Search

Summary The paper presents a revised and detailed correlation of Yoredale limestones, from the Jew Limestone to the Great Limestone, from the Alston area across Northumberland into southern Scotland. Stratigraphical and micro-palaeontological evidence suggests that the Scar Limestone of Alston is the lateral equivalent of the “Five-Yard” Limestone of Greenhead and consequently of the Eelwell Limestone of north-east Northumberland. Lower in the sequence the Jew Limestone appears to split northwards into the Oxford and Barrasford limestones of Northumberland. Apart from a narrow area of thicker strata on the southern margin of the Northumberland Trough, the higher Yoredale beds in the trough do not exceed greatly in thickness those of the Alston Block.

SUMMARY The Northumberland Trough is dominated by numerous east-north-eastward trending Caledonoid faults. A recent geophysical survey has indicated the presence of another dislocation of similar trend, but this is related to the Whin Sill and its associated dykes and probably acted as an important feeder in the Roman Wall area. New boreholes in the Settlingstones-Newbrough area show the Whin Sill to be intruded at an horizon close below the Colwell (=Single Post) Limestone, and confirm the variability of the Brigantian sequence in this part of the Northumberland Trough. These new data have thrown doubt on the correlation suggested by Frost and Holliday (1980, p. 34) for the Settlingstones Mine area. The development of minor rhythms towards the top of each cyclothem in these Brigantian sediments is compared with those pre-Asbian sediments proved towards the base of the Stonehaugh Borehole. They are considered to have formed under similar conditions of deposition.

HEMORRHAGE is a primary, if not the principal, cause of death from cecal coccidiosis. Conversely, any reduction in the amount of hemorrhage might be expected to, at least, ameliorate the course of the disease. Harms and Tugwell (1956) reported that vitamin K activity, in the form of either Klotogen F or alfalfa meal, added to a basic vitamin K-deficient diet was capable of preventing deaths from cecal coccidiosis. Tugwell, Stephens and Harms 1957 provide further supporting data. The interpretation that the beneficial effects are due to the reduction in hemorrhage through the well known action of vitamin K is further supported by our unpublished evidence that neither menadione nor the water soluble menadione sodium bisulfite complex (Klotogen F) † have any coccidiocidal or coccidiostatic activity. The studies here reported were set up in the same basic pattern as the above, with only minor modifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The basal diet was . . .

Summary The Lower Limestone Group in central Northumberland (i.e. the Redesdale Limestone and overlying strata up to the base of the Oxford Limestone) consists of about 270 metres of beds of Yoredale facies of the Lower Carboniferous. They are predominantly arenaceous but include up to ten limestones of thickness between 1.2 and 6 metres. The lower (D 1 ) limestones become thinner north-eastwards and do not extend more than a few kilometres east of Elsdon. The higher limestones are more persistent, contain an influx of new species with D 2 affinities and are recognizable over a wider area of Northumberland. The equivalent measures in north-east Northumberland are of abnormal facies and correlation is therefore difficult but the Dun, Woodend and Watchlaw limestones of the latter area are equated respectively with the Middle Penchford, Lower Wishaw and Upper Wishaw limestones of the Otterburn area. To the south-west in the Roman Wall and Brampton districts the Naworth Limestone is considered to be the lateral equivalent of the Redesdale Limestone. Because the base of the Lower Limestone Group has been taken at different horizons in different areas its value as a chronostratigraphical division is reduced but the term is retained as defining a useful lithostratigraphical unit.

The role of Se in biology appears from the evidence now at hand to be as a catalyst par excellence. As unique prosthetic group of a variety of enzymes, presumably as Se(2-), Se functions with tocopherol to protect cell and organelle membranes from oxidative damage, to facilitate the union between oxygen and hydrogen at the end of the metabolic chain, and to transfer ions across cell membranes, in protein synthesis in erythrocytes and in liver organelles, in immunoglobulin synthesis, and in ubiquinone syntheses. As perhaps the most versatile and rapid nucleophile, Se is thought to amplify and orient SH in equilibrium -S-S-interactions involving glutathione and proteins. Its toxicity appears to be due to overaccumulation of selenite ions, which act as oxidants to inhibit SH interactions. Such toxicity is readily avoided or reversed in many ways. Although not yet recognized as essential for man, Se is clearly essential for many animal species and some microorganisms. As the active selenide, Se emerged as the target for many heavy metal toxicities; contrariwise, as a specific antidote against heavy metal toxicities. Despite all this, its unusual toxicity and the many preconceived notions about Se continue to confuse attitudes toward the safe uses of selenicals. From a suspected cause of cancer, Se metamorphosed, via evidence over many years, into something of possible anticancer value. Interrelations between Se, Vitamin E, the ubiquinones, and various chronic diseases appear as beckoning research areas. The reported veterinary values of Se-tocopherol combinations in animals, together with clinical evidence, plus human and animal evidence for safety, offer promise for intensive medical investigation. The historical confusion and misunderstandings regarding Se must be corrected, however, before advantage can be taken of its potential for human welfare. The many misjudgments about Se, ever since 1900 and more obviously since the 1930s, have involved other trace elements. Unrealistic regulations stemming from these misunderstandings prevail worldwide. Evidence suggests that, once the nutrition biochemistry and toxicology of Se is sufficiently understood and appreciated, major breakthroughs in agriculture, medicine, and public health can result. Much has been accomplished along these lines in New Zealand in animal agriculture, in the US and other countries in veterinary medicine, and in Mexico in human medicine.

Introduction Lupus erythematosus, because of its protean manifestations, has often posed a difficult diagnostic problem. In spite of many well-established criteria, specific diagnosis has at times been impossible and has often been made only by implication. Consequently, any additional diagnostic clue which helps to complete the diagnostic pattern is of definite value. Historical .—The finding of the L. E. cell by Hargraves 1 in 1948 was an important diagnostic milestone. Brunsting 2 in evaluating the lupus erythematosus clot test classifies lupus erythematosus patients into three groups: Patients demonstrating classical clinical features together with a positive demonstration of the L. E. cell. Patients with less classical clinical findings. In this group, which is the largest, the L. E. cell may be demonstrated only by repeated effort. Patients demonstrating an inconsistent clinical picture together with a finding of the L. E. cell after

DURING the course of a visit to Newfoundland in the summer of 1957, orientated rock samples were collected by members of the Durham University Exploration Society. Pre-Cambrian rocks near St. Johns and the Mississippian Codroy rocks north of Robinson's River were sampled.