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In this work, we report the independent discovery and analysis of nine new compact triply eclipsing triple star systems found with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission: TICs 47151245, 81525800, 99013269, 229785001, 276162169, 280883908, 294803663, 332521671, and 356324779. Each of these nine systems exhibits distinct third-body eclipses where the third (‘tertiary’) star occults the inner eclipsing binary (EB), or vice versa. We utilize a photodynamical analysis of the TESS photometry, archival photometric data, TESS eclipse timing variations of the EBs, available archival spectral energy distribution (SED) curves, and, in some cases, newly acquired radial velocity observations, to solve for the parameters of all three stars, as well as most of the orbital elements. From these analyses we find that the outer orbits of all nine systems are viewed nearly edge on (i.e. within ≲4°), and six of the systems are coplanar to within 5°; the others have mutual inclination angles of 20°, 41°, and possibly 179° (i.e. a retrograde outer orbit). The outer orbital periods range from 47.8 to 604 d, with eccentricities spanning 0.004–0.61. The masses of all 18 EB stars are in the range of 0.9–2.6 M⊙ and are mostly situated near the main sequence. By contrast, the masses and radii of the tertiary stars range from 1.4 to 2.8 M⊙ and 1.5 to 13 R⊙, respectively. We make use of the system parameters from these nine systems, plus those from a comparable number of compact triply eclipsing triples published previously, to gain some statistical insight into their properties.

In this work we report the discovery and analysis of six new compact triply eclipsing triple star systems found with the TESS mission: TICs 37743815, 42565581, 54060695, 178010808, 242132789, and 456194776. All of these exhibit distinct third body eclipses where the inner eclipsing binary (EB) occults the third (`tertiary') star, or vice versa. We utilized the TESS photometry, archival photometric data, and available archival spectral energy distribution curves (SED) to solve for the properties of all three stars, as well as many of the orbital elements. We describe in detail our SED fits, search of the archival data for the outer orbital period, and the final global photodynamical analyses. From these analyses we find that all six systems are coplanar to within $0^\circ$ - $5^\circ$, and are viewed nearly edge on (i.e., within a couple of degrees). The outer orbital periods and eccentricities of the six systems are {$P_{\rm out}$ (days), $e$}: {68.7, 0.36}, {123, 0.16}, {60.7, 0.01}, {69.0, 0.29}, {41.5, 0.01}, {93.9, 0.29}, respectively, in the order the sources are listed above. The masses of all 12 EB stars were in the range of 0.7-1.8 M$_\odot$ and were situated near the main sequence. By contrast, the masses and radii of the tertiary stars ranged from 1.5-2.3 M$_\odot$ and 2.9-12 R$_\odot$, respectively. We use this information to estimate the occurrence rate of compact flat triple systems., Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, 16 tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS

In this work we report the discovery and analysis of three new triply eclipsing triple star systems found with the TESS mission during its observations of the northern skies: TICs 193993801, 388459317, and 52041148. We utilized the TESS precision photometry of the binary eclipses and third-body eclipsing events, ground-based archival and follow-up photometric data, eclipse timing variations, archival spectral energy distributions, as well as theoretical evolution tracks in a joint photodynamical analysis to deduce the system masses and orbital parameters of both the inner and outer orbits. In one case (TIC 193993801) we also obtained radial velocity measurements of all three stars. This enabled us to `calibrate' our analysis approach with and without `truth' (i.e., RV) data. We find that the masses are good to 1-3% accuracy with RV data and 3-10% without the use of RV data. In all three systems we were able to find the outer orbital period before doing any detailed analysis by searching for a longer-term periodicity in the ASAS-SN archival photometry data -- just a few thousand ASAS-SN points enabled us to find the outer periods of 49.28 d, 89.86 d, and 177.0 d, respectively. From our full photodynamical analysis we find that all three systems are coplanar to within $1^\circ - 3^\circ$. The outer eccentricities of the three systems are 0.003, 0.10, and 0.62, respectively (i.e., spanning a factor of 200). The masses of the three stars {Aa, Ab, and B} in the three systems are: {1.31, 1.19, 1.34}, {1.82, 1.73, 2.19}, and {1.62, 1.48, 2.74} M$_\odot$, respectively., Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Tables 2-4, which will be published electronic only in the journal version, are fully available in this arXiv version

Does socially desirable responding (SDR) represent a threat to the validity of dynamic risk assessment in sex offenders’ self-reports? We studied a sample of men (N = 218) who completed a psychometric assessment battery while enrolled at Kia Marama, a prison-based treatment program for sexual offenders against children. SDR, as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne scale, was elevated compared to non-offender samples, increased from pre- to post-treatment, and was negatively correlated with dynamic risk (rs = −.30 to −.40), consistent with previous research. Measures of dynamic risk factors derived from the psychometric battery were correlated with sexual recidivism, but correlations were little changed when variance associated with SDR was removed using a regression procedure [Mills, J. F., & Kroner, D. G. (2006). Impression management and self-report among violent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(2), 178–192.]. These results suggest that there is a substantial component of the variance ...

There are an increasing number of healthcare smartphone applications (‘apps’) available. Urolithiasis presents a major healthcare burden. Patients are increasingly keen to educate themselves regarding the diagnosis and management of their condition. There is no formal regulation of healthcare apps, including a large number of apps relating to urolithiasis. This review aims to examine the range of apps available, and the prevalence of healthcare professional input. Four international smartphone app stores were searched: Apple’s App Store, Google Play (Android), BlackBerry App World and the Windows Phone App store. A total of 42 unique apps were downloaded and analysed. Recorded data included the cost (£/$), publisher information, number of ratings, average rating and any documentation of medical professional involvement. Twenty-one (50 %) apps required payment for download. The mean cost was £3.58 ($6.04) with range £0.61–£34.90 ($1.03–$58.87). Thirty-three (79 %) of the 42 apps were designed to be used by patients. Fifteen (36 %) of the 42 apps had clear input from health professionals. Twenty-two apps offered patient information, including dietary advice on lowering calcium intake, which is contrary to current evidence-based practice. We conclude that urolithiasis apps have future potential to inform both patients and healthcare professionals on stone management. However, inaccuracies in the recommendations made by some apps can be misleading or even harmful due to a lack of specialist involvement. We recommend improving the usefulness of these apps by seeking a ‘quality stamp’ from recognised urological organisations and greater clinician involvement in future app development.

Where organisms undergo radical changes in habitat during ontogeny, dramatic phenotypic reshaping may be required. However, physiological and functional interrelationships may constrain the extent to which an individual's phenotype can be equally well adapted to their habitat throughout the life cycle. The phenotypic response of tadpoles to the presence of a predator has been reported for several species of anuran but the potential post-metamorphic consequences have rarely been considered. We reared common frog Rana temporaria tadpoles in the presence or absence of a larval odonate predator, Aeshna juncea, and examined the consequences of the resulting phenotypic adjustment in the aquatic larval stage of the life cycle for the terrestrial juvenile phenotype. In early development tadpoles developed deeper tail fins and muscles in response to the predator and, in experimental trials, swam further than those reared in the absence of a predator. While the difference in swimming ability remained significant throughout the larval period, by the onset of metamorphosis we could no longer detect any differences in the morphological parameters measured. The corresponding post-metamorphic phenotypes also did not initially differ in terms of morphology. At 12 weeks post-metamorphosis, however, froglets that developed from predator-exposed tadpoles swam more slowly and less far than those that developed from tadpoles reared in the absence of predators, the opposite trend to that observed in the larval stage of the life cycle, and had narrower femurs. These results suggest that there may be long-term costs for subsequent life-history stages of tailoring the larval phenotype to prevailing environmental conditions.

Following active service during the 1990/1991 Gulf Conflict, a number of UK and US veterans presented with a diverse range of symptoms, collectively known as Gulf Veterans Illnesses (GVI). The administration of vaccines and/or the pretreatment against possible nerve agent poisoning, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), given to armed forces personnel during the Gulf Conflict has been implicated as a possible factor in the aetiology of these illnesses. The possibility that long-term health effects may result from the administration of these vaccines (anthrax, pertussis, plague, yellow fever, polio, typhoid, tetanus, hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis and cholera) and/or PB, have been investigated using a non-human primate model, the common marmoset. This paper reports the results from three aspects of the study, cognitive behaviour (performance of a touchscreen mediated discrimination task), muscle function (performance of a simple strength test) and general health. There were no marked long-term changes in cognition, muscle function or health that could be attributed to vaccines and/or PB administration. Statistical differences related to treatments were only observed in two aspects of cognition and one of clinical chemistry. These changes were transient in nature and their magnitude were minor and, in consequence, was not regarded as having long-term biological significance.

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the matter of providing the radiotherapist with more reliable high-tension generating equipment and x-ray tubes, more accurate physical measurements of the x-ray output, and more trustworthy evaluations of skin dose and depth dose data. With respect to treatment cones, however, it would appear that some improvement is still necessary. Manufacturers have made available a large variety of cones and applicators which in many cases are being used in conjunction with x-ray equipment without full realization of their individual limitations. In particular, the practice of supplying accessories which attempt to provide for all types of therapy (superficial, deep, and cavity) with the one high-voltage therapy unit has resulted in the production of some treatment cones which do not conform to sound physical principles. This report is based on experience gained during the routine calibration of all types of x-ray equipment in Australia. With many of the point...

The Biomass Program develops design cases to understand the current state of conversion technologies and to determine where improvements need to take place in the future. This design case establishes cost targets for converting MSW to ethanol and other mixed alcohols via gasification.

The Biomass Program develops design cases to understand the current state of conversion technologies and to determine where improvements need to take place in the future. This design case is the first to establish detailed cost targest for the production of diesel and gasoline blendstock from biomass via a fast pyrolysis process.

A novel method of assessing muscle function in the common marmoset was developed as part of a multidisciplinary long-term study. The method involved home cage presentation of a weight-pulling task. Over a 4–5 month period, 38 of 42 animals were successfully trained to displace weights of up to 920 g (mean 612±20 g). Performance, following initial training, was stable and independent of gender or body weight.

As a result of environmental and policy considerations, there is increasing interest in using renewable biomass resources as feedstock for power, fuels, and chemicals and hydrogen. Biomass gasification is seen as an important technology component for expanding the use of biomass. Advanced biomass gasification systems provide clean products that can be used as fuel or synthesis gases in a variety of environmentally friendly processes. Advanced end-use technologies such as gas turbines or synthesis gas systems require high quality gases with narrowly defined specifications. Other systems such as boilers may also have fuel quality requirements, but they will be substantially less demanding. The gas product from biomass gasifiers contains quantities of particulates, tars, and other constituents that may exceed these specified limits. As a result, gas cleaning and conditioning will be required in most systems. Over the past decade, significant research and development activities have been conducted on the topic of gas cleanup and conditioning. This report provides an update of efforts related to large-scale biomass gasification systems and summarizes recent progress. Remaining research and development issues are also summarized.

We have identified the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutations responsible for enzyme deficiency in nine individuals with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. We found the variants Tokyo, Iowa, Shinshu, and Guadalajara in British subjects and Kobe in an Italian. In addition we have determined the variant Corum has the mutation 820 G--A and have found in British subjects the mis-sense mutations 224 T--C, 488 G--A and 833 C--T which have not been described before. Some, but not all, of the mutations involve amino acids located near putative substrate binding sites.

Tonsillar physical signs plus cervical lymphadenopathy are irrelevant factors in the assessment of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Tonsillar protrusion, but not size, is related to snoring.

Two cases of neurofibroma of the paranasal sinuses are presented. The tumours presented as space-occupying lesions and were treated by local excision. Histologically one was a typical neurofibroma, whilst the other showed some features of a schwannoma. The patients show no evidence of tumour recurrence at 18 and 6 months respectively.

The relationship between two parameters of starch damage namely enzyme susceptibility and amylose extractability was examined in starch and in hard and soft flours ground by three unconventional methods. Variations in the relationship were as great in the starch series as in the flours, demonstrating that the effects of particle properties on the efficiency of one or other method of determination were not responsible. It is suggested that the two parameters are capable of independent variation since, in a single granule complete digestibility arises following a single “once for all” event, while for extractability that event marks the beginning of a process which can be further increased by suitable treatment. Types of starch damage can be defined in terms of ratio between extractability and digestibility and micrographs are presented which display granules afflicted by different types of damage. Entstehung und Messung der Starkebeschadigung in Mehl. Tell 2. Durch unkonventionelle Zerkleinerungsmethoden hervorgerufene Beschadigung. Die Beziehung zwischen zwei Parametern der Starkebeschadigung, und zwar der enzymatischen Angreifbarkeit und der Extrahierbarkeit von Amylose, wurde in Starke untersucht sowie in durch drei unkonventionelle Methoden erzeugten harten und weichen Mehlen. Die Veranderungen in der Beziehung zwischen den Parametern waren in der Starkereihe ebenso gros wie bei den Mehlen, woraus hervorgeht, das die Wirkungen der Partikeleigenschaften auf die Effizienz der einen oder anderen Bestimmungsmethode nicht verantwortlich sind. Es ist anzunehmen, das die beiden Parameter voneinander unabhangige Veranderungen bewirken in dem Sinne, das in einem einzelnen Korn vollstandige Abbaubarkeit auftritt nach einem einzelnen “Ein-fur-allemal” -Vorgang, wahrend dieser Vorgang fur die Extrahierbarkeit den Beginn eines Prozesses kennzeichnet, der durch geeignete Behandlung weiter verstarkt werden kann. Die Arten der Starkebeschadigung konnen definiert werden nach dem Verhaltnis zwischen Extrahierbarkeit und Abbaubarkeit. Dies wird durch entsprechende Mikrophotographien der verschiedenen Beschadigungsarten aufgezeigt.

Pyruvate oxidase is a peripheral membrane enzyme isolated from Escherichia coli. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to yield acetate plus CO2. The specific activity of the purified oxidase is stimulated 25-fold by lipids, and this lipid requirement has been the subject of previous studies. Since the enzyme is a tetramer at high protein concentrations (1 mg/ml) and is known to self-aggregate under certain conditions, the question arose as to whether the lipid stimulation observed in the steady state assay might be due to a change in the quaternary structure of the protein, either a dissociation or further association. This report is directed at determining the state of association of pyruvate oxidase under assay conditions by using fluorescence polarization. A photoreactive, nonspecific probe, 1-azidonaphthalene 5-sulfonate, was used to label the protein surface with an extrinsic fluorophore. It is concluded that under steady state assay conditions the oxidase remains tetrameric.

The relationship between two parameters of starch damage namely enzyme susceptibility and amylose extractibility was examined in flours produced from semolinas by roller milling at a wide range of differential speeds and with three types ofroll surface. Results suggest that variation in particle properties are unlikely to account for the inconsistency in the relationship between the parameters. Entstehung und Messung der Starkebeschadigung in Mehl. Teil 1. Beschadigung durch Walzenmahlung von Gries. Die Beziehung zwischen zwei Parametern der Starkebeschadigung, und zwar der Angreifbarkeit durch Enzyme und der Extrahierbarkeit von Amylose, wurde in Mehlen untersucht, die durch Walzenvermahlung von Griesen in einem weiten Bereich von Differentialgeschwindigkeiten und mit drei Arten von Walzenoberflachen hergestellt worden waren. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, das die Veranderung der Teilcheneigenschaften kaum fur die Unbestandigkeit im Verhaltnis zwischen den Parametern verantwortlich gemacht werden kann.

SUMMARY Field-caged and open-plot populations of the aphid Sitobion avenae on winter wheat (cv. Maris Widgeon) were sampled approximately twice-weekly in the summer of 1978. Cage populations began at growth stage 10.2 (Feekes scale) (Zadoks, G. S. 52); they were removed by spraying with pirimicarb at growth stages 10.54 (71), 11.1–11.2 (77) and 11.2–11.3 (85) respectively. All cage populations reduced mean weight per grain but the effect per aphid unit was lowest in the population of longest duration. Although the aphid index in the open plots was higher than that in the early cage treatment, yield was unaffected. Cage infestations affected the breadmaking quality of the grain: percentage flour extraction was reduced and there was an increase in colour, nicotinic acid content and thiamine (vitamin B1) content of the flour; percentage nitrogen in the flour was unaffected but there was a reduction in baking value and in the high molecular weight glutenin content; infestation also reduced α-amylase activity. Different aspects of grain quality did not change in parallel with one another or with yield changes and thus damage thresholds will vary according to the yield/quality measure under consideration.

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the structure of wafer biscuit sheets and its relation to ingredient composition. The starch component of flour was found to be completely gelatinized by the baking process, and was primarily responsible for the structural integrity of the wafer. Aerating agents were shown to produce microholes within the main structure, and different forms of aeration gave textural changes which were related to structural differences.

Particle size distribution of samples of fine flour produced by centrifugal air-classification, have been measured by the automatically recording Bachmann-Sartorius sedimentation balance, and the results obtained compared with those from other methods. The performance of this apparatus was well within the limits recommended in a British Standard Specification. Cyclohexane and cyclohexanone were found to be suitable dispersion media.

The disulphide interchange between the flour proteins gliadin and glutenin, and three low mo), wt. disulphides has been studied. Suitable reaction conditions have been established, and the extent of interchange has been measured. the ‘mixed’ disulphide reaction products have been examined by gel-filtration.

Fractions of markedly different protein contents may be obtained by air-classifying flour (in the sub-sieve range) at cut sizes of about 17 and 35 μ respectively. Of these fractions, the fine, 1 (of high protein content), contains fragments of interstitial endosperm protein and small starch granules; the intermediate, 2 (low protein), mainly large starch granules; the coarse, 3, fragments of endosperm cells. The yields and protein contents of the fractions vary with different wheats; the yields of 1 and 2 may be greatly increased through suitably grinding the flour after milling. In general, 1 may be used for raising the protein content of flours deficient in protein to a level suitable for bread-making. The amount of 1 required depends on its protein contents and on whether it came from a hard or soft wheat, the hard wheat fraction having better bread-making qualities. The resulting variation in the proportion of 1 required in the blend causes variation in the proportion of other particulate materials introduced with 1, in which they have become concentrated during the air classification. These include diastatically active agents and finely divided discolouring matter; the level of the former reached in the blend greatly affects its bread-making value. Pre-grinding of the flour may be helpful in this respect. When chlorinated, 2 is potentially useful for making light-structured cakes, but hard English wheats have mainly given less satisfactory results than soft. Under certain conditions, 3, with or without 2, may be better for biscuit-making than the parent flour.

The techniques of air classification, and differential centrifugation in non-aqueous media, have been combined to isolate from flour (a) endosperm protein and (b) aleurone cell contents. The amino-acid composition of the isolated protein has been determined and compared with that of the total protein complex in the parent flour. The results show that in the isolated protein fraction the proportion of the glutenin/gliadin group of proteins is higher than in the parent flour. This was observed in the material obtained from both a strong and a weak flour. It is suggested that this partial segregation occurs in the air classification process. The protein fractions isolated from the weak and strong flours were closely similar in their overall amino-acid composition. The amino-acid composition of the protein contained in the isolated aleurone cell contents has also been determined. The composition is quite different from that of the main endosperm proteins and resembles, in this respect, some of the soluble protein fractions which have been previously isolated from flour. A notable feature of the composition is a relatively high content of arginine.

Qualitative evidence for the intra-chain character of the disulphide bonds in gliadin, has been confirmed by quantitative measurement of the total number of bonds, and of the number reacting with sulphite under differing conditions of urea concentration. The results indicated that gliadin was composed of single polypeptide chains, which contained an average of four disulphide bonds each, in labile H-bonded configurations. Similar measurements on the protein of wheat aleurone cells, showed the presence of a high proportion of thiol groups, and a relatively low content of disulphide groups. All of the groups were accessible to reaction with sulphite, which implied that short polypeptide chains were involved in this soluble protein system. The results are discussed in relation to the development of protein in the endosperm, and in the aleurone layer, and to the rǒle of both types of protein in germination.

The sugars extracted from de-fatted contents of the aleurone cells of wheat, accounted for 10% of the dry weight of the material. After separation by gel-filtration and paper chromatography, the components were identified as 42% sucrose, 31 % raffinose, 20% neo-kestose, and 6% fructosyl raffinose, with traces of two other oligosaccharides, one of which was probably stachyose. Monosaccharides, maltose, and higher oligosaccharides which occur in other parts of the grain, were absent.

The application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to the gelatinisation of concentrated starch/water suspensions produced a well-defined endotherm under suitable conditions. Measurement of the peak area enabled the heat of gelatinisation to be calculated. The method has been applied to the following aspects of gelatinisation: — 1 Intercomparison of different starches, 2) Effect of granule size, 3 Application to wheat flour, 4 Effect of starch damage, 5 Staling of starch gels, 6 Amylose and amylopectin.

The condition of carcinoma arising in a pharyngeal pouch is rare. It has been described in relation to long standing pouches and in pouches previously treated by the Dohlman's operation. Three additional cases of carcinoma of the pharyngeal pouch are described.

Baking trials were conducted on two blends of 10% starch and 90% high protein flour. In both blends the flour component was identical but the starches had been ground in different ways to produce high levels of different types of damage. The levels of damage in the starches, and hence the blends, were similar if measured enzymically but different if measured by an amylose extraction method. Only small differences in baking properties were revealed. Entstehung und Messung der Starkebeschadigung in Mehl. Teil 3. Wirkung der Beschadigungsart auf das Backverhalten. Mit zwei Mischungen von 10% Starke und 90% proteinreichem Mehl wurden Backversuche durchgefuhrt. In beiden Mischungen war die Mehlkomponente identisch, wahrend die Starken auf verschiedene Weise vermahlen worden waren, um unterschiedlich hohe Grade verschiedener Beschadigungsarten zu erzeugen. Das Ausmas der Beschadigung in den Starken und somit auch in den Mischungen war bei enzymatischen Messungen ahnlich, jedoch unterschiedlich bei Anwendung einer Amyloseextraktions-Methode. In den Backeigenschaften zeigten sich nur geringfugige Unterschiede.

Aqueous suspensions were made of wheat starches damaged, by different methods, to varying degrees. Apparent viscosities of the hot pastes declined as damage levels increased and the relationships between these factors were examined. Measured as “extractability”, starch damage had a linear relationship with apparent viscosity for starches damaged by both methods. Starch damage measured as “digestibility” had different relationships with apparent viscosity for each type of damage involved. Evidence was found for the association of amylolytic enzymes with the starches used in the experiments.

The disulphide groups of flour which are accessible for reaction with sulphite, have been measured at different concentrations (0–8 M) of urea. The content of thiol groups has also been determined over the same range of urea concentrations. Results are given for two flours which yield doughs of widely different rheological properties. The accessibility of disulphide groups in the stronger flour showed a greater response to increasing urea concentration, and reached a maximum at a lower urea concentration than did the weaker flour. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of the mechanism of dough formation, involving protein thiol-disulphide interchange reactions.

Cushing's syndrome due to the abuse of Betamethasone nasal drops has not been described before. This report presents such a case and emphasises the care which oe must take in prescribing topical sterioids.

Acinous cell tumours of the larynx and trachea are extremely rare. A recent review of the literature has only found four reported cases. This short report describes such a patient and discusses her management in the light of previous articles. In view of its rarity in the laryngotracheal area and the uncertainty in the way in which the tumour should be managed, we thought the following case report and review of the literature would be of interest.

Pyruvate oxidase is a peripheral membrane enzyme isolated from Escherichia coli. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to yield acetate plus CO2. The specific activity of the purified oxidase is stimulated 25-fold by lipids, and this lipid requirement has been the subject of previous studies. Since the enzyme is a tetramer at high protein concentrations (1 mg/ml) and is known to self-aggregate under certain conditions, the question arose as to whether the lipid stimulation observed in the steady state assay might be due to a change in the quaternary structure of the protein, either a dissociation or further association. This report is directed at determining the state of association of pyruvate oxidase under assay conditions by using fluorescence polarization. A photoreactive, nonspecific probe, 1-azidonaphthalene 5-sulfonate, was used to label the protein surface with an extrinsic fluorophore. It is concluded that under steady state assay conditions the oxidase remains tetrameric.

A two-dimensional finite element model developed earlier by the authors to compute stresses and strains in composite masonry walls subjected to inplane external loads under linear elastic conditions is developed further in this paper to incorporate the cracking and failure of the collar joint. A simple failure criterion is proposed which mobilizes resisting friction forces due to yielding of the horizontal reinforcement. It is shown with the help of an example that the growth of the interface crack can be arrested once enough resisting forces have been mobilized. The proposed model could be utilized to estimate strengths of composite masonry walls.

Benign papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a very rare lesion of the nasal cavity; histologically, it may be mistaken for an angiosarcoma. An awareness of this and the ways in which it differs from angiosarcoma will prevent incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment by surgery or radiotherapy. A case report of each condition involving the nasal cavity is presented.

Samples of aleurone layer were prepared from wheat bran by a non-aqueous method and extracted with (i) water, (ii) 1 M-sodium chloride solution, (iii) 0.04 M-hydrochloric acid and (iv) 0.04 M-sodium hydroxide solution. The amounts of protein in the extracts were measured and the extracted materials examined by the Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the walls of the aleurone cells were not impermeable to the protein of the cell contents, since substantial amounts were extracted by all of the media. Comparison of the S.E.M. micrographs with those of unextracted material, together with the protein extraction results, showed that although alkali extracted more protein than did acid, it did not affect the aleurone granules, which were solubilised by acid. This evidence could not be reconciled with the widely-held view that aleurone grains are composed of protein.