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Textural and compositional variations in titanite constrain the roles of magma mixing and hydrothermal alteration in two plutons in central Utah: the Jurassic Notch Peak and the Oligocene Little Cottonwood stocks. In the Notch Peak intrusion, magmatic titanite grains usually have oscillatory zones combined with BSE-bright sector zones, in some cases surrounding simple unzoned cores. These grains are frequently overprinted by hydrothermal titanite with low concentrations of high field strength elements (HFSE). Magmatic titanite has an average δ18O of 6.0‰ and post-magmatic titanite is 6.2‰, as analyzed by SIMS. Average Zr-in-titanite temperatures are also similar, with 718 °C for magmatic and 711 °C for hydrothermal titanite. These observations indicate simple magmatic growth, followed by hydrothermal alteration by magmatic fluids. Titanite in aplite dikes and sills has lower concentrations of all trace elements except F. Many titanite grains in the aplites have late overgrowths of high-Fe titanite. This high-Fe titanite has δ18O of 6‰ and an average Zr-in-titanite temperature of 718 °C and likely precipitated from a last flush of exsolved magmatic water enriched in Cl and Fe. Titanite in the Little Cottonwood stock typically has distinct patchy cores with rounded and embayed ilmenite inclusions. Mafic enclaves have abundant titanite that is similar in texture and δ18O (5.1‰) to titanite in the host (δ18O = 4.9‰), but it has a slightly higher average Zr-in-titanite temperature (731 vs. 717 °C). The patchy cores in the enclaves have the highest average Zr-in-titanite temperature (759 °C) and distinctive REE patterns. The textural and compositional data indicate that a hotter, more reduced, ilmenite-bearing mafic magma mixed into an oxidized felsic magma, destabilizing existing ilmenite and allowing crystallization of titanite. In the granodiorite and in the enclaves, hydrothermal growth of titanite is evidenced by distinct narrow rims as well as anhedral titanite that grew between sheets of chloritized biotite. Secondary hydrothermal titanite typically has lower concentrations of most HFSE, but is relatively enriched in F, Mg, Mo, and U, and it has higher Nb/Ta and lower Th/U ratios. Post-magmatic titanite also has strikingly different REE patterns than magmatic titanite, including the absence of pronounced Eu anomalies and lower REE abundances. These chemical features are controlled by element solubilities in aqueous fluids. In most cases, hydrothermal titanite has δ18O values similar to magmatic titanite, indicating alteration and recrystallization from exsolved magmatic fluids. The involvement of meteoric water with low δ18O is evident locally; individual spots have δ18O as low as 1.7‰ in the Little Cottonwood stock. Titanite compositions and textures provide important insights into the origins of granitic rocks and can be used to distinguish separate batches of magma, gauge the evolution of magmatic rocks, assess mixing processes, and infer compositions of mixing components. Because titanite also forms hydrothermally, it retains hints about the composition, temperature, and oxygen fugacity of the hydrothermal fluids and reveals details about titanite-forming reactions. However, the Al-in-titanite geobarometer does not yield realistic pressures of crystallization and the use of titanite as a geochronometer is compromised by the development of U-rich hydrothermal titanite.

Objective To describe the number of admissions of pregnant people to U.S. jails and the outcomes of pregnancies that end in custody. Methods We prospectively collected pregnancy data from six U.S. jails, including the five largest jails, on a monthly basis for 12 months. Jails reported de-identified, aggregate numbers of pregnant people admitted, births, preterm births, cesarean deliveries, miscarriages, induced abortions, ectopic pregnancies, and maternal and newborn deaths. Results There were 1,622 admissions of pregnant people in 12 months in the selected jails. The highest 1-day count of pregnant people at a single jail was 65. The majority of these admissions involved the release of a pregnant person. Of the 224 pregnancies that ended in jail, 144 (64%) were live births, 41 (18%) were miscarriages, 33 (15%) were induced abortions, and four were ectopic (1.8%). One third of the births were cesarean deliveries and 8% were preterm. There were two stillbirths, one newborn death, and no maternal deaths. Conclusion About 3% of admissions of females to U.S. jails are of pregnant people; extrapolating study results to national female jail admission rates suggests nearly 55,000 pregnancy admissions in 1 year. It is feasible to track pregnancy statistics about this overlooked group.

An electron beam propagating through a low-pressure gas creates a breakdown plasma which affects the transport of the beam. Such a system is relevant to many applications which include plasma processing, naturally occurring ionospheric events, and electromagnetic pulse events. This system is being studied by NRL using a 1-D rigid-beam approximation model within the NRL turboPy framework. 1 This paper expands upon this work to consider the effects of electron-ion collisions in this system on the electric field and conductivity of the gas. These effects are captured through the total momentum transfer frequency term that is present in the expressions for the plasma electron energy and the induced electric field. Previously, the total momentum transfer frequency included contributions from elastic collisions, ionizing collisions, and inelastic collisions between electrons and gas molecules while the electron-ion collision contribution was assumed to be negligible. A parameterized study over a range of beam current densities and ambient gas pressures will be conducted in order to assess the region of validity for this approximation. Finally, the use of turboPy to systematically vary the plasma chemistry reaction network and run automatic parameter sweeps will be discussed in the context of planned uncertainty quantification studies.

Radioactivity induced in material irradiated by accelerated deuterons has been investigated in experiments conducted using a unique configuration of dense plasma focus (DPF) driven by the Hawk pulsed-power generator at the Naval Research Laboratory. The high inductance (607 nH) and associated high voltage (640 kV) and fast rise time (1.2 µs) of Hawk are unusual for a DPF driver, as is the initialization of the DPF using local mass injection rather than a conventional neutral gas fill. The local mass injection involves injecting transient neutral gas and plasma into a vacuum chamber at prescribed locations just prior to application of the main current pulse that drives the DPF. Evidence of ions accelerated to energies over an order of magnitude higher than the applied generator voltage has been observed in ion multi-pinhole images obtained with absorbers of varying thickness and in neutron time-of-flight detector signals. In this work an aluminum plate was positioned for irradiation by accelerated deuterons escaping the plasma during the DPF pulse. Following irradiation, a NaI(Tl) detector was used to record the energy spectrum and decay rate of the radioactivity induced in the plate. At the same time, an x-ray/γ-ray sensitive image plate placed in contact with the irradiated plate was used to record the spatial distribution of that radioactivity. The measurements showed γ-ray spectra and half-lives consistent with induced 27 Al(d,p) 28 Al and 12 C(d,n) 13 N reactions in the aluminum and from carbon impurities in the chamber. The induced radioactivity was concentrated at the center of the plate, which was located on the axis of the machine during irradiation.

A pinched-beam diode consists of a thin annular cathode which emits electrons that are accelerated toward a planar anode. Once the energy deposited by the electrons on the anode is sufficiently large, a plasma forms on the anode and the electrons are strongly pinched toward the axis of the diode. An intense ion beam with a current of 100’s kA is also produced. Previous simulations of the pinched-beam diode focused on the electron dynamics. [1] In this paper, we focus on the properties of the ion beam formed in the diode. Specifically, we focus on the electric and magnetic field distributions in the diode and how these charge distributions influence the uniformity of the ion beam. There are a number of factors that can affect the overall quality of the ion beam in a pinched beam diode including spotty emission from the anode and the distribution of ion and electron charge in the diode gap. In this paper, we will present results from simulations that neglect spotty emission and focus on the role that the electron and ion charge distribution in the diode play on the overall ion beam quality. The simulations show the formation of “hot spots” in the electron flow that attract the ion flow. This causes non-uniformity in the ion flow as it passes through the electron flow. As the ion beam exits the diode region it picks up electrons either from the electron flow in the diode itself or from field emitted electrons that come from conducting surfaces located behind the cathode tips. The geometry behind the cathode tips influences how much of the neutralizing electron flow is pulled from the high-energy diode flow and how much comes from the wall emission behind the tips. Simulations results will be presented to address the effect that this geometry has on the electron hot spots and ion beam uniformity.

Objectives. To collect national data on pregnancy frequencies and outcomes among women in US state and federal prisons. Methods. From 2016 to 2017, we prospectively collected 12 months of pregnancy statistics from a geographically diverse sample of 22 state prison systems and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Prisons reported numbers of pregnant women, births, miscarriages, abortions, and other outcomes. Results. Overall, 1396 pregnant women were admitted to prisons; 3.8% of newly admitted women and 0.6% of all women were pregnant in December 2016. There were 753 live births (92% of outcomes), 46 miscarriages (6%), 11 abortions (1%), 4 stillbirths (0.5%), 3 newborn deaths, and no maternal deaths. Six percent of live births were preterm and 30% were cesarean deliveries. Distributions of outcomes varied by state. Conclusions. Our study showed that the majority of prison pregnancies ended in live births or miscarriages. Our findings can enable policymakers, researchers, and public health practitioners to optimize health outcomes for incarcerated pregnant women and their newborns, whose health has broad sociopolitical implications.

A model of an electron-beam-plasma system is introduced to model the electrical breakdown physics of low-pressure nitrogen irradiated by an intense pulsed electron beam. The rapidly rising beam current induces an electric field which drives a return current in the plasma. The rigid-beam model is a reduction of the problem geometry to cylindrical coordinates and simplifications to Maxwell's equations that are driven by a prescribed electron beam current density. The model is convenient for comparing various reductions of the plasma dynamics and plasma chemistry while maintaining a good approximation to the overall magnitude of the beam-created electric field. The usefulness of this model is demonstrated by coupling the rigid-beam model to a fluid plasma model and a simplified nitrogen plasma chemistry. The dynamics of this coupled system are computed for a range of background gas pressures, and the results are compared with experimental measurements. At pressures 1 Torr and above, the simulated line-integrated electron densities are within a factor of two of measurements, and show the same trend with pressure as observed in experiment., Accepted for publication in Physics of Plasmas

Objective To understand abortion incidence among incarcerated people and the relation to prison and jail pregnancy policies. Methods We collected abortion numbers and policy data from convenience sample of 22 state prison systems, all Federal Bureau of Prisons sites, and six county jails that voluntarily reported monthly, aggregate pregnancy outcomes for 12 months in 2016-2017. Sites also completed a baseline survey of institution characteristics and pregnancy policies, including abortion. We reported facility policies and abortion incidence according to state-level abortion characteristics. Results Only half of state prisons in the study allowed abortion in both the first and second trimesters, and 14% did not allow abortion at all. Of the 19 state prisons permitting abortion, two thirds required the incarcerated woman to pay. Four jails of the six study jails (67%) allowed abortions in the first and second trimesters, and 25% of those required the incarcerated woman to pay for the procedure. The three prisons and two jails that did not allow abortions were in states considered hostile to abortion access. In the state and federal prisons studied, 11 of the 816 pregnancies (1.3%) that ended during the study time period were abortions. Of the 224 pregnancies that ended at study jails, 33 were abortions (15%), with more than half of those (55%) occurring in the first trimester. The abortion ratio (proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion) was 1.4% for prisons and 18% for jails. Conclusion Although some incarcerated individuals have abortions, many prisons and jails have restrictive policies surrounding abortion, either through self-payment requirements or explicit prohibition. Findings from this study should prompt further inquiry into abortion incidence in these settings and address interventions to ensure incarcerated people, in accordance with legal requirements and health equity, have access to abortion.

Introduction Patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) following head injury are frequently evaluated with an initial computed tomography scan (CT) of the brain. Imaging is particularly important in patients who are receiving medications that alter normal blood hemostasis. As an imaging modality, CT has a high negative predictive value when used to rule out clinically significant acute intracranial hemorrhage. Patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy have both an increased risk of initial hemorrhage, as well as an increased risk of mortality above nonanticoagulated patients, should they suffer hemorrhage. Multiple studies of delayed intracranial hemorrhage have placed the risk among the patients taking warfarin at the time of head injury in the range of 0.6-6.0%. However, data regarding the risk of delayed intracranial hemorrhage in patients taking the class of agents referred to as Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) remains limited. This study aims to estimate this risk. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients on DOACs who presented to our Level I trauma center following blunt head injury between January 2017 and August 2018. Patients with a negative initial head CT were selected. From this subset, data regarding demographics, injury characteristics, anticoagulant use, and antiplatelet use were collected. Results Overall, 314 patients were included; 129 patients taking rivaroxaban, 182 patients taking apixaban, and four patients taking dabigatran. In approximately 29% of the patients, the sole indication for admission was close monitoring following head injury while taking an anticoagulant agent. The mechanism of injury for the majority of the patients was fall. Of the 314 patients, three were found to have delayed intracranial hemorrhage on the repeated head CT (0.95%). Two of these three patients were on concomitant antiplatelet medication. None of the three individuals required neurosurgical intervention. Conclusions at the time of submission, this is the largest study estimating the risk of delayed intracranial hemorrhage among patients on DOACs. Based on the results of this study, patients who sustain a blunt head injury while taking only DOACs; that is, without concurrent antiplatelet medication, admission, and repeat head CT may not be necessary after confirming a negative initial CT scan.

Particle-in-cell simulations of a 1.6 MV, 800 kA, and 50 ns pinched-beam diode have been completed with emphasis placed on the quality of the ion beams produced. Simulations show the formation of multiple regions in the electron beam flow characterized by locally high charge and current density (“hot spots”). As ions flow through the electron-space-charge cloud, these hot spots electrostatically attract ions to produce a non-uniform ion current distribution. The length of the cavity extending beyond the anode-to-cathode gap (i.e., behind the cathode tip) influences both the number and amplitude of hot spots. A longer cavity length increases the number of hot spots yet significantly reduces the amplitude producing a smoother, more uniform ion beam than for shorter cavities. The net current and the ion bending angles are also significantly smaller with long cavities.

Naval Research Laboratory is starting to study the connection between plasma instabilities and fast ion acceleration for neutron production on a dense plasma focus (DPF). The experiments will be performed on the HAWK generator (665 kA) that has a fast rise time, $1.2~\mu \text{s}$ , and a high inductance, 720 nH. There is a conjecture that the neutron yield on a DPF may be enhanced on a high-impedance generator, since the assembly on the axis will not significantly reduce the current drive. Furthermore, to prevent the upstream breakdown during the implosion, there are plans to inject the gas load as plasma far from the insulator stack. As an introductory study, we performed MHD simulations using the Athena code. Athena is a Eulerian 3-D, unsplit finite volume MHD code that includes shock capturing with Riemann solvers and resistive diffusion for the magnetic field components. The simulations are coupled to an equivalent circuit model for HAWK. We report the dynamics and implosion time as a function of the initial injected plasma distribution and study the implications of nonideal effects. We also calculated a stochastic particle acceleration resulting from the motional electric field.

Objective Obesity has increased dramatically in the United States in recent decades. Our objective was to explore associations of contraceptive choices of US women, aged 20–44 years, with body mass index (BMI) and relevant covariates. Study design Data are based on interviews with a national sample of 11,300 women in the 2011–2015 National Survey of Family Growth. We analyzed women ages 20–44 at risk of unintended pregnancy. The primary dependent variable was BMI category. Covariates analyzed included age, parity, race/ethnicity, marital status, self-reported health and education. Data were analyzed via cross-tabulation and logistic regression. We determined unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for three categories of contraceptive method: female sterilization, intrauterine device (IUD) and hormonal contraception. Results Obese women have higher odds of female sterilization (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–2.66; BMI 35.0 kg/m2 and higher: aOR=1.56, 95% CI 1.13–2.14) compared to women with normal BMI. Odds of IUD use are significantly higher among women with BMI >35 kg/m2 (aOR=1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.25). Odds of hormonal contraceptive use are correspondingly reduced (aOR=0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.98) for women in the highest BMI category. Conclusions Contraceptive use varies by BMI category even after adjusting for usual correlates of use. Differences in contraceptive use by BMI category have implications for contraceptive counseling and provision. Implications Findings that obese women are more likely to rely on female sterilization raise questions about how weight concerns and obesity affect contraceptive decision making. Future research could explore associations between obesity and contraceptive use in adolescent women.

Clinical staff members all recognize the importance of attaining high patient satisfaction scores. Although there are many variables that contribute to patient satisfaction, implementation of a dog visitation program has been shown to have positive effects on patient satisfaction in total joint replacement patients. This innovative practice had not previously been studied in trauma patients. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine whether dog visitation to trauma inpatients increased patient satisfaction scores with the trauma physicians. A team consisting of a dog and handler visited 150 inpatients on the trauma service. Patient satisfaction was measured using a preexisting internal tool for patients who had received dog visitation and compared with other trauma patients who had not received a visit. This study demonstrated that patient satisfaction on four of the five measured scores was more positive for the patients who had received a dog visit.

An experimental campaign was recently completed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory’s Mercury pulsed-power facility, where the feasibility of using a 5 MV inductive voltage adder (IVA) as a pulsed photoneutron source was studied. In these experiments, a large-area bremsstrahlung diode was fielded on the Mercury accelerator, producing an intense, pulsed x-ray beam, which generated photoneutrons when striking an appropriate target. This paper reports on simulations that were performed to study the production of the electron beam in the diode, and the generation and transport of the x-ray beam. Comparison is made between the numerically predicted beam properties and results obtained during the experimental campaign. Various models of electron and ion emission from the electrodes in the generator were simulated, and the effect of model parameter choices on the dose predictions is described.

Statistical methods for genomewide association studies (GWAS) continue to improve. However, the increasing volume and variety of genetic and genomic data make computational speed and ease of data manipulation mandatory in future software. In our view, a collaborative effort of statistical geneticists is required to develop open source software targeted to genetic epidemiology. Our attempt to meet this need is called the OPENMENDELproject (https://openmendel.github.io). It aims to (1) enable interactive and reproducible analyses with informative intermediate results, (2) scale to big data analytics, (3) embrace parallel and distributed computing, (4) adapt to rapid hardware evolution, (5) allow cloud computing, (6) allow integration of varied genetic data types, and (7) foster easy communication between clinicians, geneticists, statisticians, and computer scientists. This article reviews and makes recommendations to the genetic epidemiology community in the context of the OPENMENDEL project., 16 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables

Objectives We compared fertility desires and intentions among women with disabilities and women without disabilities in the United States, using a new evidence-based measure of disability. Methods We analyzed data from a sample of 5601 US women 15-44 years of age in the 2011-2013 National Survey of Family Growth. The data were analyzed via cross-tabulation and logistic regression. We classified women into those with a disability and those without a disability. Results Women with disabilities were about as likely to want a baby (61%) as women without disabilities (60%). But only 43% of women with disabilities intended to have a baby in the future, compared with 50% of women without disabilities. Thus, the difference between the percent who want a baby and the percent who intend to have one was larger for disabled women. Women with disabilities were also less certain of their fertility intentions. Multivariate analysis shows that having a disability lowers the odds of intending another birth, after controlling for several other determinants of fertility intentions. Conclusions for Practice All women, regardless of disability status, desired more children than they actually planned to have, but the gap was larger for most groups of women with disabilities than for non-disabled women. Given the sample sizes available in this analysis, future research should use more detailed classifications of disability, however, we have shown that women living with disabilities constitute large populations with unexplored family planning needs.

Recent experiments on the Mercury pulsed power accelerator were performed with a large-area bremsstrahlung diode operated at 5 MV. Extensive measurements of the x-ray dose distribution were made using TLDs, both in the near field and far field of the x-ray beam. In order to understand the operation of the diode and the properties of the x-ray beam, numerical simulations of the diode and beam were performed. Particle-in-cell simulations of the diode were driven using the measured currents from the experiment in order to simulate the electron beam produced by the accelerator. These beam electrons were then used as a source in Monte Carlo simulations of the bremsstrahlung converter to compute the generated x-ray beam. The photons from this simulation were then transported to the near- and far-field TLD locations and doses were computed. The dose predictions were compared to measurements, showing reasonably good agreement.

Objective This paper seeks to determine factors associated with nonuse of contraception by women at risk of unintended pregnancy in the United States. This nonuse may be associated with about 900,000 unintended births in the US each year. Study Design The 2002 and 2006–2010 National Surveys of Family Growth were combined to yield a nationally representative sample of 9,445 women at risk of unintended pregnancy. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with nonuse of contraception. Results This analysis reveals previously undocumented patterns of nonuse: controlling for confounding variables, cohabiting women [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.45–3.52] had higher odds of nonuse than married women; women who reported a difficulty getting pregnant (AOR=2.5, 95% CI=2.01–3.01) had higher odds of nonuse than those who did not. Nonuse was also more common among women with a master's degree or more (AOR=1.5, 95% CI=1.11–2.08) compared with those with some college or bachelor's degree, and it was more common among women in their first year after first intercourse than after the first year (AOR 1.6, 95% CI=1.12–2.22). Among women who had a recent unintended birth, the most common reason for not using contraception prior to conception was that she did not think she could get pregnant. Conclusions This study establishes national estimates of reasons for nonuse of contraception and identifies some new subgroups at risk of nonuse. Implications These results may help better understand factors affecting nonuse of contraception and develop strategies for preventing unintended pregnancy in the United States.

The tandem palladium(0)-mediated nucleometalation-cross coupling of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with aryl iodides has been shown to provide the expected 3,5-disubstituted 2-isoxazolines in acceptable yields (11–78%). The addition of a weak base is required for product formation. Some influence on the yield of the reaction is noted in the electronic character of the aryl iodide used in the reaction. Exploration of the substitution patterns on the reactants has led to a proposed mechanism involving a palladium(II)-catalyzed nucleometalation/cyclization followed by reductive elimination of palladium(0) with concomitant coupling to an arene.

Plasma density gradients are known to drive magnetic shocks in electron-magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD). Previous slab modeling has been extended to cylindrical modeling of radially imploding shocks. The main new effect of the cylindrical geometry is found to be a radial dependence in the speed of shock propagation. This is shown here analytically and in numerical simulations. Ion acceleration by the magnetic shock is shown to possibly become substantial, especially in the peaked structures that develop in the shock because of electron inertia., Comment: Accepted for publication in Physics of Plasmas

Objective The objective was to determine population-based estimates of use of contraception among women 15–44 years of age in the United States by disability status. Study design We examined the relationship between disability status and use of contraception among 7505 women at risk of unintended pregnancy using data from the 2011–2015 National Survey of Family Growth. Results After examining the full distribution of contraceptive method use by disability status, we found that disability status was significantly associated with differences in three categories of use: female sterilization, the oral contraceptive pill and nonuse of contraception. Multivariate analysis shows that use of female sterilization was higher among women with cognitive disabilities (aOR=1.54, 95% CI=1.12–2.12) and physical disabilities (aOR=1.59, CI=1.08–2.35) than for those without disabilities after controlling for age, parity, race, insurance coverage and experience of unintended births. Use of the pill was less common among women with physical disabilities than for those without disabilities (aOR=0.57, CI=0.40–0.82). Finally, not using a method was more common among women with cognitive disabilities (aOR=1.90, CI=1.36–2.66). Conclusions Self-reported cognitive disabilities (“serious difficulty concentrating, remembering or making decisions”), as well as physical disabilities, are significant predictors of contraceptive choices after controlling for several known predictors of use. Implications The patterns found here suggest that screening for self-reported cognitive and physical disabilities may allow health care providers to tailor counseling and sex education to help women with disabilities prevent unintended pregnancy and reach their family size goals.

NRL is embarking on a program to study the connection between plasma instabilities and fast ion acceleration for neutron production on a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF). The experiments will be performed on the HAWK generator (665 kA, 1.5 micro-sec), which has a high inductance (619 nH). There is a conjecture that the neutron yield on a DPF may be enhanced on a high impedance generator since the assembly on axis will not significantly reduce the current drive. Furthermore, to prevent upstream breakdown during the implosion there are plans to inject the gas load as a plasma far from the insulator stack. As a propaedeutic study, we performed MHD simulations using the Athena code. Athena is an Eulerian 3D, unsplit finite volume MHD code that includes shock capturing with Riemann solvers and resistive diffusion for the magnetic field components. The simulations are coupled to an equivalent circuit model for HAWK. This initial report will examine the dynamics and implosion time as a function of the initial injected plasma distribution and study the implications of non-ideal effects.

Pressure (or equivalently, energy density) measurements are crucial for determining, or testing models of, the equation of state (EOS) in warm, dense plasma. The plasma-filled rod pinch diode (PFRP) 1 on the Gamble II generator creates tungsten plasma with parameters in the warm, dense regime: $\mathrm {T}\sim 30$ eV, $r \sim 0.7\mathrm {g} /$cm 3, $\mathrm {Z}\sim 18$ and $\mathrm {P}\sim 16$ Mb. 2 The plasma is created by an intense $\sim $ MeV electron beam that forms at the tip of a 1-mm diameter tungsten rod tapered over 15 mm to a sharp point. The beam develops after an injected plasma conducts the generator current like a short circuit for 50 ns while the current increases to 600 kA, then the PFRP impedance increases and an $\sim $ MeV, 500 kA electron beam rapidly deposits energy at the end of the tapered rod. The energetic electrons that heat the tungsten-rod plasma also produce hard x-ray emission. The time-dependent axial and radial shapes of the x-ray distribution are diagnosed using an array of PIN diodes behind rolled edges. The x-ray distributions are assumed to match the mass distribution, an assumption to be tested using Monte-Carlo calculations. Using this assumption, the axial and radial x-ray distributions are converted to mass distributions, since the dimensions of the solid rod tip are known. The evolution of the mass distributions is determined by the internal pressure (and to a lesser extent by the external magnetic pressure). The radial distributions can be represented by Gaussian functions, and a self-similar equation of motion determines the pressure. The pressure calculated this way is many times greater than the kinetic pressure $(1 +\mathrm {Z})$ nkT. This could be the result of ionion repulsion in this unconventional plasma, in which the number of electrons in a Debye sphere is of order unity. Independent measurements of ionization (Z) and temperature imply the coulomb coupling factor is also much greater than one, supporting the importance of ion-ion coupling causing high internal pressure.

Gastrointestinal parasites cause substantial economic losses in pasture-based sheep production systems. Supranutritional organic selenium (Se) supplementation may be beneficial because it improves immune responses to pathogens. To evaluate the effect of Se-yeast supplementation on gastrointestinal parasite load, 30 ewes per treatment group were drenched weekly with no Se, 4.9 mg Se/week as Se yeast (maximum FDA-allowed concentration), or supranutritional concentrations of Se yeast (14.7 and 24.5 mg Se/week) starting early fall for 85 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 63, 66, 78, and 84 and counted for total trichostrongyle-type eggs and Haemonchus contortus eggs (in samples with ≥200 trichostrongyle eggs/g feces). During breeding season (fall), ewes were kept on pasture; ewes receiving 24.5 mg Se/week had lower fecal trichostrongyle egg counts (93 ± 40 eggs/g feces) compared with ewes receiving no Se (537 ± 257 eggs/g feces; P = 0.007) or ewes receiving 4.9 mg Se/week as Se yeast (398 ± 208 eggs/g feces; P = 0.03). In winter, fecal trichostrongyle egg counts decreased, and group differences were not apparent. During lambing season (spring), ewes were kept in the barn and fecal trichostrongyle egg counts increased, although no group differences were observed. However, none of the ewes receiving supranutritional Se yeast, and with trichostrongyle egg counts ≥200 eggs/g of feces, but four of the ewes receiving lower Se dosages had H. contortus egg counts ≥1,000 eggs/g feces (P = 0.04). Our results suggest that supranutritional Se-yeast supplementation may enhance resistance to naturally occurring H. contortus gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep.

Stress from transport may be linked to increased generation of reactive oxygen species, the removal of which requires reduced glutathione and selenium. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of transport on glutathione and Se status of feeder lambs. Recently weaned lambs (n = 40) were blocked by gender and BW on d 0 of the experiment and randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: group 1, no transport and full access to feed and water (control), and group 2, 8-h road transport followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation (transport). After 24 h, both treatment groups were treated the same. All lambs were weighed, and blood samples were collected at 0, 8, 24, and 72 h and analyzed for whole-blood (WB) and serum Se concentrations, serum NEFA concentrations, and erythrocyte concentrations of glutathione. Transport of feeder lambs for 8 h followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation transiently (significant at 24 h but no longer different at 72 h) decreased BW and erythrocyte glutathione concentrations and increased serum NEFA and blood Se concentrations compared with control lambs. Our results suggest that 8 h of transport followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation results in fatty acid and Se mobilization from tissue stores with a coincident decrease in erythrocyte glutathione concentrations.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for ruminant animals affecting both performance and immune functions. Adding 3 mg of Se/L (in the form of Na selenite) to colostrum has been shown to improve IgG absorption in Se-deficient newborn dairy calves. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral Se supplementation on IgG status of Se-replete dairy calves. The study design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. During the last 8 wk before calving, dairy cows at a commercial dairy were fed either 0 (control cows) or 105 mg of Se-yeast once weekly (supranutritional Se-yeast-supplemented cows), in addition to Na selenite at 0.3 mg of Se/kg of DM in their ration. After birth, calves were fed pooled colostrum from control or supranutritional Se-yeast-supplemented cows to which 0 or 3 mg of Se/L (in the form of Na selenite) was added. Concentrations of whole-blood (WB) Se and serum Se measured at birth and at 48 h and 14 d of age, and serum IgG concentrations measured at 48 h and 14 and 60 d of age were determined. Calves born to Se-yeast-supplemented cows had higher WB-Se and serum-Se concentrations for the first 2 wk, and higher IgG absorption efficiency (62% at 48 h), resulting in higher serum-IgG concentrations (43% at 48 h and 65% at 14 d) and higher total serum-IgG content (50% at 48 h and 75% at 14 d), compared with calves born to control cows. Calves that received colostrum with added Na selenite had higher WB-Se concentrations for the first 2 wk, but only at 14 d of age were serum-Se concentrations, serum-IgG concentrations (53% higher), and total serum-IgG content (56% higher) higher, compared with calves that were fed colostrum without added Na selenite. Calves born to Se-yeast-supplemented cows that received colostrum from Se-yeast cows without added Na selenite had a higher IgG absorption efficiency compared with all other treatment groups. Our results support that feeding cows supranutritional Se-yeast supplement during the dry period or spiking colostrum with Na selenite both improve IgG status of Se-replete calves.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has projected a 36% job growth rate for physical therapists between the years of 2012 and 2022; an increase that equates to 77,400 new positions.1 The BLS predicts the growth to be associated with a number of factors, most notably an increase in the elderly population, a higher percentage of disabled individuals kept alive medically, new treatments that expand the physical therapist's scope of practice,1 and expansion of health insurance for Americans under the Affordable Care Act.2 Expansion of physical therapist utilization in markets, commensurate with the increase in scope of practice has led to a doubling of employed PTs from 2.7 per 10,000 individuals in the 1990s, to nearly 6.2 per 10,000 individuals in 2005, a 131% increase.3 Recent work supporting the BLS statistics suggests that shortages of licensed PTs will continue into the year 2030,2,3 particularly in southern and western states, and in underserved rural areas where vacancies are nearly double those of urban centers.4 In addition, staff turnover rates in various practice settings have led to increased vacancies, particularly those in skilled nursing facilities, acute care hospitals, and outpatient facilities, with annual turnover rates above 10%.2Academia'sResponse to Workforce DemandIt is probable that the recent predictions toward increased needs for a larger PT workforce have been the impetus for: (1) growth in development of PT education programs, (2) the increase in total PT education program applicants, and (3) expansion of program enrollments. Unlike several other countries, where numbers of health professional students are determined a priori by health authorities,5 each academic institution in the United States determines its program and enrollment capacity. Since 2002 there has been a 15% increase in the number of PT education programs, and a 48% increase in physical therapist assistant (PTA) education programs.6 At the end of 2013, there were 221 accredited PT education programs, 27 developing PT education programs, and 373 accredited or developing PTA education programs.6,7 Given current trends, these numbers are likely to increase in the next decade.At present, the number of interested stuChristine dents far outweighs the available positions within PT education programs.8 Data indicate that between the 2003 and 2011 academic years, the numbers of qualified applicants to PT education programs grew on average by 226%.8 Enrollment in PT education programs has grown by 61.5% and enrollment in PTA education programs has increased by 105% between 2002 and 2013, which translates to 25,971 entry-level DPT students and 11,650 PTA students currently enrolled in United States-based programs.8 In total, there were almost 16,000 more PT and PTA students in 2013 than in 2002.8Implications for Clinical Education Capacity and EfficiencyBetween 2002 and 2013, PT education programs converted from a master's to a doctoral level of education. The transition required greater intensities of clinical education training resulting in a mean increase in clinical education weeks from 29.2 weeks to 35.9 weeks (23%).8 Presently, clinical education administration occurs at the individual program level. From 2011 to 2013, a 22.8% increase in program-clinical site affiliations was reported, meaning that individual PT education programs affiliated with more clinical education sites to meet the clinical education needs of students.8 These individual, yet overlapping, relationships oftentimes lead to inefficiencies within the system from both the PT education program and clinical education site perspectives. For example, some PT education programs lack an adequate supply of clinical sites to meet program needs in some practice settings, which necessitates seeking out more sites and clinical instructors to meet the demand. These same programs also may yield an oversupply of clinical education spots in other practice settings, and leave unused placements made available by clinical education sites eager to instruct students. …

Spectra of the W L transitions in the energy range 8e12 keV from warm dense plasmas generated by theNaval Research Laboratory’s Gamble II pulsed power machine were recorded bya newly developed high-resolution transmission-crystal X-ray spectrometer with 2 eV accuracy. The discharges have up to 2 MVvoltage, 0.5 MA current, and produce up to 2.4 MJ/cm 3 energy density. The plasma-filled rod pinch(PFRP) diode produces a plasma with N e z 10 22 cm 3 and T e z 50 eV during the time of maximum X-rayemission. By analyzing the line shapes, it was determined that the L b 2 inner-shell transition from the4d 5/2 level was shifted to higher energy by up to 23 eV relative to nearby L b transitions from n ¼ 3 levels.In addition, the L b 2 transition was significantly broader and asymmetric compared to the n ¼ 3 transi-tions. The energy shift of the L b 2 transition results from the ionization of electrons outside the 4d shellthat perturbs the transition energies in the ions to higher values. The increased line width and asym-metry result from unresolved transitions from a range of ionization states up to þ28. The ionizationdistribution was determined by comparison of the measured energy shifts and widths to calculatedtransition energies in W ions, and the ionization was correlated with Gamble discharge parameters suchas the anode type and the high voltage delay time. This work demonstrates a new hard X-ray spectro-scopic diagnostic technique for the direct measurement of the ionization distribution in warm denseplasmas of the heavy elements W through U that is independent of the other plasma parameters anddoes not require interpretation by hydrodynamic, atomic kinetics, and radiative simulation codes. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Newborn lambs depend on their dams for passive transfer of immunoglobulins, primarily IgG, for protection from harmful pathogens until their own immunological defenses have developed. Previous studies have suggested that supplementation with Se results in a modest increase in IgG concentration in serum of newborn calves and lambs. To evaluate the effect of the Se source and supplementation rate in ewes during pregnancy on passive transfer of IgG to their lambs, 210 Polypay, Suffolk, or Suffolk × Polypay cross ewes were divided into 7 treatment groups (n = 30 each) and drenched weekly with no Se, at the maximum FDA-allowed concentration with inorganic Na-selenite or organic Se-yeast (4.9 mg Se/wk), or with inorganic Na-selenite and organic Se-yeast at supranutritional concentrations (14.7 and 24.5 mg Se/wk). Ewe serum IgG concentrations were measured within 30 d of parturition, ewe colostrum and lamb serum IgG concentrations were measured at parturition before suckling, and lamb serum IgG concentrations were measured again at 48 h postnatal. Ewes receiving 24.5 mg Se/wk tended to have or had, independent of Se source, greater colostral IgG concentrations than ewes receiving 4.9 mg Se/wk overall (81.3 vs. 66.2 mg/mL; P = 0.08) and for Polypay ewes only (90.1 vs. 60.7 mg/mL; P = 0.03). Polypay ewes receiving Se-yeast at 24.5 mg Se/wk transferred a greater calculated total IgG amount to their lambs than Polypay ewes receiving Se-yeast at 4.9 mg Se/wk (15.5 vs. 11.6 g; P = 0.02), whereas the converse was true (interaction between Se source and dose concentration; P = 0.03) for Polypay ewes receiving inorganic Na-selenite at 24.5 mg Se/wk vs. Na-selenite at 4.9 mg/wk (11.6 vs. 15.7 g; P = 0.08). Our results suggest that supranutritional Se supplementation of Polypay ewes during pregnancy increases colostral IgG concentrations but that the optimal supplementation rate for IgG transfer from ewe to lamb may differ for Na-selenite and Se-yeast.

Background A substantial and increasing population of US women of childbearing age live with disability. Disability-based disparities in access to family planning services have been previously documented, but few studies have used population-based data sources or evidence-based measures of disability. Objective To determine population-based estimates of use of family planning services among women 15–44 years of age in the United States, and to examine differences by disability status. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey, the 2011–2015 National Survey of Family Growth. These analyses include 11,300 female respondents between the ages of 15 and 44 who completed in-person interviews in respondents' homes. Results Approximately 17.8% of respondents reported at least one disability in at least one domain. Women with disabilities were less likely than those without disabilities to receive services; the largest differences by disability status were seen among women with low education, low income, and those who were not working. Logistic regression analysis suggests that women with physical disabilities and those with poorer general health are less likely to receive services. Conclusions Women living with disabilities reported lower receipt of family planning services compared to women without disabilities, but the differences were small in some subgroups and larger among disadvantaged women. Physical disabilities and poor health may be among the factors underlying these patterns. Further research is needed on other factors that affect the ability of women with disabilities to obtain the services they need to prevent unintended pregnancy.

There is an interest in 10 keV to 100 keV radiation sources for some types of radiation-interaction studies. The approach presented here uses non-thermal radiation from single-wire radiators (SWRs). An SWR is a high-Z exploding wire that produces many small, bright radiation sources along its length during a fast (< 100 ns) high-current (∼ MA) discharge. In previous experiments,2 tungsten wires produced spectra with 60 J above 10 keV with an effective endpoint of about 100 keV. An array of many, non-interacting SWRs is proposed to generate a higher yield in this energy range.

Direct irradiation of materials by electron beams (e-beams) has been used to study material response.2,3 The desire to utilize high-power (∼ TW) generators to achieve higher specific energy deposition over larger areas has led to several approaches. One approach utilizes a monolithic e-beam diode with an external magnetic field (B field). The external B field allows the diode to operate in the bipolar, space-charge-limited regime without the current being magnetically limited to a lower value. The field also is used to guide the e-beam through the gas-filled region between the vacuum diode and the object to be irradiated. An alternate approach, discussed in this presentation, utilizes multiple diodes electrically in parallel, with each diode running below the critical current to obtain a high current. The e-beams are then scattered in foils and combined in the gas-transport region to achieve the desired irradiation uniformity and area. We report on experiments that have been performed on the Gamble II generator at NRL (∼ 1 MV, ∼ 800 kA, ∼ 60 ns) designed to study this second approach. Diagnostics include diode voltage and current, a net-current monitor, interferometry, spectroscopy, an axial array of Ta-strip x-ray witness plates, and a segmented calorimeter. Experiments have been performed with a single ring diode and two nested ring diodes. Where possible, the measurements are compared with results from ITS and from the recently-developed ABC model4 for the interaction of the e-beam with the gas. Results show that the beam is very nearly charge and current neutralized as it propagates ∼ 20 cm in 1-Torrr N2 gas. Beam scattering from both the anode and a Ti scattering foil in the gas results in a relatively uniform radial beam profile.

The tandem palladium(0)-mediated nucleometalation-cross coupling of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with aryl iodides has been shown to provide the expected 3,5-disubstituted 2-isoxazolines in acceptable yields (11–78%). The addition of a weak base is required for product formation. Some influence on the yield of the reaction is noted in the electronic character of the aryl iodide used in the reaction. Exploration of the substitution patterns on the reactants has led to a proposed mechanism involving a palladium(II)-catalyzed nucleometalation/cyclization followed by reductive elimination of palladium(0) with concomitant coupling to an arene.

The Gamble II generator at the Naval Research Laboratory produces ∼100 ns pulse duration, relativistic-electron beams with peak energies on the order of 1MV and peak currents of about 800 kA with annular beam areas between 40–80 cm2. This gives peak current densities ∼10 kA/cm2. For many different applications, a nitrogen gas in the 1 Torr range is used as a charge- and current-neutralizing background to achieve beam transport. For these parameter regimes, the gas transitions from a weakly-ionized molecular state to a strongly-ionized atomic state on the time scale of the beam pulse. A detailed gas-chemistry model is presented for a dynamical description of the nitrogen plasmas produced in such experiments. The model is coupled to a 0D circuit model representative of annular beams, and results for 1Torr nitrogen are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the line-integrated electron density and the net current. It is found that the species are mostly in the ground and metastable states during the atomic phase, but that ionization proceeds predominantly through thermal ionization of the higher-lying optically-allowed states with excitation energies close to the ionization limit. The model also predicts the time-dependence of line intensities from both molecular and atomic species.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient in sheep, and deficiency can limit lamb growth and survival. To evaluate how different chemical forms of Se administered to mature ewes at comparative dosages affect ewe and progeny performance, 240 ewes were divided into 8 treatment groups (n = 30 each) and drenched weekly with no Se; at the maximum FDA-allowed concentration with inorganic Na-selenite or organic Se-yeast (4.9 mg Se/wk); with inorganic Na-selenate (8.95 mg Se/wk); or with inorganic Na-selenite and organic Se-yeast at supranutritional concentrations (14.7 and 24.5 mg Se/wk, respectively). The treatment period started approximately 2 wk before breeding and lasted for 62.5 wk. Ewes of the no-Se and Se-yeast groups continued treatments for another 21 to 24 wk through a second lambing season. Chemical form or dosage of Se did not affect ewe reproductive performance based on proportion of ewes lambing in each treatment group, or number of lambs born, nursed, or weaned per ewe (all P > 0.10). Ewes receiving the highest supplementation rate of Se-yeast at 24.5 mg Se/wk had higher BCS (scale 1 to 5) at the end of yr 1 (2.95 vs. 2.66; P = 0.05) than ewes receiving Se-yeast at 4.9 mg Se/wk. Performance was better in lambs from ewes receiving Se-yeast at 24.5 mg Se/wk than in lambs from ewes receiving Se-yeast at 4.9 mg Se/wk or no Se. In yr 1, lambs from ewes receiving Se-yeast at 24.5 vs. 4.9 mg Se/wk were heavier at 120 d of age (37.0 vs. 34.2 kg; P = 0.05). In yr 2, lambs from ewes receiving Se-yeast at 24.5 mg Se/wk were or tended to be heavier at 60 d of age than lambs from ewes receiving no Se (21.2 vs. 19.0 kg; P = 0.04) or lambs from ewes receiving Se-yeast at 4.9 mg Se/wk (19.2 kg; P = 0.09). This effect was more pronounced in ewes raising multiple lambs. We conclude that supranutritional supplementation of ewes with Se-yeast at 24.5 mg Se/wk improves lamb growth and ewe health without negatively affecting reproductive performance.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) continues to be an important complication for patients with trauma, including patients with intracranial hemorrhage. We implemented a protocol starting chemical prophylaxis 24 hours after the absence of progression of hemorrhage on computed tomography (CT) to increase consistency with the use of chemical venous thromboembolic prophylaxis in this population. The objective of this study was to review the protocol of VTE prophylaxis for patients with traumatic brain injury at our institution to determine whether it has been effective and safe in preventing VTE without increasing intracranial hemorrhage.A retrospective case series was conducted to study 205 patients with intracranial hemorrhage admitted to a Level I trauma center during a 24-month period. These patients were reviewed with respect to type of intracranial injury, need for surgery, injury severity, time to initiation of chemical prophylaxis, and progression of injury on brain CT. Patients with a hospital length of stay less than 3 days or nonstable CT were excluded in the analysis of administration of chemical prophylaxis. Time to chemical prophylaxis in relation to absence of progression on brain CT was examined as well as the subsequent risk of progression of hemorrhage and risk of VTE events. The overall rate of venous thromboembolism was compared with that of matched historical controls.All patients received mechanical prophylaxis in the form of sequential compression devices. One hundred sixty-two intracranial hemorrhages were identified in 122 patients who met the study's inclusion criteria. Of this group of patients who did not have progression of hemorrhage on follow-up CT, 76.2% received chemical prophylaxis during their hospitalization.No patients had progression of intracranial hemorrhage after initiation of chemical VTE prophylaxis, and no patients developed VTE. This represents a decrease of VTE from previous years. No other complications related to chemical VTE prophylaxis were identified.A protocol based on an early use of chemical venous thromboembolic prophylaxis after the absence of progression of tramatic intracranial hemorrhage does not result in increased progression of intracranial hemorrhage and reduced the rate of venous thromboembolic events at our institution.