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Referrals to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) have increased in recent years. Services are already under-resourced and the adverse psychological impact of Covid-19 is likely to increase demand. Accordingly, an understanding of prevalence of mental health (MH) disorders among youth is imperative to help inform and plan services.Aim:To establish prevalence of MH disorders among youth (under 18) in Ireland.Method:A systematic review using pre-defined search terms in PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and CINAHL was conducted. Empirical studies conducted in Ireland, in youth and focusing on MH disorders were included.Results:From a total of 830 papers identified, 38 papers met inclusion criteria. Significant variation in rates of MH disorders was evident based on study methodology. Screening questionnaires for general psychopathology reported rates of 4.8–17.8% scoring above clinical cut-offs, with higher rates for ADHD (7.3%). Studies examining depression ranged from 4% to 20.8%, while rates for ‘current’ MH disorder, determined by semi-structured interview, were 15.5%, while ‘lifetime’ rates varied from 19.9% to 31.2%. Fewer than half (44%) of those identified as ‘in need’ of specialist MH services were accessing CAMHSConclusion:Data on MH disorders among Irish youth is limited, and studies showed significant variance in rates, making service planning difficult. There is an urgent need for serial epidemiological surveys, with clear operational criteria for clinically impairing MH difficulties. Such studies are essential to understand potential demand and service planning. This is most urgent given the expected increased demand post Covid-19.

We present a new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) sample of 14 radio Supernova Remnant (SNR) candidates in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This new sample is a significant increase to the known number of older, larger and low surface brightness LMC SNRs. We employ a multi-frequency search for each object and found possible traces of optical and occasionally X-ray emission in several of these 14 SNR candidates. One of these 14 SNR candidates (MCSNR J0522-6543) has multi-frequency properties that strongly indicate a bona fide SNR. We also investigate a sample of 20 previously suggested LMC SNR candidates and confirm the SNR nature of MCSNR J0506-6815. We detect lower surface brightness SNR candidates which were likely formed by a combination of shock waves and strong stellar winds from massive progenitors (and possibly surrounding OB stars). Some of our new SNR candidates are also found in a lower density environments in which SNe type Ia explode inside a previously excavated interstellar medium (ISM)., accepted for publication in MNRAS, this version corrects arXiv metadata only

We present a table of 215 SNRs with distances. New distances are found to SNR G$51.26+0.11$ of $6.6 \pm 1.7$ kpc using HI absorption spectra, and to 5 other SNRs using maser/molecular cloud associations. We recalculate the distances and errors to all SNRs using a consistent rotation curve and provide errors where they were not previously estimated. This results in a significant distance revisions for 20 SNRs. Because of observational constraints and selection effects, there to be is an apparent deficit of observed number of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs). To investigate this, we employ two methods. The first method applies correction factors for the selection effects to derive the radial density distribution. The second method compares functional forms for the SNR surface density and selection function against the data to find which functions are consistent with the data. The total number of SNRs in the Galaxy is $\sim3500$ (Method 1) or in the range $\sim2400$ to $\sim5600$ (Method 2). We conclude that the current observed number of SNRs is not yet complete enough to give a well-determined total SNR number or radial density function., 24 pages, 8 figures

Using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder to measure 21-cm absorption spectra toward continuum background sources, we study the cool phase of the neutral atomic gas in the far outer disk, and in the inner Galaxy near the end of the Galactic bar at longitude 340 degrees. In the inner Galaxy the cool atomic gas has a smaller scale height than in the solar neighborhood, similar to the molecular gas and the superthin stellar population in the bar. In the outer Galaxy the cool atomic gas is mixed with the warm, neutral medium, with the cool fraction staying roughly constant with Galactic radius. The mean spin temperature, i.e. the ratio of the emission brightness temperature to the absorption, is roughly constant for velocities corresponding to Galactic radius greater than about twice the solar circle radius. The ratio has a value of about 300 K, but this does not correspond to a physical temperature in the gas. If the gas causing the absorption has kinetic temperature of about 100 K, as in the solar neighborhood, then the value 300 K indicates that the fraction of the gas mass in this phase is one-third of the total HI mass., Comment: 29 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Astrophysical Journal

We present the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) observations of the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA)-23h field. The survey was carried out at 887.5 MHz and covers a 83 square degree field. We imaged the calibrated visibility data, taken as part of the Evolutionary Mapping of Universe (EMU) Early Science Programme, using the latest version of the ASKAPSoft pipeline. The final mosaic has an angular resolution of 10 arcsec and a central rms noise of around 38 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$. The derived radio source catalogue has 39812 entries above a peak flux density threshold of 5$\sigma$. We searched for the radio source host galaxy counterparts using the GAMA spectroscopic (with an i-band magnitude limit of 19.2 mag) and multi-wavelength catalogues that are available as part of the collaboration. We identified hosts with GAMA spectroscopic redshifts for 5934 radio sources. We describe the data reduction, imaging, and source identification process, and present the source counts. Thanks to the wide area covered by our survey, we obtain very robust counts down to 0.2 mJy. ASKAP's exceptional survey speed, providing efficient, sensitive and high resolution mapping of large regions of the sky in conjunction with the multi-wavelength data available for the GAMA23 field, allowed us to discover 63 giant radio galaxies. The data presented here demonstrate the excellent capabilities of ASKAP in the pre-SKA era., Comment: 18 pages, 15 figures, accepted by MNRAS

We present the first unbiased survey of neutral hydrogen (HI) absorption in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The survey utilises pilot HI observations with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope as part of the Galactic ASKAP HI (GASKAP-HI) project whose dataset has been processed with the GASKAP-HI absorption pipeline, also described here. This dataset provides absorption spectra towards 229 continuum sources, a 275% increase in the number of continuum sources previously published in the SMC region, as well as an improvement in the quality of absorption spectra over previous surveys of the SMC. Our unbiased view, combined with the closely matched beam size between emission and absorption, reveals a lower cold gas faction (11%) than the 2019 ATCA survey of the SMC and is more representative of the SMC as a whole. We also find that the optical depth varies greatly between the SMC's bar and wing regions. In the bar we find that the optical depth is generally low (correction factor to the optically thin column density assumption of $\mathcal{R}_{\rm HI} \sim 1.04$) but increases linearly with column density. In the wing however, there is a wide scatter in optical depth despite a tighter range of column densities., Comment: Accepted for publication in PASA, 19 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables

We report the discovery of J0624-6948, a low-surface brightness radio ring, lying between the Galactic Plane and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). It was first detected at 888 MHz with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), and with a diameter of ~196 arcsec. This source has phenomenological similarities to Odd Radio Circles (ORCs). Significant differences to the known ORCs - a flatter radio spectral index, the lack of a prominent central galaxy as a possible host, and larger apparent size - suggest that J0624-6948 may be a different type of object. We argue that the most plausible explanation for J0624-6948 is an intergalactic supernova remnant due to a star that resided in the LMC outskirts that had undergone a single-degenerate type Ia supernova, and we are seeing its remnant expand into a rarefied, intergalactic environment. We also examine if a massive star or a white dwarf binary ejected from either galaxy could be the supernova progenitor. Finally, we consider several other hypotheses for the nature of the object, including the jets of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) or the remnant of a nearby stellar super-flare., Comment: 20 pages accepted to MNRAS

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.--Full list of authors: Pingel, N. M.; Dempsey, J.; McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, J. M.; Jameson, K. E.; Arce, H.; Anglada, G.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Breen, S. L.; Buckland-Willis, F.; Clark, S. E.; Dawson, J. R.; Denes, H.; Di Teodoro, E. M.; For, B-Q; Foster, Tyler J.; Gomez, J. F.; Imai, H.; Joncas, G.; Kim, C-G; Lee, M-Y; Lynn, C.; Leahy, D.; Ma, Y. K.; Marchal, A.; McConnell, D.; Miville-Deschenes, M-A; Moss, V. A.; Murray, C. E.; Nidever, D.; Peek, J.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Tepper-Garcia, T.; Tremblay, C. D.; Uscanga, L.; van Loon, J. Th; Vazquez-Semadeni, E.; Allison, J. R.; Anderson, C. S.; Ball, Lewis; Bell, M.; Bock, D. C-J; Bunton, J.; Cooray, F. R.; Cornwell, T.; Koribalski, B. S.; Gupta, N.; Hayman, D. B.; Harvey-Smith, L.; Lee-Waddell, K.; Ng, A.; Phillips, C. J.; Voronkov, M.; Westmeier, T.; Whiting, M. T.; Stanimirovic, S., We present the most sensitive and detailed view of the neutral hydrogen ( HI ) emission associated with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), through the combination of data from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and Parkes (Murriyang), as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (GASKAP) pilot survey. These GASKAP-HI pilot observations, for the first time, reveal HI in the SMC on similar physical scales as other important tracers of the interstellar medium, such as molecular gas and dust. The resultant image cube possesses an rms noise level of 1.1 K ( 1.6mJy beam−1 ) per 0.98km s−1 spectral channel with an angular resolution of 30′′ ( ∼10pc ). We discuss the calibration scheme and the custom imaging pipeline that utilises a joint deconvolution approach, efficiently distributed across a computing cluster, to accurately recover the emission extending across the entire ∼25deg2 field-of-view. We provide an overview of the data products and characterise several aspects including the noise properties as a function of angular resolution and the represented spatial scales by deriving the global transfer function over the full spectral range. A preliminary spatial power spectrum analysis on individual spectral channels reveals that the power law nature of the density distribution extends down to scales of 10 pc. We highlight the scientific potential of these data by comparing the properties of an outflowing high-velocity cloud with previous ASKAP+Parkes HI test observations. c The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Astronomical Society of Australia., The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. Pipeline development was tested on the OzSTAR supercomputer under the project code, oz145, which is available through Swinburne University’s Centre of Astrophysics and Supercomputing. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) through grant DP190101571. N.M.-G. acknowledges the support of the ARC through Future Fellowship FT150100024. G. A. and J. F. G. acknowledge support from the State Agency for Research (10.13039/501100011033) of the Spanish MCIU, through grants AYA2017-84390-C2-1-R and PID2020-114461GB-I00 (co-funded by FEDER) and the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofsica de Andaluca (SEV-2017-0709). C. E. M. is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-1801471.

The technologies of: Anthropometric Modelling, Game Engine animation and Virtual Reality were integrated to facilitate early design decisions in the design of future Naval weapon systems and their integration into current and future Naval platforms. CAD Models of existing or future ships were imported into a 3D Games engine (Unity) along with CAD Models from the ship architect/designer of specific compartments where weapon system installations were proposed. Extremes of the user population (e.g. 3rd percentile Navy female and 97th percentile Navy male) were modelled performing the installation / maintenance tasks on the equipment and this was then exported/imported into the 3D Unity environment and viewed from predefined eye height perspectives. Within the Unity 3D environment, realistic dynamic aspects of the real world were added – e.g. ship movement in light or heavy seas as well as consequent human head / body movement (compensating for ship movement) and the effects that this may have on the task. In addition weather and visibility effects can be added which may affect the user’s ability to perform the tasks. Design engineers viewing the model in VR were able to get a sense of the distances / gaps / access from within the 3D model itself and make/feedback design recommendations from the unique perspective of being immersed within the design itself.

Background: Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare congenital disorder with a triad of signs: absent abdominal wall musculature, urinary tract malformations, and cryptorchidism. The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology, renal function, management and outcome of patients with PBS at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted of patients with PBS referred to the paediatric nephrology unit from 1984 to 2014. Results: A total of 44 patient records were analysed. Most of the patients presented as neonates (n = 35, 80%). The accompanying congenital malformations included urological problems (21, 48%), orthopaedic abnormalities (5, 11%), congenital heart disease (3, 7%) and gastrointestinal abnormalities (2, 4%). The medical management included the use of prophylactic antibiotics and intermittent bladder catheterisation. Surgical management included abdominoplasty with orchidopexy and circumcision. At the last clinic visit, severe reductions in renal function were noted in 11 (58%) of the patients under the age of 2 years, whereas normal renal function was present in 14 (56%) of the patients over 2 years of age. The default rate was 57%; 6 (14%) patients were transferred to an adult clinic and 2 (4%) patients died. Conclusions: The patient profiles and the management recorded are comparable with other reported series. There are differences in the frequencies of congenital malformations and the rates of surgical intervention. The renal outcome for children older than two years was favourable compared to younger children. Progression to end-stage renal disease was observed infrequently, but this may be underestimated in view of the high default rate.

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicated that 89% of Americans regularly consumed caffeinated products, but these data did not include military personnel. This cross-sectional study examined caffeine consumption prevalence, amount of daily consumption, and factors associated with caffeine intake in active duty United States (US) Air Force personnel. Service members (N = 1787) stationed in the US and overseas completed a detailed questionnaire describing their intake of caffeine-containing products in addition to their demographic, lifestyle, and military characteristics. Overall, 84% reported consuming caffeinated products ≥1 time/week with caffeine consumers ingesting a mean ± standard error of 212 ± 9 mg/day (224 ± 11 mg/day for men, 180 ± 12 mg/day for women). The most commonly consumed caffeinated products (% users) were sodas (56%), coffee (45%), teas (36%), and energy drinks (27%). Multivariate logistic regression modeling indicated that characteristics independently associated with caffeine consumption (≥1 time/week) included older age, ethnicity other than black, tobacco use, less aerobic training, and less sleep; energy drink use was associated with male gender, younger age, tobacco use, and less sleep. Compared to NHANES data, the prevalence of caffeine consumption in Air Force personnel was similar but daily consumption (mg/day) was higher.

In this paper characterise optimal trade and industrial policy in dynamic oligopolistic markets. If governments can commit to future policies, optimal first-period intervention should diverge from the profit-shifting benchmark to an extent which exactly offsets the strategic behaviour implied by Fudenberg and Tirole's "fat cats and top dogs" taxonomy of business strategies. Without government commitment, there is an additional basis for intervention, whose sign depends on the strategic substitutability between future policy and current actions. We consider a variety of applications (to R&D; spillovers, consumer switching costs, etc.) and extensions to second-best, revenue-constrained and entry-promotion policies.

We derive the cross-section for one-quantum annihilation of polarized electrons and positrons. The elec- tron and positron can occupy arbitrary Landau levels and have non-zero momentum parallel to the eld, and the cross-section is calculated for any polarization of the ra- diation. When we take zero parallel momentum for the electron and sum over photon polarization we obtain re- sults which agree with the existing calculation of Wunner et al. (1986).

Nanosphere-encapsulated drugs offer a means to overcome many drug delivery limitations by localizing the site of delivery and providing controlled release. This research details the synthesis and encapsulation of ciprofloxacin in pullulan-polycaprolactone (PCL) core shell nanospheres and the characterization of these materials by 1H-NMR, UV spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).1H-NMR results confirm that the pullulan-PCL grafted copolymer was successfully synthesized. UV spectroscopy showed that the ciprofloxacin loaded nanospheres contain 35-40% ciprofloxacin by weight. DLS and SEM results indicate that the loaded nanospheres are spherical in shape and approximately 142+/-12 nm in size. Under in vitro test conditions, approximately 20% of the ciprofloxacin is released in the first 4 hours, with additional release over 10 days. The nanoparticles demonstrate bioactivity against Escheria coli and do not affect the proliferation of two human cell lines. These results demonstrate the potential of pullulan-PCL core-shell nanospheres as delivery vehicles of hydrophobic drugs, including antibiotics for localized treatments applicable to a wide-range of human bacterial infections.

The content of the meibomian gland lipid exprimate is known, but little is known about the phospholipids that comprise the glandular cells. The purpose of the present study is to identify and quantitate the phospholipid complement of the meibomian gland cells that produce the lipid secretion of meibomian oil and which is vital to tear film stability. Eyelids (n = 50) were excised from rabbits, and after surgical removal of surrounding tissues, the tarsal plates with and without expressing meibomian oil were extracted and phospholipids of the plates quantified by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Seventeen phospholipids were quantified from tarsal plates expressed of oil and tarsal plates containing meibomian oil: alkylacylphosphatidylcholine (AAPC), dihydrosphingomyelin (DHSM), dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), ethanolamine plasmalogen (EPLAS), lysoethanolamine plasmalogen, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin (SM), sphingosylphosphorylcholine. The six zwitterionic and neutral phospholipids, DHSM, EPLAS, PE, SM, AAPC, and PC together comprise 79.5% of the total meibomian gland phospholipid profile (in meibomian oil this value is 84.2%). The zwitterionic and neutral phospholipids dominate meibomian gland phospholipid profiles. Since the meibomian gland cells undergo holocrine secretion and form the meibomian glad secretion, such a composition is consistent with the hypothesis that a chemically stable lamellar surfactant layer phospholipids bind non-polar meibomian oil to the aqueous layer of the tear film.

Magnetostratigraphic samples were collected from the Milk River and Pakowki formations of southeastern Alberta to determine the polarity chron 34–33 r boundary. This boundary was located in the upper half of the Deadhorse Coulee Member, and is below the first local occurrence of the Western Interior ammonite Baculites obtusus. Comparison with the laterally equivalent Eagle Sandstone of Montana and Niobrara Formation of Colorado indicates that the 34–33 r contact is within either the Baculites sp. (smooth) or Baculites sp. (weak flank ribs) ammonite zone in the Western Interior of North America. Direct correlation of the Desmoscaphites erdmanni through Baculites asperiformis Western Interior ammonite zones with magnetobiostratigraphic sections of the upper Santonian–lower Campanian stages in Europe suggests that (i) the Santonian–Campanian boundary as defined in Europe is within the lower Baculites obtusus Zone and (ii) the Western Interior appearance of some ammonites and crinoids (Scaphites hippocrepis, Trachyscaphites spiniger, Marsupites, Uintacrinus) is profoundly time transgressive relative to the appearance of these same species in Europe. The date of 84 Ma for the Santonian–Campanian boundary is too old, and a date of around 80 Ma may be more accurate. The Santonian–Campanian boundary defined by ammonites, crinoids, and belemnites in Europe is within the lower part of chron 33 r, and is younger than the Santonian–Campanian boundary as determined by planktonic foraminifera at Gubbio, Italy.

Since the uveal tract becomes involved in inflammatory disorders, which are known to affect lipid metabolism, we studied normal membrane phospholipids (PLs) in order to (1) determine baseline PL profiles of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, and (2) compare and contrast PL profiles of the uveal tissues.Iris, ciliary body and choroid tissues were isolated from rabbit eyes (n = 30) and extracted with chloroform-methanol using a modified Folch procedure. Quantitative tissue PL profiles were obtained using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.Fourteen PLs were detected and quantitated in all three uveal tissues among which was one unidentified PL at -0.17 ppm. The five major PLs in the iris, ciliary body and choroid, respectively, have the following PL composition (mole percent of total phosphorus): ethanolamine plasmalogen 14.58, 15.07, 16.52; phosphatidylethanolamine 13.10, 12.40, 9.23; phosphatidylserine 11.24, 10.27, 12.13; sphingomyelin (SM) 11.10, 11.97, 18.21; and phosphatidylcholine (PC) 36.61, 36.70, 29.88. Additionally, lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and PC plasmalogen or alkacyl PC were detected in all tissues. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine also was detected in the ciliary body and choroid. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine was detected in the choroid. In addition, 42 PL metabolic indexes were calculated from these data, which permitted pathway-specific lipid analyses.This study establishes baseline PL profiles of the uveal tract tissues and will permit comparisons with tissues from eyes with inflammatory disorders. The PL concentrations in conjunction with the indexes demonstrate that overall the choroid has membranes that are less permeable to ion translocation than either the iris or the ciliary body, although there are compensatory concentration changes between the SM and PC components among these three tissues.

With general practice potentially having an important role in early intervention of mental and substance use disorders among young people, we aim to explore this issue by determining the prevalence of psychological problems and general practice/health service utilization among young people attending general practice.A retrospective cross-sectional study of patients attending three general practices in Dublin city.Among a sample of young people (mostly women, 44% general medical services (GMS) eligible), we observed considerable contact with general practice, both lifetime and for the 2 years of the study. The mean consultation rate was 3.9 consultations in 2 years and psychosocial issues (most commonly stress/anxiety and depression) were documented in 35% of cases. Identification of psychosocial issues was associated with GMS eligibility, three or more doctor consultations, and documentation of smoking and drinking status.Psychosocial issues are common among young people attending general practice and more work on their epidemiology and further identification in general practice are advocated.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can be designed to detect either antigens or antibodies. Nearly all ELISA formats require the separation of reactants from the products of the immunoassay. The product of the assay is an immune complex consisting of target ligand, the analyte, and the reporting probe used to detect the complex that is formed. Because it 1s usually necessary to remove excess analyte as well as excess probe before measurements, several separation steps may be desired, if not required. In the early years, during the evolution of radioimmunoassays (RIAs), it was found that, under certain conditions, antibodies or antigens would bind strongly during brief exposures of solutions to plastic surfaces, such as the inner walls of a tube or a well. The amount of target ligand that would bind proved to be well suited for the competitive assays that were being developed then; the convenience that this phenomen provided has spurred the growth of immunoassay systems for 25 years. Although ELISAs have now generally replaced most RIAs, the principles for coating of the solid phases are similar for both.