Search

This article presents experimental results of resistance against fracture upon static tension of cast aluminum matrix composites based on aluminum with various content of Al2O3 strengthening phase. The cast aluminum matrix composite materials were produced by the technology based on burnout of aluminum melt upon interaction with oxygen. Two batches of ingots with various content of solid phase were smelted for tests of static strength. The average particle size of strengthening phase of predominantly prismatic morphology was 60–80 μm, and their content varied from 15 to 25 %. The fracture surfaces obtained upon static uniaxial tension of the considered samples were studied on the samples destroyed at maximum stress. The fracture surfaces were analyzed using an optical microscope with expanded options due to improved long-focus system and digital processing of images based on unique procedure of 3D structure analysis. For indepth analysis of characteristic fracture region a scanning electron microscope was used equipped with energy and wavelength dispersive elemental analyzers. It was established in the studies that in the samples with lower content of dispersed phase, the fracture is characterized by mixed heterogeneous in terms of macrogeometry pattern. This can be interpreted as dry fibrous fracture with visible crystalline pimples and breakaways. With an increase in the solid phase, a mixed, sufficiently homogenous in terms of macrogeometry, fracture pattern of fanlike fibrous structure can be observed. Crystalline pimples were also detected of a different fracture surface area, as well as breakaways of other geometrical sizes. The features of changes in the relief of fracture surface and the fracture mechanisms of the obtained composites have been detected and described.

On the basis of the muscular contraction theory analyses the problem of the ‘benign cramp’ skeletal muscles occurrence is investigated. It is shown that existing biophysical theory of the muscles contraction, ‘the theory of sliding threads’ allows explain occurrence of cramps if to use the standard positions: contraction of a muscle occurs passively, without expenses of ATP energy; undocking actin-myosin complex in the cellular power mechanism is carried out with use of energy of ATP hydrolysis. The cramp arises at a delay of ATP arrival in area of actin-myosin complex that slows down undocking myosin bridges from actin threads. It is marked, that use of preparations of magnesium, which ions in part replace ions of calcium similar on chemical properties, reduces an opportunity of a cramp occurrence. In article the biophysical bases of muscular contraction are considered: a conclusion of the Hill’s equation, power developed by a muscle, etc. which confirm a role of speed of the calcium ions supply in area of the actin-myosin power mechanism at occurrence of cramps. If part of the calcium ions is replaced by magnesium ions, then the strength of muscle contraction decreases, and convulsions do not occur. Calcium ions are universal intracellular intermediaries capable of regulating a huge variety of intracellular processes: exocytosis, insertion of receptors into the membrane, triggering protein synthesis, influence on learning and memory processes.

Automation is a key technology for a sustainable and secure meat sector in the future, both in terms of productivity and work environment. New robotic technologies, such as the so-called “meat factory cell,” (MFC) aim to contribute to this goal, but they require new “smart” tools that provide sensor feedback, which enable robots to perform complex tasks. This article presents one such tool: the smart knife, which gives real-time feedback on its contact status with meat, as well as cutting depth. The tool and the system are described, and its operation evidenced via electromagnetic (EM) simulation using the Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator. Furthermore, the performance of the knife is validated using pork loin meat: in the worst case, knife is shown to have an error of 1.78% for contact detection, and a mean error of 7.66 mm (±1.45 mm) for depth detection. This article also presents brief discussion regarding eventual use of the knife as part of the MFC control system, in addition to future work to be performed.

Background. The ultrasound method of examination is often used to detect liquid formations of a postoperative wound. For this reason, the search for new criteria for assessing the course of the wound process is currently relevant. Aim. To study the possibility of using the ultrasound method of research to determine the severity of postoperative wound complications according to the ClavienDindo classification and further optimal tactics, diagnosis and treatment. Material and methods. 255 patients after surgery for various urgent diseases of the abdominal organs, as well as patients with elective surgeries were examined. All patients underwent complex clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies. Continuous values that do not have a normal distribution were processed using non-parametric methods the values were presented in the format Me [Q1; Q3], the difference in unrelated groups was assessed by the MannWhitney U test, and in related groups, by the Wilcoxon test. Results. The postoperative period in 58 (22.7%) of 255 patients was complicated by postoperative wound complications, which had I, II, III severity according to the ClavienDindo classification. On the 5th day of ultrasound examination of the surgical site with the III degree of severity of postoperative wound complications, there was a statistically significant increase in the echogenicity width of tissues in the area of the wound defect compared with the III severity of complications. Conclusion. The ultrasound method of research allows to evaluate the effectiveness of reparative processes in damaged tissues and the development of complications, as well as to determine the severity of their course in the postoperative period for planning further surgical tactics.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and disabling disease affecting millions of people worldwide. OA is the most common form of arthritis which is characterized by joint pain and stiffness, leading to a decrease in functional activity and loss of life quality. Various approaches to OA therapy are constantly being revised, as new molecules appear, data concerning drugs/molecules that are already in use, appear as well, including data on adverse events. At last, new randomized controlled trials results, new methods of adjunctive therapy become available. OA therapy and prevention, drugs with chondroprotective properties are prescribed (according to the opinion of European experts (2019)) that are as follows: chondroitin sulfate (CS), glucosamine sulfate (GS), diacerein, avocado soybean unsaponifiables, hyaluronic acid (HA) for intra-articular administering. Only effectiveness and the A1 level of recommendations of CS and GS have been proven, therefore, they are included in clinical recommendations and standards of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (MHRF), as well as the international recommendations according to which CS and GS are to be used for a long time (up to 6 months). The article focuses on the analysis of erroneous statements regarding the classification, composition and mechanisms of action of different drugs of this group. Differences in terminology of drug groups are given, such as chondroprotectors, symptomatic slow acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOAs), disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, between which an equal sign cannot be placed. According to this analysis, a conclusion was made concerning the erroneous attitudes towards some SYSADOAs: 1) according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification, the active substances CS, GS, diacerein and HA are classified as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to their anti-inflammatory activity; 2) quite often, drugs based on bioactive concentrate of small sea fish and glycoaminoglycan-peptide complex do not belong to SYSADOAs according to any of the existing generally recognized classifications. Therefore, they do not contain a sufficient amount of active substances (CS or peptides), there is no proper level of evidence, they are not included in the recommendations of international medical communities and MHRF clinical recommendations and standards. In Russia, physicians are to follow MHRF clinical guidelines and standards for OA therapy.

Modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology have made a discovery in solving the problem of Alzheimer's disease. Ten-year author's experience in implementing research results (algorithms/tools/inventions) allowed for successful medical rehabilitation of cognitive impairment and increased (healthy/qualitative/cultural/religious) life expectancy. Romanchuk N.P. research on mitigating the effects of circadian stress on healthy longevity of Homo sapiens has opened multidisciplinary targeted opportunities for psychiatrists, neurologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, and geriatricians. Genetic and epigenetic therapy of age-dependent endothelial dysfunction in vascular aging is strategic, in the activities of active longevity. Modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology have made a discovery in solving the problem of Alzheimer's disease. In the studies of Romanchuk N.P., it is shown that for new neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, to manage human neuroplasticity and biological age, for modern neurophysiology and neurorehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, sufficient functional and energy nutrition of the brain is needed using modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine: radioprotective pharmaceuticals and nutricology, radio modulators and radiomythiters. An increase in the combined total risk on the brain of Homo sapiens is being investigated: pathological accelerated brain aging, cerebral COVID-19 exposure, nuclear medicine technologies. Modern principles of rational design of nanomaterials optimize therapeutic effectiveness, therefore, systematic generalization of achievements in this field allows developing new highly effective nanoradioprotectors with maximization of drug effectiveness. Combined drug platform and enriched bioelementology and nutritionology (brain/microbiota and genome/epigenome), hybrid neuroimaging and nuclear medicine neurotechnologies work both proactively and in long-term medical rehabilitation programs. The Homo sapiens brain health cultural paradigm in the ten-year study Active Longevity: Genome Biophysics, Nutrigenomics, Nutrigenetics, Revitalization Activates the Penetration of Evolutionary and Socio-Cognitive Human Brain Neurocommunications into Modern Nuclear Medicine Neurotechnologies, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology.

Classical novae are shock-powered multi-wavelength transients triggered by a thermonuclear runaway on an accreting white dwarf. V1674 Her is the fastest nova ever recorded (time to declined by two magnitudes is t_2=1.1 d) that challenges our understanding of shock formation in novae. We investigate the physical mechanisms behind nova emission from GeV gamma-rays to cm-band radio using coordinated Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift and VLA observations supported by optical photometry. Fermi-LAT detected short-lived (18 h) 0.1-100 GeV emission from V1674 Her that appeared 6 h after the eruption began; this was at a level of (1.6 +/- 0.4)x10^-6 photons cm^-2 s^-1. Eleven days later, simultaneous NuSTAR and Swift X-ray observations revealed optically thin thermal plasma shock-heated to kT_shock = 4 keV. The lack of a detectable 6.7 keV Fe K_alpha emission suggests super-solar CNO abundances. The radio emission from V1674 Her was consistent with thermal emission at early times and synchrotron at late times. The radio spectrum steeply rising with frequency may be a result of either free-free absorption of synchrotron and thermal emission by unshocked outer regions of the nova shell or the Razin-Tsytovich effect attenuating synchrotron emission in dense plasma. The development of the shock inside the ejecta is unaffected by the extraordinarily rapid evolution and the intermediate polar host of this nova., 20 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables. Accepted to MNRAS

In 2021 BL Lacertae underwent an extraordinary activity phase, which was intensively followed by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration. We present the WEBT optical data in the BVRI bands acquired at 36 observatories around the world. In mid 2021 the source showed its historical maximum, with R = 11.14. The light curves display many episodes of intraday variability, whose amplitude increases with source brightness, in agreement with a geometrical interpretation of the long-term flux behaviour. This is also supported by the long-term spectral variability, with an almost achromatic trend with brightness. In contrast, short-term variations are found to be strongly chromatic and are ascribed to energetic processes in the jet. We also analyse the optical polarimetric behaviour, finding evidence of a strong correlation between the intrinsic fast variations in flux density and those in polarisation degree, with a time delay of about 13 h. This suggests a common physical origin. The overall behaviour of the source can be interpreted as the result of two mechanisms: variability on time scales greater than several days is likely produced by orientation effects, while either shock waves propagating in the jet, or magnetic reconnection, possibly induced by kink instabilities in the jet, can explain variability on shorter time scales. The latter scenario could also account for the appearance of quasi-periodic oscillations, with periods from a few days to a few hours, during outbursts, when the jet is more closely aligned with our line of sight and the time scales are shortened by relativistic effects., Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures, submitted to MNRAS

This paper describes the results of the development of functional material represented by a dispersion-strengthened composition material based on aluminum and prepared by internal oxidation. Various types of tribological tests were employed; more specifically, friction tests of the specimens to determine the friction coefficient of the DSCM-brake shoe and tests of the specimens to determine wear in the DSCM-brake shoe system with subsequent use of macro- and microstructural analysis of the material of test specimens. The results of the wear of the detail made from dispersion-strengthened composition material of a “brake disc” of a car based on friction tests under dry friction depending on the composition of the composition material are given. It was stated from the results of the studies that SCh24 cast iron can be replaced by the aluminum-based dispersion-strengthened composition material.

The central goal of cognitive neuroscience is to decode the activity of the human brain, that is, to extract mental processes from the observed patterns of activation of the entire brain. Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various methods to directly or indirectly depict the structure, function, pharmacology, bioelementology, and nutritionology of the nervous system. The functional brain imaging category is used to diagnose metabolic disorders at the earliest stages of disease development. Further structural-functional and cognitive development of the brain will require quantitative and qualitative provision of new tools of bioelementology and brain nutritionology. In the studies by N. P. Romanchuk, it is shown that for new neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, to manage human neuroplasticity and biological age, for modern neurophysiology and neurorehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, sufficient functional and energy nutrition of the brain is needed using modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine. Combined EEG/PET and PET/fMRI methods and hybrid PET/CT/MRI technologies are a combination of functional and structural neuroimaging. The main advantage of PET — molecular imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, is to help clinicians (neurologists, psychiatrists, or geriatricians) determine an etiological diagnosis in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, especially when clinical diagnosis using standard tools is uncertain. Therefore, the search for early diagnostic markers, especially relatively inexpensive and non-traumatic ones, as well as the search for new therapeutic targets for preventive dementia therapy, is an extremely urgent scientific task. Systemic neurocognitive and neuroeconomic decision-making is becoming one of the greatest quality life problems of Homo sapiens in the 21st century. Research continues on human decision neuroprocesses at neurocognitive, neurosocial and neuroeconomic levels. Qualified mind creates and improves the cognitive potential of the brain. Neuroimaging for neuroeconomics and decision-making — the Secret of cognitive brain neuroscience H. sapiens of the 21st century — using neurobiological, neurophysiological and neurosocial technologies (methods, tools) to influence economic decision-making.

In this paper the results of the investigation of the possibility of strengthening of aluminum alloys with hollow ceramic microspheres and also microspheres modified by pyrolytic chromium coatings, which increase the adhesion between the melt and the microspheres, are presented. Pyrolytic chromium coatings on the microsphere surface were obtained by vapor deposition (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method) using organochromium liquid, OCL, commercial name Barkhos. A number of aluminum-matrix composite materials based on the heat-treated by an “artificial aging” AK12ch alloy and heat-treated by “quenching and artificial aging” AK9ch alloy as well as non-heat-treated A6 alloy filled with ceramic microspheres having diameters of 40–80 μm and 100–200 μm have been obtained.

This article presents experimental results for analysis of possibility to replace SCh24 cast iron with aluminum-based composite material produced by internal oxidation. The thermophysical properties of the materials, coefficient of friction, and wear intensity of the considered materials, as well as the temperature dynamics during braking, have been determined.

GRB 221009A is the brightest Gamma-Ray Burst detected in more than 50 yearsof study. Here, we present observations in the X-ray and optical domainsranging from the prompt emission (optical coverage by all-sky cameras) up to 20days after the GRB obtained by the GRANDMA Collaboration (which includesobservations from more than 30 professional and amateur telescopes) and the\textit{Insight}-HXMT Collaboration operating the X-ray telescope HXMT-LE. Westudy the optical afterglow both with empirical fitting procedures andnumerical modeling. We find that the GRB afterglow, extinguished by a largedust column, is most likely behind a combination of a large Milky-Way dustcolumn combined with moderate low-metallicity dust in the host galaxy. We findthat numerical models describing the synchrotron radiation at the forward shockof a relativistic top-hat jet propagating through a constant density mediumrequire extreme parameters to fit the observational data. Based on theseobservations, we constrain the isotropic afterglow energy $E_{0} \sim 3.7\times 10^{54}$ erg, the density of the ambient medium $n_{\mathrm{ism}}\gtrsim 1~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ and the opening angle of the jet core to be$\gtrsim10.7^\circ$. We do not find evidence (for or against) of jet structure,a potential jet break and the presence or absence of a SN. Placed in the globalcontext of GRB optical afterglows, we find the afterglow of GRB 221009A isluminous but not extraordinarily so, highlighting that some aspects of this GRBdo not deviate from the known sample despite its extreme energetics and thepeculiar afterglow evolution.

The new modern world has entered a complex society. Nature its new material world of the Universe and its natural habitat, become more variable, over shorter periods of time. The system of nature–society–human is a holistic, dynamic, wave, open, steadily non-equilibrium system, with the isolation not only of internal ties, but also of external ones - with the space environment. Modern science views man, humanity and the biosphere as a single system, with growing demographic, food and medical problems. Human brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological and medico-social paradigms of information exchange. Modern communications are multilevel, multi-paradigm and interdisciplinary models of information exchange. The new competencies of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology play a strategic role in interdisciplinary science and interdisciplinary planning and decision-making. The introduction of multi-vector neurotechnologies of artificial intelligence and the principles of digital health care will contribute to the development of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing. The introduction of biocomputer nanoplatforms and modules consisting of small molecules, polymers, nucleic acids or proteins/peptides, nanoplatforms are programmed to detect and process external stimuli, such as magnetic fields or light, or internal stimuli, such as nucleic acids, enzymes or pH, using three different mechanisms: system assembly, system disassembly or system transformation. Current biocomputer nanoplatforms are invaluable for many applications, including medical diagnostics, biomedical imaging, environmental monitoring, and delivery of therapeutic drugs to target cell populations. Integration of different sources of information will allow researchers to obtain a new holistic picture of the pathophysiological process of the disease, which will cover from molecular changes to cognitive manifestations. Cognitive memory is a continuous act of creation, one of the largest and most capacious concepts that represents the main function of memory in general. The knowledge that a person receives during training is first perceived as something external, but then gradually they turn into experience and beliefs. Cognitive memory retains all the knowledge gained, representing a kind of “library”, and the process of assimilation and preservation becomes more complicated as the information received becomes more complex.

The “cognitive reserve” construct is a set of variables, including intelligence, education, and mental stimulation, that presumably allows the brain to adapt to underlying pathologies, supporting cognitive function despite underlying neural changes. Brain Homo Sapiens also points to resistance to neuropathological damage and can be defined as the ability to optimize or maximize performance through an effective set of neural networks and/or alternative cognitive strategies. Learning in childhood, the level of education and activities for adults — all this independently contributes to the formation of a cognitive reserve. The introduction of biocomputer nanoplatforms and modules consisting of small molecules, polymers, nucleic acids or proteins/peptides, nanoplatforms are programmed to detect and process external stimuli, such as magnetic fields or light, or internal stimuli, such as nucleic acids, enzymes or pH, using three different mechanisms: system assembly, system disassembly or system transformation. Current biocomputer nanoplatforms are invaluable for many applications, including medical diagnostics, biomedical imaging, environmental monitoring, and delivery of therapeutic drugs to target cell populations. The future implementation of systems biology and systems neurophysiology paradigms based on complex analysis of large and deep heterogeneous data sources will be crucial to achieve a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, using current brain-computer and artificial intelligence interface technologies, in order to increase information that can be extracted from preclinical and clinical indicators. Integration of different sources of information will allow researchers to obtain a new holistic picture of the pathophysiological process of the disease, which will cover from molecular changes to cognitive manifestations. The new competencies of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology play a strategic role in interdisciplinary science and interdisciplinary planning and decision-making. The introduction of multi-vector neurotechnologies of artificial intelligence and the principles of digital health care will contribute to the development of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing. Medical and social support for active healthy longevity is possible when synchronizing information systems of medical organizations and social institutions, introducing a single neurophysiological circuit and modern neurointerfaces, a combined and hybrid cluster in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders. A key factor in medical and social support is the participation of interdisciplinary business employees and data processing specialists (their support, monitoring), as well as the availability of sufficient staff literacy in data management.

This article is a review of the book Literature and Religious-Philosophical Thought of the Late 19th - First Third of the 20th Century. To the 165th anniversary of V.S. Solovyov (Book 2. E.A. Takho-Godi (Ed.). Moscow: Vodoley; 2018) published with the support of A.F. Losev house-museum and the journal Solovyov Studies . The authors analyze the philosophical theories of the key Russian thinkers of the Silver Age, primarily the symbolists, which focus on such issues as the fate of the Russian society, the place of man in the world, cultural values, social aspects of religion, life-creation, and aesthetic understanding of social-cultural reality. The review shows the inner logic of the book based on the alternation of philosophical and literary approaches, and its main line - from personalities (V.S. Solovyov, V.F. Ern, D.S. Merezhkovsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, M.N. Katkov) and their contribution to the national philosophy and culture to the trends of the era of historical and ideological changes. The interdisciplinary approach of the book is the result of the joint work of scientific schools and generations of researchers from different countries. The books methodology is based on the integrative approach of social aesthetics - the tool of philosophy of integral knowledge and unity, which can be applied to the field of social knowledge.

In this paper a possibility of application of disperse-strengthened composite aluminum material as a ballistic protection is discussed. Experimental results of tests with bullet (PAB-9) are presented. Experiments were carried on with alloy based on A6 strengthened with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles. We present the experimental result of the development of welding technology of disperse-strengthened alloy Al-Al2O3obtained with internal oxidation method. It was shown that under optimal conditions welding seam are free from macro-defects. We showed that the disperse-strengthened composite material as a part of ballistic protection exhibit significant increase of resistance against bullet penetration. This composite material can be used in structural elements because it does not suffer from destruction as opposed to ceramic materials. Mentioned above properties makes disperse-strengthened composite aluminum alloy a promising material for ballistic protection.

This paper describes the results of tests of aluminium-based metal-matrix composite materials (MMC) produced by internal oxidation. The results of wear of a MMC mock-up vehicle “brake disc” work-piece are stated herein based on dry friction tests depending on the MMC composition. The following tribotechnical tests were studied: testing of specimens to identify the friction coefficient for MMC-brake pad; testing of specimens to identify the wear in the MMC-brake pad system; the macro and microstructural analysis of specimens after testing. Based of the studies performed the conclusions were made about the possibility for substitution of cast iron CЧ24 with MMC.

Modern digital healthcare, biophysics and biology create new problems that stimulate the development of a new biophysical circuit and mathematical models from nuclear fusion (nuclear medicine) to genomic cell-organizational prognosis in neurophysiology, neuroendocrinology, psychoneuroimmunology and psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology. In this case, the following are effectively used: deterministic, stochastic, hybrid, multiscale modeling methods, as well as analytical and computational methods. The solution of a genetical-mathematical problem of interaction of cages of human population and virus population in relation to COVID-19 pandemic problem is submitted. A mathematical model based on the Hardy-Weinberg law is used, consisting of two interdependent differential equations. The equations reflect the temporal dynamics of the cells of human and viral populations during their interaction. Solutions of differential equations were found and the results of these solutions were analyzed. The pandemic duration is estimated using parameters of human liver cells and influenza virus. Perspective of further development of psychoneuroimmunology as interdisciplinary science, through algorithms and routing of digital health care, with expansion of psychoneurocommunications of professional interests in medicine, economics, sociology, cultural studies is shown. Modern neurobes and neuromarketing are built around Homo sapiens within a “reasonable environment” — a healthy individual space.

The analysis of some features of a brain work under condition of representation of a neocortex as set of cyclic neural circuits — cells of memory, has allowed understand many effects of a brain work. In particular the essence of a cognitive, creative activity, possible pathological conditions of memory: Alzheimer’s disease, etc. is investigated. Consideration of some other structures of a brain: hippocampus, entorhinal cortex has allowed understand a phenomenon of dream, its modes, essence of dreams, functionalities of a brain during dream, etc. Mathematical modelling of the electroencephalogram rhythms carried out during phases of slow dream. Interrelation of the rhythm’s frequency of slow dream with distance between the next cyclic neural circuits is shown.

This work discusses the influence of external impact upon pouring of high strength alloyed steel into thin walled molds with external cooling and in the same molds with suspension pouring: complex impact on hardened casting. Selection of these technologies is substantiated. The casting produced in a 3D liquid glass mold was used as reference. Microstructure, fracture, and mechanical proports of metal were analyzed at regular (+20°C) and higher (+350°C) temperatures. The most dense and homogeneous structure and fracture were obtained for the casting upon complex impact. It has been established that the main advantage of the proposed technologies is improvement of homogeneity of mechanical properties across the cross section and height of castings, especially of plastic properties and impact viscosity. Anisotropy of the properties across cross sections and height of experimental castings is significantly lower than in reference casting. It has been established that the external and complex impact on formed casting allows to improve its mechanical properties upon various test temperatures. The casting produced in a metal shell mold with forced cooling exhibits no significant differences of mechanical properties both across its heigh and cross section. Herewith, the strength is in average by 100 MPa higher than that of reference casting at the same high plasticity and impact viscosity.

Standard treatment for lower back pain (LBP) includes the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Objective : to determine the magnitude of the effect of injectable chondroitin sulfate (CS) as part of combination therapy for LBP on the intensity of pain syndrome. Patients and methods . The investigation was conducted in August 2019 to February 2020. A total of 60 patients (23 men and 37 women) aged 36 to 66 years (mean age, 48.65±8.72 years) with non-specific LBP were followed up. The patients were divided into two equal groups. A study group (n=30) took a NSAID (meloxicam) 7.5 mg twice daily for 7—10 days and intramuscular (i.m.) CS every other day in accordance with the scheme: the first three injections at a dose of 1 ml (100 mg) on days 1, 3, and 5; if this was well tolerable, a dose of 2 ml (200 mg) from the 4th injection (on day 7). A control group (n=30) used meloxicam 7.5 mg twice daily for 7—10 days. Changes in the patients' status were evaluated at baseline and 10, 20, and 50 days after therapy. The authors used a numerical rating scale (NRS) to determine the intensity of pain (at rest, during walking, during palpation), as well as the Oswestry functional status scale (OFSS). Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results and discussion . In the study group, there was a decreased need for NSAIDs on day 7 of therapy, whereas in the control group, there were no dosage regimen changes through the treatment cycle. The intensity of pain syndrome according to the NRS decreased by 89.8% in the study group and by 68.3% in the control group; that according to OFSS reduced by 95.5% in the study group and by 86.6% in the control group (p

Circadian stress causes dysregulation of brain Homo sapiens software followed by impairment of the cognitive and visceral brains. The body’s circadian rhythms are programmed with a system of circadian genes. Circadian clock and circadian system — are the biophysical and biochemical regulators of immune protection. Circadian synchronization system is an evolutionary software product of biocomputer for survival and preparation of the organism for expected cyclic challenges, different epigenetic orientation. Understanding the temporal relationship between stressors and stress reactions is critical to understanding the molecular foundations of the physiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Chronic stress and circadian mismatch trigger a cascade of failures in the functioning of neurophysiological, neuroendocrine, and psychoneuroimmune mechanisms. Epigenetic loading and allostatic overload reduce both the body’s overall workability and its physical, occupational, and cognitive components. Circadian stress has a pathological effect on a person, in all his age periods of life. The level of disease exposure depends on the stability of the body’s protective systems. In the works of N. P. Romanchuk, it is established that modern solution to the problem of rehabilitation of cognitive brain H. sapiens with the use, on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and on the other — multidisciplinary interaction of neurophysiologist with clinical universal specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and geriatrics. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of much, including predicting cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, through combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., with the aim of initiating timely and effective rehabilitation of brain H. sapiens. Chronotherapy and psychochronobiological strategies to protect various groups and categories of the population from the effects of circadian stress allow blocking the transition of cognitive disorders to cognitive disorders. The skin is a unique synchronized near interface of the skin-circadian system, and the condition of the skin of the face and hands is an individual indicator (biomarker) of the effect of chronic circadian stress on accelerated (premature) aging of the human body.

Depression is a destructive syndrome, with allostatic overload and transient dysregulation of neurological, metabolic and immunological status functions, as well as reprogramming in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Depression causes pathological changes in the secretion and motility of the digestive system, and failure of bidirectional intestinal-brain connections modify the intestinal microbiota. Chronic depression destabilizes the “cognitive and visceral brain”. The neuroendocrine component of the new neural network brain models and controls molecular, functional, behavioral and Autonomous responses in response to the formation (creation, cultivation) of a new healthy biomicrobiota. Constant self-organization of functional systems of the body is provided by homeostatic regulation in the framework of deterministic and stochastic science. The architecture and functions of the brain support efficient energy regulation. The internal model of the brain negatively affects the development and maintenance of depression. For example, mood, motor, autonomic, immune, metabolic, and circadian dysregulations indicate a Central problem with ineffective energy regulation. Depression is an internal pattern associated with distress, mental withdrawal from the world, and physical withdrawal from the world. Allostasis and depression, allostatic dysregulation and instantaneous distress are based on the fundamental multidisciplinary role of metabolism. The author's work in the creation of a new protective functional and epigenetic nutrition, the clinical application of strategic combined and hybrid methods and tools in the neurorehabilitation of the circadian system, the use of artificial intelligence in the functioning of the “cognitive brain” and “visceral brain” and the “brain-microbiota” neural networks are promising applications in personalized medicine. Psychoneuroimmunological communications and neuroendocrinological multimodal methods can significantly increase the duration of an active and high-quality healthy life.

Objective of the Review: To present provisional guidelines for rheumatologists developed by the European League Against Rheumatism, the British Society for Rheumatology, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the American College of Rheumatology, and the Russian Association of Rheumatologists (a nationwide public organization) Key Points: The authors discuss publications touching on the management of rheumatic disorders during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, primarily medication therapy in patients with these conditions They propose using chondroprotective agents as a possible alternative According to World Health Organization recommendations, elderly people should exercise at home while self-isolating I Conclusion: In attempting to present possible treatments for patients with joint disorders, the authors boldly propose using chondroprotective agents, which have all the properties required for long-term treatment during isolation Цель обзора: представление предварительных рекомендаций для ревматологов Европейской антиревматической лиги (European League Against Rheumatism), Британской ассоциации ревматологов (British Society for Rheumatology), Американского общества регионарной анестезии и обезболивания (American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine) и Европейского общества регионарной анестезии и обезболивания (European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy), Американской коллегии ревматологов (American College of Rheumatology) и Общероссийской общественной организации «Ассоциация ревматологов России» Основные положения Обсуждаются опубликованные сообщения, затрагивающие вопросы ревматологии в период пандемии коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19), прежде всего касающиеся лекарственных препаратов, применяемых у пациентов с ревматическими заболеваниями В качестве альтернативных средств терапии рассматриваются хондропротекторы В условиях самоизоляции лицами пожилого возраста, согласно рекомендациям Всемирной организации здравоохранения, предложено выполнять физические упражнения дома Заключение Нами предпринята попытка предоставить выбор терапии больным с заболеваниями суставов, и мы взяли на себя смелость рекомендовать хондропротекторы, обладающие всеми необходимыми свойствами для длительного лечения в условиях изоляции