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Background: Few treatments are currently available for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A combination of lithium carbonate and valproic acid (VPA-Li) was shown to inhibit motor neuron death and delay disease progression. Methods: Outpatients with a typical ALS presentation were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of orally administered VPA-Li. Changes in a functional scale score (ALSFRS-R) and survival rate were chosen as primary outcome variables. Secondary outcome variables included BMI, respiratory monitoring, quality of life, and a global impression of the treatment. Results: Out of 42 patients enrolled, 20 individuals receiving VPA-Li and 18 on placebo treatment were included in the final analysis. Forty-five percent of patients receiving VPA-Li completed the trial, whereas only 22.22% of patients in the placebo group attended the final visit 18 months later (P = 0.09). Major changes in the ALSFRS-R score were observed, including a decrease of 1.195 points/month in the placebo group (95% CI: 0.7869–1.6031) and of 0.5085 under VPA-Li treatment (95% CI: 0.2288–0.7882) between months 6 and 14. Adverse events included bad mouth taste, constipation, and anorexia. Survival rate, body weight, and quality of life were positive outcomes by the end of the trial despite a high sample reduction, especially in the placebo group. The inclusion of 212 subjects in each group would confirm these differences. Conclusions: Combined VPA-Li treatment associated with slower ALS progression and better secondary outcomes. This dual treatment overcame the futility threshold and merits further investigation in ALS. Resumen: Fundamentos: Contamos actualmente con pocos tratamientos para la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA), Se demostró que una combinación de carbonato de litio y ácido valproico (VPA-Li) inhibe la muerte de las motoneuronas y enlentece la progresión de la enfermedad. Métodos: Pacientes ambulatorios con un cuadro típico de ELA se incluyeron en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado con placebo para evaluar la eficacia de VPA-Li administrado por vía oral. Los cambios en la escala funcional (ALSFRS-R) y la tasa de sobrevida constituyeron los desenlaces primarios. Las variables de desenlace secundario fueron el Índice de masa corporal, el monitoreo de la función respiratoria, la calidad de vida y la impresión global del tratamiento. Resultados: De los 42 pacientes incorporados, 20 que recibieron VPA-LI y 18 el placebo, se incluyeron en el análisis final. En total, el 45% de los pacientes tratados con VPA-Li completaron el ensayo, mientras que solo el 22.22% de los del grupo placebo asistieron a la visita final, 18 meses después (p = 0,09). Se observaron como cambios en la ALSFRS-R, una disminución de 1,195 puntos/mes en el grupo de placebo (IC del 95%: 0,7869–1,6031) y de 0,5085 en el tratamiento con VPA-Li (IC del 95%: 0,2288–0,7882), entre los meses 6 y 14. Entre raros eventos adversos se registraron mal sabor de boca, estreñimiento y anorexia. La tasa de supervivencia, el peso corporal y la calidad de vida fueron resultados positivos al final del ensayo a pesar de la reducción de la muestra, especialmente en el grupo placebo. La inclusión de 212 sujetos en cada grupo confirmaría estas diferencias. Conclusiones: Un tratamiento combinado de VPA-Li se vinculó con una progresión más lenta de la ELA y con un mejor desenlace secundario. Este tratamiento dual superó el umbral de futilidad y merece una mayor investigación en ELA.

Resumen: Introducción: Aunque el tratamiento conservador de la tendinopatía calcificante tiene una alta tasa de éxito, ocasionalmente es necesario realizar exéresis artroscópica del depósito cálcico. Existe controversia en si el defecto que queda en el manguito rotador puede dejarse in situ o debe repararse para conseguir mejores resultados funcionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los resultados del desbridamiento frente al desbridamiento combinado con sutura en la cirugía artroscópica de la tendinopatía calcificante. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library y Web of Science desde el inicio hasta febrero de 2023 de artículos sobre tratamiento artroscópico de tendinopatía calcificante. Se analizaron los resultados funcionales (EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant) y el número de complicaciones. El tamaño del efecto se calculó mediante el índice d de Cohen. Resultados: Se incluyeron 21 estudios, incluyendo un total de 1172 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 44,7 y 55 años. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 24,7 meses. Las estimaciones del ES combinado para la puntuación total de la escalas EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant resultaron muy fuertes (>1,0) tanto para el desbridamiento como para el desbridamiento combinado con sutura. Las estimaciones del ES para el número de complicaciones totales fueron de 1,75 (IC del 95%: 0,08-3,43, I2 = 0%) para el desbridamiento y 9,07 (IC del 95%:-0,03-18,17; I2 = 50,4%) para el desbridamiento combinado con sutura. Conclusiones: Ambos procedimientos artroscópicos mejoran la puntuación total de forma significativa en las escalas EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant. Sin embargo, se observó una mayor proporción de complicaciones en el grupo que realizaba sutura. En este sentido debemos plantearnos si es realmente necesario reparar todas las roturas parciales tras la eliminación de los depósitos calcificados. Abstract: Introduction: Although conservative treatment of calcific tendinopathy has a high success rate, arthroscopic excision of the calcific deposit is occasionally necessary. Controversy exists as to whether the remaining rotator cuff defect can be left in situ or should be repaired to achieve better functional outcomes. This study aimed to compare the results of debridement versus debridement combined with suturing in arthroscopic surgery for calcific tendinopathy. Methodology: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2023 for articles on arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinopathy. Functional outcomes (VAS, ASES, UCLA, and Constant) and the number of complications were analyzed. The effect size was calculated using Cohen's d-index. Results: Twenty-one studies were included, including a total of 1172 patients aged between 44.7 and 55 years. The mean follow-up time was 24.7 months. The combined ES estimates for the total score of the VAS, ASES, UCLA, and Constant scales were very strong (>1.0) for both debridement and combined debridement with suture. The ES estimates for the number of total complications were 1.75 (95% CI: 0.08-3.43, I2 = 0%) for debridement and 9.07 (95% CI: –0.03-18.17, I2 = 50.4%) for combined debridement with suture. Conclusions: Both arthroscopic procedures improve the total score significantly on the EVA, ASES, UCLA, and Constant scales. However, a higher proportion of complications was observed in the group that performed suturing. In this regard, we must consider whether it is really necessary to repair all partial tears after the calcified deposits removal.

The CO2–carbonate system dynamics in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASPG) were evaluated between 2009 and 2019. Data were collected aboard eight summer cruises through the Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR) 59.5° N section. The ocean acidification (OA) patterns and the reduction in the saturation state of calcite (ΩCa) and aragonite (ΩArag) in response to the increasing anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) were assessed within the Irminger, Iceland, and Rockall basins during a poorly assessed decade in which the physical patterns reversed in comparison with previous well-known periods. The observed cooling, freshening, and enhanced ventilation increased the interannual rate of accumulation of Cant in the interior ocean by 50 %–86 % and the OA rates by close to 10 %. The OA trends were 0.0013–0.0032 units yr−1 in the Irminger and Iceland basins and 0.0006–0.0024 units yr−1 in the Rockall Trough, causing a decline in ΩCa and ΩArag of 0.004–0.021 and 0.003–0.0013 units yr−1, respectively. The Cant-driven rise in total inorganic carbon (CT) was the main driver of the OA (contributed by 53 %–68 % in upper layers and > 82 % toward the interior ocean) and the reduction in ΩCa and ΩArag (> 64 %). The transient decrease in temperature, salinity, and AT collectively counteracts the CT-driven acidification by 45 %–85 % in the upper layers and in the shallow Rockall Trough and by < 10 % in the interior ocean. The present investigation reports the acceleration of the OA within the NASPG and expands knowledge about the future state of the ocean.

Background and purpose: Open reduction is rarely performed in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. However, clear evidence is lacking regarding the optimal open approach to achieve satisfactory results. The anterior approach provides direct visualization of the fracture and excellent exposure to neurovascular structures, although its utilization is less common. The objective of this study was to review the indications, outcomes, and complications associated with the anterior approach for open reduction of these fractures. Methods: Our protocol was registered at PROSPERO: CRD42023446923. MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to search date (December 2023) and screened in duplicate for relevant studies. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, indications for open reduction, Flynn's functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies Criteria. Results: A total of 19 studies involving 483 patients were included. One study was classified as Level 2 evidence, ten as Level 3, and eight as Level 4. The mean MINORS score was 13.05 ± 3.47. The primary indication for open reduction was failed closed reduction, observed in 46% of patients. 97.7% and 98.6% of patients achieved Flynn's functional and cosmetic satisfactory results, respectively. The postsurgical neurovascular injury rate was 1.4%. One patient required reintervention. Conclusion: The anterior approach is safe and effective for managing pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures requiring open reduction. Level of evidence: Systematic review of Level 2–4 evidence studies. Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: La reducción abierta rara vez es necesaria en las fracturas supracondíleas de húmero pediátrica. Sin embargo, falta evidencia sobre cuál es el abordaje óptimo para obtener resultados satisfactorios. El abordaje anterior facilita una visión directa de la fractura y una excelente exposición de las estructuras neurovasculares, aunque su uso es poco común. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar las indicaciones, resultados y complicaciones asociadas con el abordaje anterior para la reducción abierta de estas fracturas. Métodos: Nuestro protocolo se registró en PROSPERO: CRD42023446923. La búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov y Cochrane Library, desde inicios hasta diciembre de 2023. Se realizó screening por duplicado. Se recogieron datos demográficos, indicaciones para el abordaje abierto, puntuación de Flynn funcional y estética y complicaciones. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó con Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies Criteria (MINORS). Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 estudios que agrupaban a 483 pacientes. Un estudio se clasificó con nivel de evidencia 2, 10 con nivel 3, y 8 con nivel 4. La puntuación media MINORS fue 13,05 ± 3,47. La indicación principal para el abordaje abierto fue el fracaso de la reducción cerrada, reportada en 46% de pacientes. El 97,7% y 98,6% de los pacientes lograron un Flynn funcional y cosmético satisfactorio, respectivamente. La tasa de lesiones neurovasculares postquirúrgicas fue 1,4%. Un paciente fue reintervenido. Conclusiones: El abordaje anterior es seguro y efectivo en el maneco de fracturas supracondíleas de húmero pediátricas cuando se requiera un abordaje abierto. Nivel de evidencia: Revisión sistemática de estudios con nivel de evidencia 2-4.

The diffusive exchange of major elements in Na-series tephrite–phonolite diffusion couples with compositions relevant to the Canary Islands magmatism was determined at 300 MPa and variable H2O concentrations (0.3 wt % to 3.3 wt %), temperatures (1150 to 1300 °C), and fO2 levels (NNO−1.5 to NNO+1.7). Composition-dependent effective binary diffusion coefficients were determined from concentration–distance profiles. Results show a wide range of diffusivities for different cations, consistently following the sequence Na ≫ Al ≫ K ≥ Mg = Fe = Ca > Si > Ti, with a mild diffusivity contrast (0.2–0.8 log units) between tephritic and phonolitic melts. Na is the fastest component, with diffusivities falling ∼1.0 log units above those of Si for any given condition. An anomalously fast Al diffusion is observed, with DAl falling ∼0.4 log units above Si and ∼0.6 log units below Na, suggesting a prevalence of Al–alkali coupling across our range of run conditions. The relationships between log D and H2O content in melt for all cations in an intermediate composition are strongly nonlinear and can be fitted using an exponential function with a convergence in diffusion coefficients for different temperatures with increasing H2O content. Thus, Arrhenius analyses result in a decrease in activation energies from 222–293 kJ mol−1 at 1.7 wt % H2O to 48–112 kJ mol−1 at 3.0 wt % H2O. These results provide new data on chemical interdiffusion in highly alkaline Na-rich melts and suggest that H2O content plays a key role in increasing the chemical efficiency of magma mixing at low temperatures. The obtained dataset is used to test chemical controls of magma mixing in the El Abrigo ignimbrite, Tenerife, where banded pumices involving basanitic–tephritic to phonolitic magmas are common in several compositionally bimodal ignimbrite units.

Introduction: Although conservative treatment of calcific tendinopathy has a high success rate, arthroscopic excision of the calcific deposit is occasionally necessary. Controversy exists as to whether the remaining rotator cuff defect can be left in situ or should be repaired to achieve better functional outcomes. This study aimed to compare the results of debridement versus debridement combined with suturing in arthroscopic surgery for calcific tendinopathy. Methodology: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2023 for articles on arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinopathy. Functional outcomes (VAS, ASES, UCLA, and Constant) and the number of complications were analyzed. The effect size was calculated using Cohen's d-index. Results: Twenty-one studies were included, including a total of 1172 patients aged between 44.7 and 55 years. The mean follow-up time was 24.7 months. The combined ES estimates for the total score of the VAS, ASES, UCLA, and Constant scales were very strong (>1.0) for both debridement and combined debridement with suture. The ES estimates for the number of total complications were 1.75 (95% CI: 0.08–3.43, I2 = 0%) for debridement and 9.07 (95% CI: −0.03 to 18.17, I2 = 50.4%) for combined debridement with suture. Conclusions: Both arthroscopic procedures improve the total score significantly on the EVA, ASES, UCLA, and Constant scales. However, a higher proportion of complications was observed in the group that performed suturing. In this regard, we must consider whether it is really necessary to repair all partial tears after the calcified deposits removal. Resumen: Introducción: Aunque el tratamiento conservador de la tendinopatía calcificante tiene una alta tasa de éxito, ocasionalmente es necesario realizar exéresis artroscópica del depósito cálcico. Existe controversia en si el defecto que queda en el manguito rotador puede dejarse in situ o debe repararse para conseguir mejores resultados funcionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los resultados del desbridamiento frente al desbridamiento combinado con sutura en la cirugía artroscópica de la tendinopatía calcificante. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library y Web of Science desde el inicio hasta febrero de 2023 de artículos sobre tratamiento artroscópico de tendinopatía calcificante. Se analizaron los resultados funcionales (EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant), y el número de complicaciones. El tamaño del efecto se calculó mediante el índice d de Cohen. Resultados: Se incluyeron 21 estudios, incluyendo un total de 1.172 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 44,7 y 55 años. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 24,7 meses. Las estimaciones del ES combinado para la puntuación total de las escalas EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant resultaron muy fuertes (>1,0) tanto para el desbridamiento como para el desbridamiento combinado con sutura. Las estimaciones del ES para el número de complicaciones totales fueron de 1,75 (IC del 95%: 0,08-3,43; I2 = 0%) para el desbridamiento y 9,07 (IC del 95%: −0,03-18,17; I2 = 50,4%) para el desbridamiento combinado con sutura. Conclusiones: Ambos procedimientos artroscópicos mejoran la puntuación total de forma significativa en las escalas EVA, ASES, UCLA y Constant. Sin embargo, se observó una mayor proporción de complicaciones en el grupo que realizaba sutura. En este sentido debemos plantearnos si es realmente necesario reparar todas las roturas parciales tras la eliminación de los depósitos calcificados.

High-Gradient accelerating cavities are one of the main research lines in the development of compact linear accelerators. However, the operation of such accelerating cavities is currently limited by non-linear electromagnetic effects that are intensified at high electric fields, such as RF breakdowns, dark currents and radiation. A novel normal-conducting High Gradient S-band Backward Travelling Wave accelerating cavity for medical application (v = 0.38c) has been designed and constructed at CERN with a design gradient of 50 MV/m. In this paper, the high-power performance studies of this novel design carried out at the IFIC high-power laboratory are presented, as well as the analysis of the conditioning parameters in combination with numerical simulations.

The addition of carbonate minerals to seawater through an artificial ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) process increases the concentrations of hydroxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions. This leads to changes in the pH and the buffering capacity of the seawater. Consequently, OAE could have relevant effects on marine organisms and in the speciation and concentration of trace metals that are essential for their physiology. During September and October 2021, a mesocosm experiment was carried out in the coastal waters of Gran Canaria (Spain), consisting on the controlled variation of total alkalinity (TA). Different concentrations of carbonate salts (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) previously homogenized were added to each mesocosm to achieve an alkalinity gradient between Δ0 to Δ2400 µmol L−1. The lowest point of the gradient was 2400 µmol kg−1, being the natural alkalinity of the medium, and the highest point was 4800 µmol kg−1. Iron (Fe) speciation was monitored during this experiment to analyse total dissolved iron (TdFe, unfiltered samples), dissolved iron (dFe, filtered through a 0.2 µm pore size filter), soluble iron (sFe, filtered through a 0.02 µm pore size filter), dissolved labile iron (dFe′), iron-binding ligands (LFe), and their conditional stability constants (KFeL′) because of change due to OAE and the experimental conditions in each mesocosm. Observed iron concentrations were within the expected range for coastal waters, with no significant increases due to OAE. However, there were variations in Fe size fractionation during the experiment. This could potentially be due to chemical changes caused by OAE, but such an effect is masked by the stronger biological interactions. In terms of size fractionation, sFe was below 1.0 nmol L−1, dFe concentrations were within 0.5–4.0 nmol L−1, and TdFe was within 1.5–7.5 nmol L−1. Our results show that over 99 % of Fe was complexed, mainly by L1 and L2 ligands with kFe′L′ ranging between 10.92 ± 0.11 and 12.68 ± 0.32, with LFe ranging from 1.51 ± 0.18 to 12.3 ± 1.8 nmol L−1. Our data on iron size fractionation, concentration, and iron-binding ligands substantiate that the introduction of sodium salts in this mesocosm experiment did not modify iron dynamics. As a consequence, phytoplankton remained unaffected by alterations in this crucial element.

In this study, bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) was synthesized from pure solid compounds and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrical properties were evaluated by measuring the electrical conductivity of Bi4Ti3O12 at various oxygen partial pressures (pO2 = 10−5 and 10−8 atm) and temperatures (450 °C-750 °C). The electrical conductivity behavior was assessed during the heating and cooling processes. The material activation energies were determined based on the heating curve, which displayed Arrhenius-type behavior and activation energy slope changes, which could be attributed to point defects. When the temperature was increased from 450 °C to 750 °C at oxygen partial pressures pO2 = 10−5 atm, the electrical conductivity increased by about 62.9 %, whereas when the temperature decreased from 750 °C to 450 °C, the electrical conductivity was reduced by 35.95 %. The electrical behavior of Bi4Ti3O12 was analyzed by establishing its electrical conductivity and chemical activity under different oxygen partial pressures and heating-cooling conditions can allow the synthesis of materials with attractive characteristics for electronic applications.

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: La reducción abierta rara vez es necesaria en las fracturas supracondíleas de húmero pediátrica. Sin embargo, falta evidencia sobre cuál es el abordaje óptimo para obtener resultados satisfactorios. El abordaje anterior facilita una visión directa de la fractura y una excelente exposición de las estructuras neurovasculares, aunque su uso es poco común. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar las indicaciones, los resultados y las complicaciones asociadas con el abordaje anterior para la reducción abierta de estas fracturas. Métodos: Nuestro protocolo se registró en PROSPERO: CRD42023446923. La búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov y Cochrane Library, desde inicio hasta diciembre de 2023. Se realizó screening por duplicado. Se recogieron datos demográficos, indicaciones para el abordaje abierto, puntuación de Flynn funcional y estética y complicaciones. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó con Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies Criteria (MINORS). Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 estudios que agrupaban a 483 pacientes. Un estudio se clasificó con nivel de evidencia 2, 10 con nivel 3 y 8 con nivel 4. La puntuación media MINORS fue de 13,05 ± 3,47. La indicación principal para el abordaje abierto fue el fracaso de la reducción cerrada, reportada en el 46% de los pacientes. El 97,7 y el 98,6% de los pacientes lograron un Flynn funcional y cosmético satisfactorio, respectivamente. La tasa de lesiones neurovasculares posquirúrgicas fue del 1,4%. Un paciente fue reintervenido. Conclusiones: El abordaje anterior es seguro y efectivo en el manejo de fracturas supracondíleas de húmero pediátricas, cuando se requiera un abordaje abierto. Nivel de evidencia: Revisión sistemática de estudios con nivel de evidencia 2-4. Abstract: Background and purpose: Open reduction is rarely performed in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. However, clear evidence is lacking regarding the optimal open approach to achieve satisfactory results. The anterior approach provides direct visualization of the fracture and excellent exposure to neurovascular structures, although its utilization is less common. The objective of this study was to review the indications, outcomes, and complications associated with the anterior approach for open reduction of these fractures. Methods: Our protocol was registered at PROSPERO: CRD42023446923. MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to search date (December 2023) and screened in duplicate for relevant studies. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, indications for open reduction, Flynn's functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies Criteria. Results: A total of 19 studies involving 483 patients were included. One study was classified as Level 2 evidence, ten as Level 3, and eight as Level 4. The mean MINORS score was 13.05 ± 3.47. The primary indication for open reduction was failed closed reduction, observed in 46% of patients. 97.7% and 98.6% of patients achieved Flynn's functional and cosmetic satisfactory results, respectively. The postsurgical neurovascular injury rate was 1.4%. One patient required reintervention. Conclusion: The anterior approach is safe and effective for managing pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures requiring open reduction. Level of evidence: Systematic review of Level 2-4 evidence studies.

The accuracy of reaction theories used to extract properties of exotic nuclei from scattering experiments is often unknown or not quantified, but of utmost importance when, e.g., constraining the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter from observables as the neutron-skin thickness. In order to test the Glauber multiple-scattering model, the total interaction cross section of Image 1 on carbon targets was measured at initial beam energies of 400, 550, 650, 800, and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The measurements were performed during the first experiment of the newly constructed R3B (Reaction with Relativistic Radioactive Beams) experiment after the start of FAIR Phase-0 at the GSI/FAIR facility with beam energies of 400, 550, 650, 800, and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The combination of the large-acceptance dipole magnet GLAD and a newly designed and highly efficient Time-of-Flight detector enabled a precise transmission measurement with several target thicknesses for each initial beam energy with an experimental uncertainty of ±0.4%. A comparison with the Glauber model revealed a discrepancy of around 3.1% at higher beam energies, which will serve as a crucial baseline for the model-dependent uncertainty in future fragmentation experiments.

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: La escala de Harris modificada (EHM) es una de las herramientas más utilizadas para valorar pacientes con patología de cadera. A pesar de contar con una adaptación transcultural al español realizada por Lara et al., no cuenta con estudios que sustenten su validez. Se pretende obtener una validación de la versión adaptada de la EHM (ES-EHM), comparándola con la escala WOMAC. Materiales y métodos: La ES-EHM se aplicó a 100 pacientes operados de prótesis total de cadera: (1) previamente a la cirugía (ES-EHM prequirúrgica), (2) 2 años tras la cirugía (ES-EHM posquirúrgica) y (3) 6 meses después de la aplicación de la ES-EHM posquirúrgica (ES-EHM final). Se aplicó también, en una ocasión, el cuestionario WOMAC. Se compararon las medias de la ES-EHM prequirúrgica, posquirúrgica y final, así como la totalidad y los parámetros de dolor y función de la ES-EHM con la escala WOMAC. Se obtuvieron parámetros de fiabilidad, validez y sensibilidad al cambio. Resultados: Al comparar la ES-EHM prequirúrgica y la posquirúrgica, se observó una mejoría clínicamente relevante (46,54 puntos). Al comparar la ES-EHM posquirúrgica y la final, no se detectaron diferencias. Se obtuvo una correlación fuerte entre: (1) la ES-EHM posquirúrgica y la ES-EHM final, (2) ES-EHM y WOMAC y (3) parámetros de dolor y función de la ES-EHM y la WOMAC. El índice de respuesta media estandarizada fue de 2,99, la fiabilidad test-retest representada por el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,90 y el índice de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach de 0,95. Conclusiones: La adaptación transcultural de la ES-EHM muestra ser fiable, válida y sensible al cambio. Por lo tanto, el personal médico de la población española podrá aplicar la ES-EHM con el respaldo científico y la certeza de estar midiendo los parámetros deseados. Abstract: Background and objectives: Modified Harris Hip Score (HHS) is one of the most used scales in the assessment of patients with hip pathology. Although a Spanish cross-cultural adaptation has been recently published, there are many studies supporting its validity yet.Therefore, the aim of this study is to validate the newly adapted Spanish version of the HHS (ES-EHM), comparing it with the WOMAC scale. Materials and methods: The ES-EHM scale was applied to 100 patients who underwent a total hip replacement, in three different situations: (1) prior to surgery (pre-surgical ES-EHM), (2) after surgery, with at least 2 years of follow up (after surgery ES-EHM), and (3) 6 months after the postsurgical registration (final ES-EHM). WOMAC questionnaire was also applied once.We analyzed data of scale main score, pain score, function-related score as well as the mean of pre-surgical, postsurgical and final postsurgical ES-EHM scale, in both the ES-EHM and the WOMAC scales.Parameters of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change were obtained. Results: Clinically relevant improvement was observed (46.55 points) when comparing pre-surgical and post-surgical ES-EHM scores. However, no differences between postsurgical and final ES-EHM were detected. Even so, strong correlation was obtained between the following: (1) postsurgical ES-EHM and final ES-EHM scores, (2) ES-EHM and WOMAC scores, and (3) pain and function-related parameters of ES-EHM and WOMAC scores.Standardized response mean (SRM) was 2.99, test–retest reliability expressed by the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 and Cronbach index 0.95. Conclusions: The Spanish cross-cultural adaptation of the EHM scale shows to be reliable, valid and sensitive to change. Thus, the Spanish medical staff will be able to apply the ES-EHM scale with good scientific support.

Evaluating the potential for crown fires remains a pivotal concern in wildfire management because it affects fire behavior, causing them to spread further. In this work, we propose a methodology to assess crown fire potential based on the tree connectivity at crown level from UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems)-based Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry. The approach is usable in a large landscape with the aim of reducing crown fire potential by considering the spatial variability of fuels within a stand. The utilization of UAS for photogrammetry holds immense promise in transforming the approach to assessing and managing forest fires. This cutting-edge technology offers the potential to deliver highly precise and comprehensive data concerning forest structure and connectivity, thereby presenting a groundbreaking opportunity for enhanced forest fire analysis and control.

This study explores the potential to retrieve aerosol properties with the GRASP algorithm (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) using as input measurements of zenith sky radiance (ZSR), which are sky radiance values measured in the zenith direction, recorded at four wavelengths by a ZEN-R52 radiometer. To this end, the ZSR measured at 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm by a ZEN-R52 (ZSRZEN), installed in Valladolid (Spain), is employed. This instrument is calibrated by intercomparing the signal of each channel with coincident ZSR values simulated (ZSRSIM) at the same wavelengths with a radiative transfer model (RTM). These simulations are carried out using the GRASP forward module as RTM and the aerosol information from a co-located CE318 photometer belonging to AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) as input. The dark signal and the signal dependence on temperature are characterized and included in the calibration process. The uncertainties for each channel are quantified by an intercomparison with a co-located CE318 photometer, obtaining lower values for shorter wavelengths; they are between 3 % for 440 nm and 21 % for 870 nm. The proposed inversion strategy for the aerosol retrieval using the ZSRZEN measurements as input, i.e. so-called GRASP-ZEN, assumes the aerosol as an external mixture of five pre-calculated aerosol types. A sensitivity analysis is conducted using synthetic ZSRZEN measurements, pointing out that these measurements are sensitive to aerosol load and type. It also assesses that the retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) values in general overestimate the reference ones by 0.03, 0.02, 0.02 and 0.01 for 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm, respectively. The calibrated ZSRZEN measurements, recorded during 2.5 years at Valladolid, are inverted by the GRASP-ZEN strategy to retrieve some aerosol properties like AOD. The retrieved AOD shows a high correlation with respect to independent values obtained from a co-located AERONET CE318 photometer, with determination coefficients (r2) of 0.86, 0.85, 0.79 and 0.72 for 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm, respectively, and finding uncertainties between 0.02 and 0.03 with respect to the AERONET values. Finally, the retrieval of other aerosol properties, like aerosol volume concentration for total, fine and coarse modes (VCT, VCF and VCC, respectively), is also explored. The comparison against independent values from AERONET presents r2 values of 0.57, 0.56 and 0.66 and uncertainties of 0.009, 0.016 and 0.02 µm3 µm−2 for VCT, VCF and VCC, respectively.

Background and objectives: Modified Harris Hip Score (HHS) is one of the most used scales in the assessment of patients with hip pathology. Although a Spanish cross-cultural adaptation has been recently published, there are many studies supporting its validity yet.Therefore, the aim of this study is to validate the newly adapted Spanish version of the HHS (ES-EHM), comparing it with the WOMAC scale. Materials and methods: The ES-EHM scale was applied to 100 patients who underwent a total hip replacement, in three different situations: (1) prior to surgery (pre-surgical ES-EHM), (2) after surgery, with at least 2 years of follow up (after surgery ES-EHM), and (3) 6 months after the postsurgical registration (final ES-EHM). WOMAC questionnaire was also applied once.We analysed data of scale main score, pain score, function-related score as well as the mean of pre-surgical, postsurgical and final postsurgical ES-EHM scale, in both the ES-EHM and the WOMAC scales.Parameters of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change were obtained. Results: Clinically relevant improvement was observed (46.55 points) when comparing pre-surgical and post-surgical ES-EHM scores. However, no differences between postsurgical and final ES-EHM were detected. Even so, strong correlation was obtained between the following: (1) postsurgical ES-EHM and final ES-EHM scores, (2) ES-EHM and WOMAC scores, and (3) pain and function-related parameters of ES-EHM and WOMAC scores.Standardised response mean (SRM) was 2.99, test–retest reliability expressed by the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 and Cronbach index 0.95. Conclusions: The Spanish cross-cultural adaptation of the EHM scale shows to be reliable, valid and sensitive to change. Thus, the Spanish medical staff will be able to apply the ES-EHM scale with good scientific support. Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: La escala de Harris modificada (EHM) es una de las herramientas más utilizadas para valorar pacientes con patología de cadera. A pesar de contar con una adaptación transcultural al español realizada por Lara et al., no cuenta con estudios que sustenten su validez. Se pretende obtener una validación de la versión adaptada de la EHM (ES-EHM), comparándola con la escala WOMAC. Materiales y métodos: La ES-EHM se aplicó a 100 pacientes operados de prótesis total de cadera: (1) previamente a la cirugía (ES-EHM prequirúrgica), (2) dos años tras la cirugía (ES-EHM posquirúrgica) y (3) seis meses después de la aplicación de la ES-EHM posquirúrgica (ES-EHM final). Se aplicó también, en una ocasión, el cuestionario WOMAC. Se compararon las medias de la ES-EHM prequirúrgica, posquirúrgica y final, así como la totalidad y los parámetros de dolor y función de la ES-EHM con la escala WOMAC. Se obtuvieron parámetros de fiabilidad, validez y sensibilidad al cambio. Resultados: Al comparar la ES-EHM prequirúrgica y la posquirúrgica, se observó una mejoría clínicamente relevante (46,54 puntos). Al comparar la ES-EHM posquirúrgica y la final, no se detectaron diferencias. Se obtuvo una correlación fuerte entre: (1) la ES-EHM posquirúrgica y la ES-EHM final, (2) ES-EHM y WOMAC y (3) parámetros de dolor y función de la ES-EHM y la WOMAC. El índice de respuesta media estandarizada fue de 2,99, la fiabilidad test-re-test representada por el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,90 y el índice de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach de 0,95. Conclusiones: La adaptación transcultural de la ES-EHM muestra ser fiable, válida y sensible al cambio. Por lo tanto, el personal médico de la población española podrá aplicar la ES-EHM con el respaldo científico y la certeza de estar midiendo los parámetros deseados.

Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 % and 84.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 %, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.

The climate impact of non-CO2 emissions, which are responsible for two-thirds of aviation radiative forcing, highly depends on the atmospheric chemistry and weather conditions. Hence, by planning aircraft trajectories to reroute areas where the non-CO2 climate impacts are strongly enhanced, called climate-sensitive regions, there is a potential to reduce aviation-induced non-CO2 climate effects. Weather forecast is inevitably uncertain, which can lead to unreliable determination of climate-sensitive regions and aircraft dynamical behavior and, consequently, inefficient trajectories. In this study, we propose robust climate-optimal aircraft trajectory planning within the currently structured airspace considering uncertainties in standard weather forecasts. The ensemble prediction system is employed to characterize uncertainty in the weather forecast, and climate-sensitive regions are quantified using the prototype algorithmic climate change functions. As the optimization problem is constrained by the structure of airspace, it is associated with hybrid decision spaces. To account for discrete and continuous decision variables in an integrated and more efficient manner, the optimization is conducted on the space of probability distributions defined over flight plans instead of directly searching for the optimal profile. A heuristic algorithm based on the augmented random search is employed and implemented on graphics processing units to solve the proposed stochastic optimization computationally fast. An open-source Python library called ROOST (V1.0) is developed based on the aircraft trajectory optimization technique. The effectiveness of our proposed strategy to plan robust climate-optimal trajectories within the structured airspace is analyzed through two scenarios: a scenario with a large contrail climate impact and a scenario with no formation of persistent contrails. It is shown that, for a nighttime flight from Frankfurt to Kyiv, a 55 % reduction in climate impact can be achieved at the expense of a 4 % increase in the operating cost.

The VETTONIA project aims to disseminate the rich heritage from the Iron Age of the western Iberian Peninsula and the archaeological investigations carried out on this topic in recent years. The project utilizes new technologies such as virtual tours, 3D models, and impressions to create interactive and stimulating ways to access the results of the most recent archaeological research. Using these resources, lectures and seminars are being given in various forums with diverse types of audiences to present the virtual tours and the rest of the dissemination initiatives. In addition, the project presents its different initiatives during the annual archaeological interventions developed in the oppidum of Ulaca (Solosancho, Ávila, Spain), with good reception by the attending public. The VETTONIA project represents a pioneering dissemination experience that takes advantage of the educational opportunities offered by new technologies. In the future, tools such as virtual tours to archaeological sites may prove essential in classroom teaching at different levels and could promote sustainable tourism in fragile natural environments such as those that constitute the major settlements of the Late Iron Age (ca. 400–50 BC).

This paper aims at evaluating the possibility of using wearable mobile mapping solutions as a tool for detecting deflections in timber floors. These construction systems are prone to present this type of damage due to the mechanical properties of the wood (relatively low flexural stiffness and creep behaviour). During this study we have evaluated the chance of introducing an additional stage to the general workflow. This stage is devoted to reduce the noise of the 3D point cloud by using the Statistical Outlier Removal filter in combination with a noise-reduction filter such as the Anisotropic filter, the PointCleannet or the Scored-based denoised networks (Deep Learning methods). According with our results, the use of this strategies improves the quality of the 3D point cloud form a qualitative and quantitative point of view. However, these improvements seem to be not sufficient for using this product as a universal source of information for deflection analysis. In this sense, and according with the sensor and study case exploited, this type of point clouds could be used in floors with 5-8-meter length and a relative deflection of about L/200 or higher.

Michoacán-Colima earthquake of 19 September 2022 (Ms 7.6, Mw 7.6) ruptured the NW end of the Cocos-North American plate interface, causing severe damage to many towns and cities in the states of Michoacán and Colima. The damage was further exacerbated by a major aftershock (Mw 6.7) on 22 September. The mainshock initiated below the coast at a hypocentral distance of 22 km from the seismic station of Maruata (MMIG) where peak ground acceleration and velocity, PGA and PGV, of ~ 1 g and 28 cm/s were recorded. The epicenter of the major aftershock was located ~ 30 km SE of the mainshock. Finite fault modeling of the mainshock by the U.S. Geological Survey reveals a rupture propagation along the strike towards the NW and yields a static stress drop, Δσs, of 3.7 MPa. Our estimated radiated energy, ER, is 3.44x1015J, so that ER /M0 is 1.27 × 10−5 similar to other large Mexican thrust earthquakes whose rupture areas do not extend to the trench. Aftershocks of the 2022 mainshock overlap that of the Colima earthquake of 30 January 1973 (Mw7.6). Galitzin seismograms of the two earthquakes at DeBilt (DBN), The Netherlands, are reasonably similar so that they may be classified as quasi-repeated events. On the other hand, the DBN seismogram of the earthquake of 15 April 1941 (MS 7.7), whose location is poorly known but occurred in the same region, differs greatly from those of the 1973 and 2022 earthquakes, suggesting a different source area for the 1941 event. An analysis of the extensive regional recordings exhibits the effect of the directivity on the ground motion and on the ratio of ground motion during the mainshock to the major aftershock. The directivity explains the observed azimuthal dependence of PGA and PGV ratios, spectral ratios, and PGA and response spectra at 2s, Sa (T = 2 s). Because of the directivity, PGA, PGV, and Sa (T = 2 s) in the Valley of Mexico during the mainshock and the major aftershock were about the same in spite of the magnitude difference of 0.9. At CU (the reference, hard site in Mexico City), PGA and PGV during both events were ~ 6 cm/s2 and 2 cm/s, respectively, lower than expected for the mainshock and higher than expected for the aftershock.

Introduction: Hip replacement is one of the most successful operations in orthopaedic surgery. Periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) have very serious consequences for the patient, and they also entail a very important economic impact on healthcare systems. The aim of the study was to provide the first detailed cost analysis of PPHF in a traumatology and orthopaedics service in a third level hospital in Spain. Methods: The study included all patients admitted between 2009 and 2019 with a diagnosis of “PPHF”. We assessed hospital stay cost, total cost of the operating theatre, cost of the implants used, analyses, consultations with other specialists, rehabilitation sessions, radiological tests, microbiology, blood transfusions and other surgical operations during the same admission. Results: 78 patients were included in the study, 49 women and 29 men, with a mean age of 78.74 years (R 45–92). 69 patients received surgical treatment, 75% had open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and 25% had revision surgery. The total cost was €1,139,650.17. The average cost was €14,610.90. Significantly higher costs were incurred for revision compared to ORIF treatments, admissions that lasted more than 30 days, and patients who required more than one operation during admission. The most costly factors were the hospital stay (46%), the cost of the surgery itself (35%), and the implants (24%). Conclusions: Revision arthroplasty versus ORIF treatment, admissions lasting more than 30 days, and patients requiring more than one operation on admission incurred significantly higher costs. The average cost, from a hospital perspective, generated by a PPHF was €14,610.90. The most costly factors were, in descending order, the hospital stay, the cost of the surgery itself, and the implants. It is necessary to establish protocols and updated therapeutic algorithms in the perioperative management of PPHF in order to reduce both morbidity rates and associated costs. Resumen: Introducción: La artroplastia de cadera es una de las operaciones con mejores resultados en cirugía ortopédica. Las fracturas periprotésicas de cadera (FPPC) tienen consecuencias muy graves para el paciente y además suponen un impacto económico muy importante para los sistemas sanitarios. El objetivo del estudio es realizar el primer análisis detallado de los costes de las FPPC en un Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en España. Métodos: El estudio incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados entre 2009 y 2019 con el diagnóstico de «FPPC». Se evaluaron el coste de la estancia hospitalaria, el coste total del quirófano, el coste de los implantes utilizados, los análisis de sangre, las consultas con otros especialistas, las sesiones de rehabilitación, las pruebas radiológicas, la microbiología, las transfusiones de sangre y otras intervenciones quirúrgicas durante el mismo ingreso. Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 78 pacientes, 49 mujeres y 29 hombres, con una edad media de 78,74 años (R 45-92); 69 pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico, el 75% se sometió a reducción abierta y fijación interna (RAFI) y el 25% a revisión protésica. El coste total fue de 1.139.650,17 €. El coste medio fue de 14.610,90 €. Los costes fueron significativamente más elevados en la revisión protésica que en la RAFI, en los ingresos que duraron más de 30 días y en los pacientes que requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica durante el ingreso. Los factores que más influyeron en el coste fueron la estancia hospitalaria (46%), el coste de la intervención quirúrgica (35%) y el de los implantes (24%). Conclusiones: La cirugía de revisión protésica frente a RAFI, los ingresos de más de 30 días y los pacientes que requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica durante el ingreso supusieron costes significativamente mayores. El coste medio, desde el punto de vista hospitalario, generado por una FPPC fue de 14.610,90 €. Los factores que más influyeron en el coste, en orden decreciente, fueron la estancia hospitalaria, el coste de la intervención quirúrgica y el de los implantes. Es necesario establecer protocolos y algoritmos terapéuticos actualizados en el manejo perioperatorio de la FPPC para reducir tanto las tasas de morbilidad como los costes asociados.

Abstract We present a systematic study of the time and band-resolved scintillation in xenon-based time projection chambers (TPCs), performed simultaneously for the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) components in a small, purity-controlled, setup. We explore a range of conditions of general academic interest, focusing on those of relevance to contemporary TPCs: pressure range 1–10 bar, pressure-reduced electric fields of 0–100 V/cm/bar in the drift region (S1) and up to the proportional scintillation regime in the multiplication region (S2), and wavelength bands 145–250/250–400/400–600 nm, for both $$\alpha $$ α and $$\beta $$ β particles. Attention is paid to the possibility of non-conventional scintillation mechanisms such as the 3rd continuum emission, recombination light from $$\beta $$ β -electrons at high pressure (for S1), emission from high-lying excited states and neutral bremsstrahlung (for S2). Time constants and, specially, scintillation yields have been obtained as a function of electric field and pressure, the latter aided by Geant4 simulations.

Abstract Echocardiography has gained wide acceptance among intensive care physicians during the last 15 years. The lack of accredited formation, the long learning curve required and the excessive structural orientation of the present algorithms to evaluate hemodynamically unstable patients hampers its daily use in the intensive care unit. The aim of this article is to show 4 cases where the use of our simple algorithm based on VTI, was crucial. Subsequently, to explain the benefit of using the proposed algorithm with a more functional perspective, as a means for clinical decision-making. A simple algorithm based on left ventricle outflow tract velocity–time integral measurement for a functional hemodynamic monitoring on patients suffering hemodynamic shock or instability is proposed by Spanish Critical Care Ultrasound Network Group. This algorithm considers perfusion and congestion variables. Its simplicity might be useful for guiding physicians in their daily decision-making managing critically ill patients in hemodynamic shock.

The need for transportation infrastructure digitalization is becoming more important, and efficient data collection and processing workflows have to be established and pose a great research challenge. This paper presents a fully automated method for the geometric parametrization of the road alignment from 3D point clouds acquired with a low-cost mobile mapping system. It exploits the Point Transformer Deep Learning architecture in order to segment the 3D point cloud in four different classes, which include road markings. Those markings are then used as a reference to extract the alignment trajectory path, classify its geometries (straight lines, circular arcs, and clothoids) and then parametrize it, extracting data to easily generate alignment data that may follow the standard schema of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). Both the deep learning architecture and the geometry parametrization process show promising results to develop automatic workflows that extract precise as-built data of the infrastructure from 3D point clouds.

Resumen: Antecedente y objetivos: La Escala de Harris modificada es una de las escalas más utilizadas para la valoración funcional de los pacientes en la patología de cadera. Sin embargo, no existe una adaptación transcultural para la sociedad española. Por tanto, este estudio se plantea obtener una adaptación transcultural para la población española de la escala de cadera de Harris modificada. Materiales y métodos: Para la adaptación transcultural se utilizó el método de Beaton que incluye: 2 traducciones al idioma español; revisión por expertos de las 2 versiones provisionales y obtención de una única versión en español; traducción reversa (a inglés) de la versión en español; y aplicación de la versión adaptada. La versión adaptada fue aplicada en 2 ocasiones a 100 pacientes, con un periodo de separación de 6 meses. Resultados: Entre la aplicación inicial y final de la versión adaptada no se encontró diferencias clínicamente relevantes. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una traducción y adaptación transcultural para la población española de la escala de cadera de Harris modificada, la misma que debería ser aplicada a la población española y a todos los países hispanohablantes, mientras no cuenten con una versión adaptada para la población a la que pertenecen. Abstract: Background and objectives: The modified Harris hip score, is one of the most widely used scales for the functional assessment of hip pathology of the patients. However, there is no cross-cultural adaptation for the Spanish society. Therefore, this study aims to obtain a cross-cultural adaptation of the modified Harris hip score for the Spanish population. Materials and methods: For the cross-cultural adaptation the Beaton method was used, which includes: 2 translations into Spanish; expert review of the 2 provisional versions and obtaining a single Spanish version; reverse translation (into English) of the Spanish version; and application of the adapted version. The adapted version was applied twice to 100 patients, 6 months apart. Results: Between the initial and final application of the adapted version, no clinically relevant differences were found. Conclusions: A cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the modified Harris hip score for the Spanish population was obtained, which should be applied to the Spanish population and to all Spanish-speaking countries, as long as they do not have an adapted version for the population to which they belong.

Resumen: Introducción: La artroplastia de cadera es una de las operaciones con mejores resultados en cirugía ortopédica. Las fracturas periprotésicas de cadera (FPPC) tienen consecuencias muy graves para el paciente y además suponen un impacto económico muy importante para los sistemas sanitarios. El objetivo del estudio es realizar el primer análisis detallado de los costes de las FPPC en un Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en España. Métodos: El estudio incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados entre 2009 y 2019 con el diagnóstico de «FPPC». Se evaluaron el coste de la estancia hospitalaria, del quirófano, de los implantes utilizados, los análisis de sangre, las consultas con otros especialistas, las sesiones de rehabilitación, las pruebas radiológicas, la microbiología, las transfusiones de sangre y otras intervenciones quirúrgicas durante el mismo ingreso. Resultados: Se incluyeron a un total de 78 pacientes, 49 mujeres y 29 hombres, con una edad media de 78,74 años (R 45-92); 69 pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico, 75% se sometió a reducción abierta y fijación interna (RAFI) y 25% a revisión protésica. El coste total fue de 1.139.650,17 €. El coste medio fue de 14.610,90 €. Los costes fueron significativamente más elevados en la revisión protésica que en la RAFI, en los ingresos que duraron más de 30 días y en los pacientes que requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica durante el ingreso. Los factores que más influyeron en el coste fueron la estancia hospitalaria (46%), el coste de la intervención quirúrgica (35%) y el de los implantes (24%). Conclusiones: La cirugía de revisión protésica frente a RAFI, los ingresos de más de 30 días y los pacientes que requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica durante el ingreso supusieron costes significativamente mayores. El coste medio, desde el punto de vista hospitalario, generado por una FPPC fue de 14.610,90 €. Los factores que más influyeron en el coste, en orden decreciente, fueron la estancia hospitalaria, el coste de la intervención quirúrgica y el de los implantes. Es necesario establecer protocolos y algoritmos terapéuticos actualizados en el manejo perioperatorio de la FPPC para reducir tanto las tasas de morbilidad como los costes asociados. Abstract: Introduction: Hip replacement is one of the most successful operations in orthopaedic surgery. Periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) have very serious consequences for the patient, and they also entail a very important economic impact on healthcare systems. The aim of the study was to provide the first detailed cost analysis of PPHF in a traumatology and orthopaedics service in a third level hospital in Spain. Methods: The study included all patients admitted between 2009 and 2019 with a diagnosis of «PPHF». We assessed hospital stay cost, total cost of the operating theatre, cost of the implants used, analyses, consultations with other specialists, rehabilitation sessions, radiological tests, microbiology, blood transfusions and other surgical operations during the same admission. Results: Seventy-eight patients were included in the study, 49 women and 29 men, with a mean age of 78.74 years (R 45–92). Sixty-nine patients received surgical treatment, 75% had open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and 25% had revision surgery. The total cost was €1 139 650.17. The average cost was €14 610.90. Significantly higher costs were incurred for revision compared to ORIF treatments, admissions that lasted more than 30 days, and patients who required more than one operation during admission. The most costly factors were the hospital stay (46%), the cost of the surgery itself (35%), and the implants (24%). Conclusions: Revision arthroplasty versus ORIF treatment, admissions lasting more than 30 days, and patients requiring more than one operation on admission incurred significantly higher costs. The average cost, from a hospital perspective, generated by a PPHF was €14 610.90. The most costly factors were, in descending order, the hospital stay, the cost of the surgery itself, and the implants. It is necessary to establish protocols and updated therapeutic algorithms in the perioperative management of PPHF in order to reduce both morbidity rates and associated costs.

Resumen: Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha supuesto el confinamiento de aproximadamente un tercio de la población mundial, provocando un cambio drástico en las actividades de la vida diaria con enorme impacto sanitario, económico y social. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar las variaciones epidemiológicas en la producción de fracturas en el período de confinamiento obligatorio en nuestra población de referencia. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico retrospectivo comparativo de dos grupos de pacientes: Grupo A: personas ingresadas antes del estado de alarma que obligó al confinamiento en el período del 13 enero al 13 de marzo vs. Grupo B: individuos atendidos durante los dos meses de confinamiento, hasta que comenzó la desescalada, período del 13 marzo al 13 mayo. Se registraron variables epidemiológicas, incluyendo edad, antecedentes personales, tipo de fractura, mecanismo de lesión, porcentaje de ambulatorización y estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 190 pacientes. En el período de pre-confinamiento 112 y en el confinamiento 78 (disminución del 30%). La edad media (p = 0,007) y las caídas en domicilio (p

Abstract Assessing the body condition of wild animals is necessary to monitor the health of the population and is critical to defining a framework for conservation actions. Body condition indices (BCIs) are a non-invasive and relatively simple means to assess the health of individual animals, useful for addressing a wide variety of ecological, behavioral, and management questions. The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) is an endangered subspecies of the West Indian manatee, facing a wide variety of threats from mostly human-related origins. Our objective was to define specific BCIs for the subspecies that, coupled with additional health, genetic and demographic information, can be valuable to guide management decisions. Biometric measurements of 380 wild Antillean manatees captured in seven different locations within their range of distribution were obtained. From this information, we developed three BCIs (BCI1 = UG/SL, BCI2 = W/SL3, BCI3 = W/(SL*UG2)). Linear models and two-way ANCOVA tests showed significant differences of the BCIs among sexes and locations. Although our three BCIs are suitable for Antillean manatees, BCI1 is more practical as it does not require information about weight, which can be a metric logistically difficult to collect under particular circumstances. BCI1 was significantly different among environments, revealing that the phenotypic plasticity of the subspecies have originated at least two ecotypes—coastal marine and riverine—of Antillean manatees.

Abstract The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) searches for the neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay of 136Xe using high-pressure xenon gas TPCs with electroluminescent amplification. A scaled-up version of this technology with about 1 tonne of enriched xenon could reach in less than 5 years of operation a sensitivity to the half-life of 0νββ decay better than 1027 years, improving the current limits by at least one order of magnitude. This prediction is based on a well-understood background model dominated by radiogenic sources. The detector concept presented here represents a first step on a compelling path towards sensitivity to the parameter space defined by the inverted ordering of neutrino masses, and beyond.

Abstract We performed a time-resolved spectroscopic study of the VUV/UV scintillation of gaseous argon as a function of pressure and electric field, by means of a wavelength sensitive detector operated with different radioactive sources. Our work conveys new evidence of distinctive features of the argon light which are in contrast with the general assumption that, for particle detection purposes, the scintillation can be considered to be largely monochromatic at 128 nm (second continuum). The wavelength and time-resolved analysis of the photon emission reveal that the dominant component of the argon scintillation during the first tens of ns is in the range [160, 325] nm. This light is consistent with the third continuum emission from highly charged argon ions/molecules. This component of the scintillation is field-independent up to 25 V/cm/bar and shows a very mild dependence with pressure in the range [1, 16] bar. The dynamics of the second continuum emission is dominated by the excimer formation time, whose variation as a function of pressure has been measured. Additionally, the time and pressure-dependent features of electron-ion recombination, in the second continuum band, have been measured. This study opens new paths toward a novel particle identification technique based on the spectral information of the noble-elements scintillation light.

Abstract A new concept for the simultaneous detection of primary and secondary scintillation in time projection chambers is proposed. Its core element is a type of very-thick GEM structure supplied with transparent electrodes and machined from a polyethylene naphthalate plate, a natural wavelength shifter. Such a device has good prospects for scalability and, by virtue of its genuine optical properties, it can improve on the light collection efficiency, energy threshold and resolution of conventional micropattern gas detectors. This, together with the intrinsic radiopurity of its constituting elements, offers advantages for noble gas and liquid based time projection chambers, used for dark matter searches and neutrino experiments. Production, optical and electrical characterization, and first measurements performed with the new device are reported.

Abstract Next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiments aim for half-life sensitivities of ∼ 1027 yr, requiring suppressing backgrounds to < 1 count/tonne/yr. For this, any extra background rejection handle, beyond excellent energy resolution and the use of extremely radiopure materials, is of utmost importance. The NEXT experiment exploits differences in the spatial ionization patterns of double beta decay and single-electron events to discriminate signal from background. While the former display two Bragg peak dense ionization regions at the opposite ends of the track, the latter typically have only one such feature. Thus, comparing the energies at the track extremes provides an additional rejection tool. The unique combination of the topology-based background discrimination and excellent energy resolution (1% FWHM at the Q-value of the decay) is the distinguishing feature of NEXT. Previous studies demonstrated a topological background rejection factor of ∼ 5 when reconstructing electron-positron pairs in the 208Tl 1.6 MeV double escape peak (with Compton events as background), recorded in the NEXT-White demonstrator at the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc, with 72% signal efficiency. This was recently improved through the use of a deep convolutional neural network to yield a background rejection factor of ∼ 10 with 65% signal efficiency. Here, we present a new reconstruction method, based on the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm, which allows reversing the blurring induced by electron diffusion and electroluminescence light production in the NEXT TPC. The new method yields highly refined 3D images of reconstructed events, and, as a result, significantly improves the topological background discrimination. When applied to real-data 1.6 MeV e − e + pairs, it leads to a background rejection factor of 27 at 57% signal efficiency.

The world experienced the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2019 to the beginning of 2020. Governments implemented strategies to contain it, most based on lockdowns. Mexico was no exception. The lockdown was initiated in March 2020, and with it, a reduction in the seismic noise level was witnessed by the seismic stations of the national and Valley of Mexico networks. Stations located in municipalities with more than 50 000 people usually experience larger seismic noise levels at frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz, associated with human activity. The largest noise levels are recorded in Mexico City, which has the largest population in the country. The largest drop was observed in Hermosillo, Sonora; however, it was also the city with the fastest return to activities, which seems to correlate with a quick increase in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Mexico initiated a traffic-light system to modulate the re-opening of economic activities for each state. Therefore, since 1 June, noise levels have generally reflected the colour of the state traffic light. Furthermore, the reduction in the noise level at seismic stations has allowed identification of smaller earthquakes without signal processing. Also, people in cities have perceived smaller or more distant quakes.

Introduction: Motor function is impaired in multiple neurological diseases associated with corticospinal tract degeneration. Motor impairment has been linked to plastic changes at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. However, there is no evidence of changes in information transmission from the cortex to spinal motor neurons. Methods: We used kainic acid to induce stereotactic lesions to the primary motor cortex of female adult rats. Fifteen days later, we evaluated motor function with the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale and the rotarod and determined the density of thin, stubby, and mushroom spines of motor neurons from a thoracolumbar segment of the spinal cord. Spinophilin, synaptophysin, and β III tubulin expression was also measured. Results: Pharmacological lesions resulted in poor motor performance. Spine density and the proportion of thin and stubby spines were greater. We also observed increased expression of the 3 proteins analysed. Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of neurological damage secondary to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract are associated with spontaneous, compensatory plastic changes at the synaptic level. Based on these findings, spontaneous plasticity is a factor to consider when designing more efficient strategies in the early phase of rehabilitation. Resumen: Introducción: Diversas enfermedades neuropatologías asociadas a la degeneración del tracto corticoespinal muestran deterioro de las funciones motoras. Tales alteraciones neurológicas se asocian a diversos fenómenos plásticos subsecuentes, a nivel tanto presináptico como postsináptico. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia que indique la existencia de modificaciones en la transmisión de información del tracto corticoespinal a las motoneuronas espinales. Métodos: Se indujo una lesión por vía estereotáxica en la corteza motora primaria de ratas hembra adultas con ácido kaínico y, 15 días después, se evaluó el desempeño motor mediante la escala BBB y en un dispositivo Rota-Rod. Paralelamente, se cuantificó la densidad numérica y proporcional de las espinas delgadas, en hongo y gordas, en motoneuronas de un segmento torácico-lumbar de la médula espinal. Así mismo, se registró la expresión de las proteínas espinofilina, sinaptofisina β III-tubulina. Resultados: La lesión farmacológica provocó un desempeño motor deficiente. Así mismo, tanto la densidad de espinas como la proporción de espinas delgadas y gordas fue mayor, al igual que la expresión de las 3 proteínas estudiadas. Conclusión: La aparición de los síntomas clínicos de daño neurológico provocado por la degeneración walleriana del tracto corticoespinal se acompaña de respuestas plásticas espontáneas de tipo compensador, a nivel sináptico. Lo anterior indica que durante la rehabilitación temprana de este tipo de pacientes, la plasticidad espontánea constituye un factor que se debe considerar para el diseño de estrategias de intervención más eficientes.

We present a new natural carbon dioxide (CO2) system located off the southern coast of the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Like CO2 seeps, these CO2 submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs) can be used as an analogue to study the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the marine realm. With this aim, we present the chemical characterization of the area, describing the carbon system dynamics, by measuring pH, AT and CT and calculating Ω aragonite and calcite. Our explorations of the area have found several emission points with similar chemical features. Here, the CT varies from 2120.10 to 10 784.84 µmol kg−1, AT from 2415.20 to 10 817.12 µmol kg−1, pH from 7.12 to 8.07, Ω aragonite from 0.71 to 4.15 and Ω calcite from 1.09 to 6.49 units. Also, the CO2 emission flux varies between 2.8 and 28 kg CO2 d−1, becoming a significant source of carbon. These CO2 emissions, which are of volcanic origin, acidify the brackish groundwater that is discharged to the coast and alter the local seawater chemistry. Although this kind of acidified system is not a perfect image of future oceans, this area of La Palma is an exceptional spot to perform studies aimed at understanding the effect of different levels of OA on the functioning of marine ecosystems. These studies can then be used to comprehend how life has persisted through past eras, with higher atmospheric CO2, or to predict the consequences of present fossil fuel usage on the marine ecosystem of the future oceans.

Resumen: Introducción: Diversas enfermedades neuropatologías asociadas a la degeneración del tracto corticoespinal muestran deterioro de las funciones motoras. Tales alteraciones neurológicas se asocian a diversos fenómenos plásticos subsecuentes, a nivel tanto presináptico como postsináptico. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia que indique la existencia de modificaciones en la transmisión de información del tracto corticoespinal a las motoneuronas espinales. Métodos: Se indujo una lesión por vía estereotáxica en la corteza motora primaria de ratas hembra adultas con ácido kaínico y, 15 días después, se evaluó el desempeño motor mediante la escala BBB y en un dispositivo Rota-Rod. Paralelamente, se cuantificó la densidad numérica y proporcional de las espinas delgadas, en hongo y gordas, en motoneuronas de un segmento torácico-lumbar de la médula espinal. Así mismo, se registró la expresión de las proteínas espinofilina, sinaptofisina β iii-tubulina. Resultados: La lesión farmacológica provocó un desempeño motor deficiente. Así mismo, tanto la densidad de espinas como la proporción de espinas delgadas y gordas fue mayor, al igual que la expresión de las 3 proteínas estudiadas. Conclusión: La aparición de los síntomas clínicos de daño neurológico provocado por la degeneración walleriana del tracto corticoespinal se acompaña de respuestas plásticas espontáneas de tipo compensador, a nivel sináptico. Lo anterior indica que durante la rehabilitación temprana de este tipo de pacientes, la plasticidad espontánea constituye un factor que se debe considerar para el diseño de estrategias de intervención más eficientes. Abstract: Introduction: Motor function is impaired in multiple neurological diseases associated with corticospinal tract degeneration. Motor impairment has been linked to plastic changes at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. However, there is no evidence of changes in information transmission from the cortex to spinal motor neurons. Methods: We used kainic acid to induce stereotactic lesions to the primary motor cortex of female adult rats. Fifteen days later, we evaluated motor function with the BBB scale and the rotarod and determined the density of thin, stubby, and mushroom spines of motor neurons from a thoracolumbar segment of the spinal cord. Spinophilin, synaptophysin, and β iii-tubulin expression was also measured. Results: Pharmacological lesions resulted in poor motor performance. Spine density and the proportion of thin and stubby spines were greater. We also observed increased expression of the 3 proteins analysed. Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of neurological damage secondary to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract are associated with spontaneous, compensatory plastic changes at the synaptic level. Based on these findings, spontaneous plasticity is a factor to consider when designing more efficient strategies in the early phase of rehabilitation.

Abstract Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used state-of-the-art computer vision tools that are becoming increasingly popular in high-energy physics. In this paper, we attempt to understand the potential of CNNs for event classification in the NEXT experiment, which will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 136Xe. To do so, we demonstrate the usage of CNNs for the identification of electron-positron pair production events, which exhibit a topology similar to that of a neutrinoless double-beta decay event. These events were produced in the NEXT-White high-pressure xenon TPC using 2.6 MeV gamma rays from a 228Th calibration source. We train a network on Monte Carlo-simulated events and show that, by applying on-the-fly data augmentation, the network can be made robust against differences between simulation and data. The use of CNNs offers significant improvement in signal efficiency and background rejection when compared to previous non-CNN-based analyses.

Introduction: The paramedian lobule of the cerebellum is involved in learning to correctly perform motor skills through practice. Dendritic spines are dynamic structures that regulate excitatory synaptic stimulation. We studied plastic changes occurring in the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells from the paramedian lobule of rats during motor learning. Methods: Adult male rats were trained over a 6-day period using an acrobatic motor learning paradigm; the density and type of dendritic spines were determined every day during the study period using a modified version of the Golgi method. Results: The learning curve reflected a considerable decrease in the number of errors made by rats as the training period progressed. We observed more dendritic spines on days 2 and 6, particularly more thin spines on days 1, 3, and 6, fewer mushroom spines on day 3, fewer stubby spines on day 1, and more thick spines on days 4 and 6. Conclusion: The initial stage of motor learning may be associated with fast processing of the underlying synaptic information combined with an apparent “silencing” of memory consolidation processes, based on the regulation of the neuronal excitability. Resumen: Introducción: El lóbulo paramediano del cerebelo está involucrado en el desempeño correcto de las habilidades motoras a través de la práctica. Las espinas dendríticas son estructuras dinámicas que regulan la estimulación sináptica excitadora. En este trabajo se estudiaron los posibles cambios plásticos en espinas de células de Purkinje del lóbulo paramediano cerebelar de ratas, durante el aprendizaje motor. Métodos: Se entrenaron a ratas macho adultas durante un período de seis días, en un paradigma de aprendizaje motor acrobático y se cuantificó tanto la densidad como los tipos de espinas dendríticas en cada uno de los seis días de estudio, mediante una modificación al método de Golgi. Resultados: La curva de aprendizaje reflejó una disminución consistente de los errores cometidos en el transcurso de los días de entrenamiento. Así mismo, se observaron más espinas dendríticas en los días 2 y 6 y, en particular, más espinas delgadas en los días 1, 3 y 6, menos espinas en hongo el día 3, menos espinas gordas el día 1 y más espinas anchas los días 4 y 6. Conclusión: El período inicial de aprendizaje motor podría estar asociado con el procesamiento rápido de la información sináptica subyacente y con un aparente «silenciamiento» de los procesos de consolidación mnémica, en una base de regulación de la excitabilidad neuronal.

Resumen: Introducción: El lóbulo paramediano del cerebelo está involucrado en el desempeño correcto de las habilidades motoras a través de la práctica. Las espinas dendríticas son estructuras dinámicas que regulan la estimulación sináptica excitadora. En este trabajo se estudiaron los posibles cambios plásticos en espinas de células de Purkinje del lóbulo paramediano cerebelar de ratas, durante el aprendizaje motor. Métodos: Se entrenaron a ratas macho adultas durante un período de seis días, en un paradigma de aprendizaje motor acrobático y se cuantificó tanto la densidad como los tipos de espinas dendríticas en cada uno de los seis días de estudio, mediante una modificación al método de Golgi. Resultados: La curva de aprendizaje reflejó una disminución consistente de los errores cometidos en el transcurso de los días de entrenamiento. Así mismo, se observaron más espinas dendríticas en los días 2 y 6 y, en particular, más espinas delgadas en los días 1, 3 y 6, menos espinas en hongo el día 3, menos espinas gordas el día 1 y más espinas anchas los días 4 y 6. Conclusión: El período inicial de aprendizaje motor podría estar asociado con el procesamiento rápido de la información sináptica subyacente y con un aparente «silenciamiento» de los procesos de consolidación mnémica, en una base de regulación de la excitabilidad neuronal. Abstract: Introduction: The paramedian lobule of the cerebellum is involved in learning to correctly perform motor skills through practice. Dendritic spines are dynamic structures that regulate excitatory synaptic stimulation. We studied plastic changes occurring in the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells from the paramedian lobule of rats during motor learning. Methods: Adult male rats were trained over a 6-day period using an acrobatic motor learning paradigm; the density and type of dendritic spines were determined every day during the study period using a modified version of the Golgi method. Results: The learning curve reflected a considerable decrease in the number of errors made by rats as the training period progressed. We observed more dendritic spines on days 2 and 6, particularly more thin spines on days 1, 3, and 6, fewer mushroom spines on day 3, fewer stubby spines on day 1, and more thick spines on days 4 and 6. Conclusion: The initial stage of motor learning may be associated with fast processing of the underlying synaptic information combined with an apparent “silencing” of memory consolidation processes, based on the regulation of the neuronal excitability.

Automatic feature matching is a crucial step in Structure-from-Motion (SfM) applications for 3D reconstruction purposes. From an historical perspective we can say now that SIFT was the enabling technology that made SfM a successful and fully automated pipeline. SIFT was the ancestor of a wealth of detector/descriptor methods that are now available. Various research activities have tried to benchmark detector/descriptors operators, but a clear outcome is difficult to be drawn. This paper presents an ISPRS Scientific Initiative aimed at providing the community with an educational open-source tool (called PhotoMatch) for tie point extractions and image matching. Several enhancement and decolorization methods can be initially applied to an image dataset in order to improve the successive feature extraction steps. Then different detector/descriptor combinations are possible, coupled with different matching strategies and quality control metrics. Examples and results show the implemented functionality of PhotoMatch which has also a tutorial for shortly explaining the implemented methods.