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The optimization of electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing meta-heuristics has arisen as the way to propel state-of-the-art advancements, making ready for boundless reception, and reforming the flow transportation framework while lessening ozone-depleting substance discharges. The two factors that keep on obstructing the improvement of EVs are reach and cost. This study digs profoundly into the five significant EV enhancement regions: plan advancement, energy the board, ideal control, upgraded charging and releasing, and steering. Methods for single-objective and multi-objective enhancement are examined and talked about. Following a broad survey of the latest works in every space, an investigation of numerical demonstrating, the development of goal capabilities, time management for charging, and limitations are introduced. What’s more, the different scientific, regular, and nature-roused advancement calculations (swarm-optimization, transformative, and recent meta-heuristics) are arranged in view of their fame. Their merits and detriments are then analyzed, similar to the different requirements for taking care of procedures. This survey of the high-level and redesigned variants of these meta-heuristics likewise gives a precise reference to EV streamlining utilizing wise calculations.

bstract: This project is to fabricate a model called agricultural sprayer. In olden days the spraying system is deficult to exicute. But in this generation there are few types of machines for spraying processs. Here we implement a new idea for spraying in agricultural fields, by using a engine and pump, we can easily operate the sprayer in required areas. This project consists of a engine and pump, a water tank, pipe ,and nozzles arrangement. The main purpose of producing this product is to enable farmers and gardeners to make the process of spraying pesticides to their gardens becomes more effective. It helps the formers because they no longer need to carry the tank on their back that can cause their back strain . This product only has to be move forward just like how the trolley function and then it will generate a set of power transmission part by using engine and pump. Next, it also comes with a pair of nozzles on the wing if it requires . With nozzles on the wing, it can speed up the spraying process as it can spray left and right side at the same time. In conclusion, this product can help formers in terms of comfort during spraying, reducing human effect, and effectively utilizing spraying time.

This study reports the synthesis of five novel Schiff base heterobinuclear nickel(II) and tin(II) complexes. The heterobinuclear complexes were synthesized by the interaction of N,N′-ethylenebis(2-hydroxyacetophenoniminato) nickel(II) with tin(II) salts of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, o-nitrophenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Characterization of these complexes was carried by physico-chemical techniques such as elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, magnetic measurements, infrared spectra and electronic spectral studies. The molar conductance data reveals that the complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The magnetic susceptibility data and the spectral studies propose square planar geometry of the complexes around nickel(II) and coordination to the metal centre via azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated phenolic oxygen atoms.

Objective: A numerical and theoretical study is developed to analyze the combined effect of activation energy and chemical reaction in the flow of nanofluids due to the thin moving needle using the mathematical nanofluid model offered by Buongiorno. A passively controlled nanoparticle volume fraction boundary is assumed rather than actively controlled. Methods: A similarity transformation is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations which are then solved numerically by Runge-Kutta Shooting Method (RKSM). The physical characteristics of flow, heat and mass transfer are illustrated via graphs and tables for some set of values of governing parameters. Results: In addition, the basic non-linear governing equations are solved analytically using semianalytical technique called Differential transform method (DTM) and the comparison has been made with the numerical and the published results. Conclusion: The present study reveals that the ratio between the needle velocity and the composite velocity brings out to increases the velocity distribution with λ

Solvent-free aminocarbonylation (Heck carbonylation) of aryl halide, catalyzed by μ-dichloro-bis(benzylidene aniline)palladium(II) complex yields dimethyl benzamide and their substitutes, has several useful industrial applications. In present work, dimethylformamide (DMF) serves as an effective in situ supplier of dimethyl amine and carbon monoxide. Bromobenzene along with more electron-rich aryl bromide generally undergo these reactions very smoothly, but the yield of respective products is less. To increase the yields of aryl amide, it is needed to be add amines from the external sources to the reaction mixture. Imidazole and aniline were used as good reaction partners, or amines, in this experiment. For obtaining the best results, several reactions were conducted in the presence of base i.e. potassium tert-butoxide. Potassium tert-butoxide was responsible for the better decomposition of DMF and imidazole as an additive. The carbonylation reactions described here depend on the efficiency of in situ generation of carbon monoxide, which can be a suitable unconventional route to traditional carbonylation procedures for small-scale operation when a quick reaction time is sought where direct use of CO gas is not possible.

The current study is made to analyze the impact of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) on the steady, incompressible, and viscous Ostwald-de-Waele nano-liquid over a rotating disk in a porous medium with the various power law index, due to many remarkable applications, such as aeronautical systems, rotating machineries, air cleaning machineries, electrical power-generating systems, heat exchangers, gas turbines, centrifugal pumps. To describe the modeling of the nano-liquid, Brownian movement and thermophoresis are employed with the passive control boundaries. Three temperature model is adopted to distinguish the temperature among the fluid, particle, and solid. The governing transport equations have been converted to a system of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by employing von Karman transformation. Numerical results of the flow and heat and transfer characteristics of the fluid, particle, and solid are obtained by applying Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (RKF) together with the shooting technique. The numerical results in the present work are compared with the published results for the case of thermal equilibrium and found that they are in good agreement. It is observed that the temperature profile significantly varies with the fluid-particle, fluid-solid interphase heat transfer coefficients and the modified thermal capacity ratios.

In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial effects of bacterial strains isolated and characterized from cooling water towers and biofilms niches of green biocide obtained from the plant Boerhaavia diffusa plant extract. Initially we have enumerated the viable bacterial cells from cooling water and biofilms of mild steel (MS1010). Various strains of heterotrophic bacteria that are isolated from viable bacterial colonies include iron oxidizing bacteria (IOB), Manganese oxidizing bacteria (MnOB), acid producing Bacteria (APB). Morphology of the isolated bacterial cells showed circular cells, slight yellow and gram positive rod cells. Specifically we have identified the selective bacterial cells as SKR-4 and SKR-7. Furthermore we have confirmed that the isolated strains SKR-4 and SKR-7 were capable of inducing corrosion of mild steel (MS1010), and it was confirmed using FITR and electrochemical studies like weight loss, polarization studies. Later we have tested the antibacterial effect of green biocide obtained from Boerhaavia diffusa and it was observed that 50 PPM green biocide was optimum for antibacterial effect of Boerhaavia diffusa. Also the same dose 50PPm was capable of inhibiting the formation of biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Taken together, our results showed that Boerhaavia diffusa plant leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the corrosion of mild steel (MS1010) and it is due to its antimicrobial efficacy and ability to inhibit the formation of EPS. However, our results are preliminary and further studies may be required to understand its mechanism of antibacterial action and to improve its efficacy on large scale levels.

The Diwani hills are located SE of Balaram–Abu Road in the Banaskantha district of north Gujarat. The crystalline rocks of the Diwani hill area are a diverse assemblage of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks are petrologically more complex and date back to the Aravallis or earlier. The mineralogical assemblages such as grt–sp–opx–qz of these rocks indicate their origin in anhydrous or dry conditions, implying metamorphism under pyroxene granulite facies. These granulitic rocks were subjected to Delhi orogenic deformation and were later intruded by the Erinpura granite. Textural and microstructural relationships, mineral chemistry, P–T–X pseudosection modelling and the oxidation state of pelitic granulites from the Diwani hill area of north Gujarat are all part of the current approach. The winTWQ program and pseudosection modelling in the NCKFMASHTO model system utilizing Perple_X software were used to restrict the P–T evolution of these pelitic granulites. The unification of these estimates shows that the pelitic granulites reached their pressure and temperature maxima at 8.6 kbar and 770 °C, respectively. The oxygen fugacity (log fO2) versus temperature computations at 6.2 kbar revealed log fO2–T values of −13.0 and 765 °C, respectively. The electron microprobe dating of monazite grains separated from the granulites of the Diwani hills yields ages ranging from 769 Ma to 855 Ma. The electron microprobe dating presented here from the Diwani hills provides evidence for a Neoproterozoic (Tonian) metamorphic event in the Aravalli–Delhi Mobile Belt.

Following delivery, women may feel a variety of pains and discomforts, including cramping pain brought on by uterine involution, in which the uterus contracts to stop blood loss and return to its pre-pregnancy size. This study examined the impact of kegal exercise and the prone posture on postpartum moms' spasmodic discomfort and uterine involution. “The research design selected for the study was pre experimental research design”. “Non Probability purposive sampling techniques” were used to collect 60 postnatal mothers. “Numerical pain rating scale to assess pain and clinical proforma to assess involution of uterus” was administered to conduct the pre-test and the post test. Each sample received the Kegel exercise (10 secs three times per day for three days) and the prone position (3 to 5 mints three times per day for three days) after the pretest pain and fundal height levels were evaluated. After three days, the same scale was used to assess pain and fundal height. The mean scores for the fundal height and pain pre-tests were 7.66 and 7.83, respectively. Post-test mean scores for fundal height and pain were 3.86 and 4.1, respectively. The pre-test fundal height and pain score had standard deviations of 1.77 and 1.37, and the post-test fundal height and pain score had standard deviations of 1.86 and 2.00. Age, educational attainment, and age of menarche were important factors in the calculated chi square value, but other variables were insignificant. The study's findings supported the notion that the prone posture and the Kegel exercise helped postpartum mothers' fundal height and pain.

This research explores the heat transfer rate for micropolar fluid in a channel flow. In spite of formal Fourier’s law, the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux design is implemented in energy system. Using appropriate dimensionless parameters, the guiding coupled partial differential equations that represent the fluid flow are modified into ordinary differential equations. By executing Runge–Kutta integration procedure and the shooting method, the numerical results are achieved. The impacts of thermal relaxation time and bio-convection flow of micropolar fluid are examined in this assessment. Graphical analyses are used to assess the effects of physical factors for the momentum, micro-rotation, concentration, density of micro-organisms and temperature gradient. The skin friction values, motile density number, heat and mass transfer rate are the fascinating physical quantities whose numerical data are computed and validated against different parametric values. The variational iteration method (VIM) and Adomian decomposition method are the analytical modules which have been incorporated here for solving the nonlinear systems for showing better approximity. It is found from the study that larger the thermal relaxation time values, the more likely they are to increase heat transfer, hence lowering the fluid temperature. Moreover, both Fourier and Cattaneo–Christov heat conduction module exhibit qualitatively similar influence on embedded parameters also the temperature profile diminishes for larger values of [Formula: see text]. The culminations evidently disclose that the bio-convection Peclet number and the motile microbes parameter enhance the density of motile micro-organisms. From a computational perspective, the VIM is more effective, practical and ease of use. The numerical and analytical results are compared well with the existing articles. The optimum parameter level for maximum heat transfer is considered to be [Formula: see text]. Taguchi approach was successfully used to determine the optimum design parameters for maximum heat transfer is 1.724012 for the parameters [Formula: see text]-5:[Formula: see text]-5:[Formula: see text]-0.5:[Formula: see text]-0.5:[Formula: see text]-0.7.

Stress is a common occurrence in daily life; sometimes, it will be a reaction or sometimes a stimulus. The aim and objective of the study were to assess the stress level among old age people and the effectiveness of dance therapy in reducing stress. "The research design selected for the study was pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design". A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 60 old age people who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The modified psychological stress assessment scale, a standardized measure for assessing the stress level among old age people, was administered to conduct the pre-test and the post-test. This tool contains 30 items. This is a 4-point scale, and the total score is 90. After assessing the pre-test stress level, dance therapy was provided to each sample for 30 days for 45 minutes per day each morning. After 30 days, stress was measured using the same modified psychological stress assessment scale. The Mean of the pre-test and post-test was (61.05) and (25.85), and the Standard Deviation of the pre-test and post-test was (11.89) and (8.27). The Mean difference was (35.2). This showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test levels of stress scores among old age people. The calculated chi-square value was significant with age, educational status and duration of stay at nursing homes; other variables were not significant. From the study results, it was concluded that Dance Therapy effectively reduced the stress level among geriatrics.

Copper(II) ion can form complexes with varied ligands. The present study describes the synthesis of a series of new hetero binuclear Schiff base complexes of copper(II) and organic chelates of silver(I). The Schiff base ligand was derived from salicylaldehyde and ophenylenediamine. For the characterization of the hetero binuclear complexes, various physicoanalytical and spectral studies viz. elemental analysis, magnetic moment measurements, molar conductance, FTIR and electronic spectral recordings were applied. Evidences from these analyses reveal square geometry for the complexes.

This paper describes the synthesis of six novel Schiff base heterobimetallic complexes of nickel(II) and silver(I) and their spectral characteristics. The Schiff base was synthesized via condensation of o-Hydroxyacetophenone and 1,2- Diaminopropane in molar ratio 2:1. The characterization of the synthesized complexes was done with the aid of molar conductance, elemental analysis, FTIR, electronic spectral analysis and magnetic moment studies. The complexes obtained are non-electrolytes, colored and stable. Spectral analyses of the hetero bimetallic complexes suggest square planar geometry with coordination number four for all the complexes.

Granulites exposed in high-grade regional metamorphic belts and exhumed as xenoliths in basaltic pipes are considered as window into the deep crust thus play a key role in constraining models of crustal processes and evolution. Understanding granulites not only helps us place limits on the nature and composition of the lower crust in the existing continents, but it also sheds light on the crucial tectonic and chemical processes that lead to the accretion and eventual stabilisation of present crust dynamics, which in turn endorse continental growth. The study area, Sonapahar situated in the central portion of Shillong Meghalaya Gneissic Complex (SMGC) contain rich assemblage of different metamorphic rocks ranging from amphibolite to granulites. Unlike pelitic granulite, which receive much attention throughout the world, this work primarily focus in constraining the metamorphic evolution of two-pyroxene mafic granulite, which lack proper documentation hereto. Here we construct for the first time the P-T evolution of two-pyroxene mafic granulite from the Sonapahar, SMGC. Metamorphic P-T conditions estimated for the mafic granulite using conventional thermobarometer and winTWQ shows temperature in excess of 800 OC and pressure of about 9 kbars, stand for high temperature granulite facies metamorphism. The metamorphic evolution path continuing from prograde, peak to post-peak is obtained by constructing P-T pseudosection using Perple_X software in NCKFMASHTO system. Result suggest a clockwise P-T evolution path, thus signify isothermal decompression and indicate rapid upliftment prior to cooling of the tectonically thickened crust. Geochemical study of trace and REE, further suggest protolith is of tholeiite basalt in nature that is derive from hybrid (VAB+MORB) tectonic setting.

The pathogenic microorganisms that cause infection, such as "bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungus," can spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly. Infection spreads through direct contact from person to person, contact of body fluids, any secretions or even the fomite used by the infected person. The oral fecal route can be summarized into five f: - finger, food, fluid, feces, and flies. The Aim and objective of the study were to assess the knowledge regarding Five 'F' diseases transmission among mothers of under-five children to evaluate the effectiveness of sensitization program on knowledge regarding Five 'F' of disease transmission among mothers of under-five children and to find out the association between post-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables among mothers of under-five children. "Pre-experimental research design" was used for the study and data were collected from 60 under five mothers by "nonprobability convenient sampling method", through a structured knowledge questionnaire. Data were analyzed using "descriptive and inferential statistics" such as standard deviation, mean, and chi-square tests. The mean post-test knowledge score (22.62±3.37) was higher than the mean pretest knowledge score (13.3±3.30). The calculated value (15.28) was more significant than the table value (1.67) at 0.05 level of significance, that shows the sensitization program was effective in increasing the knowledge regarding the prevention of "Five f" (finger, food, fluid, feces, flies) diseases transmission among mothers of under-five children.

Oniomania, often known as the "compulsive buying disorder," is characterised by excessive shopping thoughts and actions that cause discomfort or damage. The main aim and objectives of the study were to assess and compare the oniomania among working women and men, and find out the association between oniomania with selected demographic variables among working women and men. The research design selected for the study was non-experimental comparative descriptive research design. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain sample of 120 (60-women and 60-men) working women and men who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The modified compulsive buying scale is used to assess oniomania, this is a 5-point scale and the total score is 45. After assessing the pre-test of oniomania, it is higher in working women compared to men. The mean of the working women and working men was (30.36) and (14.66) and the Standard Deviation of the working women and working men was (9.74) and (5.24). The Mean difference was (15.7). Working women mean was more than working men mean. This showed a significant difference between working women and working men on oniomania. The calculated chi square value was significant with education and monthly income, and other variables were insignificant. This study concluded that the prevalence rate of oniomania was higher in working women than men.