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Informed decisions concerning emerging technologies against dengue require knowledge about the disease’s economic cost and each stakeholder’s potential benefits from better control. To generate such data for Indonesia, we reviewed recent literature, analyzed expenditure and utilization data from two hospitals and two primary care facilities in Yogyakarta city, and interviewed 67 dengue patients from hospital, ambulatory, and not medically attended settings. We derived the cost of a dengue episode by outcome, setting, and the breakdown by payer. We then calculated aggregate Yogyakarta and national costs and 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs). Dengue costs per nonfatal case in hospital, ambulatory, not medically attended, and overall average settings were US$316.24 (95% UI: $242.30–$390.18), US$22.45 (95% UI: $14.12–$30.77), US$7.48 (95% UI: $2.36–$12.60), and US$50.41 (95% UI: $35.75–$65.07), respectively. Costs of nonfatal episodes were borne by the patient’s household (37%), social contributors (relatives and friends, 20%), national health insurance (25%), and other sources (government, charity, and private insurance, 18%). After including fatal cases, the average cost per episode became $90.41 (95% UI: $72.79–$112.35). Indonesia had an estimated 7.535 (95% UI: 1.319–16.513) million dengue episodes in 2017, giving national aggregate costs of $681.26 (95% UI: $232.28–$2,371.56) million. Unlike most previous research that examined only the formal medical sector, this study included the estimated 63% of national dengue episodes that were not medically attended. Also, this study used actual costs, rather than charges, which generally understate dengue’s economic burden in public facilities. Overall, this study found that Indonesia’s aggregate cost of dengue was 73% higher than previously estimated, strengthening the need for effective control.

The provision of meals at schools is considered to have the potential to enhance human dignity and facilitate equitable access to students from low socio-economic backgrounds, low social status (including Caste) and poor households. Using students and teachers from public schools in Utter Pradesh also known to be India’s most populous and poorest state as it’s as its unit of analysis, the paper examines the impact on International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) led Midday Meal (MDM) School Feeding program in India on educational access, performance, participation, and wellbeing. The study sought to evaluate the implementation of the midday meal (MDM) program led by an INGO in Lucknow, Utter Pradesh, and India to ascertain if the strategic program implementation protocols also ensure social inclusion and held address various forms of discrimination commonly reported in the literature. The study revealed that students were satisfied with most of the implementation of the program, serving and food satisfaction indicators. Nevertheless, we argue that the implantation process could benefit from a more integrated inter-agency coordination so as to address concerns regarding at-risk children and improve sanitation and health facilities that are not directly associated with the MDM program. The study concludes that INGOs led MDM programs could serve as a model for inclusive and non-discriminatory school feeding system where all children, irrespective of their social, economic, religious and family backgrounds will equally benefit with dignity. Such an approach, we argue, could also enhance social equity, youth development and the attainment of the SDG targets in India.

Background Release of virus-blocking Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes is an emerging disease control strategy that aims to control dengue and other arboviral infections. Early entomological data and modelling analyses have suggested promising outcomes, and wMel Wolbachia releases are now ongoing or planned in 12 countries. To help inform government, donor, or philanthropist decisions on scale-up beyond single city releases, we assessed this technology’s cost-effectiveness under alternative programmatic options. Methods Using costing data from existing Wolbachia releases, previous dynamic model-based estimates of Wolbachia effectiveness, and a spatially explicit model of release and surveillance requirements, we predicted the costs and effectiveness of the ongoing programme in Yogyakarta City and three new hypothetical programmes in Yogyakarta Special Autonomous Region, Jakarta, and Bali. Results We predicted Wolbachia to be a highly cost-effective intervention when deployed in high-density urban areas with gross cost-effectiveness below $1500 per DALY averted. When offsets from the health system and societal perspective were included, such programmes even became cost saving over 10-year time horizons with favourable benefit-cost ratios of 1.35 to 3.40. Sequencing Wolbachia releases over 10 years could reduce programme costs by approximately 38% compared to simultaneous releases everywhere, but also delays the benefits. Even if unexpected challenges occurred during deployment, such as emergence of resistance in the medium-term or low effective coverage, Wolbachia would remain a cost-saving intervention. Conclusions Wolbachia releases in high-density urban areas are expected to be highly cost-effective and could potentially be the first cost-saving intervention for dengue. Sites with strong public health infrastructure, fiscal capacity, and community support should be prioritised.

BackgroundRelease of virus-blocking Wolbachia infected mosquitoes is an emerging disease control strategy that aims to control dengue and other arboviral infections. Early entomological data and modelling analyses have suggested promising outcomes and wMel Wolbachia releases are now ongoing or planned in 12 countries. To help inform potential scale-up beyond single city releases, we assessed this technology’s cost-effectiveness under different programmatic options.MethodsUsing costing data from existing Wolbachia releases, previous estimates of Wolbachia effectiveness, and a spatially-explicit model of release and surveillance requirements, we predicted the costs and effectiveness of the on-going programme in Yogyakarta City and three new hypothetical programmes in Yogyakarta Special Autonomous Region, Jakarta and Bali.ResultsWe predicted Wolbachia to be a highly cost-effective intervention when deployed in high density urban areas with gross cost-effectiveness ratios below $1,500 per DALY averted. When offsets from the health system and societal perspective were included, such programmes even became cost saving over 10-year time horizons with favourable benefit-cost ratios of 1.35 to 3.40. Sequencing Wolbachia releases over ten years could reduce programme costs by approximately 38% compared to simultaneous releases everywhere, but also delays the benefits. Even if unexpected challenges occurred during deployment, such as emergence of resistance in the medium-term or low effective coverage, Wolbachia would remain a cost saving intervention.ConclusionsWolbachia releases in high density urban areas is expected to be highly cost-effective and could potentially be the first cost saving intervention for dengue. Sites with strong public health infrastructure, fiscal capacity, and community support should be prioritized.

Additional file 2. The ISPOR Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist.

Additional file 1. Additional information on the methods and results of the main manuscript. Includes further details on the timing of different phases in different scenarios (S1.1), cost of release data (S1.2), more detailed methods on the cost of release model and its fit (S1.3), the parameter values and rational for long-term cost reductions (S1.4), further background on specific challenges to the establishing Wolbachia and how they can be overcome (S1.5) and maps of cost effectiveness with more detailed Ordinance survey base maps (S1.6).

BackgroundWolbachia-infected mosquitoes reduce dengue virus transmission, and city-wide releases in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia, are showing promising entomological results. Accurate estimates of the burden of dengue, its spatial distribution and the potential impact ofWolbachiaare critical in guiding funder and government decisions on its future wider use.MethodsHere, we combine multiple modelling methods for burden estimation to predict national case burden disaggregated by severity and map the distribution of burden across the country using three separate data sources. An ensemble of transmission models then predicts the estimated reduction in dengue transmission following a nationwide roll-out of wMelWolbachia.ResultsWe estimate that 7.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.8–17.7 million) symptomatic dengue cases occurred in Indonesia in 2015 and were associated with 332,865 (UI 94,175–754,203) lost disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The majority of dengue’s burden was due to non-severe cases that did not seek treatment or were challenging to diagnose in outpatient settings leading to substantial underreporting. Estimated burden was highly concentrated in a small number of large cities with 90% of dengue cases occurring in 15.3% of land area. Implementing a nationwideWolbachiapopulation replacement programme was estimated to avert 86.2% (UI 36.2–99.9%) of cases over a long-term average.ConclusionsThese results suggest interventions targeted to the highest burden cities can have a disproportionate impact on dengue burden. Area-wide interventions, such asWolbachia, that are deployed based on the area covered could protect people more efficiently than individual-based interventions, such as vaccines, in such dense environments.

The adsorption of cationic dye has been widely carried out by using polyacrylate, but it has a low ability to degrade the dye. On other hand, goethite has the opposite properties. This study aims to synthesis the composite of goethite-polyacrylate and its application for adsorption and degradation of methylene blue dye. The composite was synthesized by aging goethite at 40 °C for 7 days, polyacrylate then was added to goethite and the aging process was continued until 21 days. The synthesized composite was characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The result indicated that the composite has better adsorption capacity compared to goethite with the uptake of adsorbed methylene blue is 625 mg/g. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model correlation efficient higher than 0.99. Goethite-polyacrylate composite efficiently degraded the methylene blue compared to polyacrylate. The combination of goethite and polyacrylate improved the properties of the material which has good adsorption and degradation performance.

A lot of land-use conversion occur from open land areas to built-up areas, such as riparian that have been converted into settlement areas. The riparian is a buffer zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, which means that the riparian has many environmental roles. However, its ecological function and existence continue to be degraded due to settlement activities. The presence of settlements in the riparian cannot be simply eliminated; therefore an ecological approach is needed so that the presence of settlements does not always have a negative impact for the river. This approach can be seen through the management of Green Open Space (GOS) in the riparian area, ecologically GOS has many benefits in improving the quality of the riparian environment, and the GOS closest to the settlement is the home garden. This research was conducted in two types of settlements, namely Formal and Informal settlements, which are in the three riparian segments of the Bogor City Siliwung River, namely the upper, middle, and lower part. The purpose of this study is to analyzing the characteristics of the home garden in formal and informal settlements in the riparian area of the Ciliwung River in the City of Bogor, knowing the community’s perception of the existence of the home garden affecting the sustainability of the Ciliwung River and the results of this research is to provide recommendations for proper and sustainable home garden management in the Ciliwung River in Bogor Municipality.

2017 ABSTRAK Kharisma Mulya Utari D. I111 13054. Peran Keluarga pada Usaha Sapi Potong di Desa Harapan Kecamatan Walenrang Kabupaten Luwu, di Bawah Bimbingan Agustina Abdullah sebagai pembimbing utama dan Veronica Sri Lestari sebagai pembimbing anggota. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peran anggota keluarga pada usaha ternak sapi potong ditinjau dari aspek akses, kontrol, pengambilan keputusan, dan manfaat di Desa Harapan Kecamatan Walenrang Kabupaten Luwu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif, Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Desember 2016 ??? Januari 2017 di Desa Harapan Kecamatan Walenrang Kabupaten Luwu. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran keluarga (suami) memiliki peran yang tinggi dibandingkan istri dan anak pada usaha sapi potong dilihat dari aspek akses, kontrol, pengambilan keputusan dan manfaat. Kata Kunci: Keluarga, peran, sapi potong

The preparation of activated carbon as an adsorbent from biomass waste was usually conducted at high temperatures. In this research, activated carbon was prepared from palm kernel shell by the pyrolysis process at temperature under 400 °C to reduce excessive energy consumption. This study aims to identify the surface character of the formed activated carbon as an adsorbent for methylene blue. The pyrolysis process produced activated carbon which has a hydroxyl (3102–3423 cm−1) and carboxyl (1650 cm−1) functional groups, resulting in ionic interactions between activated carbon and methylene blue. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation efficient higher than 0,99. The highest adsorption capacity is 0.28 mmol/g adsorbent for activated carbon which is hydrolyzed at 350 °C with a surface area of 523 m2/g adsorbents.

The commercial adsorbent has been widely used for dye removal, but it is non-economical. The objective of this study is to synthesize a low-cost and environmental friendly goethite as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution using a batch-adsorption technique. Goethite was synthesized by adding sodium hydroxide to iron salt and aging at 40 °C for 7 and 21 days, then characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the optimum concentration of adsorbed methylene blue was 300 mg/L with an adsorption capacity of 82.81 and 75.8 mg/g for GPA7 and GT7, respectively. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation efficient higher than 0,99. Based on cost analysis, GT7 was the cheapest adsorbent, compared to GPA7 and commercial goethite.

All supplementary methods and results. (DOCX 1194 kb)

All supplementary methods and results. (DOCX 1194 kb)