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The oral cavity and the tongue of a 3 day - old hyaena pup were studied for their morphological features. The morphology of the oral cavity resembled that of canines but for, the papillae in between the palatine ridges. The dorsurn of the tongue prz5ented numerous filiform, few fungiform, few conical papillae and two circumvallate papillae. Numerous marginal papillae were also seen along the edges of the tongue.

Tetragonal SmVO4 nanorods were prepared by simple solvothermal route with various temperatures. An optimised SmVO4 sample was characterised through X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. These results confirm that high crystallinity and pure tetragonal phase of SmVO4 can be achieved. For morphology analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) techniques were performed. These results confirmed the rod shape SmVO4 nanoparticles with no impurities. For optical properties, UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) techniques were performed. A broad absorption (290 nm – 330 nm) occurred in UV-Vis spectrum leads to multiple excitations and emissions at 542.7 nm, 600.5 nm and 643.7 nm with 4G5/2→6H5/2 (green), 4G5/2→6H7/2 (orange) and 4G5/2→6H9/2 (red), respectively. Finally, Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) study showed that the prepared SmVO4 nanoparticles possessed paramagnetic nature with high retentivity of 366.06 emu. Electrochemical performance of SV1 electrode shows pseudocapacitance nature with high specific capacitance value of 310 F/g (1 A/g) from GCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier is frequently seen as collateral damage in various local and systemic inflammatory conditions. The inflammatory process is characterized by reciprocal interactions between the host intestinal epithelium and mucosal innate immune cells, e.g., macrophages. This article provides step-by-step instructions on how to set up a murine enteroid-macrophage co-culture by culturing cellular elements in proximity separated by a porous membrane. Unlike previously published co-culture systems, we have combined enteroids grown from C57BL6j mice with syngeneic bone marrow-derived macrophages to preclude potential allo-reactions between immune cells and epithelium. Transformation of intestinal crypts into proliferative enteroids was achieved by cultivation in Wnt3a-Noggin-R-Spondin-conditioned medium supplemented with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. The differentiated phenotype was promoted by the use of the Wnt3-deprived EGF-Noggin-R-Spondin medium. The resulting co-culture of primary cells can be employed as a basic model to better understand the reciprocal relationship between intestinal epithelium and macrophages. It can be used for in vitro modelling of mucosal inflammation, mimicked by stimulation of macrophages either while being in co-culture or before being introduced into co-culture, to simulate enterogenic sepsis or systemic conditions affecting the intestinal tract.

This study delves into the potential of chito-oligosaccharides (COS) to promote osteoblast differentiation and prevent osteoporosis, utilizing experiments with mouse MSCs and the zebrafish model. The preliminary biocompatibility study affirms the non-toxic nature of COS across various concentrations. In the osteoblast differentiation study, COS enhances ALP activity and calcium deposition at the cellular level. Moreover, COS induces the upregulation of molecular markers, including Runx2, Type I collagen, ALP, osteocalcin, and osteonectin in mouse MSCs. Zebrafish studies further demonstrate COS's anti-osteoporotic effects, showcasing its ability to expedite fin fracture repair, vertebral mineralization, and bone mineralization in dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis models. The scale regenerative study reveals that COS mitigates the detrimental effects of dexamethasone induced osteoclastic activity, reducing TRAP and hydroxyproline levels while elevating the expression of Runx2a MASNA isoform, collagen2α, OC, and ON mRNAs. Additionally, COS enhances calcium and phosphorus levels in regenerated scales, impacting the bone-healthy calcium-to‑phosphorus ratio. The study also suggests that COS modulates the MMP3-Osteopontin-MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, this comprehensive investigation underscores the potential of COS to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Its multifaceted cellular and molecular effects, combined with in vivo bone regeneration and repair, propose that COS may be effective in addressing osteoporosis and related bone disorders. Nonetheless, further research is imperative to unravel underlying mechanisms and optimize clinical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tissue engineering is an emerging technological field that aims to restore and replace human tissues. A significant number of individuals require bone replacement annually as a result of skeletal abnormalities or accidents. In recent decades, notable progress has been made in the field of biomedical research, specifically in the realm of sophisticated and biocompatible materials. The purpose of these biomaterials is to facilitate bone tissue regeneration. Carbon nanomaterial-based scaffolds are particularly notable due to their accessibility, mechanical durability, and biofunctionality. The scaffolds exhibit the capacity to enhance cellular proliferation, mitigate cell damage, induce bone tissue growth, and maintain biological compatibility. Therefore, they play a crucial role in the development of the bone matrix and the necessary cellular interactions required for bone tissue restoration. The attachment, growth, and specialization of osteogenic stem cells on biomaterial scaffolds play critical roles in bone tissue engineering. The optimal biomaterial should facilitate the development of bone tissue in a manner that closely resembles that of human bone. This comprehensive review encompasses the examination of graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, carbon dots (CDs), nanodiamonds, and their respective derivatives. The biomaterial frameworks possess the ability to replicate the intricate characteristics of the bone microenvironment, thereby rendering them suitable for utilization in tissue engineering endeavors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Textile production is one of the main sources of freshwater consumption by industries worldwide. In addition, according to the world bank, 20 % of the wastewater generated globally is caused by textile wet-processing. Textile wet-processing includes the processes in textile production where garments are dyed or given the final functions like water-repellency. Several thousand chemicals were used in this process, some of which are highly toxic. Discharging untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater in water bodies results in high pollution levels, severely impacting the environment and human health. Especially in textile-producing countries like India, environmental pollution and water consumption from textile wet-processing have severe impacts. Next to the high volume of chemicals used in textile production, the high salt concentration in textile wastewater also poses a challenge and is critical for freshwater systems. Moreover, textile wastewater is one of the most difficult to treat wastewater. Currently, used treatment technologies do not meet the requirements to treat textile wastewater. Therefore, the further development of efficient treatment technologies for textile wastewater is critically important. Hence, in the interdisciplinary project, effect-based monitoring demonstrates the efficiency of electrically-driven water treatment processes to remove salts and micropollutants from process water (EfectroH 2 O), a low-energy Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) textile wastewater treatment technology is being developed consisting of a combination of capacitive deionization (CDI) and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). In addition to treatment technology development, methods for evaluating the efficiency of treatment technologies also need to be improved. Currently, mainly physicochemical parameters such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are tested worldwide to check water quality. However, these methods are insufficient to make a statement about the toxic potential of such complex mixtures as textile wastewater. Therefore, also next to chemical analyses, effect-based methods (EBM) are used to verify the treated wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has leveraged facial masks to be one of the most effective measures to prevent the spread of the virus, which thereby has exponentially increased the usage of facial masks that lead to medical waste mismanagements which pose a serious threat to life. Thermal degradation or pyrolysis is an effective treatment method for the used facial mask wastes and this study aims to investigate the thermal degradation of the same., Methods: Predicted the TGA experimental curves of the mask components using a Machine Learning model known as Artificial Neural Network (ANN)., Significant Findings: Three different parts of the mask namely- ribbon, body, and corner were separated and used for the analysis. The thermal degradation behavior is studied using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and this is crucial for determining the reactivity of the individual mask components as they are subjected to a range of temperatures. Using the curves obtained from TGA, kinetic parameters such as Activation energy ( E ) and Pre-exponential factor ( A ) were estimated using the Coats-Redfern model-fitting method. Using the determined kinetic parameters, thermodynamic quantities such as a change in Enthalpy (Δ H ), Entropy (Δ S ), and Gibbs-Free energy (Δ G ) were also calculated. Since TGA is a costly and time-consuming process, this study attempted to predict the TGA experimental curves of the mask components using a Machine Learning model known as Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The dataset obtained at a heating rate of 10°C/min was used to train the 3 different neural networks corresponding to the mask components and it showed an excellent agreement with experimental data (R 2 > 0.99). Through this study, a complex chemical process such as thermal degradation was modelled using Machine Learning based on available experimental parameters without delving into the intricacies and complexities of the process., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Due to their outstanding power density, long cycle life and low cost, supercapacitors have gained much interest. As for supercapacitor electrodes, molybdenum nitrides show promising potential. Molybdenum nitrides, however, are mainly prepared as nanopowders via a chemical route and require binders for the manufacture of electrodes. Such electrodes can impair the performance of supercapacitors. Herein, binder-free chromium (Cr)-doped molybdenum nitride (Mo 2 N) TFEs having different Cr concentrations are prepared via a reactive co-sputtering technique. The Cr-doped Mo 2 N films prepared have a cubic phase structure of γ-Mo 2 N with a minor shift in the (111) plane. While un-doped Mo 2 N films exhibit a spherical morphology, Cr-doped Mo 2 N films demonstrate a clear pyramid-like surface morphology. The developed Cr-doped Mo 2 N films contain 0-7.9 at.% of Cr in Mo 2 N lattice. A supercapacitor using a Cr-doped Mo 2 N electrode having the highest concentration of Cr reveals maximum areal capacity of 2780 mC/cm 2 , which is much higher than that of an un-doped Mo 2 N electrode (110 mC/cm 2 ). Furthermore, the Cr-doped Mo 2 N electrode demonstrates excellent cycling stability, achieving ~ 94.6% capacity retention for about 2000 cycles. The reactive co-sputtering proves to be a suitable technique for fabrication of binder-free TFEs for high-performance energy storage device applications., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste to fuel oil experiment was tested with ZSM-5 zeolite (commercial and synthesized) catalysts along with other catalysts. The ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was effectively produced using a hydrothermal technique via metakaolin as an alumina source. The catalytic pyrolysis of different types of plastic (single and multilayer) wastes in the presence of various catalysts was tested with a bench-scale pyrolysis setup with 2 kg per batch capacity. Polyolefin based plastics (low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene), multilayer plastics such as biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP), metalized biaxial oriented polypropylene layers (MET BOPP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), metalized polyethylene terephthalate (MET/PET), polyethylene terephthalate combined polyethylene (PET/PE), and mixed plastic waste collected from the corporation sorting center were pyrolyzed in a batch pyrolysis system with 1 kg feed to determine the oil, gas and char distributions. The performances of commercial ZSM-5 and lab synthesized ZSM-5 catalysts were compared for the pyrolysis of non-recyclable plastic wastes. Other commercial catalysts including mordenite and gamma alumina were also tested for pyrolysis experiments. The gross calorific value of oil obtained from different combinations of multilayer packaging waste varied between 10 789-7156 kcal kg -1 . BOPP-based plastic waste gave higher oil yield and calorific value than PET-based plastic waste. Sulfur content present in the oil from different plastic wastes was measured below the detection limit. The synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst produced a maximum oil output of 70% and corresponding gas and char of 16% and 14% for LDPE plastic. The strong acidic properties and microporous crystalline structure of the synthesized ZSM-5 catalyst enables increased cracking and isomerization, leading to an increased breakup of larger molecules to smaller molecules forming more oil yield in the pyrolysis experiments. Residual char analysis showed the maximum percentage of carbon with heavy metal concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in the range of viz. , chromium (15.36-97.48), aluminium (1.03-2.54), cobalt (1.0-5.85), copper (115.37-213.59), lead (89.12-217.3), and nickel (21.05-175.41), respectively., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The present study demonstrates the development of polysaccharide gelatin naturapolyceutics hydrocolloidal biomatrix with cobalt nano-additives for restructuring native tissue vasculature for tissue regenerative applications. The engineered Gelatin/Aloevera mucilage polysaccharide/nanoscaled Cobalt (GAC) hydrocolloids resulted from the intermolecular interactions between the aloevera mucilage, cobalt nano-therapeutic and gelatin. GAC hydrocolloid showed enhanced thermal stability in comparison with control Gelatin/Aloevera mucilage (GA) hydrocolloid. FTIR analysis validated that the reinforcement of aloevera mucilage and cobalt nano-therapeutic did not affect the structural integrity of the gelatin molecule. 3-Dimensional sponge-like orientation of GAC hydrocolloid facilitates perfusable biomatrix for access to nutrients and gaseous exchange for high cell adhesion and proliferation. The combined therapeutic efficacy of mucilage polysaccharides, biodegradable nanoscaled cobalt and bio-polymer enhanced the pro-angiogenic capability of the hydrocolloids by stimulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) response at wounded tissue for faster healing. The experimental outcomes on in vivo angiogenesis profiling further confirmed the development of micro vessel in chick embryonic model and regeneration of blood vessels in zebra fish model. This study opens up the potential of mucilage polysaccharides in stimulating high density angiogenesis and conveys the progress of a biocompatible, biodegradable mucilaginous hydrocolloid as an effective bio-adhesive for vascular development in soft tissue regeneration., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Visualization of NAPLs in multiphase systems in porous media is important for determining contaminant transport in the environment. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to confirm the recent observations of mobilisation of a light non aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) trapped in wet sand under natural drying conditions of the wet porous medium. Visualization of LNAPL (motor oil) and water mobility during the drying of wet glass beads (0.5 mm) in a cylindrical glass column (15 mm ID, 45 mm long) was obtained using spin echo-based NMR microimaging performed at 500 MHz, corresponding to a field of ca. 11.75 T. Sagittal and axial images of LNAPL and water in the porous medium were obtained at a spatial resolution of 59 μm/pixel at different time intervals. A rise of 15-20 mm was observed in the presence of evaporation of water as compared to a 2-3 mm rise in the absence of evaporation in a time span of about 1400 min. The spatio-temporal MRI scans of the water and LNAPL in the glass column reveals that LNAPL rise occurs when the water evaporation front reaches the LNAPL layer. This implied that the enhanced LNAPL rise was strongly linked to the process of water evaporation. A linear correlation of the MRI signal intensities of LNAPL and water with reference to different saturation levels of LNAPL and water in the porous media was obtained. This calibration information was used to quantify the saturation levels of the LNAPL and water during the drying process. These findings show the application of non-invasive techniques such as MRI in quantifying and understanding the mechanism of fate and transport of LNAPLs in porous media, towards effective environmental quality assessment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of hospitalization and infant mortality under six months of age worldwide; therefore, the prevention of RSV infection in all infants represents a significant unmet medical need. Here we report the isolation of a potent and broadly neutralizing RSV monoclonal antibody derived from a human memory B-cell. This antibody, RB1, is equipotent on RSV A and B subtypes, potently neutralizes a diverse panel of clinical isolates in vitro and demonstrates in vivo protection. It binds to a highly conserved epitope in antigenic site IV of the RSV fusion glycoprotein. RB1 is the parental antibody to MK-1654 which is currently in clinical development for the prevention of RSV infection in infants.

The present study describes the fabrication of collagen reinforced with praseodymium-cobaltite nanoparticles for wound healing applications. Praseodymium-cobaltite nanoparticles (PCNP) reinforced with collagen resulted in an increased thermal stability and decreased proteolytic susceptibility to collagen. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy analyses confirm the intact structural integrity of the collagen sheets after cross-linking with praseodymium-cobaltite nanoparticles. Cross-linked collagen has shown to possess biocompatibility, less protein adsorption behavior, and hemocompatibility, which are the desirable properties of a wound dressing material. The nanoparticle cross-linked collagen sheets provided a proper matrix elasticity that promotes mesenchymal stem cell attachment and angiogenesis. Further, the scaffold promoted tube formation in endothelial cells. The enhancement of angiogenesis is considered to be brought about by the therapeutic potential of nanoparticle formulation. Praseodymium-cobaltite nanoparticle cross-linking increased the ductility of collagen sheets for the pro-angiogenic and stem cell differentiation ability. Also, the praseodymium-cobaltite cross-linked collagen sheets have been shown to induce a mild level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation in the DCFH-DA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) assay, which is beneficial for angiogenesis as well as wound healing. This study paves the way for exploring the therapeutic potential of rare-earth-based nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications as an alternative for traditional wound healing materials.

The current work describes the development of a nanoscaled biodegradable metal polymeric three-dimensional framework with controlled nanotherapeutic release for endothelial cell patterning and sustained angiogenesis for biomedical applications. Biocompatible polymers gelatin and PLGA were used as polymeric nanofibrous three-dimensional framework in a core-shell manner with the gelatin core containing a biodegradable and bioactive metal nanoframework of cobalt caged with PEGylated curcumin by coaxial electrospinning. FTIR results confirmed the presence of nanobioactives in the core region of a coaxial nanofiber. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the coaxial nanofibrous system showed a three-dimensional architecture that favored endothelial cell adhesion, patterning, migration, and proliferation. The as-synthesized nanoscaled biodegradable metal polymeric three-dimensional core-shell nanofibers exhibited potent antibacterial efficacy. Further, it improved the endothelial cell patterning promoting angiogenesis. The high therapeutic potential of cobalt nanoframework in the nanofibers enhanced the production of vascular endothelial growth factor promoting angiogenesis that resulted in the earlier restoration of wounded tissue compared with untreated control in vivo animal models. The study opens up a new horizon in exploring biodegradable biosorbable metal nanoframework for biomaterial applications. Additionally, the present study opens up a new strategy in developing biodegradable biosorbable biomaterial with enhanced vascularization efficacy to the biomaterial, which is important for acceptance of these biomaterials into the host tissue.

Enhanced upward mobility of a non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) present in wet sand during natural drying, and in the absence of any external pressure gradients, is reported for the first time. This mobility was significantly higher than that expected from capillary rise. Experiments were performed in a glass column with a small layer of NAPL-saturated sand trapped between two layers of water-saturated sand. Drying of the wet sand was induced by flow of air across the top surface of the wet sand. The upward movement of the NAPL, in the direction of water transport, commenced when the drying effect reached the location of the NAPL and continued as long as there was significant water evaporation in the vicinity of NAPL, indicating a clear correlation between the NAPL rise and water evaporation. The magnitude and the rate of NAPL rise was measured at different water evaporation rates, different initial locations of the NAPL, different grain size of the sand and the type of NAPL (on the basis of different NAPL-glass contact angle, viscosity and density). A positive correlation was observed between average rate of NAPL rise and the water evaporation while a negative correlation was obtained between the average NAPL rise rate and the NAPL properties of contact angle, viscosity and density. There was no significant correlation of average NAPL rise rate with variation of sand grain size between 0.1 to 0.5mm. Based on these observations and on previous studies reported in the literature, two possible mechanisms are hypothesized -a) the effect of the spreading coefficient resulting in the wetting of NAPL on the water films created and b) a moving water film due to evaporation that "drags" the NAPL upwards. The NAPL rise reported in this paper has implications in fate and transport of chemicals in NAPL contaminated porous media such as soils and exposed dredged sediment material, which are subjected to varying water saturation levels due to drying and rewetting., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)