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The pace of growth across social media sites is something to be astounded at. The constantly evolving digital media environment is changing the mechanisms of political action and social transformation in many societies. This study entitled, Beyond the Hashtags: Constructs of Political Science Students on Social Media as a Form of Justice had its purpose to answer these two questions the constructs of Political Science students on social media as a form of justice and its effects to the perspectives of Political Science students on the concept of justice. The study implored a qualitative method using phenomenological study as its research design. It had utilized interview guide as its research instrument and a one-on-one interview for its data gathering. Also, thematic analysis was used in the study for the data analysis. The findings of this research concluded that the perceptions of the Political Science students vary and could hold alike or different explanation from one another; therefore, it is guaranteed that participants would have different standpoints, and those who hold the same could be alike but the explanations underlying them may differ. Given the diversified answers, as a result, the researchers have verified that social media cannot be a form of justice but can also be used to propagate information and awareness. It also reduces the ignorance of netizens when it comes to the occurrences of the country and around the world. People on social media could also understand the story of both sides and weigh what is right and wrong, distinguishing what is true and not. Social media is a tool in which people can convey their feelings and experiences. It’s an outlet for human behavior and public concern, but it is not enough to secure justice for those who seek it.

We report the detection of an intriguing parsec-scale radio source in the "offset AGN" candidate, KISSR 102. The elliptical host galaxy includes two optical nuclei at a projected separation of 1.54 kpc, N1 and N2, to the south-east and north-west, respectively. Phase-referenced VLBA observations at 1.5 and 4.9 GHz of this LINER galaxy, have detected double radio components (A and B) at a projected separation of 4.8 parsec at 1.5 GHz, and another partially-resolved double radio structure at 4.9 GHz coincident with the brighter radio component A. These radio detections are confined to the optical nucleus N1. The brightness temperatures of all the detected radio components are high, $\gtrsim10^8$ K, consistent with them being components of a radio AGN. The 1.5-4.9 GHz spectral index is inverted ($\alpha\sim+0.64\pm0.08$) for component A and steep for component B ($\alpha \lesssim-1.6$). The dramatic change in the spectral indices of A and B is inconsistent with it being a typical "core-jet" structure from a single AGN or the mini-lobes of a compact symmetric object. To be consistent with a "core-jet" structure, the jet in KISSR 102 would need to be undergoing strong jet-medium interaction with dense surrounding media resulting in a drastic spectral steepening of the jet. Alternatively, the results could be consistent with the presence of a parsec-scale binary radio AGN, which is the end result of a three-body interaction involving three supermassive black holes in the centre of KISSR 102., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, ApJ accepted

We analyse optical datacubes of the inner kiloparsec of 30 local ($z\le0.02$) active galactic nuclei (AGN) hosts that our research group, AGNIFS, has collected over the past decade via observations with the integral field units of the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs. Spatial resolutions range between $50~{\rm pc}$ and $300~{\rm pc}$ and spectral coverage is from $4800~\mathring{A}$ or $5600~\mathring{A}$ to $7000~\mathring{A}$, at velocity resolutions of $\approx 50~{\rm km~s^{-1}}$. We derive maps of the gas excitation and kinematics, determine the AGN ionisation axis -- which has random orientation relative to the galaxy, and the kinematic major axes of the emitting gas. We find that rotation dominates the gas kinematics in most cases, but is disturbed by the presence of inflows and outflows. Outflows have been found in 21 nuclei, usually along the ionisation axis. The gas velocity dispersion is traced by $W_{80}$ (velocity width encompassing 80 per cent of the line flux), adopted as a tracer of outflows. In 7 sources $W_{80}$ is enhanced perpendicularly to the ionisation axis, indicating lateral expansion of the outflow. We have estimated mass-outflow rates $\dot{M}$ and powers $\dot{E}$, finding median values of $\log\,[\dot{M}/({\rm\,M_\odot\,yr^{-1}})]=-2.1_{-1.0}^{+1.6}$ and $\log\,[\dot{E}/({\rm\,erg\,s^{-1}})]=38.5_{-0.9}^{+1.8}$, respectively. Both quantities show a mild correlation with the AGN luminosity ($L_{\rm AGN}$). $\dot{E}$ is of the order of 0.01 $L_{\rm AGN}$ for 4 sources, but much lower for the majority (9) of the sources, with a median value of $\log\,[\dot{E}/L_{\rm AGN}]=-5.34_{-0.9}^{+3.2}$ indicating that typical outflows in the local Universe are unlikely to significantly impact their host galaxy evolution.

In this paper we analyse the possibility of simple detection of circular radiography markers. To detect the marker, we utilised the Hough transform. Two approaches were analysed: with detecting image edges and without image edge detection where pixel gradient was used in the Hough voting process, i.e. to increase the accumulator values. Approaches were evaluated on 13 clinical radiography images. It was shown that the approach that detects image edges spatially matches the reference circles only 0.22 % less than manual annotation values, whereas the approach that uses just the gradient magnitudes spatially matches the reference circles 3.2 % less than manual annotations.

As part of a high-resolution observational study of feeding and feedback processes occurring in the vicinity of the active galactic nucleus in 40 galaxies, we observed the inner 3${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$5 × 5 arcsec of the nearby spiral and Seyfert 2 galaxy UGC 2024 with the integral field unit of the Gemini-South Telescope. The observations enabled a study of the stellar and gas kinematics in this region at a spatial resolution of 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$5 (218 pc), and a spectral resolution of 36 km s−1 over the wavelength range 4100–7300 Å. For the strongest emission-lines (H β, [$\rm{O\,{\small III}}$] λ5007 Å, H α, [$\rm{N\,{\small II}}$] λ6584 Å, and [$\rm{S\,{\small II}}$] λλ6717,6731 Å) we derived maps of the flux, radial velocity, and velocity dispersion. The flux distribution and kinematics of the [$\rm{O\,{\small III}}$] emission line are roughly symmetric around the nucleus: the radial velocity is close to systemic over the full field of view. The kinematics of the other strong emission lines trace both this systemic velocity component, and ordered rotation (with kinematic centre 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$2 north-west of the nucleus). The stellar continuum morphology and kinematics are, however, asymmetrical around the nucleus. We interpret these unusual kinematics as the superposition of a component of gas rotating in the galaxy disc plus a ‘halo’ component of highly ionized gas. This halo either traces a quasi-spherical fountain with average radial velocity 200 km s−1, in which case the total nuclear outflow mass and momentum are 2 × 105 M⊙ and 4 × 107 M⊙ km s−1, respectively, or a dispersion supported halo created by a past nuclear starburst.

We present two-dimensional ionized gas and stellar kinematics in the inner 1.4 × 1.9 kpc2 of the Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO 153-G20 obtained with the Gemini-South/Gemini multi-object spectrograph integral field unit (GMOS-IFU) at a spatial resolution of ~250 pc and spectral resolution of 36 km s−1. Strong [O iii], Hα, [N ii] and [S ii] emission lines are detected over the entire field of view. The stellar kinematics trace circular rotation with a projected velocity amplitude of ±96 km s−1, a kinematic major axis in position angle of 11°, and an average velocity dispersion of 123 km s−1. To analyse the gas kinematics, we used aperture spectra, position–velocity diagrams and single/double Gaussian fits to the emission lines. All lines show two clear kinematic components: a rotating component that follows the stellar kinematics, and a larger-dispersion component, close to the systemic velocity (from which most of the [O iii] emission comes), mainly detected to the south-west. We interpret this second component as gas outflowing at ∼400 km s−1 in a compact (300 pc) ionization cone with a half-opening angle ≤40°. The counter-cone is probably obscured behind a dust lane. We estimate a mass outflow rate of 1.1 M$\odot$ yr−1, 200 times larger than the estimated accretion rate on to the supermassive black hole, and a kinetic to radiative power ratio of 1.7 × 10−3. Bar-induced perturbations probably explain the remaining disturbances observed in the velocity field of the rotating gas component.

This is a correction to: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 495, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 1771–1787, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1174

Numerical relativity predicts that the coalescence of a black hole-binary causes the newly formed black hole to recoil, and evidence for such recoils has been found in the gravitational waves observed during the merger of stellar-mass black holes. Recoiling (super)massive black holes are expected to reside in hypercompact stellar clusters (HCSCs). Simulations of galaxy assembly predict that hundreds of HCSCs should be present in the halo of a Milky Way-type galaxy, and a fraction of those around the Milky Way should have magnitudes within the sensitivity limit of existing surveys. However, recoiling black holes and their HCSCs are still waiting to be securely identified. With the goal of enabling searches through recent and forthcoming databases, we improve over existing literature to produce realistic renditions of HCSCs bound to black holes with a mass of 10$^{5}$ M$_{\odot}$. Including the effects of a population of blue stragglers, we simulate their appearance in Pan-STARRS and in forthcoming $Euclid$ images. We also derive broad-band spectra and the corresponding multi-wavelength colours, finding that the great majority of the simulated HCSCs fall on the colour-colour loci defined by stars and galaxies, with their spectra resembling those of giant K-type stars. We discuss the clusters properties, search strategies, and possible interlopers., Comment: Accepted for publication on MNRAS, 17 pages, 7 figures

We present two-dimensional maps of emission-line fluxes and kinematics, as well as of the stellar kinematics of the central few kpc of five bright nearby Seyfert galaxies -- Mrk\,6, Mrk\,79, Mrk\,348, Mrk\,607 and Mrk\,1058 -- obtained from observations with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) Integral Field Unit (IFU) on the Gemini North Telescope. The data cover the inner 3\farcs5$\times$5\farcs0 -- corresponding to physical scales in the range 0.6$\times$0.9 to 1.5$\times$2.2\,kpc$^2$ -- at a spatial resolution ranging from 110 to 280 pc with a spectral coverage of 4300 -- 7100\,\AA\ and velocity resolution of $\approx$ 90\,km\,s$^{-1}$. The gas excitation is Seyfert like everywhere but show excitation, but show excitation gradients that are correlated with the gas kinematics, reddening and/or the gas density. The gas kinematics show in all cases two components: a rotation one similar to that observed in the stellar velocity field, and an outflow component. In the case of Mrk607, the gas is counter-rotating relative to the stars. Enhanced gas velocity dispersion is observed in association to the outflows according to two patterns: at the locations of the highest outflow velocities along the ionization axis or perpendicularly to it in a strip centered at the nucleus that we attribute to an equatorial outflow. Bipolar outflows are observed in Mrk\,348 and Mrk\,79, while in Mrk\,1058 only the blueshifted part is clearly observed, while in the cases of Mrk\,6 and Mrk\,607 the geometry of the outflow needs further constraints from modeling to be presented in a forthcoming study, where the mass flow rate and powers will also be obtained., Comment: 20 pages, accepted by MNRAS

NGC 3393, a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy with nuclear radio jets, large-scale and nuclear bars, and a posited secondary super massive black hole, provides an interesting laboratory to test the physics of inflows and outflows. Here we present and analyse the molecular gas (ALMA observations of CO J:2-1 emission over a field of view (FOV) of 45\arcsec \times 45\arcsec, at 0\farcs56 (143 pc) spatial and 5 km/s spectral resolution), ionised gas and stars (GEMINI-GMOS/IFU; over a FOV of 4\arcsec \times 5\arcsec, at 0\farcs62 (159 pc) spatial and 23 km/s spectral resolution) in NGC 3393. The ionised gas emission, detected over the complete GEMINI-GMOS FOV, has three identifiable kinematic components. A narrow (\sigma < 115 km/s) component present in the complete FOV, which is consistent with rotation in the galaxy disk. A broad (\sigma > 115 km/s) redshifted component, detected near the NE and SW radio lobes; which we interpret as a radio jet driven outflow. And a broad (\sigma > 115 km/s) blueshifted component that shows high velocities in a region perpendicular to the radio jet axis; we interpret this as an equatorial outflow. The CO J:2-1 emission is detected in spiral arms on 5\arcsec - 20\arcsec scales, and in two disturbed circumnuclear regions. The molecular kinematics in the spiral arms can be explained by rotation. The highly disturbed kinematics of the inner region can be explained by perturbations induced by the nuclear bar and interactions with the large scale bar. We find no evidence for, but cannot strongly rule out, the presence of the posited secondary black hole., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 19 pages, 17 figures

We aim to map the distribution and kinematics of molecular and ionized gas in a sample of active galaxies, to quantify the nuclear inflows and outflows. Here, we analyze the nuclear kinematics of NGC 1566 via ALMA observations of the CO J:2-1 emission at 24 pc spatial and $\sim$2.6 km s$^{-1}$ spectral resolution, and Gemini-GMOS/IFU observations of ionized gas emission lines and stellar absorption lines at similar spatial resolution, and 123 km s$^{-1}$ of intrinsic spectral resolution. The morphology and kinematics of stellar, molecular (CO) and ionized ([N II]) emission lines are compared to the expectations from rotation, outflows, and streaming inflows. While both ionized and molecular gas show rotation signatures, there are significant non-circular motions in the innermost 200 pc and along spiral arms in the central kpc (CO). The nucleus shows a double-peaked CO profile (Full Width at Zero Intensity of 200 km s$^{-1}$), and prominent ($\sim$80 km s$^{-1}$) blue and redshifted lobes are found along the minor axis in the inner arcseconds. Perturbations by the large-scale bar can qualitatively explain all features in the observed velocity field. We thus favour the presence of a molecular outflow in the disk with true velocities of $\sim$180 km s$^{-1}$ in the nucleus and decelerating to 0 by $\sim$72 pc. The implied molecular outflow rate is $5.6~[M_{o}yr^{-1}]$, with this gas accumulating in the nuclear 2 arcsec arms. The ionized gas kinematics support an interpretation of a similar, but more spherical, outflow in the inner 100 pc, with no signs of deceleration. There is some evidence of streaming inflows of $\sim$50 km s$^{-1}$ along specific spiral arms, and the estimated molecular mass inflow rate, $\sim0.1~[M_{o}yr^{-1}]$, is significantly larger than the SMBH accretion rate ($\dot{m}=4.8\times10^{-5}~[M_{o}yr^{-1}]$)., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Le disnatriemie sono i disturbi idroelettrolitici piu frequenti. L’ipernatriemia e meno comune rispetto all’iponatriemia. Essa e sempre secondaria a una perdita di acqua libera e si accompagna a una disidratazione del settore intracellulare. E, il piu delle volte, la conseguenza di un difetto dell’apporto di acqua in persone vulnerabili che non possono soddisfare le loro esigenze di sete (eta estreme, pazienti dipendenti), ma puo anche essere osservata in caso di disfunzione della regolazione renale del bilancio di acqua libera. Le conseguenze cliniche dipendono dalla velocita di installazione del disturbo e possono arrivare fino a complicanze emorragiche cerebrali, in caso di disidratazione cellulare intensa. La correzione dell’ipernatriemia fa ricorso all’apporto di acqua libera, che puo essere stimato mediante semplici formule aritmetiche, a cui vanno aggiunti degli apporti di soluzioni salate per correggere l’eventuale disidratazione del settore extracellulare associata. La correzione dell’idratazione del settore intracellulare deve essere tanto piu lenta quanto piu progressivamente si e instaurato il disturbo, per evitare le complicanze legate all’edema cerebrale.

Las disnatremias son los trastornos hidroelectroliticos mas frecuentes. La hipernatremia es menos frecuente que la hiponatremia. Siempre se produce como consecuencia de una perdida de agua libre y se acompana de una deshidratacion del sector intracelular. Lo mas frecuente es que sea secundaria a un fallo de aporte de agua en personas vulnerables que no pueden satisfacer sus necesidades de sed (edades extremas, pacientes dependientes), pero tambien se puede observar en caso de un incorrecto funcionamiento de la regulacion renal del equilibrio del agua libre. Las consecuencias clinicas estan en funcion de la velocidad de instauracion del trastorno; pueden producirse incluso complicaciones hemorragicas cerebrales en caso de deshidratacion celular intensa. Para la correccion de la hipernatremia se utiliza el aporte de agua libre, aporte que se puede estimar mediante formulas aritmeticas simples, al que conviene anadir aportes de soluciones salinas para corregir la posible deshidratacion asociada del compartimento extracelular. La correccion de la hidratacion del compartimento intracelular debe ser tanto mas lenta cuanto mas lenta haya sido la instauracion del trastorno, para evitar las complicaciones relacionadas con el edema cerebral.

We present two-dimensional gaseous kinematics of the inner 1.2 $\times$ 1.8 kpc$^2$ of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC3081, from optical spectra (5600--7000\r{A}) obtained with the GMOS integral field spectrograph on the Gemini North telescope at a spatial resolution of $\approx$ 100pc. We have identified two-components in the line emitting gas. A narrower component (FWHM $\approx$ 60-100km s$^{-1}$), which appears to be gas in the galaxy disk, and which shows a distorted rotation pattern, is observed over the whole field of view. A broader component (FWHM $\approx$150-250 km s$^{-1}$) is present in the inner $\approx$ 2arcsec (200pc) and shows blueshifts and redshifts in the near and far sides of the galaxy, respectively, consistent with a bipolar outflow. Assuming this to be the case, we estimate that the mass outflow rate in ionized gas ($\dot{M}_{out}$) is between 1.9 $\times 10^{-3}$M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ and 6.9 $\times 10^{-3}$M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. The subtraction of a rotation model from the narrower component velocity field reveals a pattern of excess blueshifts of $\approx$ 50km s$^{-1}$ in the far side of the galaxy and similar excess redshifts in the near side, which are cospatial with a previously known nuclear bar. We interpret these residuals as due to gas following non-circular orbits in the barred potential. Under the assumption that these motions may lead to gas inflows, we estimate an upper limit for the mass inflow rate in ionized gas of $\phi$ $\approx$ 1.3 $\times 10^{-2}$M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1310.7916

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We present Chandra and optical observations of a candidate dual AGN discovered serendipitously while searching for recoiling black holes via a cross-correlation between the serendipitous XMM source catalog (2XMMi) and SDSS-DR7 galaxies with a separation no larger than ten times the sum of their Petrosian radii. The system has a stellar mass ratio M$_{1}$/M$_{2}\approx 0.7$. One of the galaxies (Source 1) shows clear evidence for AGN activity in the form of hard X-ray emission and optical emission-line diagnostics typical of AGN ionisation. The nucleus of the other galaxy (Source 2) has a soft X-ray spectrum, bluer colours, and optical emission line ratios dominated by stellar photoionisation with a "composite" signature, which might indicate the presence of a weak AGN. When plotted on a diagram with X-ray luminosity vs [OIII] luminosity both nuclei fall within the locus defined by local Seyfert galaxies. From the optical spectrum we estimate the electron densities finding n$_{1} < 27$ e$^{-}$ cm$^{-3}$ and n$_{2} \approx 200$ e$^{-}$ cm$^{-3}$. From a 2D decomposition of the surface brightness distribution we infer that both galaxies host rotationally supported bulges (Sersic index $< 1$). While the active nature of Source 1 can be established with confidence, whether the nucleus of Source 2 is active remains a matter of debate. Evidence that a faint AGN might reside in its nucleus is, however, tantalising., 16 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication on MNRAS. Comments welcome

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Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the main pathophysiological phenomena involved in the anaesthetic practice. The authors hypothesized that anaesthetic regimens can influence skeletal muscle tolerance to tourniquet-induced I/R that should be reflected by the interstitial metabolite levels of anaerobic glycolysis.Microdialysis probes were implanted in three groups of 10 patients each receiving either sevoflurane (SEVO), propofol (PRO), or spinal (SA) anaesthesia (for induction and maintenance). SA group was considered as a control group. Interstitial fluid was obtained during tourniquet-induced I/R and was analysed for interstitial glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol.The microdialysis flow rate was 0.5 microl min(-1). Compared with the control group, the SEVO group had a higher level of both lactate and pyruvate and an increase in glucose during ischaemia. In contrast, the PRO group had a lower level of pyruvate, resulting in a significant higher increase (eight times from baseline) of the lactate pyruvate ratio. Glucose level remained low in this group. During reperfusion, lactate, pyruvate, and glucose remained at a significantly higher level in the SEVO group. In the PRO group, there was no difference in lactate, pyruvate, and glucose levels compared with the control group. The interstitial level of glycerol exhibits only few and comparable changes during I/R between the groups.Our results indicate that there is a better availability of interstitial glycolysis metabolites (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) in the skeletal muscle during ischaemia and reperfusion after sevoflurane exposure than after propofol, suggesting a potential preconditioning effect of sevoflurane on tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle I/R.

Platypnaea-orthodeoxia syndrome is usually due to an atrial right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale. We report a case of foramen ovale reopened an unusual circumstance. A 83-year-old patient presenting back pains since a few days was admitted in emergency for dyspnaea and refractory hypoxia. The only way to control her back pains was to stay seated in a kyphoscoliosis position. The imagery explorations pointed out an ascending aortic aneurysm, which compressed the right atrium and distorted the position of the atrial septum relative to caval inflow, when the patient was in her painless position, explaining this gravity-related refractory hypoxia.

Resume Un programme experimental de detection neonatale de la drepanocytose a ete initie en France metropolitaire en 1990. Apres les depistages mis en place en Guadeloupe et Martinique et differentes experiences regionales, sa strategie a ete affinee. Depuis le debut de 1994, ce depistage est integre dans trois regions a celui de la phenylcetonarie, de l'hypothyroldie et de l'hyperplasie congenitale des surenales mais n'interesse que les enfant ⪡a risque⪢, aelectionnes par les maenites en fonction de l'origine ethnique des parents. Ce depistage peul etre realire a un cout acceptable, par des methodes fiables, me generant que tres peu de faux positifs et de faux negatifs. Les conditions de prise en charge des enfants depistes ont ete definies. Tous les enfants depistes jusqu'ici sont effectivement salvis et se developpent normalement. La generalisation du depistage a l'ensemble de la France, eavisagee pour la fin du siecle, necessitera de gros efforts d'information et une grande vigilance

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of a screening programme for haemoglobinopathies which was organised from 1978 to 1985 in high secondary schools of the Marseille region. METHODS: Several variables that reflected the influence of this preventive programme on the uptake of prenatal diagnosis were investigated. To evaluate the partner’s uptake for the testing, a letter was sent, together with an anonymous questionnaire, to all the haemoglobin carriers detected in this programme. To evaluate the number of prenatal diagnoses, the charts of all couples from the Marseille area who underwent genetic counselling for haemoglobinopathies were compiled. The number of affected children born between 1980 to 2000 was recorded, and the cases in which one of the parents had previously been screened at school were noted. RESULTS: Half of the carriers replied to the questionnaire: 86% knew that they have to test their partner. Six carrier couples were identified, four asked for genetic counselling and requested eight prenatal diagnoses, two couples did not request genetic couselling and have had two affected children. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the time lapse between screening, informing, and pregnancy (mean 15 years), the information was well conserved and resulted in testing of the partner. The screening programme was effective in motivating requests for prenatal diagnosis.

L’hyperglycemie de stress, definie par une hyperglycemie transitoire lors de pathologies aigues chez des patients non diabetiques, est frequemment observee chez les patients de reanimation (1). La correlation entre hyperglycemie de stress et mauvais pronostic est largement etablie. En 2001, une grande etude randomisee controlee monocentrique, chez des patients de reanimation majoritairement chirurgicaux, montrait que le controle glycemique strict par insulinotherapie intensive diminuait la mortalite et le taux de complications en reanimation (2). Cependant, les etudes ulterieures realisees dans d’autres services de reanimation n’ont pas pu reproduire un tel benefice avec ce type de traitement (3–7).

This report investigates the case of a patient with a duplication of the long arm of the X chromosome containing the putative X inactivation center (XIC) and the recently isolated XIST (X inactive-specific transcript) gene which is thought to play a role in the X inactivation process. Based on replication studies, a two-fold higher than normal phosphoglycerate kinase activity and absence of XIST expression, we conclude that the duplicated region is not subject to X-inactivation, despite the presence of two XICs. These results are discussed with respect to different models of X inactivation.

Le depistage neonatal d’une affection, qui engage lesfamilles dans des processus medicaux et psycholo-giques complexes, ne se justifie que si on peut enattendre un benefice superieur a son cout, en d’autrestermes si les mesures preventives mises en œuvrereduisent sa morbidite et sa mortalite. L’utilite desdepistages neonatals de la phenylcetonurie et del’hypothyroidie tient au fait aujourd’hui bien etabliqu’un regime ou un traitement hormonal substitutifprevient l’installation de degâts cerebraux severes.Les benefices apportes par la prise en charge de ladrepanocytose grâce a la mise en œuvre d’un depis-tage « cible » dans les populations « a risque » sontde nature differente. Son objectif est en effet dereduire la mortalite precoce liee aux infections aStreptococcus pneumoniae et aux sequestrationsspleniques. Il se justifie par la frequence de la mala-die drepanocytaire en France metropolitaine, surtoutdans les villes siege d’une immigration importante.Pour autant, la mise en œuvre du depistage neonatalde la drepanocytose n’est pas facile, et nous nousefforcerons d’analyser ici les principales difficultesrencontrees aujourd’hui.LA DREPANOCYTOSE EST FREQUENTEEN FRANCE METROPOLITAINELa drepanocytose a une frequence maximale en Afri-que subsaharienne, ou 20 a 30 % de la populationsont transmetteurs potentiels. La mutation est aussiretrouvee, certes a une frequence moindre, dans qua-siment tout le continent africain [1]. C’est la traitedes Noirs qui, jusqu’au siecle dernier, a amene letrait drepanocytaire aux Antilles, ou un habitant surhuit est heterozygote, et aux Etats-Unis. Ces dernie-res annees, ce sont les migrations de populations afri-caines a la recherche d’un travail qui ont concentrela maladie dans la plupart des grandes villes indus-trialisees d’Europe de l’Ouest. Mais la drepanocy-tose existe aussi dans le bassin mediterraneen, auProche-Orient, a Madagascar, en Inde... Ainsi, laFrance metropolitaine reunit des populations porteu-ses du trait drepanocytaire de differentes origines.Le recensement de 1990 chiffrait a quatre millionset demi le nombre de personnes originaires de pays arisque (Insee Premiere, juillet 1992, n° 217). Comptetenu d’une natalite plus elevee dans ces populations,on estime entre 75 000 et 150 000 par an le nombrede nouveau-nes a risque. En se referant aux obser-vations epidemiologiques de 1993 chez 600 enfantsdrepanocytaires, 69 % etaient d’origine africaine,28 % desAntilles et 3 % d’Afrique du Nord. Quatre-vingt pour cent de ces enfants atteints de syndrome

Platypnaea-orthodeoxia syndrome is usually due to an atrial right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale. We report a case of foramen ovale reopened an unusual circumstance. A 83-year-old patient presenting back pains since a few days was admitted in emergency for dyspnaea and refractory hypoxia. The only way to control her back pains was to stay seated in a kyphoscoliosis position. The imagery explorations pointed out an ascending aortic aneurysm, which compressed the right atrium and distorted the position of the atrial septum relative to caval inflow, when the patient was in her painless position, explaining this gravity-related refractory hypoxia.

A 8 Mb application-specific embeddable flash memory is presented. It features 3 content-specific I/O ports, delivers a peak read throughput of 1.2 GB/S, and, combined with a special automatic programming gate voltage ramp generator circuit, a programming rate of 1Mbyte/s for non-volatile storage of code, data and embedded FPGA bit stream configurations. The test chip has been designed using a NOR type 0.18 /spl mu/m flash embedded technology with 1.8 V power supply, 2 poly, 6 metal and memory cell size of 0.35 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.

Update the data collected in 1990 in order to assess the distribution and management of thalassemic patients presently living in Metropolitan France.A survey conducted in France in the clinical and biological departments of haematology permitted collection of epidemiological, clinical and biological data in a population of thalassemic patients followed-up in metropolitan France.Analysis of the replies revealed a total of 362 thalassemia with 249 beta-thalassemia major, 81 beta-thalassemia intermedia and 32 E-beta thalassemia. These patients predominated in the East of France and in the large cities. The total number of patients has remained stable over the last decade and new cases are decreasing. Among the 249 patients presenting with a ss-thalassemia major, 42 had received a bone marrow graft, whereas 207 were systematically transfused and 189 regularly underwent iron chelating.Management is standardised and efficient but could be improved on with regard to iron chelating therapy.

Hemoglobinopathies have become a significant national health problem in France. The biologists have a pivotal role in the genetic diagnoses. Although sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most frequent abnormality found: not less than 200 new cases are observed each year at birth, many other globin gene variations are found in the various ethnic groups. Since 1995 a neonatal sickle cell screening program has been established for at risk newborns. This programme is supported by the "Association française de dépistage et prévention des handicaps de l'enfant" (AFDPHE). The characterization of hemoglobin genetic variations requires a comprehensive set of laboratory techniques for which we specify here main clinical and technical recommendations.

Since 1986, quantification of G6PD activity has been a routine test for all babies born at the public maternity hospitals of Marseilles. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the population tested and to evaluate the relative risk of neonatal jaundice in newborns with G6PD deficiency.Neonatal screening is performed on cord blood by spectrophotometric measurements of G6PD activity. A group of 7779 newborns was studied retrospectively. The occurrence of neonatal jaundice was evaluated in 85 children with G6PD deficiency and compared to 85 children with normal G6PD activity.The incidence of G6PD deficiency in male newborns was found to be 2.1%. The relative risk for neonatal jaundice in the G6PD deficient population compared to the non-deficient population is estimated to be 2.6.Neonatal jaundice with pathological hyperbilirubinemia develops more frequently in cases of G6PD deficiency. The early characterization of G6PD activity provides an etiological diagnosis for neonatal jaundice, as well as the opportunity to give the newborn's family information concerning hemolytic crisis prevention.

To study the respective roles of mean serum ferritin level and the mean desferrioxamine (DFX) dose on progression of HIV-1 infection, data from 49 HIV-seropositive thalassemic patients were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model including known confounding variables. Nine years after seroconversion, 10% of those who had been prescribed >40 mg/kg of DFX daily had entered stage IV versus 39% of those who had been prescribed a lower dose. Patients with ferritin level >1935 g/L entered stage IV more rapidly than those with a lower level (31% versus 16%). In multivariate analysis, the ferritin level was found to be an independent predictor of progression of HIV disease, whereas the mean daily dose of DFX was not. Similar results were obtained when death was the endpoint. Our results support a hypothesis that was recently expressed, that iron overload could be associated with a more rapid progression of HIV-1 infection.

Diseases due to inherited hemoglobin disorders represent serious medical, social, and economic problems in the region of Marseille. The only effective treatment for such diseases is allogenic bone marrow transplantation. About 200 patients with either thalassemia, sickle cell or sickle cell-beta thalassemic diseases are regularly seen in local hospitals. All of these patients come from parts of the world where genetic hemoglobin disorders are endemic.At this time, the only approach for reducing the number of affected children born is preventive. This depends upon education, the detection of carriers, genetic counselling and sometimes, prenatal diagnosis. We have organised a program of prevention supported by a grant from the DISS (Direction des Interventions Sociales et Sanitaires) in the context of visits made to the PMI (Prevention Maternelle et Infantile). This initiative concerns women presenting for consultations for three reasons: for a prenuptial check-up, for a pregnancy, and for prescription of contraceptives.In each of these three situations a check-up is obligatory and, for natives of countries where hemoglobin disorders are common, a hemoglobin test is recommended. If this test reveals an abnormality, the partner or husband is also tested, if he is willing. Couples who are both carriers are given genetic counselling.This preventive initiative has yielded valuable results so we hope to follow-up on the approach and extend it to other centers. Such screening, based upon the geographic origins of patients, can be implemented in the course of a consultation by any doctor.

We report a case of severe priapism occurring in a patient with an unstable hemoglobin, Hb Olmsted (beta 141 Leu--Arg) This is a rare hemoglobin variant, which until now has been reported only once. The clinical course of the 12-year-old boy was characterized by severe hemolytic anemia leading to splenectomy and cholecystectomy at the of 3.5 years. The priapism occurred 8 years after splenectomy, during a hemolytic febrile episode and required aspiration of the corpora cavernosa. This report raises the question of the benefit of splenectomy in patients suffering from a chronic hemolytic anemia such as that due to an unstable hemoglobin. This treatment lowers the frequency and the severity of acute hemolytic attacks, but several cases of vascular complications have been reported after splenectomy.

The authors used a disposable original system to recover total blood during surgery and realized 17 transfusions of autologous blood in sheep. No biological or clinical disturbance was observed.

Summary Thalassaemia intermedia is a moderate form of thalassaemia resulting from various genetic defects. We report an undescribed mechanism leading to this condition: a somatic deletion of the β-globin gene in the haemopoietic lineage of a heterozygous β-thalassaemic patient. We did molecular studies and haemoglobin analysis of the patient and his parents. We found that the deletion gives rise to a mosaic of cells with either one or no functional β-globin gene and it extends to a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity called LOH11A, which is located close to the β-globin locus. Thus, loss of heterozygosity can be a cause of non-malignant genetic disease.

The number of subjects with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia in metropolitan France can be evaluated by the distribution of populations originating from countries with a high prevalence of genetic haemoglobinopathies. Taking into account the movements of these populations observed since the 1982 census, the current prevalences of beta-thalassaemic and drepanocytic traits are higher than the figures of 180,000 and 130,000 respectively found at that date. On the other hand, it appears from episodic screenings performed during the last few years that the percentage of subjects with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia is 3.09% in Corsica, 0.77% in school-age population in the Marseille area, and 0.72% in the general population of Marseille, Toulon and Nice. In 1992, the number of patients with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia and with major sickle-cell syndrome is estimated at 250-350 and 1000-3000 respectively. Patients with sickle-cell anemia predominate in the Paris area, whereas those with heterozygous beta-thalassemia predominate in the provinces, notably in the Provence-Côte d'Azur and Corsica regions.

Hematological and clinical features of 36 mainly Algerian patients with S-beta thalassemia are reported. These data, compared with those reported in the literature, showed a higher prevalence of aseptic necrosis and gall stones, probably related to the large predominance of S-beta zero-thalassemia (30 cases) and a long (14 years) median follow-up period.

We used a simple single process to recover total blood during surgery. All the process stands on a low burdensome jib and does not require additional staff in theater. Its cost is low. The indications concern all surgical operations enduring low or mean bleeding, except in septic and cancer surgery. It may be used in emergencies, even in war surgery with an incorporated source of depression.

A new abnormal hemoglobin was found in a diabetic Maltese woman by citrate agar electrophoresis. This variant was undetectable by isoelectric focusing. No hematological abnormalities were observed. The structural analysis included isolation of the abnormal β chain, high pressure liquid chromatography of the corresponding tryptic peptides and then microsequencing of the abnormal T1. These procedures revealed a double abnormality: the presence of a methionyl residue extending the NH2 terminus and a histidine to proline substitution in position NA2.

Hb N-Timone is a new variant of the β chain. It was discovered in a 19-year-old woman of French-Italian origin during a clinical screening survey (1). It was clinically silent and had normal stability and oxygen affinity