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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often subject to synergistic oxidation by different oxidants in the atmosphere. However, the exact synergistic-oxidation mechanism of atmospheric VOCs and its role in particle formation remain poorly understood. In particular, the reaction kinetics of the key reactive intermediates, organic peroxy radicals (RO2), during synergistic oxidation is rarely studied. Here, we conducted a combined experimental and kinetic modeling study of the nocturnal synergistic oxidation of α-pinene (the most abundant monoterpene) by O3 and NO3 radicals as well as its influences on the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and particles. We find that in the synergistic O3 + NO3 regime, where OH radicals are abundantly formed via decomposition of ozonolysis-derived Criegee intermediates, the production of CxHyOz HOMs is substantially suppressed compared to that in the O3-only regime, mainly because of the depletion of α-pinene RO2 derived from ozonolysis and OH oxidation by those arising from NO3 oxidation via cross reactions. Measurement–model comparisons further reveal that the cross-reaction rate constants of NO3-derived RO2 with O3-derived RO2 are on average 10–100 times larger than those of NO3-derived RO2 with OH-derived RO2. Despite a strong production of organic nitrates in the synergistic-oxidation regime, the substantial decrease in CxHyOz HOM formation leads to a significant reduction in ultralow- and extremely low-volatility organic compounds, which significantly inhibits the formation of new particles. This work provides valuable mechanistic and quantitative insights into the nocturnal synergistic-oxidation chemistry of biogenic emissions and will help to better understand the formation of low-volatility organic compounds and particles in the atmosphere.

This study aimed to investigate the performance of Multicarrier Phase Coding (MCPC) and P4-encoded waveforms. Researchers explored the unique properties of these signals, focusing on aspects like phase distribution, autocorrelation, power spectral density for P4 encoding, and aperiodic autocorrelation and ambiguity function for MCPC signals. The findings identified optimal MCPC sequences with reduced peak-to-mean envelope power ratios (PMEPR), improving signal performance. Complementary codes based on permutation were also generated and analyzed for MCPC sequences. The study utilized an improved genetic algorithm to develop new and improved waveforms, underscoring the importance of techniques like optimal sequence permutation, complementary sequences, and classical window frequency weighting in enhancing signal performance.

Nowadays, photogrammetrically derived point clouds are widely used in many civilian applications due to their low cost and flexibility in acquisition. Typically, photogrammetric point clouds are assessed through reference data such as LiDAR point clouds. However, when reference data are not available, the assessment of photogrammetric point clouds may be challenging. Since these point clouds are algorithmically derived, their accuracies and precisions are highly varying with the camera networks, scene complexity, and dense image matching (DIM) algorithms, and there is no standard error metric to determine per-point errors. The theory of internal reliability of camera networks has been well studied through first-order error estimation of Bundle Adjustment (BA), which is used to understand the errors of 3D points assuming known measurement errors. However, the measurement errors of the DIM algorithms are intricate to an extent that every single point may have its error function determined by factors such as pixel intensity, texture entropy, and surface smoothness. Despite the complexity, there exist a few common metrics that may aid the process of estimating the posterior reliability of the derived points, especially in a multi-view stereo (MVS) setup when redundancies are present. In this paper, by using an aerial oblique photogrammetric block with LiDAR reference data, we analyze several internal matching metrics within a common MVS framework, including statistics in ray convergence, intersection angles, DIM energy, etc. We associate these metrics to the per-point errors evaluated through LiDAR reference data and discuss their potential contributions in estimating internal reliabilities of point clouds derived from DIM algorithms. The experimental results show that ray convergence and DIM energy are relevant indicators for the accuracy of the generated point clouds. Initial investigation shows that these two indicators could be further utilized to infer the measurement errors without reference data, which could potentially estimate the reliabilities of point clouds through error propagation.

Abstract Transport properties of silicate melts control magma ocean dynamics on the early terrestrial planets and rocky exoplanets. Here we calculate the viscosity (transport of momentum) of peridotite liquid at potential magma ocean conditions (0–159 GPa, 2,200–6,000 K) using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that, unlike MgSiO3 or basaltic melts, the viscosity of the highly depolymerized peridotite liquid (a) increases monotonically with pressure without an anomalous drop and (b) is lower than those of other melts over the entire mantle pressure range. Low viscosity would promote fractional crystallization in a less polymerized magma ocean and thus contribute to mantle heterogeneity from its earliest stage. Given the compositional dependence of magma ocean properties, emphasis on multicomponent bulk silicate Earth‐like composition, instead of simple end‐members, are rendered necessary, in order to better understand high‐energy planetary accretion processes and their aftermaths.

Medium entropy alloys (MEAs) have a high potential in industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties. Here we report a strategy to improve the ductility of the Ni40Co30Cr20Al5Ti5 MEAs by rapid solidification (RS). The as-cast alloy is composed of dendritic structure and L12 nano-precipitates. After RS, the lattice misfit of precipitate and matrix is reduced from 0.251 % to 0.167 %, and the size of the precipitate decreases from 85 nm to 28 nm. Meanwhile, RS also reduces the grain size of matrix. Gliding dislocation can cut through precipitates with low lattice misfit and smaller size, which can avoid strain accumulation and prevent crack initiation at the precipitate-matrix interfaces. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the ductility of the RS alloy is increased by 17 %–42 % without a decrease in strength. Our results can provide a guidance for other experiments using the RS technology (laser cladding, magnetron sputtering, etc.) to achieve the strength-ductility balance in the MEAs.

Acylperoxy radicals (RO2) are key intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds and different from the general alkyl RO2 radicals in reactivity. However, direct probing of the molecular identities and chemistry of acyl RO2 remains quite limited. Here, we report a combined experimental and kinetic modeling study of the composition and formation mechanisms of acyl RO2, as well as their contributions to the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) during ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that acyl RO2 radicals account for 67 %, 94 %, and 32 % of the highly oxygenated C7, C8, and C9 RO2, respectively, but only a few percent of C10 RO2. The formation pathway of acyl RO2 species depends on their oxygenation level. The highly oxygenated acyl RO2 (oxygen atom number ≥6) are mainly formed by the intramolecular aldehydic H shift (i.e., autoxidation) of RO2, while the less oxygenated acyl RO2 (oxygen atom number ) are basically derived from the C–C bond cleavage of alkoxy (RO) radicals containing an α-ketone group or the intramolecular H shift of RO containing an aldehyde group. The acyl-RO2-involved reactions explain 50 %–90 % of C7 and C8 closed-shell HOMs and 14 % of C10 HOMs, respectively. For C9 HOMs, this contribution can be up to 30 %–60 %. In addition, acyl RO2 contribute to 50 %–95 % of C14–C18 HOM dimer formation. Because of the generally fast reaction kinetics of acyl RO2, the acyl RO2 + alkyl RO2 reactions seem to outcompete the alkyl RO2 + alkyl RO2 pathways, thereby affecting the fate of alkyl RO2 and HOM formation. Our study sheds lights on the detailed formation pathways of the monoterpene-derived acyl RO2 and their contributions to HOM formation, which will help to understand the oxidation chemistry of monoterpenes and sources of low-volatility organic compounds capable of driving particle formation and growth in the atmosphere.

Abstract Coral reefs in the Central Indo-Pacific region comprise some of the most diverse and yet threatened marine habitats. While reef monitoring has grown throughout the region in recent years, studies of coral reef benthic cover remain limited in spatial and temporal scales. Here, we analysed 24,365 reef surveys performed over 37 years at 1972 sites throughout East Asia by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network using Bayesian approaches. Our results show that overall coral cover at surveyed reefs has not declined as suggested in previous studies and compared to reef regions like the Caribbean. Concurrently, macroalgal cover has not increased, with no indications of phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance on reefs. Yet, models incorporating socio-economic and environmental variables reveal negative associations of coral cover with coastal urbanisation and sea surface temperature. The diversity of reef assemblages may have mitigated cover declines thus far, but climate change could threaten reef resilience. We recommend prioritisation of regionally coordinated, locally collaborative long-term studies for better contextualisation of monitoring data and analyses, which are essential for achieving reef conservation goals.

We report an observation of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) gamma rays from the Galactic center (GC) region, using 7 yr of data collected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. The HAWC data are best described as a point-like source (HAWC J1746-2856) with a power-law spectrum ( ${d}N/{d}E=\phi {\left(E/26\,\mathrm{TeV}\right)}^{\gamma }$ ), where γ = −2.88 ± 0.15 _stat − 0.1 _sys and ϕ = 1.5 × 10 ^−15 (TeV cm ^2 s) ^−1 $\pm {0.3}_{\mathrm{stat}}{\,}_{-{0.13}_{\mathrm{sys}}}^{+{0.08}_{\mathrm{sys}}}$ extending from 6 to 114 TeV. We find no evidence of a spectral cutoff up to 100 TeV using HAWC data. Two known point-like gamma-ray sources are spatially coincident with the HAWC gamma-ray excess: Sgr A* (HESS J1745-290) and the Arc (HESS J1746-285). We subtract the known flux contribution of these point sources from the measured flux of HAWC J1746-2856 to exclude their contamination and show that the excess observed by HAWC remains significant (>5 σ ), with the spectrum extending to >100 TeV. Our result supports that these detected UHE gamma rays can originate via hadronic interaction of PeV cosmic-ray protons with the dense ambient gas and confirms the presence of a proton PeVatron at the GC.

Current chemical transport models fail to reproduce both the concentrations and temporal variations of organic aerosol (OA), especially the secondary organic aerosol (SOA), hindering the identification of major contribution sources. The fact that precursors of intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) are not included in models has a significant impact on the performance of SOA simulation. Herein, we establish a high-resolution emission inventory of I/SVOCs and by incorporating it into the CMAQ model, concentrations, temporal variations, and spatial distributions of POA and SOA originating from different sources in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China were simulated. By incorporating I/SVOC emissions into the model, the modeled average SOA concentrations in the region increased by 148 %. Significant model improvements in the simulations of different OA components were demonstrated by comparison with comprehensive observation data. Furthermore, spatial and seasonal variations of different source contributions to OA production have been identified. We found that cooking emissions are predominant sources of POA in the densely populated urban area of the region. I/SVOC emissions from industrial sources are dominant contributors to the SOA formation, followed by those from mobile sources. Our results indicate that future control measures should be specifically tailored on an intraregional scale based on the different source characteristics to achieve the national goal of continuous improvement in air quality. In addition, local source profiles and emission factors of I/SVOCs, as well as SOA formation mechanisms in the model framework must urgently be updated to further improve the model performance and thus the accuracy of source identifications.

Understanding the gas–particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is of crucial importance in the accurate representation of the global budget of atmospheric organic aerosols. In this study, we quantified the gas- vs. particle-phase fractions of a large number of SVOCs in real time in an urban area of East China with the use of a CHemical Analysis of aeRosols ONline (CHARON) inlet coupled to a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). We demonstrated the use of the CHARON inlet for highly efficient collection of particulate SVOCs while maintaining the intact molecular structures of these compounds. The collected month-long dataset with hourly resolution allows us to examine the gas–particle partitioning of a variety of SVOCs under ambient conditions. By comparing the measurements with model predictions using instantaneous equilibrium partitioning theory, we found that the dissociation of large parent molecules during the PTR ionization process likely introduces large uncertainties to the measured gas- vs. particle-phase fractions of less oxidized SVOCs, and therefore, caution should be taken when linking the molecular composition to the particle volatility when interpreting the PTR-ToF-MS data. Our analysis suggests that understanding the fragmentation mechanism of SVOCs and accounting for the neutral losses of small moieties during the molecular feature extraction from the raw PTR mass spectra could reduce, to a large extent, the uncertainties associated with the gas–particle partitioning measurement of SVOCs in the ambient atmosphere.

Aerosol acidity plays a key role in regulating the chemistry and toxicity of atmospheric aerosol particles. The trend of aerosol pH and its drivers is crucial in understanding the multiphase formation pathways of aerosols. Here, we reported the first trend analysis of aerosol pH from 2011 to 2019 in eastern China, calculated with the ISORROPIA model based on observed gas and aerosol compositions. The implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan led to −35.8 %, −37.6 %, −9.6 %, −81.0 % and 1.2 % changes of PM2.5, SO42-, NHx, non-volatile cations (NVCs) and NO3- in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during this period. Different from the drastic changes of aerosol compositions due to the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, aerosol pH showed a minor change of −0.24 over the 9 years. Besides the multiphase buffer effect, the opposite effects from the changes of SO42- and non-volatile cations played key roles in determining this minor pH trend, contributing to a change of +0.38 and −0.35, respectively. Seasonal variations in aerosol pH were mainly driven by the temperature, while the diurnal variations were driven by both temperature and relative humidity. In the future, SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions are expected to be further reduced by 86.9 %, 74.9 % and 41.7 % in 2050 according to the best health effect pollution control scenario (SSP1-26-BHE). The corresponding aerosol pH in eastern China is estimated to increase by ∼0.19, resulting in 0.04 less NO3- and 0.12 less NH4+ partitioning ratios, which suggests that NH3 and NOx emission controls are effective in mitigating haze pollution in eastern China.

Very-high-energy (0.1–100 TeV) gamma-ray emissions were observed in High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) data from the lobes of the microquasar SS 433, making them the first set of astrophysical jets that were resolved at TeV energies. In this work, we update the analysis of SS 433 using 2565 days of data from the HAWC observatory. Our analysis reports the detection of a point-like source in the east lobe at a significance of 6.6 σ and in the west lobe at a significance of 8.2 σ . For each jet lobe, we localize the gamma-ray emission and identify a best-fit position. The locations are close to the X-ray emission sites “e1” and “w1” for the east and west lobes, respectively. We analyze the spectral energy distributions and find that the energy spectra of the lobes are consistent with a simple power law d N / d E ∝ E ^α with $\alpha =-{2.44}_{-0.12-0.04}^{+0.13+0.04}$ and $\alpha =-{2.35}_{-0.11-0.03}^{+0.12+0.03}$ for the east and west lobes, respectively. The maximum energy of photons from the east and west lobes reaches 56 TeV and 123 TeV, respectively. We compare our observations to various models and conclude that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission can be produced by a population of electrons that were efficiently accelerated.

The origin of high-energy galactic cosmic rays is yet to be understood, but some galactic cosmic-ray accelerators can accelerate cosmic rays up to PeV energies. The high-energy cosmic rays are expected to interact with the surrounding material or radiation, resulting in the production of gamma-rays and neutrinos. To optimize for the detection of such associated production of gamma-rays and neutrinos for a given source morphology and spectrum, a multimessenger analysis that combines gamma-rays and neutrinos is required. In this study, we use the Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework with IceCube Maximum Likelihood Analysis software and HAWC Accelerated Likelihood to search for a correlation between 22 known gamma-ray sources from the third HAWC gamma-ray catalog and 14 yr of IceCube track-like data. No significant neutrino emission from the direction of the HAWC sources was found. We report the best-fit gamma-ray model and 90% CL neutrino flux limit from the 22 sources. From the neutrino flux limit, we conclude that, for five of the sources, the gamma-ray emission observed by HAWC cannot be produced purely from hadronic interactions. We report the limit for the fraction of gamma-rays produced by hadronic interactions for these five sources.

The first TeV γ -ray source with no lower energy counterparts, TeV J2032+4130, was discovered by HEGRA. It appears in the third HAWC catalog as 3HWC J2031+415 and it is a bright TeV γ -ray source whose emission has previously been resolved as two sources: HAWC J2031+415 and HAWC J2030+409. While HAWC J2030+409 has since been associated with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Cygnus Cocoon, no such association for HAWC J2031+415 has yet been found. In this work, we investigate the spectrum and energy-dependent morphology of HAWC J2031+415. We associate HAWC J2031+415 with a γ -ray binary system containing the pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and its companion MT91 213. We study HAWC data to observe their periastron in 2017. Additionally, we perform a combined multiwavelength analysis using radio, X-ray, and γ -ray emission. We conclude that HAWC J2031+415 and, by extension, TeV J2032+4130 are most probably a pulsar wind nebula powered by PSR J2032+4127.

We present the most precise measurements to date for the spatial extension and energy spectrum of the γ -ray region between a pulsar’s wind nebula and the interstellar medium, better known as the halo, present around Geminga and PSR B0656+14 (Monogem) using ∼2398 days of >1 TeV data collected by the HAWC observatory. We interpret the data using a physically motivated model for the diffuse γ -ray emission generated from positrons and electrons (e ^± ) injected by the pulsar wind nebula and inverse Compton scattering with interstellar radiation fields. We find the morphologies of the regions inside these halos are characterized by an inhibited diffusion that are approximately three orders of magnitudes smaller than the Galactic average. We also obtain the e ^± emission efficiencies of 6.6% and 5.1%, respectively, for Geminga and Monogem. These results have remarkable consequences for the study of the particle diffusion in the region between the pulsar wind nebulae and the interstellar medium, and for the interpretation of the flux of positrons measured by the AMS-02 experiment above 10 GeV.

This paper investigates the origin of the γ -ray emission from MGRO J1908+06 in the GeV–TeV energy band. By analyzing the data collected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System, and High Altitude Water Cherenkov, with the addition of spectral data previously reported by LHAASO, a multiwavelength study of the morphological and spectral features of MGRO J1908+06 provides insight into the origin of the γ -ray emission. The mechanism behind the bright TeV emission is studied by constraining the magnetic field strength, the source age, and the distance through detailed broadband modeling. Both spectral shape and energy-dependent morphology support the scenario that inverse Compton emission of an evolved pulsar wind nebula associated with PSR J1907+0602 is responsible for the MGRO J1908+06 γ -ray emission with a best-fit true age of T = 22 ± 9 kyr and a magnetic field of B = 5.4 ± 0.8 μ G, assuming the distance to the pulsar d _PSR = 3.2 kpc.

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory, located on the side of the Sierra Negra volcano in Mexico, has been fully operational since 2015. The HAWC collaboration has recently significantly improved their extensive air shower reconstruction algorithms, which has notably advanced the observatory performance. The energy resolution for primary gamma rays with energies below 1 TeV was improved by including a noise-suppression algorithm. Corrections have also been made to systematic errors in direction fitting related to the detector and shower plane inclinations, ${ \mathcal O }(0\buildrel{\circ}\over{.} 1)$ biases in highly inclined showers, and enhancements to the core reconstruction. The angular resolution for gamma rays approaching the HAWC array from large zenith angles (>37°) has improved by a factor of 4 at the highest energies (>70 TeV) as compared to previous reconstructions. The inclusion of a lateral distribution function fit to the extensive air shower footprint on the array to separate gamma-ray primaries from cosmic-ray ones based on the resulting χ ^2 values improved the background rejection performance at all inclinations. At large zenith angles, the improvement in significance is a factor of 4 compared to previous HAWC publications. These enhancements have been verified by observing the Crab Nebula, which is an overhead source for the HAWC Observatory. We show that the sensitivity to Crab-like point sources ( E ^−2.63 ) with locations overhead to 30° zenith is comparable to or less than 10% of the Crab Nebula’s flux between 2 and 50 TeV. Thanks to these improvements, HAWC can now detect more sources, including the Galactic center.

HESS J1809-193 is an unidentified TeV source, first detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) collaboration. The emission originates in a source-rich region that includes several supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsars including SNR G11.1+0.1, SNR G11.0-0.0, and the young radio pulsar PSR J1809-1917. Originally classified as a pulsar wind nebula candidate, recent studies show the peak of the TeV region overlapping with a system of molecular clouds. This resulted in the revision of the original leptonic scenario to look for alternate hadronic scenarios. Marked as a potential PeVatron candidate, this region has been studied extensively by H.E.S.S. due to its emission extending up to several tens of TeV. In this work, we use 2398 days of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory to carry out a systematic source search of the HESS J1809-193 region. We were able to resolve emission detected as an extended component (modelled as a symmetric Gaussian with a 1 σ radius of 0.°21) with no clear cutoff at high energies and emitting photons up to 210 TeV. We model the multiwavelength observations for the region around HESS J1809-193 using a time-dependent leptonic model and a lepto-hadronic model. Our model indicates that both scenarios could explain the observed data within the region of HESS J1809-193.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are charged particles that reach the heliosphere almost isotropically in a wide energy range. In the inner heliosphere, the GCR flux is modulated by solar activity so that only energetic GCRs reach the lower layers of the solar atmosphere. In this work, we propose that high-energy GCRs can be used to explore the solar magnetic fields at low coronal altitudes. We used GCR data collected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov observatory to construct maps of GCR flux coming from the Sun’s sky direction and studied the observed GCR deficit, known as Sun shadow (SS), over a 6 yr period (2016–2021) with a time cadence of 27.3 days. We confirm that the SS is correlated with sunspot number, but we focus on the relationship between the photospheric solar magnetic field measured at different heliolatitudes and the relative GCR deficit at different energies. We found a linear relationship between the relative deficit of GCRs represented by the depth of the SS and the solar magnetic field. This relationship is evident in the observed energy range of 2.5–226 TeV, but is strongest in the range of 12.4 33.4 TeV, which implies that this is the best energy range to study the evolution of magnetic fields in the low solar atmosphere.

Galactic gamma-ray diffuse emission (GDE) is emitted by cosmic rays (CRs), ultra-relativistic protons, and electrons, interacting with gas and electromagnetic radiation fields in the interstellar medium. Here we present the analysis of teraelectronvolt diffuse emission from a region of the Galactic plane over the range in longitude of l ∈ [43°, 73°], using data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) detector. Spectral, longitudinal, and latitudinal distributions of the teraelectronvolt diffuse emission are shown. The radiation spectrum is compatible with the spectrum of the emission arising from a CR population with an index similar to that of the observed CRs. When comparing with the DRAGON base model , the HAWC GDE flux is higher by about a factor of 2. Unresolved sources such as pulsar wind nebulae and teraelectronvolt halos could explain the excess emission. Finally, deviations of the Galactic CR flux from the locally measured CR flux may additionally explain the difference between the predicted and measured diffuse fluxes.

Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are crucial for atmospheric new particle formation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) growth. Therefore, understanding their chemical composition, temporal behavior, and sources is of great importance. Previous studies on OOMs mainly focus on environments where biogenic sources are predominant, yet studies on sites with dominant anthropogenic emissions, such as megacities, have been lacking. Here, we conducted long-term measurements of OOMs, covering four seasons of the year 2019, in urban Beijing. The OOM concentration was found to be the highest in summer (1.6×108 cm−3), followed by autumn (7.9×107 cm−3), spring (5.7×107 cm−3) and winter (2.3×107 cm−3), suggesting that enhanced photo-oxidation together with the rise in temperature promote the formation of OOMs. Most OOMs contained 5 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 7 effective oxygen atoms (nOeff=nO-2×nN). The average nOeff increased with increasing atmospheric photo-oxidation capacity, which was the highest in summer and the lowest in winter and autumn. By performing a newly developed workflow, OOMs were classified into the following four types: aromatic OOMs, aliphatic OOMs, isoprene OOMs, and monoterpene OOMs. Among them, aromatic OOMs (29 %–41 %) and aliphatic OOMs (26 %–41 %) were the main contributors in all seasons, indicating that OOMs in Beijing were dominated by anthropogenic sources. The contribution of isoprene OOMs increased significantly in summer (33 %), which is much higher than those in the other three seasons (8 %–10 %). Concentrations of isoprene (0.2–5.3×107 cm−3) and monoterpene (1.1–8.4×106 cm−3) OOMs in Beijing were lower than those reported at other sites, and they possessed lower oxygen and higher nitrogen contents due to high NOx levels (9.5–38.3 ppbv – parts per billion by volume) in Beijing. With regard to the nitrogen content of the two anthropogenic OOMs, aromatic OOMs were mainly composed of CHO and CHON species, while aliphatic OOMs were dominated by CHON and CHON2 ones. Such prominent differences suggest varying formation pathways between these two OOMs. By combining the measurements and an aerosol dynamic model, we estimated that the SOA growth rate through OOM condensation could reach 0.64, 0.61, 0.41, and 0.30 µg m−3 h−1 in autumn, summer, spring, and winter, respectively. Despite the similar concentrations of aromatic and aliphatic OOMs, the former had lower volatilities and, therefore, showed higher contributions (46 %–62 %) to SOA than the latter (14 %–32 %). By contrast, monoterpene OOMs and isoprene OOMs, limited by low abundances or high volatilities, had low contributions of 8 %–12 % and 3 %–5 %, respectively. Overall, our results improve the understanding of the concentration, chemical composition, seasonal variation, and potential atmospheric impacts of OOMs, which can help formulate refined restriction policy specific to SOA control in urban areas.

Abstract Seismic measurements made on Mars indicate that the liquid iron‐nickel core is rich in light elements; however, the effects of these light components on the elasticity of Mars’ core remain poorly constrained. Here, we calculate elastic properties of various liquid Fe‐X (X = Ni, S, C, O and H) mixtures using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that, at martian core conditions, the addition of S and O most effectively decreases the density of liquid iron, followed by C and H, while Ni has a minimal effect. As for compressional sound velocity (Vp), C increases Vp of liquid Fe throughout Mars’ core, while both S and O reduce Vp, the intensity of which diminishes with increasing pressure. Assuming a martian core made of a binary mixture, the seismically‐inferred density would require the presence of at least 30 wt% S.

Structure from motion using uncalibrated multi-camera systems is a challenging task. This paper proposes a bundle adjustment solution that implements a baseline constraint respecting that these cameras are static to each other. We assume these cameras are mounted on a mobile platform, uncalibrated, and coarsely synchronized. To this end, we propose the baseline constraint that is formulated for the scenario in which the cameras have overlapping views. The constraint is incorporated in the bundle adjustment solution to keep the relative motion of different cameras static. Experiments were conducted using video frames of two collocated GoPro cameras mounted on a vehicle with no system calibration. These two cameras were placed capturing overlapping contents. We performed our bundle adjustment using the proposed constraint and then produced 3D dense point clouds. Evaluations were performed by comparing these dense point clouds against LiDAR reference data. We showed that, as compared to traditional bundle adjustment, our proposed method achieved an improvement of 29.38%.

Long-term human path forecasting in crowds is critical for autonomous moving platforms (like autonomous driving cars and social robots) to avoid collision and make high-quality planning. It is not easy for prediction systems to successfully take into account social interactions and predict a distribution of future possible path in a highly interactive and dynamic circumstance. In this paper, we develop a data-driven model for long-term trajectory prediction, which naturally takes into account social interactions through a spatio-temporal graph representation and predicts multi-modes of future trajectories. Different from generative adversarial network (GAN) based models which generate samples and then provide distributions of samples, we use mixture density functions to describe human motion and intuitively map the distribution of future path with explicit densities. To prevent the model from collapsing into a single mode and truly capture the intrinsic multi-modality, we further use a Winner-Takes-All (WTA) loss instead of computing loss over all modes. Extensive experiments over several trajectory prediction benchmarks demonstrate that our method is able to capture the multi-modality of human motion and forecast the distributions of plausible futures in complex scenarios.

LiV2O4 is a mixed-valent spinel oxide and one of a few transition-metal compounds to host a heavy fermion phase at low temperatures. Although numerous experimental studies have attempted to elucidate how its 3d electrons undergo giant mass renormalization, spectroscopic probes that may provide crucial hints, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), remain to be applied. A prerequisite is atomically flat and pristine surfaces, which, in the case of LiV2O4, are difficult to obtain by the cleavage of small, three-dimensional crystals. We report the epitaxial growth of LiV2O4 thin films with bulklike properties on SrTiO3(111) via pulsed laser deposition and stable STM imaging of the LiV2O4(111) surface. The as-grown films were transferred ex situ to a room-temperature STM, where subsequent annealing with optional sputtering in ultrahigh vacuum enabled compact islands with smooth surfaces and a hexagonal 1 × 1 atomic lattice to be resolved. Our STM measurements provide insights into the growth mechanisms of LiV2O4 on SrTiO3(111) as well as demonstrate the feasibility of performing surface-sensitive measurements of this heavy fermion compound.

Extended very-high-energy (VHE; 0.1–100 TeV) γ -ray emission has been observed around several middle-aged pulsars and referred to as “TeV halos.” Their formation mechanism remains under debate. It is also unknown whether they are ubiquitous or related to a certain subgroup of pulsars. With 2321 days of observation, the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory detected VHE γ -ray emission at the location of the radio-quiet pulsar PSR J0359+5414 with >6 σ significance. By performing likelihood tests with different spectral and spatial models and comparing the TeV spectrum with multiwavelength observations of nearby sources, we show that this excess is consistent with a TeV halo associated with PSR J0359+5414, though future observation of HAWC and multiwavelength follow-ups are needed to confirm this nature. This new halo candidate is located in a noncrowded region in the outer galaxy. It shares similar properties to the other halos but its pulsar is younger and radio-quiet. Our observation implies that TeV halos could commonly exist around pulsars and their formation does not depend on the configuration of the pulsar magnetosphere.

NH3 is the most important alkaline gas in the atmosphere and one of the key species affecting the behaviors of atmospheric aerosols. However, the impact of NH3 on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation remains poorly understood, especially the dynamic evolution of chemical compositions in the SOA formation process. In this study, a series of chamber experiments were performed to probe the individual and common effects of NH3 and NOx on toluene SOA formation through OH photooxidation. The chemical compositions of toluene SOA were characterized using the Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The SOA yield increased from 28.1 % in the absence of NH3 to 34.7 % in the presence of NH3 but decreased to 19.5 % in the presence of NOx. However, the highest SOA yield of 42.7 % and the lowest carbon oxidation state (OSC) occurred in the presence of both NH3 and NOx, indicating that the higher-volatility products that formed in the presence of NOx could partition into the particle phase when NH3 was added. This resulted in a synergetic effect on SOA formation when NH3 and NOx co-existed. The heterogeneous reaction was the main pathway by which NH3 participated in SOA formation in the photooxidation process. The synergetic effect of NH3 and NOx was also observed in SOA optical absorption. A peak at 280 nm, which is characteristic of organonitrogen imidazole compounds, was observed in the presence of NH3, and its intensity increased when NOx was added into the chamber. This work improves our understanding of how the synergistic interactions between NH3 and NOx influence SOA formation and offers new insights into mitigating haze pollution.

Background:. Our objective was to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the treatment of acute lower extremity fractures in persons with a chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods:. Information from a previous systematic review that addressed lower extremity fracture care in persons with an SCI as well as information from interviews of physical and occupational therapists, searches of the literature, and expert opinion were used to develop this CPG. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) system was used to determine the quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendations. An overall GRADE quality rating was applied to the evidence. Conclusions:. Individuals with a chronic SCI who sustain an acute lower extremity fracture should be provided with education regarding the risks and benefits of operative and nonoperative management, and shared decision-making for acute fracture management should be used. Nonoperative management historically has been the default preference; however, with the advent of greater patient independence, improved surgical techniques, and advanced therapeutics and rehabilitation, increased use of surgical management should be considered. Physical therapists, kinesiotherapists, and/or occupational therapists should assess equipment needs, skills training, and caregiver assistance due to changes in mobility resulting from a lower extremity fracture. Therapists should be involved in fracture management as soon as possible following fracture identification. Pressure injuries, compartment syndrome, heterotopic ossification, nonunion, malunion, thromboembolism, pain, and autonomic dysreflexia are fracture-related complications that clinicians caring for patients who have an SCI and a lower extremity fracture may encounter. Strategies for their treatment are discussed. The underlying goal is to return the patient as closely as possible to their pre-fracture functional level with operative or nonoperative management.

Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are the crucial intermediates linking volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere, but comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of OOMs and their formation from VOCs is still missing. Ambient observations of OOMs using recently developed mass spectrometry techniques are still limited, especially in polluted urban atmospheres where VOCs and oxidants are extremely variable and complex. Here, we investigate OOMs, measured by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization mass spectrometer at Nanjing in eastern China, through performing positive matrix factorization on binned mass spectra (binPMF). The binPMF analysis reveals three factors about anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) daytime chemistry, three isoprene-related factors, three factors about biogenic VOC (BVOC) nighttime chemistry, and three factors about nitrated phenols. All factors are influenced by NOx in different ways and to different extents. Over 1000 non-nitro molecules have been identified and then reconstructed from the selected solution of binPMF, and about 72 % of the total signals are contributed by nitrogen-containing OOMs, mostly regarded as organic nitrates formed through peroxy radicals terminated by nitric oxide or nitrate-radical-initiated oxidations. Moreover, multi-nitrates account for about 24 % of the total signals, indicating the significant presence of multiple generations, especially for isoprene (e.g., C5H10O8N2 and C5H9O10N3). Additionally, the distribution of OOM concentration on the carbon number confirms their precursors are driven by AVOCs mixed with enhanced BVOCs during summer. Our results highlight the decisive role of NOx in OOM formation in densely populated areas, and we encourage more studies on the dramatic interactions between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions.

Antiperovskites, or inverse perovskites, have recently emerged as a material class with a plethora of promising electronic properties. This Perspective describes the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of oxide antiperovskites Sr3PbO and Sr3SnO. We show that MBE offers great potential in regard to not only growing antiperovskites with high structural quality but also providing a means for seamless integration with advanced characterization techniques, including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy, to facilitate the analyses of their intrinsic properties. The initial results point toward the feasibility of atomically controlled antiperovskite growth, which can open doors to study topological and correlated electronic states in an electronic environment quite distinct from what is available in conventional complex oxides.

Abstract Background Accurate and robust pathological image analysis for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis is time-consuming and knowledge-intensive, but is essential for CRC patients’ treatment. The current heavy workload of pathologists in clinics/hospitals may easily lead to unconscious misdiagnosis of CRC based on daily image analyses. Methods Based on a state-of-the-art transfer-learned deep convolutional neural network in artificial intelligence (AI), we proposed a novel patch aggregation strategy for clinic CRC diagnosis using weakly labeled pathological whole-slide image (WSI) patches. This approach was trained and validated using an unprecedented and enormously large number of 170,099 patches, > 14,680 WSIs, from > 9631 subjects that covered diverse and representative clinical cases from multi-independent-sources across China, the USA, and Germany. Results Our innovative AI tool consistently and nearly perfectly agreed with (average Kappa statistic 0.896) and even often better than most of the experienced expert pathologists when tested in diagnosing CRC WSIs from multicenters. The average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of AI was greater than that of the pathologists (0.988 vs 0.970) and achieved the best performance among the application of other AI methods to CRC diagnosis. Our AI-generated heatmap highlights the image regions of cancer tissue/cells. Conclusions This first-ever generalizable AI system can handle large amounts of WSIs consistently and robustly without potential bias due to fatigue commonly experienced by clinical pathologists. It will drastically alleviate the heavy clinical burden of daily pathology diagnosis and improve the treatment for CRC patients. This tool is generalizable to other cancer diagnosis based on image recognition.

Collective transport properties of a one-dimensional (1D) asymmetric periodic substrate modulated two-dimensional (2D) dusty plasma driven by an unbiased sinusoidal excitation force are investigated using Langevin dynamical simulations. It is discovered that by changing the amplitude and frequency of the unbiased sinusoidal external excitations, as well as the depth of the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate, both the direction and speed of the persistent particle flow can be adjusted, i.e., both the flow rectification and its reversal of the ratchet effect of the steady drift motion for particles are achieved using various excitations. For the studied 2D dusty plasma under the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate, when the amplitude of the excitation increases from zero, the magnitude of the overall drift velocity increases from zero to its first maximum in the easy direction of the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate, next decreases gradually back to zero, and then increases from zero to its second maximum in the hard direction of the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate before finally gradually decaying. It is found that, as the frequency of the excitation and the depth of the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate change, the maximum overall drift velocity also varies, exhibiting a similar variation trend as that for the change of the excitation amplitude. The observed ratchet effect in both the easy and hard directions of 1D asymmetric periodic substrate for 2D dusty plasma is attributed to the combination of the spatial symmetry breaking of the 1D asymmetric periodic substrate and the inertial effects of particles, which is further confirmed by the three different presented diagnostics.

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of brown carbon (BrC) in various fields, particularly relating to climate change. The incomplete combustion of biomass in open and contained burning conditions is believed to be a significant contributor to primary BrC emissions. So far, few studies have reported the emission factors of BrC from biomass burning, and few studies have specifically addressed which form of light-absorbing carbon, such as black carbon (BC) or BrC, plays a leading role in the total solar light absorption by biomass burning. In this study, the optical integrating sphere (IS) approach was used, with carbon black and humic acid sodium salt as reference materials for BC and BrC, respectively, to distinguish BrC from BC on filter samples. A total of 11 widely used biomass types in China were burned in a typical stove to simulate the real household combustion process. (i) Large differences existed in the emission factors of BrC (EFBrC) among the tested biomass fuels, with a geometric mean EFBrC of 0.71 g kg−1 (0.24–2.09). Both the plant type (herbaceous or ligneous) and burning style (raw or briquetted biomass) might influence the value of EFBrC. The observed reduction in the emissions of light-absorbing carbon (LAC) confirmed an additional benefit of biomass briquetting in climate change mitigation. (ii) The calculated annual BrC emissions from China's household biomass burning amounted to 712 Gg, higher than the contribution from China's household coal combustion (592 Gg). (iii) The average absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was (2.46±0.53), much higher than that of coal-chunk combustion smoke (AAE=1.30±0.32). (iv) For biomass smoke, the contribution of absorption by BrC to the total absorption by BC+BrC across the strongest solar spectral range of 350–850 nm (FBrC) was 50.8 %. This is nearly twice that for BrC in smoke from household coal combustion (26.5 %). (v) Based on this study, a novel algorithm was developed for estimating the FBrC for perhaps any combustion source (FBrC=0.5519ln⁡AAE+0.0067, R2=0.999); the FBrC value for all global biomass burning (open+contained) (FBrC-entire) was 64.5 % (58.5 %–69.9 %). This corroborates the dominant role of BrC in total biomass burning absorption. Therefore, the inclusion of BrC is not optional but indispensable when considering the climate energy budget, particularly for biomass burning emissions (contained and open).

As one of the intense anthropogenic emission regions across the relatively high-latitude (>40∘ N) areas on Earth, northeast China faces the serious problem of regional haze during the heating period of the year. Aerosols in polluted haze in northeast China are poorly understood compared with the haze in other regions of China such as the North China Plain. Here, we integrated bulk chemical measurements with single-particle analysis from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain morphology, size, composition, aging process, and sources of aerosol particles collected during two contrasting regional haze events (Haze-I and Haze-II) at an urban site and a mountain site in northeast China and further investigated the causes of regional haze formation. Haze-I evolved from moderate (average PM2.5: 76–108 µg m−3) to heavy pollution (151–154 µg m−3), with the dominant PM2.5 component changing from organic matter (OM) (39–45 µg m−3) to secondary inorganic ions (94–101 µg m−3). Similarly, TEM observations showed that S-rich particles internally mixed with OM (named S-OM) increased from 29 % to 60 % by number at an urban site and 64 % to 74 % at a mountain site from the moderate Haze-I to heavy Haze-I events, and 75 %–96 % of Haze-I particles included primary OM. We found that change of wind direction caused Haze-I to rapidly turn into Haze-II (185–223 µg m−3) with predominantly OM (98–133 µg m−3) and unexpectedly high K+ (3.8 µg m−3). TEM also showed that K-rich particles internally mixed with OM (named K-OM) increased from 4 %–5 % by number to 50 %–52 %. The results indicate that there were different sources of aerosol particles causing the Haze-I and Haze-II formation: Haze-I was mainly induced by accumulation of primary OM emitted from residential coal burning and further deteriorated by secondary aerosol formation via heterogeneous reactions; Haze-II was caused by long-range transport of agricultural biomass burning emissions. Moreover, abundant primary OM particles emitted from coal and biomass burning were considered to be one typical brown carbon, i.e., tar balls. Our study highlights that large numbers of light-absorbing tar balls significantly contribute to winter haze formation in northeast China and they should be further considered in climate models.

The spin texture in presence of both inversion and time-reversal symmetries has been difficult to observe. Here, Nakamura et al. report evidence of hidden entanglement between spin and momentum in antiperovskite Dirac material Sr3SnO.

Oil spills over the sea resulted in the destruction of the marine environment. Therefore, the Bayesian algorithm was developed to determine the source of spilled oil for reducing the damage to the marine environment. Based on the flow data of the offshore waters of the Bohai Sea, the influencing factors of oil spill drift were used for algorithm. The main factors affecting the traceability of marine oil spills are considered: the distance from the oil point to the source point, the flow direction of water, the type of the spilled oil source, and the scale of the source. The algorithm is completed on the basis of a feasible simulation database. We not consider the relationship between the attributes by naive Bayesian classification. In this paper, we determine the result by the minimum error rates of each source. Then the performance evaluation of the model was done by cross-validation method. The experimental result shows that the Bayesian algorithm can be used to determine the source of spilled oil. It is easier and faster to determine the source by the method raised.

Recently, the region surrounding eHWC J1842−035 has been studied extensively by γ-ray observatories due to its extended emission reaching up to a few hundred TeV and potential as a hadronic accelerator. In this work, we use 1910 days of cumulative data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory to carry out a dedicated systematic source search of the eHWC J1842−035 region. During the search, we found three sources in the region, namely, HAWC J1844−034, HAWC J1843−032, and HAWC J1846−025. We have identified HAWC J1844−034 as the extended source that emits photons with energies up to 175 TeV. We compute the spectrum for HAWC J1844−034, and by comparing with the observational results from other experiments, we have identified HESS J1843−033, LHAASO J1843−0338, and TASG J1844−038 as very-high-energy γ-ray sources with a matching origin. Also, we present and use the multiwavelength data to fit the hadronic and leptonic particle spectra. We have identified four pulsar candidates in the nearby region in which PSR J1844−0346 is found to be the most likely candidate due to its proximity to HAWC J1844−034 and the computed energy budget. We have also found SNR G28.6−0.1 as a potential counterpart source of HAWC J1844−034 for which both leptonic and hadronic scenarios are feasible.

In the quest for high-energy neutrino sources, the Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network has implemented a new search by combining data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory and the Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch (ANTARES) neutrino telescope. Using the same analysis strategy as in a previous detector combination of HAWC and IceCube data, we perform a search for coincidences in HAWC and ANTARES events that are below the threshold for sending public alerts in each individual detector. Data were collected between 2015 July and 2020 February with a live time of 4.39 yr. Over this time period, three coincident events with an estimated false-alarm rate of

We present the results of dark matter (DM) searches in a sample of 31 dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies within the field of view of the HAWC Observatory. dIrr galaxies are DM-dominated objects in which astrophysical gamma-ray emission is estimated to be negligible with respect to the secondary gamma-ray flux expected by annihilation or decay of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). While we do not see any statistically significant DM signal in dIrr galaxies, we present the exclusion limits (95% C.L.) for annihilation cross section and decay lifetime for WIMP candidates with masses between 1 and 100 TeV. Exclusion limits from dIrr galaxies are relevant and complementary to benchmark dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. In fact, dIrr galaxies are targets kinematically different from benchmark dSph, preserving the footprints of different evolution histories. We compare the limits from dIrr galaxies to those from ultrafaint and classical dSph galaxies previously observed with HAWC. We find that the constraints are comparable to the limits from classical dSph galaxies and ∼2 orders of magnitude weaker than the ultrafaint dSph limits.

The latest High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) point-like source catalog up to 56 TeV reported the detection of two sources in the region of the Galactic plane at galactic longitude 52° < ℓ < 55°, 3HWC J1930+188 and 3HWC J1928+178. The first one is associated with a known TeV source, the supernova remnant SNR G054.1+00.3. It was discovered by one of the currently operating Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT), the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S), and identified as a composite SNR. However, the source 3HWC J1928+178, discovered by HAWC and coincident with the pulsar PSR J1928+1746, was not detected by any IACT despite their long exposure on the region, until a recent new analysis of H.E.S.S. data was able to confirm it. Moreover, no X-ray counterpart has been detected from this pulsar. We present a multicomponent fit of this region using the latest HAWC data. This reveals an additional new source, HAWC J1932+192, which is potentially associated with the pulsar PSR J1932+1916, whose γ -ray emission could come from the acceleration of particles in its pulsar wind nebula. In the case of 3HWC J1928+178, several possible explanations are explored, in an attempt to unveil the origins of the very-high-energy γ -ray emission.

The Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) provides multispectral images of the sunlit disk of Earth since 2015 from the L1 orbit, approximately 1.5 million km from Earth toward the Sun. The NASA’s Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm has been adapted for DSCOVR/EPIC data providing operational processing since 2018. Here, we describe the latest version 2 (v2) MAIAC EPIC algorithm over land that features improved aerosol retrieval with updated regional aerosol models and new atmospheric correction scheme based on the ancillary bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model of the Earth from MAIAC MODIS. The global validation of MAIAC EPIC aerosol optical depth (AOD) with AERONET measurements shows a significant improvement over v1 and the mean bias error MBE = 0.046, RMSE = 0.159, and R = 0.77. Over 66.7% of EPIC AOD retrievals agree with the AERONET AOD to within ± (0.1 + 0.1AOD). We also analyze the role of surface anisotropy, particularly important for the backscattering view geometry of EPIC, on the result of atmospheric correction. The retrieved BRDF-based bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF) are found higher than the Lambertian reflectance by 8–15% at 443 nm and 1–2% at 780 nm for EPIC observations near the local noon. Due to higher uncertainties, the atmospheric correction at UV wavelengths of 340, 388 nm is currently performed using a Lambertian approximation.

Remote sensing image scene classification has gained remarkable attention, due to its versatile use in different applications like geospatial object detection, ground object information extraction, environment monitoring and etc. The scene not only contains the information of the ground objects, but also includes the spatial relationship between the ground objects and the environment. With rapid growth of the amount of remote sensing image data, the need for automatic annotation methods for image scenes is more urgent. This paper proposes a new framework for high resolution remote sensing images scene classification based on convolutional neural network. To eliminate the requirement of fixed-size input image, multiple pyramid pooling strategy is equipped between convolutional layers and fully connected layers. Then, the fixed-size features generated by multiple pyramid pooling layer was extended to one-dimension fixed-length vector and fed into fully connected layers. Our method could generate a fixed-length representation regardless of image size, at the same time get higher classification accuracy. On UC-Merced and NWPU-RESISC45 datasets, our framework achieved satisfying accuracies, which is 93.24% and 88.62% respectively.

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role as central orchestrators of immune system response in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved in the immune maturation of DCs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We isolated mouse bone marrow progenitors and stimulated them with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin (IL)-4 to induce immature DCs. We then treated DCs with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to induce maturation. LOX-1 siRNA was used to investigate the modulation of LOX-1 on the development of DCs and the underlying signal pathways. CD11c-positive DCs were successfully derived from mouse bone marrow progenitors. OxLDL promoted the expressions of DCs maturation markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. OxLDL also upregulated LOX-1 expression and activated MAPK/NF-κB pathways. LOX-1 siRNA could attenuate the expression of MAPK/NF-κB pathways and inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, oxLDL induced the maturation of DCs via LOX-1-mediated MAPK/NF-κB pathway, which contributed to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.

This paper describes the latest version of the algorithm MAIAC used for processing the MODIS Collection 6 data record. Since initial publication in 2011–2012, MAIAC has changed considerably to adapt to global processing and improve cloud/snow detection, aerosol retrievals and atmospheric correction of MODIS data. The main changes include (1) transition from a 25 to 1 km scale for retrieval of the spectral regression coefficient (SRC) which helped to remove occasional blockiness at 25 km scale in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and in the surface reflectance, (2) continuous improvements of cloud detection, (3) introduction of smoke and dust tests to discriminate absorbing fine- and coarse-mode aerosols, (4) adding over-water processing, (5) general optimization of the LUT-based radiative transfer for the global processing, and others. MAIAC provides an interdisciplinary suite of atmospheric and land products, including cloud mask (CM), column water vapor (CWV), AOD at 0.47 and 0.55 µm, aerosol type (background, smoke or dust) and fine-mode fraction over water; spectral bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF), parameters of Ross-thick Li-sparse (RTLS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model and instantaneous albedo. For snow-covered surfaces, we provide subpixel snow fraction and snow grain size. All products come in standard HDF4 format at 1 km resolution, except for BRF, which is also provided at 500 m resolution on a sinusoidal grid adopted by the MODIS Land team. All products are provided on per-observation basis in daily files except for the BRDF/Albedo product, which is reported every 8 days. Because MAIAC uses a time series approach, BRDF/Albedo is naturally gap-filled over land where missing values are filled-in with results from the previous retrieval. While the BRDF model is reported for MODIS Land bands 1–7 and ocean band 8, BRF is reported for both land and ocean bands 1–12. This paper focuses on MAIAC cloud detection, aerosol retrievals and atmospheric correction and describes MCD19 data products and quality assurance (QA) flags.

Aerosol–cloud interactions remain a major source of uncertainty in climate forcing estimates. Few studies have been conducted to characterize the aerosol–cloud interactions in heavily polluted conditions worldwide. In this study, cloud residual and cloud interstitial particles were collected during cloud events under different pollution levels from 22 July to 1 August 2014 at Mt. Tai (1532 m above sea level) located in the North China Plain (NCP). A transmission electron microscope was used to investigate the morphology, size, and chemical composition of individual cloud residual and cloud interstitial particles, and to study mixing properties of different aerosol components in individual particles. Our results show that S-rich particles were predominant (78 %) during clean periods (PM2.5<15 µg m−3), but a large number of anthropogenic refractory particles (e.g., soot, fly ash, and metal) and their mixtures with S-rich particles (defined as S-refractory) were observed during polluted periods. Cloud droplets collected during polluted periods were found to become an extremely complicated mixture by scavenging abundant refractory particles. We found that 76 % of cloud residual particles were S-refractory particles and that 26 % of cloud residual particles contained two or more types of refractory particles. Soot-containing particles (i.e., S-soot and S-fly ash/metal-soot) were the most abundant (62 %) among cloud residual particles, followed by fly ash/metal-containing particles (i.e., S-fly ash/metal and S-fly ash/metal-soot, 37 %). These complicated cloud droplets have not been reported in clean continental or marine air before. Our findings provide an insight into the potential impacts on cloud radiative forcing from black carbon and metal catalyzed reactions of SO2 in micro-cloud droplets containing soluble metals released from fly ash and metals over polluted air.