respondence of the EAEU legal nature to the features of an international organization the authors provide legal justification for the scientific approach under which regional integration associations do not differ from “classical” intergovernmental organizations from a formal legal point and, as a result, should be considered as fully-fledged subjects of international law. A comparative analysis of the main tracks of international cooperation of the Union over a five-year period has been carried out with the focus on a detailed study of the legal interaction of the EAEU with the UN regional commissions. Despite the fact that in legal acts relating to the EAEU foreign policy strategy all five regional commissions were enshrined in the category of potential partners, remains obvious the imbalance in the practical implementation of this approach: while the most fruitful international cooperation was actually realized by the Union with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, to a much lesser extent – with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, cooperation with the other three regional commissions is either absent or only at the initial stage. At the same time, the Russian Federation played a leading role in realizing the main goals of the Eurasian integration during its chairmanship in 2018, becoming the flagship in the adoption by the Heads of the Member States of the Union on December 6, 2018 of the Declaration on the further development of integration processes within the Eurasian Economic Union.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. With regard to forecasting the prospects for further implementation of the Union’s foreign policy strategy, we shall notice, that, first of all, taking into account the obvious growing international cooperation activity of the EAEU with the UN regional commissions, it seems logical, when forming and adopting subsequent acts defining the directions of the Union’s foreign affairs and international cooperation, to move from considering them into category “potential partners” to the category of international organizations with which it is necessary to develop existing cooperation mechanisms as well as create new ones. In the context of current geopolitical trends, the importance of strengthening further practical cooperation of the EAEU with the UN regional commissions is due to the need for sustainable socioeconomic development of the Eurasian region and the expansion of foreign affairs of the Union, which can be implemented jointly with the UN working bodies through the expert analytical support of common projects, exchange of regulatory experience in a number of areas of economics and social policy, cooperation in the fi ld of technical regulation and standardization.

Relevance. Currently, the stability of various options for the fixation of sacral fractures by the finite element method has not been sufficiently studied.Purpose — the biomechanical characteristics of two variants of internal fixation of unilateral sacral fractures by various implants and the localization of the line of its fracture with respect to the articular facet of the L5-S1 vertebrae were studied.Materials and Methods. Using the finite element method, we studied the biomechanical characteristics of two options for fixing a one-sided longitudinal fracture of the sacrum with different localization of the line of its fracture: outside, inside and directly on the joint facet L5-S1. Two fixation options are considered: cannulated sacroiliac screws and a similar option in combination with a bilateral lumbar-pelvic transpedicular system.Results. The stresses in implants and bone under compression load and torso forward or backward are almost the same in all models. In the model of fixation with a sacroiliac screw of a one-sided longitudinal sacral fracture, the line of which passes through the articular process S1 of the vertebra (Isler II type), the greatest stress in the screws under compression load and bending moment was 619.7 MPa, which exceeds the yield strength of the titanium alloy and can damage the implants. In all models where the transpedicular system additionally acted as fixing structures, a decrease of 42–77% of maximum displacements was noted, by 28–79% of equivalent stresses in implants under all types of loads, while the equivalent stresses in the bone structures did not differ significantly. In models where the transpedicular system was additionally applied, a decrease of 42–77% of maximum displacements was noted, by 28-79% of stresses in implants under all types of loads, while the stresses in the bones did not differ much.Conclusion. In all cases of localization of the line of unilateral fracture of the sacrum, the use of a transpedicular system in combination with sacroiliac screws is more stable from the point of view of biomechanics. The most unstable is a one-sided longitudinal fracture of the sacrum passing through the facet L5-S1.

Nosocomial bacterial Isolates collected within 2003-2004 (n=411) and 2005-2007 (n=422) were highly resistant to cephalosporins III-IV and antibacterials of other groups (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolons, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole). Genes encoding TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA-2, and AmpC types of beta-lactamases (BLs) in the E.coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. isolates were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prevalent CTX-M-type BLs were detected in 85% of the E.coli, 87% of the Klebsiella spp., and 38% of the Enterobacter spp. isolates of the first strain collection and in 94% of the E.coli, 91% of the Klebsiella spp., and 38% of the Enterobacter spp. isolates of the second one. Genes belonging to three subtypes of blaCTX-M genes were identified: blaCTX-M-1 (228 blaCTX-M-15 and six blaCTX-M-3 of the first strain collection; 275 blaCTX-M-15, three blaCTX-M-3, and one blaCTX-M-22 of the second one), blaCTX-M-2 (one blaCTX_M_5 of the first strain collection and one blaCTX-M-2 of the second one), blaCTX-M-9 (17 blaCTX-M-14 and one blaCTX-M-9 of the first strain collection; seven blaCTX-M-14 and one blaCTX-M-9 of the second one). Three isolates of the first strain collection and one isolate of the second one carried two genes belonging to two different subtypes i. e. blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-14 simultaneously. The bacterial isolates had high levels of associative resistance to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, amikacin, and chloramphenicol associated with the resistance gene cassettes aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, aacA4, aac(6)Ib; dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, cmlA1, ereA2, and catB8 in the class 1 integrons and the resistance gene cassettes dfrA1, sat1, and aadA1 in the class 2 integrons.

Numerous studies have shown that morphological parameters of aneurysms are associated with their rupture. However, literature data on the values of these parameters vary significantly. The objective of this study is to identify image-based morphological parameter values which correlate with cerebral aneurysm rupture and can be used during preoperative planning to detect aneurysms prone to rupture. Mean values of the morphological factors such as aspect ratio and size ratio were chosen from the literature. These factors were sampled for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Statistical analysis of these factors was performed. Statistically significant differences were obtained between mean values in samples of size ratio and aspect ratio for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. There were no statistically confirmed differences between size ratios for ruptured and unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. In contrast, such differences were revealed for both of examined parameters for posterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery. ROC analysis revealed critical values of aspect ratio and size ratio which distinguish ruptured aneurysms from unruptured ones. High correlation was obtained between size ratio and aspect ratio. Mean values of aspect ratio and size ratio published in recent articles are smaller than the values published 10–15 years ago. Diagram size ratio — aspect ratio showed thresh- old value of aspect ratio. It was shown that among considered mor- phological factors, aspect ratio was meaningful. Moreover, aspecratio correlates with size ratio, and therefore we assume that size ratio is redundant. The obtained criterion value of AR = 1.2 in our opinion is logical. It was also confirmed by ROC analysis.

The new kimberlite pipe «Yanvarskaya» has been discovered in the Alakit-Markha field by a complex of geological and geophysical methods. For its delineation and the study three profile of wells were covered: one profile is along the long axis and two are in the cross stretch at the network 40x40 m. In wells geophysical researches, and also testing works, were carried out, including the selection ot the nine core samples with a total weight of 1120 kg, at the wells which had opened kimberlite. Yanvarskoe kimberlite body has a dike-like form with the orientation of the long axis in a North-East direction (50—55°) with sizes under overlying rocks 90x45 m, with an area of 2836 m2, which allows reference of this body to the class of small bodies. The body is composed of porphyry kimberlites of greenish-gray and yellowish-brown colors, strongly altered, dissected by numerous differently oriented cracks filled with calcite. Based on the results of core testing, a diamond of class -2+1 mm weighing of 2.1 mg (0,01 car.) was found.

The article reviews the main models of interaction between authorities and business structures in Russia. The analysis of the main models of the relationships between the authorities and entrepreneurs is made. The biased model, the privatization of power model, the lobbying model, the ignoring model, and the state patronage model are analyzed. The study also considers the transformation of forms and models of interaction between government and business authorities according to the time period and the level of power. The main factors obstructing the transition from dominant and competitive models of interaction to forming partnerships between the authorities and business on mutually beneficial terms are identified. Those include imperfection of the regulatory and legal framework, socioeconomic and political instability in the state, complex multi-stage implementation of public- private partnership, as well as imperfection of the long-term planning system at the state level.

The article represents a complex and multifaceted analysis of different aspects related to the Evian and Bermuda conferences and is based on new scientific literature and archival documents. The aspects include such issues as prerequisites for conferences in the documents of the USSR Embassy in Poland as of 1923, historical and legal analysis of the activities and outcomes of conferences from the perspective of international legal regulation of forced population migration, the evolution of F. Roosevelt’s administration policy on the issue of Jewish immigration in the 1930s-1940s, as well as the reaction of the Jewish world to the conferences. In particular, V. Pechatnov analyzes the internal and external factors of American politics, public opinion, the personal role of President Roosevelt, the imperative of waging war against the Axis countries during the conferences. The author comes to the conclusion that Roosevelt administration and the president himself were not ardent advocates of the Holocaust victims, but they were not indifferent witnesses to the tragedy, doing for Jewish immigrants more than the governments of other Western countries. In his turn, D. Ivanov carries out a legal analysis of a number of international agreements on forced migration, adopted by states within the framework of the League of Nations, as well as the reasons for their low effectiveness. The author pays special attention to political events in Europe after Hitler coming to power. The author concludes that the unpreparedness of European states and the United States to accept ethnic Jews from German-occupied countries on their territory became one of the reasons for their mass death. S. Sklyarov proves the thesis that the Evian and Bermuda conferences demonstrated the consistency of the policies of the 32 member countries, which ultimately resulted in European Jews being the victims of Holocaust. As an example of such consistency and its earlier manifestation, which did not take into account the hopelessness of the situation of Jewish refugees, are the events of 1923 in Poland. Researcher A. Krylov presents an alternative point of view on the participation of Jewish organizations in conferences. The author refutes the widespread opinion that the leaders of Jewish organizations were not allowed to participate in the above-mentioned conferences. In fact, the Zionist movement, which took the leading positions in the Jewish communities of the world, ignored these conferences, considering them harmful because of England’s persistent refusal to abolish the White Paper of 1936, which restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine. The leaders of the Zionist movement provided assistance only to those refugees who agreed to settle in Palestine.

The paper reviews basic methodological approaches to assessing municipalities investment prospects, analyzing advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches. A group of methods most fully reflecting municipalities specifics compared to other investment facilities is selected. It is shown that the best way to present consolidated data assessing municipality investment prospects is compiling its investment project profile. A model form for investment project profile is suggested to increase potential investors' awareness.

The first results of the mineral-petrographic studies of microclastes of kimberlites from the basal horizon of the Upper Paleozoic deposits of the Alakit-Markhinsky kimberlite field (Western Yakutia) have been presented. The main features of the indicator minerals of kimberlites (IMK) have been revealed. These minerals are picroilmenite, pyrope, chromspinels, phlogopite, chromdiopside and olivine. The ways of their further studying in connection with the search for kimberlite bodies have been outiined. The opening of the Yanvarskaja pipe has confirmed the correctness of the methodology for testing the basal horizons of the Upper Paleozoic deposits on the core of the wells. Minerals containing rare-earth elements (REE) have been found in the kimberlites of the new tube, which requires further research. The results of the study of the IMK of Yanvarskaja pipe serve as a supplement to the database on the Alakit-Markhinsky field and allow more reliable prediction and identification of new objects, including high-diamond ones.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Approximately 20–25% of untreated patients develop coronary artery changes with a range of severity from asymptomatic coronary artery dilatation to giant coronary artery aneurysms with thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. To date there is no official data on the incidence of KD in Russia. In Russia, the disease is not enough known now to a wide circle of physicians and often masks other more common diseases. Since 2010, the detection rate of KD has dramatically increased in Saint-Petersburg.Objective: to analyze the experience in diagnosing and treating KD in two largest hospitals of Saint Petersburg.Patients and methods. The retrospective study included data on 30 children (18 boys, 12 girls) who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of KD in the Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University Clinic and Children’s Hospital One (Saint Petersburg) between January 2011 and September 2016. Data are represented by median and extreme values. The age of the children was 2.8 (0.2; 4.6) years; of them 5 (16.7%) patients were under the age of 1 year. The children were hospitalized on 5 (1; 14) days of disease onset; KD was diagnosed on 9 (3; 52) day of the disease.Results. Immediately after diagnosis, 27 (90%) children received aspirin. In early stages (before 10 days of the disease), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy was performed in 15 (50%) children, one of them received IVIG before disease day 5 (on day 3), but without effect. On disease days 11-20 (immediately after diagnosis), 10 (33.3%) children were prescribed with IVIG; thereafter fever was abolished in all the patients. Their body temperature became normal on day 11 (6; 23). Ultrasonography revealed coronary artery lesions in 13 (43.3%) patients. Out of the 30 children followed up, one baby who fell ill at the age of 3 months and received IVIG died on day 30 of the disease.Conclusion. Currently, there continues to be a delayed diagnosis of KD. IVIG therapy was effective, especially in cases of timely diagnosis. It is necessary to increase awareness of KD among clinicians and ultrasound diagnosticians.

Background. The study is conducted to investigate the content and spatial distribution of Fe and eight heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils of the industrially developed region. Materials and methods. A total of 1,170 soil samples of different land use (natural, agricultural, urban) were collected from topsoils in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Heavy metals concentrations in soil samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry after 5M HNO3 extraction. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses were used to investigate the current state of soil heavy metal contamination and to identify spatial patterns and possible sources of heavy metals on the regional scale. Results. Zonal soil types of a natural land use were used to assess the regional background values of the heavy metals: Cd – 0.44±0.24 mg/kg, Co – 10.4±3.6 mg/kg, Cr – 23.3±12.7 mg/kg, Cu – 16.4±7.8 mg/kg, Fe – 15275.4±5178.3 mg/kg, Mn – 652.4±228.4 mg/kg, Ni – 29.8±18.8 mg/kg, Pb – 11.5±3.2 mg/kg, Zn – 43.3±12.8 mg/kg. The results of the pollution evaluation showed the absence of regionalscale contamination directly related to agriculture. Urban soils were contaminated by Cu, Pb and Zn. Geostatistical analysis revealed several patterns of regional distribution of heavy metals and suggested an anthropogenic impact to the Cu, Pb and Zn distribution. Principal component analysis allowed distinguishing three regional geochemical groups of heavy metals and showed that at the regional scale the distribution of Cu, Mn and Ni is controlled by the element richness in soil parent material, overlayed by the soil forming factors; the distribution of the Co, Cr and Fe is controlled mainly by lithology; and the distribution of the Pb, Zn and Cd is strongly influenced by the anthropogenic sources. Conclusion. This case study demonstrates that a combination of multivariate statistics and geostatistical analysis together with the pollution assessment allows comprehensive characterizing heavy metals spatial distribution and determining their sources.

Background. Islands of rivers and water reservoirs are objects with quite a large total area. Despite their attractiveness for recreational and economic activities, these objects are little-studied, without legal account and protection. Sustainable management and environmental protection of islands are impossible without taking into account their soil cover – the foundation of island ecosystems. Nevertheless, the soil cover of islands is difficult to investigate due to the ongoing evolutionary processes caused by flooding after reservoir creation. The objective of the research was to reveal the features of soil cover distribution on the territory of the floodplain islands using the analysis of relationships of soil development with the terrain parameters, calculated from the elevation data. Materials and methods. The object of the study is the islands of floodplain genesis, located on the territory of the Kazan region of variable backwater. According to the results of field investigation (57 soil slits were located on the 45 islands and 2 peninsulas), natural soil cover of the island is represented by three soil groups: alluvial sod soils, alluvial meadow soils and alluvial meadow-march soils. To determine the development features of islands soils, 8 terrain attributes were calculated to be used as the predictors in logistic regression analysis. Results. Analysis of the affiliation dependencies of soil profile to one of the three alluvial soil groups showed that particle size distribution plays the key role in genetic features forming due to the impact on the height of a capillary border and as a result, the development of hydromorphic signs. Revealed dependencies from the terrain parameters showed the role of stream distribution in development of alluvial soils. Conclusion. The research results showed the ability of terrain features to characterize the development and evolution of soil cover in the territory of the floodplain islands. The logistic regression analysis showed the relief conditions significant for hydromorphic processes development that on their turn determines the genetic affiliation of soil profile.

Prolonged hip arthritis in juvenile arthritis (JA) is a cause of serious joint destruction, leading to severe pain and functional disorders.Objective: to assess the results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with JA. Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 20 women and 2 men. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 27.9 (18–49) years, mean weight – 47.7±2 kg. Mean height was 155.1 cm, which confirms growth retardation in these patients. The disease duration averaged 7.1 years. Mild protrusion of the acetabulum was stated in 9 (41%) and 13 (59%) patients, respectively.Results and discussion. Functional status was assessed with Harris hip score (HHS), and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), pain – with visual analogue scale (VAS) quality of life (QL) – with EQ-5D before and 6–12 months after surgery. Six months after surgery, the mean EQ-5D score increased from 0.13 to 0.47 (ΔEQ-5D = 0.34;р< 0.05), which corresponded to a moderate clinical response in QL. Only after 12 months of follow-up, there was a pronounced effect of surgical treatment: the EQ-5D index increased up to 0.64 (ΔEQ-5D = 0.51; p< 0.05). On the average, HAQ decreased from 2.016 to 1.429 after 6 months and to 1.159 after 12 months, which was suggestive of a significant clinical improvement. Functional status also improved according to HHS: at 6 months, it was assessed as good (HHS, 80-89) in 3 (13.6%) patients; satisfactory – in 9 (40.9%), and 10 (45.5%) patients had HHS below 70; at 12 months, it was excellent (HHS, 90–100) in 4 (18.2%), good (80–89) – in 4 (18.2%), satisfactory – in 8 (36.4%) and 6 (27.2%) patients had HHS lower than 70. Preoperatively, pain on VAS averaged 65.4 mm; 6 and 12 months following surgery, it reduced to 41.6 and 36.3 mm, respectively. Conclusion. THA in patients with JA significantly improves the function of the affected hip joint and QL. It is also important to note that THA promotes social adaptation – three patients have entered higher educational establishments and two more patients have got married and given birth to healthy babies.

In the article reported the results of analysis of the treatment of 531 patients with fracture of the proximal humeral. As part of the study it was shown that using of the external osteosyntesis provides good results, which are not depend on bone mineral density. The results of the conservative treatment depend on premorbid condition of the osseous tissue. Whence external osteosyntesis is more convenient, the method of intramedullary fixation provides better results, and conservative treatment is reasonable for elder year class with normal bone mineral density.

The article provides information about habits of the routes to the proximal humeral for people with different constitution. The clinical studies were made on 55 corpses, which were put in order of constitution, body mass and shoulder-elbow length. Results of studies have shown us that for people with normal body mass better to use anterior approach in a case of fracture with breaking of the proximal humerus, transdeltoid rout for people with transvers fractures of collum and low bone mineral density. As for people with subnormal body an anterior approach is more convenient than transdeltoid rout, and for patients with overweight and lipotrophy of the I degree selection of the rout depends on character of the fracture and optimal method of the osteosynthesis.

Purpose: To clarify the number of traffic accidents on the federal highway M-4 «Don» in the Rostov region and to justify the necessity of principal approach to the solution of medical care problems to the victims on the highway.Materials and methods: The analysis of traffic accidents on the federal highway M-4 «Don» from 2007 to 2012 was carried out; the results of the regional law action “Improving of traffic safety on the Rostov region” from 11.01.2007 № 609 and the basic indices of Rostov region medical institutions activity according to the realization of measures aimed at the organization of medical care for victims on the highway were analyzed.Results: the positive dynamics by the main indices of medical care organization, reducing of the death-roll at the pre-hospital stage and during the transport by ambulances and reducing the number of deaths in traumatology centers were noted.Summary: being equipped with modern medical transports, modern medical X-ray equipments, the availability of experienced medical personnel and an efficient interaction of all levels traumatology centers the hospitals can improve the quality of medical care to the victims on the highway.

Results of synthesis, design and tests of the experimental sample of cryogenic receiving focal unit (CRFU) for telescopes of Russian radio interferometric complex of new generation are presented. The radio telescopes can receive signals of space radio sources simultaneously in the S, X, and Ka bands. They are partially compatible with radio telescopes of promising global geodesic network VLBI2010. Approved technical solutions of CRFU key units are considered. The main characteristics of microwave elements are shown to satisfactorily correspond to design specification.

The article highlights the role of the European Court of Human Rights in international protection of the rights of migrants and expands on the practice of the Court regarding various rights and freedoms granted by the European convention on human rights and its Protocols (1950).In the first part of the article a specific attention is drawn to the ECHR practice of considering cases of deportation and extradition, including those concerning the Russian Federation.

The article highlights the facts and the reasons influencing the current situation in the field of protection of human rights. The problems of bridging the gap between the “old model of democracy and the new realities” such as the right to vote and the right to education, the gender equality and the women’s empowerment; the situation of children are considered in the article. Also the most important ways of solving the “gender” problems: the rational use of management capabilities and personal qualities of women, the assets, the ability to act and the opportunities that women have; and the expansion of individual and collective abilities of women to act are suggested. Special attention is paid to the contemporary forms of racism, the racial discrimination, the xenophobia and related intolerance, the migration policy.

The recursive algorithm allowing to receive strongly consistent estimates of parameters of multidimensional on an input linear dynamic systems with locally autocorrelated noise in input and output signals is suggested. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

This article refers to historical development of Arab-Israeli conflict with special accent to Palestinian refugees’ problem. The article contains analysis of UNRWA mandate, notion of Palestinian refugees as well as latest events in the Middle East. The author also describes his own view of this problem and offers certain measures to resolve it.

This article outlines history of international legal regulation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) protection; main theoretical aspects of the subject in question and examples of successful regional cooperation in the field of IDPs protection.

Residual stresses in smooth samples and samples with a cut cast out of V95 and D16T alloys after air shot penning and also after air shot-penning and thermoexpositions are studied at temperature T=125∘C during 100 hours. It is established that thermoexposition leads to an essentially larger relaxation of residual stresses in samples cast out of V95 alloys than those cast out of D16T.

In the second part of the article its authors continue their research in the field of International Law of Protection and Promotion of Human Rights. They analyze the mechanisms of control over execution of human rights within UNESCO and ILO. Furthermore a concise overview of conventional control bodies is given (Human Rights Committee, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee on the Rights of the Child etc.). The article describes international mechanisms for protection of human rights on the regional level. It also covers new trends and developments in the field of International Human Rights Law, e.g. establishment of new protection mechanisms and procedures (in particular Human Rights Council), emergence of new human rights, development of the concept of indigenous peoples’ rights, reform of UN human rights protection mechanism, extension of international courts’ competence, humanitarian intervention. The article also concerns situation with human rights in Russia.

The cycle of experimental and theoretical researches on influence of thermal loads on a relaxation of residual stresses in hardened layer of the cylindrical and vee-notched specimens from steel EI 691 is executed. It is shown that the residual stress relaxation is caused by the creep. The design procedure of residual stress relaxation in the conditions of creep phenomenon is resulted. Results of the experimental and calculated data are analysed.

The International Law of Protection and Promotion of Human Rights is one of the branches of the contemporary International Law including legal rules that regulate interstate cooperation in respect of creation of international instruments on human rights and mechanisms of control and protection of human rights. The branch of International Law in question has quite a long history and is still in process of development nowadays. Thus this subject remains one of the most urgent issues. The present article concerns first of all the review of human rights concepts as well as the notion of the branch, generations of human rights and principals of the branch; regional and universal international human rights law sources; international mechanisms for protection of human rights including the new mechanism created within United Nations (Human Rights Council and its new procedures); new trends in development of International Human Rights Law (new human rights, rights of indigenous peoples, reform of UN human rights protection mechanism, extension of international courts’ competence, humanitarian intervention etc.) including situation with human rights in Russia.