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Abstract Background Sri Lanka sustained its malaria-free status by implementing, among other interventions, three core case detection strategies namely Passive Case Detection (PCD), Reactive Case Detection (RACD) and Proactive Case Detection (PACD). The outcomes of these strategies were analysed in terms of their effectiveness in detecting malaria infections for the period from 2017 to 2019. Methods Comparisons were made between the surveillance methods and between years, based on data obtained from the national malaria database and individual case reports of malaria patients. The number of blood smears examined microscopically was used as the measure of the volume of tests conducted. The yield from each case detection method was calculated as the proportion of blood smears which were positive for malaria. Within RACD and PACD, the yield of sub categories of travel cohorts and spatial cohorts was ascertained for 2019. Results A total of 158 malaria cases were reported in 2017–2019. During this period between 666,325 and 725,149 blood smears were examined annually. PCD detected 95.6 %, with a yield of 16.1 cases per 100,000 blood smears examined. RACD and PACD produced a yield of 11.2 and 0.3, respectively. The yield of screening the sub category of travel cohorts was very high for RACD and PACD being 806.5 and 44.9 malaria cases per 100,000 smears, respectively. Despite over half of the blood smears examined being obtained by screening spatial cohorts within RACD and PACD, the yield of both was zero over all three years. Conclusions The PCD arm of case surveillance is the most effective and, therefore, has to continue and be further strengthened as the mainstay of malaria surveillance. Focus on travel cohorts within RACD and PACD should be even greater. Screening of spatial cohorts, on a routine basis and solely because people are resident in previously malarious areas, may be wasteful, except in situations where the risk of local transmission is very high, or is imminent. These findings may apply more broadly to most countries in the post-elimination phase.

A novel series of N-phenyl anthranilic acid-based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were prepared (4a–h) and subjected to anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and molecular docking studies to target cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and analgesic activity by tail immersion method. In synthesized compounds, the free carboxylic group, which is responsible for gastric side effects, was derivatized by heterocyclic 1,3,4-oxadiazole bioactive core, which showed good interaction with COX-2 receptor with good docking score. Among all the synthesized compounds, 4e and 4f have emerged out as potential COX-2 inhibitors.

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-review has shifted from assessing the consequences of silver sulfadiazine with most different drugs (SSD) for burn recovery and contamination prevention to different novel dressings, without or with silver. Burn units have to be able to better control sepsis. The degree to which a burn topical antibacterial agent is absorbed determines its effectiveness. Absorption of a topical antibacterial agent may be evaluated against the absorption of a test solute in isolated preparation of the stratum corneum in a cell in an in vitro model. Despite the fact that adding silver sulfadiazine (AgSu) to pure deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulted in the formation of silver sulfadiazine (AgSu)the formation of AgSu-DNA complexes, no such complexes were detected in bacteria treated with AgSu. In treated bacteria, AgSu inhibited macromolecular syntheses as DNA synthesis was slightly more sensitive. A tiny amount of sulfadiazine appears to be active in this situation. Pediatric patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either Silva-Sorb® Gel or Silvadene® silver sulfadiazine cream for up to 21 days or to the point of full reepithelialization of the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl) -N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-thiazolidin-3yl) Various aldehydes and 2-acetamides have been used to synthesise -acetamide 5a-j (5-phenyl-[1,3,4]-oxadiazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl) - 1H-benzimidazole 6a-j derived from a variety of benzoic acids. These compounds were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, Gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The in vitro cytotoxic properties of brine shrimp were investigated using a bioassay. Compounds 5b, 5d, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6e, 6f, and 6i demonstrated excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms, according to the results. 5b, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6f, 6h, and 6i were found to have good cytotoxic activities. Elements, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS were used to characterise all of the newly synthesised compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating medicines work well to increase drug absorption in the stomach. On the basis of current literature, a drug for a novel drug delivery system (NDDS) is established to explicate the floating drug delivery system (FDDS). The most recent FDDS progress involves the formulation as well as physiological aspects that may affect gastric retention and formulation. This review also discusses certain ways of producing a floating system, as well as evaluation methods, characterization, and classification for the FDDS pharmaceutical dosage form. By overcoming physiological hurdles such as short stomach residence times and unexpected gastric emptying times, scientific and technological achievements have been made in the study and development of controlled-release oral drug delivery systems in recent years. So, in general, float dose systems are key technological medication delivery systems that have a stomach-retentive nature and provide a variety of options. Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), also known as hydro dynamically balanced systems (HBS), swelling and expanding systems, polymeric bio-adhesive systems, modified-shape systems, high-density systems, and other delayed gastric emptying devices are now used to extend the GRT. The latest technological breakthroughs of FDDS, including patented delivery methods and commercialized products, are covered in this study, as well as their advantages and future possibilities for oral controlled drug administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topically applied pharmaceuticals in the form of patches that distribute medications for systemic effects at predefined and controlled rates are known as "transdermal drug delivery systems." The main function of TDDS is penetration of drug through skin. It works extremely simple, with the medicine being put within the patch and is placed on the skin. As a result, a consistent concentration of medication remains in the bloodstream for an extended period. They come in variety of forms, including single-layer drugs in adhesives; inter drugs in adhesives, buffers, and matrix systems. The market price of TDDS products is rapidly expanding. More than 35 items have now been authorized for sale in the United States, and roughly 16 active substances have been approved for usage as a TDDS globally. It is a drug delivery system that has a bright future. It helps in reducing use of syringes for administering a wide range of drugs, but the price is an essential aspect to consider because developing countries like India have the world's second-largest population, but TDDS is a secret part of treatment used for the general population due to rising costs. This review article on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) contains information on the transdermal drug delivery system, Advanced development and the evaluation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral disintegrating tablets are a new trend in novel drug delivery systems that have seen a surge in popularity in recent decades. To improve the efficacy of solid dosage forms, super disintegrants are used. This is accomplished by reducing the disintegration time, which improves the rate of drug dissolution. Disintegrants are substances or combination of substances added to a drug formulation to aid in the breaking up or disintegration of tablet or capsule content into smaller fragments that dissolve more quickly than without them. Several newer agents known as 'Superdisintegrants' have been developed in recent years. Superdisintegrants classified as synthetic, semi-synthetic, natural, and co-processed blends have been used to create effective mouth dissolving tablets and overcome the limitations of traditional tablet dosage form. In the solid dosage form, superdisintegrants are typically used at a low level typically (1-10%) relative to the total weight of the dosage unit. In present studies, includes all the information about Superdisintegrants, such as their types, advantage, selection criteria, incorporation methods, ideal properties and mechanism, which are used in the formulation to provide safer, more effective drug delivery while maintaining patient conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast dissolving tablets are solid unit dosage forms that dissolve or disintegrate quickly in the mouth without using water. To provide this type of character in a dosage form, different excipients are required. Superdisintegrants are a class of novel agents that have emerged in recent years. Improving drug bioavailability in the pharmaceutical field is a challenge. The inclusion of superdisintegrants in the formulation enhances the formulation's efficacy. The main goal of this review article is to highlight current development in the superdisintegrants. Novel medication delivery techniques have recently advanced, resulting in a convenient dosage form for administration. New superdisintegrant formulations have recently investigated. These formulations are used to ensure patient compliance and safer, more effective drug delivery. This overview of superdisintegrants covers developed strategies, types (including synthetic and natural materials), dosage forms and techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivery of the drug to the ocular area is blocked by the protective layers covering the eyes; it has always been a major problem to find effective bioavailability of the active drug in the ocular area due to the short duration of precorneal majority ocular stay. Direct delivery systems combine as well as oil, solution, and suspension, as a result, many delivery systems are not able to effectively treat eye diseases. Many works have been done and are being done to overcome this problem one of which is to use in-situ to build polymeric systems. Ocular In-situ gelling systems are a new class of eye drug delivery systems that are initially in solution but are quickly transformed into a viscous gel when introduced or inserted into an ocular cavity where active drugs are released continuously. This sol-to-gel phase conversion depends on a variety of factors such as changes in pH, ion presence, and temperature changes. Post-transplanting gel selects viscosity and bio-adhesive properties, which prolongs the gel's stay in the ocular area and also releases the drug in a long and continuous way unlike conventional eye drops and ointments. This review is a brief overview of situ gels, the various methods of in situ gelling systems, the different types of polymers used in situ gels, their gel-based methods, and the polymeric testing of situ gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular Drug Delivery has been a key challenge and attractive field for the pharmaceutical scientist due to peerless anatomy and physiology of eye. Glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, keratitis, endophthalmitis, trachoma, and conjunctivitis are just a few of the conditions that can affect the eye. In order to accomplish efficient ocular treatment within the eye, At the point of action, an appropriate supply of active substances must be given and sustained. Due to fast precorneal medication loss, traditional treatment has a low bioavailability. The bioavailability of a medicine is also influenced by static and dynamic barriers. To address the limitations of traditional treatment, significant efforts are being made to develop innovative medication systems for ocular delivery. When a drop is injected into the eye, it goes through a sol-gel transition and forms a cul-de-sac. The in-situ gel system, which comprises thermally triggered, pH triggered, and ion cross linking systems, is the subject of this review. It includes a step-by-step procedure for preparing the pH-triggered system as well as assessment parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems that distribute medications at a predetermined rate to a specific region. Microspheres are free-flowing powders manufactured from biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 micrometers. Benefits of using microspheres in medication delivery, bone tissue manufacture, and pollutant absorption and desorption by regeneration .The study demonstrates how microsphere parameters are planned and measured. Bioadhesive microspheres, polymeric microspheres, magnetic microspheres, floating microspheres, and radioactive microspheres are only a few examples of complicated microspheres. Cosmetics, oral medication administration, target drug delivery, ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and other industries covered in the paper could all benefit from microspheres. To ensure best therapeutic effectiveness, the agent must be delivered to target tissue at an optimal amount during the appropriate timeframe, with low toxicity and adverse effects. There are several methods for delivering the therapeutic substance to the target site in a controlled manner. The use of microspheres as medication carriers is one such technique. The value of microspheres as a novel drug delivery carrier to accomplish site-specific drug delivery was discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is a common and serious metabolic condition that affects people all over the world. Traditional herbal plants have been utilized to treat diabetes mellitus all throughout the world. Several herbs have been found to treat and control diabetes among numerous medicines and poly herbal plants; they also have no adverse effects. Diabetes mellitus is a horrible disease that affects people all over the world and is becoming a serious danger to humanity's health. Thus, herbal plants may be a possible source of anti-diabetic medicines, with ethno botanical data indicating that around 800 plants may have anti-diabetic potential. Although synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin are a popular diabetes therapy and are effective in controlling hyperglycemia, they have significant side effects and do not significantly modify the course of diabetic complications. This is the primary reason why an increasing number of individuals are looking for alternative medicines with fewer or no adverse effects. The botanical name, common name, component, and mechanism of action for anti-diabetic activity were provided in this review study, as well as plant-based commercial poly herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sri Lanka sustained its malaria-free status by implementing, among other interventions, three core case detection strategies namely Passive Case Detection (PCD), Reactive Case Detection (RACD) and Proactive Case Detection (PACD). The outcomes of these strategies were analysed in terms of their effectiveness in detecting malaria infections for the period from 2017 to 2019. Methods: Comparisons were made between the surveillance methods and between years, based on data obtained from the national malaria database and individual case reports of malaria patients. The number of blood smears examined microscopically was used as the measure of the volume of tests conducted. The yield from each case detection method was calculated as the proportion of blood smears which were positive for malaria. Within RACD and PACD, the yield of sub categories of travel cohorts and spatial cohorts was ascertained for 2019. Results: A total of 158 malaria cases were reported in 2017-2019. During this period between 666,325 and 725,149 blood smears were examined annually. PCD detected 95.6 %, with a yield of 16.1 cases per 100,000 blood smears examined. RACD and PACD produced a yield of 11.2 and 0.3, respectively. The yield of screening the sub category of travel cohorts was very high for RACD and PACD being 806.5 and 44.9 malaria cases per 100,000 smears, respectively. Despite over half of the blood smears examined being obtained by screening spatial cohorts within RACD and PACD, the yield of both was zero over all three years. Conclusions: The PCD arm of case surveillance is the most effective and, therefore, has to continue and be further strengthened as the mainstay of malaria surveillance. Focus on travel cohorts within RACD and PACD should be even greater. Screening of spatial cohorts, on a routine basis and solely because people are resident in previously malarious areas, may be wasteful, except in situations where the risk of local transmission is very high, or is imminent. These findings may apply more broadly to most countries in the post-elimination phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in obese Type-2 diabetic patients. The objectives are to compare fasting and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels, to compare body mass index in all the groups and to identify glycosylated hemoglobin levels and adverse drug reaction in all the groups. Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's major diseases. It cur rently affects an estimated143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the India, about 1-5% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. So there is need to cure this disease. Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral anti hyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type 1, which must be injected or inhaled. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, and agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), both insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditional plant treatments have been used throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. Among many medications and polyherbal plants, several herbs have been known to cure and control diabetes; additionally they have no side effects. Diabetes mellitus is a dreadful disease found in all parts of the world and is becoming a serious threat to mankind health. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels thatresult from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Thus, plants are a potential source of anti-diabetic drugs which can be proved by the ethnobotanical information reports about 800 plants that may possess anti-diabetic potential. Although, synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin is the mainstream treatment of diabetes and effectiv e in controlling hyperglycaemia, they have prominent side effects and fail to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. This forms the main reason for an increasing number of people finding alternating therapies that may have less severe or no side effects. This article presents a review on some reported antidiabetic medicinal plants (with their botanical name, common name, constituent and mechanism of action for antidiabetic action) and plant based marketed polyherbal herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsponge is recent novel technique for control release and target specific drug delivery system. Microsponge technology has been introduced in pharmaceutical industry to provide the controlled release of active drug ingredient for the application into the skin in order to decrease systemic exposure and reduce local cutaneous reactions to active drugs. Microsponges comprises of microporous beads, typically 10-25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. The microsponge releases its active ingredient on a time mode, when applied to the skin, and also in response to other stimuli that are used mostly for topical and recently for oral administration. Microsponge technology has many favourable characteristics which make It all around suitable as drug delivery vehicle. Microsponge systems can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, cream, liquid or powder. The outer surface is mostly porous, allowing the sustained flow of substances out of the sphere. Microsponge drug delivery system causes increased efficacy for the topically active agents with enhanced safety and product stability for a longer period of time with reduction in side effects. In addition their non-allergenic, non-irritating, non-mutagenic and nontoxic behaviour makes them the suitable dosage form. The present review emphasis Microsponge drug delivery system along with its release mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsponge delivery system is a unique and effective technology for the controlled release of topical agents. It is highly cross-linked porous, polymeric microspheres that can entrap wide range of active agents and in response to trigger or stimuli and release them onto the skin over a time. It consists of micro-porous beads, typically 5-300µm in diameter that acquire the flexibility to entrap a wide variety of active ingredients such as fragrances, sunscreens, emollients, anti-fungal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory agents etc., that are mostly used to prolong the topical administration of the drug. Recently it was investigated that microsponges also used for oral drug delivery system. The topical agent formulation with microsponge delivery system can be prepared in many different forms, such as cream, gel, or lotion. When the formulation is applied to the skin, the MDS releases its active ingredients on a time and in response to other stimuli (rubbing, temperature, pH etc.). They reduce side effects, enhance stability and modify drug release. Because of the size of the microsponges they cannot pass through the stratum corneum, so they remain on the skin surface and slowly releasing the active ingredients over a period. Slow rate of release from MDS reduce the irritancy associated with the topical agents. Slow and gradual release pattern of MDS prevents excessive build-up of the active agents in the epidermis and dermis. Therefore, these particles, remains on the surface of the skin and its fine lines delivering the active over prolonged time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niosomes represent a promising drug delivery module. Noisome same as to liposome and Noisome represent alternative vesicular drug delivery systems with respect to liposomes, due to the noisome ability to encapsulate the different type of drugs within their multi environmental structure. Niosomes are thoughts to be a better system for drug delivery as compared to liposomes due to various factors like cost, stability etc. They are many types of drug deliveries that can be possible using niosomes like tar geting, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc. In recent research, comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Vari ous drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. Niosomes proved to better drug carrier system and has the poten tial to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Noisome used more than fifty drugs are tried in niosomal formulations by the intravenous route, per oral administration, trans -dermal route of administration, and inhalation preparation, ocular nasal route of administration. Treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a revoluti onary work in recent years. The large numbers of disease-specific biological have been developed, and also emphasis has been made to effectively deliver these biological. Niosomes shows an emerging class of novel vesicular systems. Niosomes are self -assembled vesicles composed primarily of synthetic surfactant and cholesterol. Comprehensive research carried over no isome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. This article presents an overview of the techniques of p reparation of noisome, types of noisome, characterization and their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An appropriately designed sustained release dosage form is opted to be a major goal in solving the problems which arises regarding the targeting of a drug to a specific organ or tissue and for controlling its rate of delivery to the target site. The development of oral sustained release system has proven to be a major challenge to formulation scientist due to their inability to restrain as well as localize the system at targeted areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore the development of matrix type drug delivery system is promising option regarding the development of an oral sustained release system. There is availability of wide variety of polymers which helps the formulation scientist to develop sustained/controlled release products. The attractiveness of these dosage forms is increasing because of their awareness towards toxicity and ineffectiveness when administered by oral route in the form of tablets and capsules. Numerous advantages are provided by sustained release products over conventional dosage forms through optimizing various bio-pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs and finally leads to reduction in dosing frequency to such an extent that only once daily dose is required for therapeutic management with maximum utility of drug with reduction in both local as well as systemic side effects. They can cure or control diseased condition in shortest possible time with smallest quantity of drug to assure greater patient compliance. Polymer swelling, drug dissolution and its diffusion are the known mechanisms for drug release through polymer network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tablet is a solid dosage form which is used to deliver the drug to the body to make pharmacological action. The oral dosage form should disperse into small particles to deliver active ingredients in the body, the disperse time of the dosage form depends on the ingredients which are used in the tablet. To make the tablet disintegrate slow usually sustained release agents are used. The sustained release tablets helps in maintaining the drug concentration in the body for the higher time. In this review article various polymers of natural origin and their modified forms are studied, which can be used in the sustained release tablet. In this review article the polymers studied were, Psyll ium husk, HPMC K100M, Cellulose polymers, Cellulose ether polymers, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Eudragit RLPO, Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RL 100, Eudragit RS 100, Kollidone SR and Carnauba wax. Now a day the sustained release tablets are used more than the conventional tablets because of the patient incompliance. The main part of the sustained release tablets are the polymers. In the study it was found that the modified forms of natural polymers works better than in their natural form. In the study it was found that the hydrophilic polymers also work better like Xanthan gum and Guar gum, they are effecting and non-toxic in nature. The cellulose derivatives were studied and it was found that Substituted cellulose-methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose works better in the combination form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor, antacid drug. It is categorized as class II in BCS system of classification of drugs. Omeprazole inhibits the H(+)-K(-) ATPase in the proton pump of gastric parietal cells and highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Floating tablet is nowadays considered as one of the best method to enhance the retention time of tablet in stomach. To get a better dissolution rate, the retention time of Omeprazole is enhanced by the floating technique. The aim of the work is to formulate the floating tablet of Omeprazole and evaluation of tablets invitro performance. The floating tablets are prepared by using two different polymers; HPMC K15, HPMC K100. Wet granulation method was used to prepare tablet. The polymers added in different ratios. The increasing concentration of polymers is responsible for enhancement of drug content and percent yield due to increase in the swallability of polymer. Invitro drug release study was performed using United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) type II dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer at 50 rpm using 900ml of 0.1 N HCL buffer maintained at 37°C±0.5°C as the dissolution medium. The FTIR, DSC studies of Omeprazole floating tablet indicated the phase inversion of Omeprazole from crystalline to amorphous form. The F3 formulation show increased drug release as compare to pure drug in 24 hrs. It can be concluded that the floating tablet of Omeprazole prepared with mixture of HPMC K15 and HPMC K100 has greater retention time than pure drug and marketed formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niosomes or non-ionic surfactants vesicles are one of the many different carriers for transporting a drug molecule to its site of action. Niosomes are vesicular system similar to liposomes that can be used for amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and exhibit flexibility. Niosomes has been widely used for controlled release drug delivery system. Niosomes can entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Niosomes are chemically stable drug delivery systems. Niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and exhibit flexibility in structure. Niosomes have been widely used for controlled drug delivery system. They have been prepared with different ratios of surfactants and cholesterol and their properties have been determined by scanning electron microscopy. There are five batches of Levamisole niosomal preparations were prepared by changing the surfactant concentration but keeping the cholesterol concentration constant. The surfactant used Span40 and the five batches of niosomal preparations in the ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 1:4:1 and 1:5:1 (Surfactant: cholesterol: drug). Furthermore, the release profiles, entrapment efficiency, size distribution and stability of these niosomes under various temperatures were studied. Niosomes were prepared using Span40 by using sonication method. The test changes in the characteristics of the liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulate and evaluate Niosome drug delivery system for Clindamycin phosphate to increase its effectiveness by increasing penetration through skin and reducing its side effects Sorbitan esters which are Non-ionic surfactants was the key ingredient which forms vesicles upon hydration with aqueous media. Cholesterol was used to make vesicle stable and rigid. Different formulations were preparing by using different sorbitan ester and changing the ratio of surfactant and Cholesterol. Clindamycin Phosphate is an antibiotic widely used for the treatment of acne. The pseudomonas colitis occurs with oral dosage form while in topical dosage forms it has side effects like irritation, skin rash, itching etc. its topical bioavailability is also less. An attempt has been made to overcome these limitations for the preparation to prepare niosomes of clindamycin phosphate as well as for the enhanced delivery through skin by the variation in cholesterol level. Niosome were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method using span 60 as polymer. The compatibility of drug and polymer is analyzed by using FTIR and DSC method. There was no interaction detected by FTIR, DSC study. Further the prepared niosomes wer e evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Amongst all the formulation batch 3 shows the best release when compared to other batch. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) revealed that niosomes were spherical and porous. Finally it was concluded that clindamycin phosphate have been found suitable for controlled release formulation due to its bioavailability and biodegradability and thus lead to improved patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to formulate and characterized the transdermal patch of Candesartan celexitil. The objective is study was to increase the bioavailability of drug. In the present study, transdermal patch of Candesartan celexitil were prepared by solvent casting technique employing HPMC cps 50 polymer and glycerin as plasticizer using mercury as substrate. Total thirteen formulation (F1-F13) were prepared having drug and polymer ratio (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). From the selected batch F2 containing drug polymer ratio (1:4), four formulations each were prepared and evaluated containg drug urea (1-4%) and oleic acid (1-4%) as permeation enhancer. The prepared transdermal patches were evaluated on the basis of different parameters like weigh, thickness, folding endurance, percent moisture absorption, percent moisture loss, drug content uniformity, in vitro skin permeation study. The fabricated final transdermal patches were further subjected to in vitro permeation study. In order to confirm the exact mechanism of drug release from all the patches, the data were computed and graphed according to Korsmeyer equation. Diffusion exponent of release process controlled by Super case Ⅱ transport Non-Fickian diffusion, n values of Korsmeyer-Peppas model shows a combination of diffusion and dissolution mechanism indicating the drug release from the formulation was controlled by more than one process. It was concluded that the prepared formulation F13 (4% w/v of oleic acid) showed highest cumulative percent drug release and increase the bioavailability of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to prepare and evaluate Itraconazole loaded microsponges using Eudragit for the controlled release of the drug and study the effect of stirring rate on the formation of microsponges. Microsponges containing Itraconazole were prepared by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method at different stirring rate i.e. 500, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500rpm. Particle size of prepared microsponge was observed in the range of 78.43 to 23.18 µm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. The production yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug content were found to be 80.88%, 84.53% and 82.89%. The formulation with higher drug to polymer ratio 1:10 (i.e. F5) was chosen to investigate the effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponges. As the speed was increased, the particle size of microsponges was reduced and uniform spherical microsponges were formed. As drug polymer ratio increased, Production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency was found to be increased while drug: polymer ratio has reverse effect on particle size, as drug: polymer ratio increase, particle size decreases. The cumulative percentage drug release upto 8hrs for F5 was 89.54% and the mechanism of drug release from the formulations during the dissolution was determined using the zero order, first order, higuchi equation and Peppas equation. All formulations were best fitted to Zero order and peppas plot. The best formulation F5 follows Zero order release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study an attempt was made to formulate sustained release matrix tablets of Metformin Hydrochloride as it possesses relatively shorter plasma half-life, low bioavailability. The sustained release formulations of the drug were capable of maintaining the plasma level for 8-12 hours. The overall objective of this research was to formulate the tablet by using various hydrophilic polymers i.e. Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Aloe barbadensis and Methocel K4M. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. In Vitro studies were performed by USP XX apparatus I, basket and the data was analyzed using zero order, first order, and Korsmeyer and Higuchi models. Nine formulations were made, out of which F-9 formulation which was composed of Aloe Barbadensis in the ratio of 1:2, with combination of other polymers (xanthan gum, guar gum and methocel K4 M) showed maximum drug release within 12 hours with sustained release profile because Aloe barbadensis showed maximum swelling followed by entanglement of polymers chains, thus gave maximum gel strength which provides main retarding factor for the drug release. The use of three polymers (xanthan gum, guar gum and methocel K4M) alone in the different formulations i.e. from F-1 to F-6 was not able to sustain the drug release because of their rapid solubilization in acidic pH leads to pores in the matrix, finally causes surface erosion and initial disaggregation of the matrix tablet prior to gel layer formation around tablet core causes rapid release of the drug within 1 hour as compared to F-9 formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate the fluconazole microsponge by using Eudragit L 100. Microsponge was made because they provide controlled as well as target specific release of the drug. Thus study the effect of stirring rate on the formation of microsponge. Microsponge containing Fluconazole were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method at different stirring rate i.e 500, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm. Particle size of prepared microsponge was observed in the range of 76.2 to 32.5µm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. The production yield, entrapment efficiency and drug content were found to be 78.24%, 82.76%, 81.36%. The impact of Drug: Polymer ratio and process variables i.e stirring speed and stirring time on the physical features of microsponges like production yield, mean particle size, entrapment efficiency were examined. It was shown that production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency was found to be increase with increase in drug polymer ratio while drug: polymer ratio has reverse effect on particle size, as drug: polymer ratio increase, particle size decrease. As the polymer concentration increased, more amount of polymer surrounding the drug, thus increasing the thickness of the wall of the polymer matrix which lead to extended diffusion path and ultimately to lesser drug release or more sustained release. The effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponge. The formulation with higher drug to polymer ratio 1:8 (i.e F4) was chosen to investigate the effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponges. The dispersion of the drug and polymer within the aqueous phase was found to be dependent on the agitation speed. As the speed was increased the size of microsponges was reduced and the microsponges were found to be spherical and uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metoprolol succinate is a β1 selective antagonist used as an Anti-hypertensive, Anti arrhythmic, Anti Angina. The aim of present investigation was to develop matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using different polymers. Metoprolol succinate matrix tablet was prepared by use of xanthan gum and carbopol-934 as a polymer initially by direct compression methods. Physicochemical compatibility of the drug with polymer was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and DSC. Metoprolol succinate matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method using different polymers. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The result of matrix tablets formulation (A-4) showed drug release 94.12% in 720 min. Therefore it was concluded that formulation (A-4) containing carbopol-934 and xanthan gum in the ratio of 80:20 showing promising result for sustained release of Metoprolol succinate, further for improvement of release profile in situ interpolymeric complexes of both carbopol and xanthan gum were tried. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The results of IPC formulation B-11 showed drug release 96.29% in 720 min. It was concluded that tablets were prepared by using in-situ inter polymer complex formed with 70:30 ratio of Carbopol and Xanthan gum solution as binder. Formulation B-11 showed promising result because of its resistance in pH 1.2 HCL buffer for more than 2 hrs showed the maximum sustained release as compared to simple matrix tablet because of more acid resistance of the complex. Thus, sustained release matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using biocompatible polymers were successfully formulated, evaluated and found to be suitable candidates in extending the release of the drug from the matrix tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]