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1. Search for Majoron-emitting modes of Xe136 double beta decay with the complete EXO-200 dataset

Author

S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski, J. Echevers, W. Fairbank, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Fierlinger, D. Fudenberg, P. Gautam, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, C. Hall, E. V. Hansen, J. Hoessl, P. Hufschmidt, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, C. Jessiman, M. J. Jewell, A. Johnson, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, T. Koffas, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, G. S. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, R. MacLellan, T. McElroy, T. Michel, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, O. Njoya, O. Nusair, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, A. Perna, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, F. Retière, A. L. Robinson, P. C. Rowson, D. Ruddell, J. Runge, S. Schmidt, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, V. Stekhanov, M. Tarka, S. Thibado, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, P. Vogel, J.-L. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Watkins, M. Weber, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, G. Wrede, S. X. Wu, Q. Xia, D. R. Yahne, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O. Ya. Zeldovich, and T. Ziegler

Subjects
010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Published
2021

2. The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems

Author

N. Ackerman, J. Albert, M. Auger, D.J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P.S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek, E. Baussan, V. Belov, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G.F. Cao, W.R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, R. Conley, S. Cook, M. Coon, W. Craddock, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S.J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, C.G. Davis, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. deVoe, T. Didberidze, J. Dilling, A. Dobi, A.G. Dolgolenko, M.J. Dolinski, M. Dunford, J. Echevers, L. Espic, W. Fairbank, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, W. Feldmeier, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Fierlinger, K. Fouts, D. Franco, D. Freytag, D. Fudenberg, P. Gautam, G. Giroux, R. Gornea, K. Graham, G. Gratta, C. Hagemann, C. Hall, K. Hall, G. Haller, E.V. Hansen, C. Hargrove, R. Herbst, S. Herrin, J. Hodgson, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, C. Jessiman, M.J. Jewell, A. Johnson, T.N. Johnson, S. Johnston, A. Karelin, L.J. Kaufman, R. Killick, T. Koffas, S. Kravitz, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K.S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, D.S. Leonard, F. Leonard, F. LePort, G.S. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y.H. Lin, D. Mackay, R. MacLellan, M. Marino, J.-M. Martin, Y. Martin, T. McElroy, K. McFarlane, T. Michel, B. Mong, D.C. Moore, K. Murray, R. Neilson, R. Nelson, O. Njoya, O. Nusair, K. O'Sullivan, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, C. Ouellet, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, C.Y. Prescott, K. Pushkin, F. Retiere, A. Rivas, A.L. Robinson, E. Rollin, P.C. Rowson, M.P. Rozo, J. Runge, J.J. Russell, S. Schmidt, A. Schubert, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, S. Slutsky, E. Smith, A.K. Soma, V. Stekhanov, V. Strickland, M. Swift, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, D. Tosi, T.I. Totev, R. Tsang, K. Twelker, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, J.-L. Vuilleumier, J.-M. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, A. Waite, J. Walton, T. Walton, K. Wamba, J. Watkins, M. Weber, L.J. Wen, U. Wichoski, M. Wittgen, J. Wodin, J. Wood, G. Wrede, S.X. Wu, Q. Xia, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O.Ya. Zeldovich, and T. Ziegler

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Mathematical Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector., Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

Published
2021

3. Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

Author

X. S. Jiang, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, T. Tolba, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, A. Piepke, Y. Y. Ding, O. Zeldovich, D. Kodroff, T. Daniels, J. Echevers, R. DeVoe, M. Hughes, Simon Johnston, R. Saldanha, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Alexis G. Schubert, R. MacLellan, G. St-Hilaire, C. Chambers, I. J. Arnquist, Lorenzo Fabris, J.-L. Vuilleumier, N. Roy, Yuehe Lin, U. Wichoski, L. Cao, David Moore, B. T. Cleveland, John L. Orrell, S. Kravitz, F. Nolet, Veljko Radeka, Jens Dilling, B. Mong, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, T. Ziegler, J. P. Brodsky, T. Bhatta, P. C. Rowson, A.C. Odian, I. Badhrees, M. Heffner, Z. Li, Gerrit Wrede, D. Fudenberg, S. X. Wu, M. Tarka, F. Vachon, G. Li, Douglas H Beck, L. J. Wen, S. Parent, Samuele Sangiorgio, A. House, David Leonard, W. Cree, L. Darroch, J. Todd, G. Gallina, Y-R Yen, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, I. Ostrovskiy, K. S. Kumar, D. A. Harris, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, S. Delaquis, T. Stiegler, A. Kuchenkov, M. J. Dolinski, X. F. Wu, A. Larson, Yunyan Zhou, O. Njoya, E. V. Hansen, Giorgio Gratta, K. Skarpaas, Ethan Brown, A. Iverson, Triveni Rao, M. Weber, Shu Li, A. Karelin, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, T. Rossignol, M. J. Jewell, Qun-Yao Wang, Zhijun Ning, Y. Ito, L. J. Kaufman, Wei Wei, Rejean Fontaine, S. J. Daugherty, F. Bourque, Y. Lan, Liang Yang, R. Tsang, A. Jamil, S. Feyzbakhsh, C. Licciardi, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, Guofu Cao, E. Raguzin, J. Farine, Eric W. Hoppe, Gerard Visser, A. Burenkov, T. Brunner, Arun Kumar Soma, Justin Albert, J. Watkins, V.N. Stekhanov, M. Coon, A. Pocar, Cory T. Overman, T. Tsang, A. Craycraft, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, F. Retiere, Angelo Dragone, Jochen M. Schneider, Qing Xia, X. Zhang, M. Chiu, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, G. S. Ortega, Jean-Francois Pratte, V. A. Belov, M. Oriunno, Serge A. Charlebois, T. I. Totev, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, T. Walton, J. Daughhetee, A. E. Robinson, K. Odgers, M. Côté, Thilo Michel, and Gabriele Giacomini

Subjects
Physics, Sapphire window, Multidisciplinary, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Barium, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, Background level, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Atom, Neutrino, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Author(s): Chambers, C; Walton, T; Fairbank, D; Craycraft, A; Yahne, DR; Todd, J; Iverson, A; Fairbank, W; Alamare, A; Albert, JB; Anton, G; Arnquist, IJ; Badhrees, I; Barbeau, PS; Beck, D; Belov, V; Bhatta, T; Bourque, F; Brodsky, JP; Brown, E; Brunner, T; Burenkov, A; Cao, GF; Cao, L; Cen, WR; Charlebois, SA; Chiu, M; Cleveland, B; Coon, M; Cree, W; Cote, M; Dalmasson, J; Daniels, T; Darroch, L; Daugherty, SJ; Daughhetee, J; Delaquis, S; Mesrobian-Kabakian, A Der; DeVoe, R; Dilling, J; Ding, YY; Dolinski, MJ; Dragone, A; Echevers, J; Fabris, L; Farine, J; Feyzbakhsh, S; Fontaine, R; Fudenberg, D; Giacomini, G; Gornea, R; Gratta, G; Hansen, EV; Heffner, M; Hoppe, EW; Hosl, J; House, A; Hufschmidt, P; Hughes, M; Ito, Y; Jamil, A; Jessiman, C; Jewell, MJ; Jiang, XS; Karelin, A; Kaufman, LJ; Kodroff, D; Koffas, T; Kravitz, S; Krucken, R; Kuchenkov, A; Kumar, KS; Lan, Y; Larson, A; Leonard, DS; Li, G; Li, S; Li, Z; Licciardi, C; Lin, YH; Lv, P; MacLellan, R; Michel, T; Mong, B; Moore, DC | Abstract: The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so background reduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. The identification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe provides a technique for eliminating backgrounds in the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The tagging scheme studied in this work utilizes a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in solid xenon, where the barium atom is tagged via fluorescence imaging in the solid xenon matrix. Here we demonstrate imaging and counting of individual atoms of barium in solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrix deposited on a sapphire window. When the laser sits on an individual atom, the fluorescence persists for $\sim$30~s before dropping abruptly to the background level, a clear confirmation of one-atom imaging. No barium fluorescence persists following evaporation of a barium deposit to a limit of $\leq$0.16\%. This is the first time that single atoms have been imaged in solid noble element. It establishes the basic principle of a barium tagging technique for nEXO.

Published
2019

4. Reflectivity of VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers in Liquid Xenon

Author

M. Heffner, Thilo Michel, M. Hughes, F. Vachon, Jean-Francois Pratte, Aleksey E. Bolotnikov, A. Craycraft, R. DeVoe, C. Gingras, C.R. Natzke, A. De St. Croix, T. I. Totev, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, J. C. Nzobadila Ondze, S. Al Kharusi, R. Saldanha, O. Nusair, J. Ringuette, R. Krücken, W. M. Fairbank, M. Worcester, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, N. Massacret, Lorenzo Fabris, David Moore, Wen-Qi Yan, K. Harouaka, R. Gornea, E. Hansen, C. T. Overman, Samuele Sangiorgio, I. Ostrovskiy, H. Rasiwala, M. Tarka, K. S. Kumar, M. Elbeltagi, R. Tsang, A. Larson, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, E. Caden, F. Retière, Z. Li, Mike Richman, N. Roy, S. Feyzbakhsh, G. Giacomini, M. Murra, G. Li, E. Raguzin, A. Pocar, A. Iverson, Ethan Brown, B. Mong, C. Licciardi, F. Nolet, J. P. Brodsky, A. Tidball, T. McElroy, Shu Li, T. Rossignol, V. A. Belov, R. MacLellan, O. Zeldovich, M. Medina Peregrina, A. Karelin, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, I. Badhrees, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, D. Fairbank, A. Kuchenkov, M. Wagenpfeil, M. Walent, Giorgio Gratta, Qing Xia, Sergio Ferrara, C. Vivo-Vilches, D. Schulte, Govinda Adhikari, G. S. Ortega, J. Todd, Arun Kumar Soma, C. Weinheimer, T. Brunner, D. S. Leonard, Serge A. Charlebois, A. Odian, L. Darroch, S. Rescia, C. Huhmann, M. J. Dolinski, M. J. Jewell, R. Lindsay, D. Chernyak, L. Althueser, V.N. Stekhanov, M. L. Di Vacri, T. Ziegler, Y. Lan, S. Parent, L. J. Kaufman, A. Gorham, S. X. Wu, P. A. Breur, J. Bane, A. E. Robinson, Eric W. Hoppe, J. Echevers, D. Goeldi, G.J. Ramonnye, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, S. Thibado, C. Richard, M. Chiu, J. Farine, P. Martel-Dion, Guofu Cao, T. Bhatta, J. Nattress, E. Angelico, B. Chana, Douglas H Beck, T. Stiegler, J. Schneider, K. Deslandes, P. C. Rowson, A. House, A. Fieguth, C.A. Hardy, U. Wichoski, S. Viel, G. Gallina, A. Piepke, I. J. Arnquist, P. Gautam, K. G. Leach, R.J. Newby, S. Triambak, F. Spadoni, and C. Chambers

Subjects
Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, APDS, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, Wafer, Angular resolution, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Avalanche photodiode, chemistry, Angle of incidence (optics), business
Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers are regarded as a very promising technology for next-generation, cutting-edge detectors for low-background experiments in particle physics. This work presents systematic reflectivity studies of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) and other samples in liquid xenon at vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelengths. A dedicated setup at the University of M\"unster has been used that allows to acquire angle-resolved reflection measurements of various samples immersed in liquid xenon with 0.45{\deg} angular resolution. Four samples are investigated in this work: one Hamamatsu VUV4 SiPM, one FBK VUV-HD SiPM, one FBK wafer sample and one Large-Area Avalanche Photodiode (LA-APD) from EXO-200. The reflectivity is determined to be 25-36% at an angle of incidence of 20{\deg} for the four samples and increases to up to 65% at 70{\deg} for the LA-APD and the FBK samples. The Hamamatsu VUV4 SiPM shows a decline with increasing angle of incidence. The reflectivity results will be incorporated in upcoming light response simulations of the nEXO detector., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Published
2021

5. NEXO: Neutrinoless double beta decay search beyond $10^{28}$ year half-life sensitivity

Author

G Adhikari, S Al Kharusi, E Angelico, G Anton, I J Arnquist, I Badhrees, J Bane, V Belov, E P Bernard, T Bhatta, A Bolotnikov, P A Breur, J P Brodsky, E Brown, T Brunner, E Caden, G F Cao, L Cao, C Chambers, B Chana, S A Charlebois, D Chernyak, M Chiu, B Cleveland, R Collister, S A Czyz, J Dalmasson, T Daniels, L Darroch, R DeVoe, M L Di Vacri, J Dilling, Y Y Ding, A Dolgolenko, M J Dolinski, A Dragone, J Echevers, M Elbeltagi, L Fabris, D Fairbank, W Fairbank, J Farine, S Ferrara, S Feyzbakhsh, Y S Fu, G Gallina, P Gautam, G Giacomini, W Gillis, C Gingras, D Goeldi, R Gornea, G Gratta, C A Hardy, K Harouaka, M Heffner, E W Hoppe, A House, A Iverson, A Jamil, M Jewell, X S Jiang, A Karelin, L J Kaufman, I Kotov, R Krücken, A Kuchenkov, K S Kumar, Y Lan, A Larson, K G Leach, B G Lenardo, D S Leonard, G Li, S Li, Z Li, C Licciardi, R Lindsay, R MacLellan, M Mahtab, P Martel-Dion, J Masbou, N Massacret, T McElroy, K McMichael, M Medina Peregrina, T Michel, B Mong, D C Moore, K Murray, J Nattress, C R Natzke, R J Newby, K Ni, F Nolet, O Nusair, J C Nzobadila Ondze, K Odgers, A Odian, J L Orrell, G S Ortega, C T Overman, S Parent, A Perna, A Piepke, A Pocar, J-F Pratte, N Priel, V Radeka, E Raguzin, G J Ramonnye, T Rao, H Rasiwala, S Rescia, F Retière, J Ringuette, V Riot, T Rossignol, P C Rowson, N Roy, R Saldanha, S Sangiorgio, X Shang, A K Soma, F Spadoni, V Stekhanov, X L Sun, M Tarka, S Thibado, A Tidball, J Todd, T Totev, S Triambak, R H M Tsang, T Tsang, F Vachon, V Veeraraghavan, S Viel, C Vivo-Vilches, P Vogel, J-L Vuilleumier, M Wagenpfeil, T Wager, M Walent, K Wamba, Q Wang, W Wei, L J Wen, U Wichoski, S Wilde, M Worcester, S X Wu, W H Wu, X Wu, Q Xia, W Yan, H Yang, L Yang, O Zeldovich, J Zhao, T Ziegler, Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), and nEXO

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, background: effect, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], time-projection chambers, 01 natural sciences, neutrinoless double beta decay, Monte Carlo simulations, double-beta decay: (0neutrino), 0103 physical sciences, neutrino: mass, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, detector: design, xenon: liquid, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, neutrinos, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), sensitivity, time projection chamber, 3. Good health, photon: scintillation counter, copper, radioactivity, Xe-136, experimental results
Abstract

The nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment is designed to use a time projection chamber and 5000 kg of isotopically enriched liquid xenon to search for the decay in $^{136}$Xe. Progress in the detector design, paired with higher fidelity in its simulation and an advanced data analysis, based on the one used for the final results of EXO-200, produce a sensitivity prediction that exceeds the half-life of $10^{28}$ years. Specifically, improvements have been made in the understanding of production of scintillation photons and charge as well as of their transport and reconstruction in the detector. The more detailed knowledge of the detector construction has been paired with more assays for trace radioactivity in different materials. In particular, the use of custom electroformed copper is now incorporated in the design, leading to a substantial reduction in backgrounds from the intrinsic radioactivity of detector materials. Furthermore, a number of assumptions from previous sensitivity projections have gained further support from interim work validating the nEXO experiment concept. Together these improvements and updates suggest that the nEXO experiment will reach a half-life sensitivity of $1.35\times 10^{28}$ yr at 90% confidence level in 10 years of data taking, covering the parameter space associated with the inverted neutrino mass ordering, along with a significant portion of the parameter space for the normal ordering scenario, for almost all nuclear matrix elements. The effects of backgrounds deviating from the nominal values used for the projections are also illustrated, concluding that the nEXO design is robust against a number of imperfections of the model., Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, version accepted by Journal of Phys. G

Published
2021
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6. Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the β -Decay of Xe137 to the Ground State of Cs137 in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory

Author

T. Tolba, E. V. Hansen, Qing Xia, A. Jamil, A. Pocar, S. Thibado, V. Veeraraghavan, C. Chambers, R. DeVoe, Petr Vogel, David Leonard, R. MacLellan, Thomas Koffas, D. Fudenberg, W. M. Fairbank, M. Coon, J. Davis, M. J. Jewell, T. Daniels, F. Retiere, V.N. Stekhanov, L. J. Kaufman, J. Farine, Jouni Suhonen, A. Piepke, J. Todd, R. Tsang, M. J. Dolinski, Jens Dilling, O. Nusair, L. Darroch, R. Krücken, U. Wichoski, M. Hughes, I. Badhrees, K. Skarpaas, J. Hoessl, V. Belov, A. Robinson, T. Bhatta, A. S. Johnson, T. Ziegler, S. Feyzbakhsh, W. R. Cen, K. Murray, S. Al Kharusi, O. Ya. Zeldovich, G. S. Li, R. Gornea, Martin Breidenbach, M. Wagenpfeil, Gisela Anton, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, P. C. Rowson, S. X. Wu, B. Mong, J. L. Vuilleumier, Arun Kumar Soma, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Yuehe Lin, S. J. Daugherty, A. Odian, L. Yang, David Moore, Y. Lan, S. Delaquis, Z. Li, Guofu Cao, Giorgio Gratta, A. Larson, T. Brunner, C. R. Hall, A. Dolgolenko, Thilo Michel, C. Jessiman, I. Ostrovskiy, P. Nakarmi, A. Craycraft, K. S. Kumar, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, O. Njoya, B. G. Lenardo, J. Watkins, A. Iverson, D. R. Yahne, T. McElroy, A. Karelin, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, D. Fairbank, B. Veenstra, J. Kostensalo, J. Echevers, Peter Fierlinger, T. I. Totev, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, Douglas H Beck, P. S. Barbeau, Y-R Yen, D. Ruddell, J. Runge, and P. Gautam

Subjects
Physics, Spectral shape analysis, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear data, Context (language use), Electron, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Ground state, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay transition ^{137}Xe(7/2^{-})→^{137}Cs(7/2^{+}). The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultralow background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source deployment and analysis procedures, allowed for collection of a pure sample of the decays, with an estimated signal to background ratio of more than 99 to 1 in the energy range from 1075 to 4175 keV. In addition to providing a rare and accurate measurement of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay shape, this work constitutes a novel test of the calculated electron spectral shapes in the context of the reactor antineutrino anomaly and spectral bump.

Published
2020

7. Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the β-Decay of ^{137}Xe to the Ground State of ^{137}Cs in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory

Author

S, Al Kharusi, G, Anton, I, Badhrees, P S, Barbeau, D, Beck, V, Belov, T, Bhatta, M, Breidenbach, T, Brunner, G F, Cao, W R, Cen, C, Chambers, B, Cleveland, M, Coon, A, Craycraft, T, Daniels, L, Darroch, S J, Daugherty, J, Davis, S, Delaquis, A, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R, DeVoe, J, Dilling, A, Dolgolenko, M J, Dolinski, J, Echevers, W, Fairbank, D, Fairbank, J, Farine, S, Feyzbakhsh, P, Fierlinger, D, Fudenberg, P, Gautam, R, Gornea, G, Gratta, C, Hall, E V, Hansen, J, Hoessl, P, Hufschmidt, M, Hughes, A, Iverson, A, Jamil, C, Jessiman, M J, Jewell, A, Johnson, A, Karelin, L J, Kaufman, T, Koffas, J, Kostensalo, R, Krücken, A, Kuchenkov, K S, Kumar, Y, Lan, A, Larson, B G, Lenardo, D S, Leonard, G S, Li, S, Li, Z, Li, C, Licciardi, Y H, Lin, R, MacLellan, T, McElroy, T, Michel, B, Mong, D C, Moore, K, Murray, P, Nakarmi, O, Njoya, O, Nusair, A, Odian, I, Ostrovskiy, A, Piepke, A, Pocar, F, Retière, A L, Robinson, P C, Rowson, D, Ruddell, J, Runge, S, Schmidt, D, Sinclair, K, Skarpaas, A K, Soma, V, Stekhanov, J, Suhonen, M, Tarka, S, Thibado, J, Todd, T, Tolba, T I, Totev, R, Tsang, B, Veenstra, V, Veeraraghavan, P, Vogel, J-L, Vuilleumier, M, Wagenpfeil, J, Watkins, M, Weber, L J, Wen, U, Wichoski, G, Wrede, S X, Wu, Q, Xia, D R, Yahne, L, Yang, Y-R, Yen, O Ya, Zeldovich, and T, Ziegler

Abstract

We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay transition ^{137}Xe(7/2^{-})→^{137}Cs(7/2^{+}). The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultralow background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source deployment and analysis procedures, allowed for collection of a pure sample of the decays, with an estimated signal to background ratio of more than 99 to 1 in the energy range from 1075 to 4175 keV. In addition to providing a rare and accurate measurement of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay shape, this work constitutes a novel test of the calculated electron spectral shapes in the context of the reactor antineutrino anomaly and spectral bump.

Published
2020

8. Event Reconstruction in a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber with an Optically-Open Field Cage

Author

B. Chana, N. Roy, L. Cao, O. Nusair, G. St-Hilaire, Douglas H Beck, R. Krücken, F. Nolet, E. Raguzin, P. A. Breur, T. McElroy, T. Bhatta, L. J. Kaufman, Gerard Visser, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, Eric W. Hoppe, F. Vachon, Z. Li, C. Chambers, Veljko Radeka, Cory T. Overman, L. J. Wen, J. L. Vuilleumier, Samuele Sangiorgio, L. Darroch, P. Gautam, P. Nakarmi, Kaixuan Ni, K. S. Kumar, A. De St. Croix, R. Tsang, Haijun Yang, E. V. Hansen, P. Lv, E. Caden, S. X. Wu, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, Lorenzo Fabris, I. J. Arnquist, R. Gornea, P. C. Rowson, V.N. Stekhanov, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, A. Jamil, A. House, A. Piepke, J. Todd, G. Gallina, S. Thibado, Y. Y. Ding, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, N. Massacret, M. Heffner, R. MacLellan, S. Viel, M. Worcester, Thilo Michel, V. Veeraraghavan, Qing Xia, M. Hughes, G. Li, Sergio Ferrara, S. Al Kharusi, R. DeVoe, A. Pocar, M. Walent, B. G. Lenardo, Arun Kumar Soma, S. Feyzbakhsh, Y. Lan, G. S. Ortega, B. T. Cleveland, K. Deslandes, T. Brunner, A. Kuchenkov, M. Medina-Peregrina, Serge A. Charlebois, F. Retiere, David Moore, M. Chiu, J. P. Brodsky, M. Tarka, F. Edaltafar, T. Wager, K. G. Leach, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, Qun-Yao Wang, Zhijun Ning, M. Oriunno, Aleksey E. Bolotnikov, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, K. Odgers, B. Mong, M. J. Dolinski, David Leonard, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, T. Tsang, T. Stiegler, Jean-Francois Pratte, Angelo Dragone, M. Elbeltagi, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, Wei Wei, H. Rasiwala, I. Ostrovskiy, Yu-Guang Zhou, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, Guofu Cao, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, T. I. Totev, A. Iverson, K. Skarpaas Viii, Shu Li, Giorgio Gratta, U. Wichoski, L. Yang, T. Rossignol, M. J. Jewell, A. Craycraft, T. Ziegler, Gabriele Giacomini, J. Echevers, Jens Dilling, C.R. Natzke, I. Badhrees, A. Tidball, M. L. di Vacri, C. Vivo-Vilches, S. Parent, A. Odian, O. Zeldovich, R. Saldanha, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, X. F. Wu, A. Larson, Ethan Brown, A. Karelin, J. Farine, V. Belov, and A. Robinson

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Photon, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Field (physics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Event reconstruction
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment using liquid ${}^{136}Xe$ (LXe) in a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to read out ionization and scintillation signals. Between the field cage and the LXe vessel, a layer of LXe ("skin" LXe) is present, where no ionization signal is collected. Only scintillation photons are detected, owing to the lack of optical barrier around the field cage. In this work, we show that the light originating in the skin LXe region can be used to improve background discrimination by 5% over previous published estimates. This improvement comes from two elements. First, a fraction of the $\gamma$-ray background is removed by identifying light from interactions with an energy deposition in the skin LXe. Second, background from ${}^{222}Rn$ dissolved in the skin LXe can be efficiently rejected by tagging the $\alpha$ decay in the ${}^{214}Bi-{}^{214}Po$ chain in the skin LXe., Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures

Published
2020
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9. Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

Author

R. Saldanha, I. Ostrovskiy, D. Kodroff, M. J. Dolinski, S. Rescia, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, P. Gautam, D. Fairbank, Z. Li, E. Caden, E. V. Hansen, Gerard Visser, J. Watkins, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, R. MacLellan, He-Run Yang, A. Iverson, Triveni Rao, K. Skarpaas Viii, Liang Yang, R. Tsang, Gabriele Giacomini, A. Jamil, Pengpeng Lv, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Shu Li, J. Echevers, Yu-Guang Zhou, Sergio Ferrara, B. Chana, Y. Lan, M. L. di Vacri, U. Wichoski, T. Wager, J. P. Brodsky, C. Vivo-Vilches, I. J. Arnquist, D. Beck, Thilo Michel, Y-R Yen, T. Tsang, T. Tolba, J. Runge, Yuehe Lin, T. Ziegler, Qun-Yao Wang, P. Nakarmi, Guofu Cao, M. Hughes, Jens Dilling, R. Fontaine, David Leonard, M. Heffner, Angelo Dragone, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Walent, S. Al Kharusi, I. Badhrees, M. Tarka, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, B. G. Lenardo, S. Viel, Arun Kumar Soma, T. Brunner, D. Goeldi, L. J. Kaufman, T. Stiegler, Samuele Sangiorgio, Xuan Wu, K. S. Kumar, S. Parent, M. Elbeltagi, M. Coon, K. G. Leach, David Moore, Wei Wei, Qing Xia, J. Farine, G. S. Ortega, Cory T. Overman, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, S. X. Wu, S. J. Daugherty, Serge A. Charlebois, A. House, G. St-Hilaire, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. S. Barbeau, A. Robinson, T. Bhatta, V. A. Belov, A.C. Odian, O. Zeldovich, Eric W. Hoppe, A. Piepke, J. Todd, L. Darroch, Y. Y. Ding, M. Oriunno, C. Chambers, A. Pocar, V.N. Stekhanov, B. T. Cleveland, T. Rossignol, A. Kuchenkov, M. J. Jewell, Veljko Radeka, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, G. Gallina, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, V. Veeraraghavan, A. Fucarino, Giorgio Gratta, M. Chiu, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, K. Odgers, E. Raguzin, J. Hossl, R. DeVoe, W. R. Cen, M. Medina-Peregrina, R. Gornea, F. Retiere, B. Mong, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, M. Ward, G. S. Li, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, A. Craycraft, Ethan Brown, C.R. Natzke, A. Karelin, Jean-Francois Pratte, Z. Ning, T. I. Totev, A. De St. Croix, Lorenzo Fabris, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, T. McElroy, F. Vachon, L. J. Wen, and Marc Weber

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, medicine.disease_cause, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Photocathode, Xenon, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photoelectric effect, chemistry, Quantum efficiency, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Atomic physics, Ultraviolet
Abstract

Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1 . 97 ± 0 . 04 m m ∕ μ s and ( − 0 . 69 ± 0 . 05 ) %/K for liquid xenon, and 1 . 42 ± 0 . 03 m m ∕ μ s and ( + 0 . 11 ± 0 . 01 ) %/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25 . 7 ± 4 . 6 cm 2 /s and 149 ± 23 cm 2 /s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

Published
2019

10. Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset

Author

D. R. Yahne, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, V.N. Stekhanov, C. Chambers, J. Watkins, J. Farine, C. R. Hall, A. Dolgolenko, D. Fudenberg, A. Craycraft, Peter Fierlinger, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, J. Hoessl, Jens Dilling, D. Ruddell, V. Belov, I. Badhrees, L. Darroch, R. MacLellan, A. Robinson, A. Karelin, Qing Xia, Thilo Michel, J. Runge, Yuehe Lin, A. Odian, M. Hughes, R. DeVoe, M. Wagenpfeil, U. Wichoski, L. J. Kaufman, I. Ostrovskiy, Z. Li, B. G. Lenardo, Petr Vogel, A. Pocar, T. Ziegler, M. Danilov, T. Brunner, David Leonard, Giorgio Gratta, A. Piepke, J. Todd, A. Larson, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, P. S. Barbeau, O. Njoya, Thomas Koffas, K. S. Kumar, S. X. Wu, David Moore, J. L. Vuilleumier, W. M. Fairbank, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Iverson, M. J. Dolinski, P. Gautam, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, J. Davis, C. Jessiman, W. R. Cen, B. Mong, Y. Lan, R. Gornea, E. V. Hansen, T. Tolba, M. J. Jewell, F. Retiere, A. S. Johnson, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, M. Coon, Douglas H Beck, T. Daniels, Guofu Cao, Y-R Yen, S. Feyzbakhsh, Arun Kumar Soma, G. S. Li, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, D. Fairbank, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J. Echevers, B. Veenstra, T. I. Totev, T. McElroy, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, Martin Breidenbach, S. J. Daugherty, T. Bhatta, V. Veeraraghavan, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, P. C. Rowson, and S. Delaquis

Subjects
Physics, Q value, Resolution (electron density), Detector, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Lower limit, ddc, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) in $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between $0\nu\beta\beta$ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4$\pm$3.0% and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q-value of $^{136}$Xe $0\nu\beta\beta$ has been improved from $\sigma/E=1.23\%$ to $1.15\pm0.02\%$ with the upgraded detector. Accounting for the new data, the median 90% confidence level $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life sensitivity for this analysis is $5.0 \cdot 10^{25}$ yr with a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0\nu\beta\beta$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life of $3.5\cdot10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level., Comment: v1, 7 pages, 5 figures; v2, fix references; v3, update to accepted version

Published
2019

11. Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

Author

P. Giampa, G. Li, D. Kodroff, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, Eric W. Hoppe, N. Roy, David Leonard, J. Blatchford, Thomas Koffas, E. V. Hansen, W. M. Fairbank, P. Gautam, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, L. Cao, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, S. Rescia, T. Stiegler, E. Raguzin, M. Elbeltagi, R. MacLellan, A. Kuchenkov, Arun Kumar Soma, F. Nolet, X.L. Sun, T. Bhatta, D. Fairbank, J. B. Zhao, T. McElroy, A. Larson, Jean-Francois Pratte, B. Mong, F. Vachon, Marc Weber, G. St-Hilaire, P. Margetak, P. Nakarmi, M. Chiu, J. Farine, J. Echevers, C. Chambers, G. Zhang, M. Oriunno, P. C. Rowson, A. Robinson, I. J. Arnquist, S. X. Wu, Douglas H Beck, Qing Xia, U. Wichoski, Ethan Brown, A. House, K. Murray, Y-R Yen, L. Darroch, G. S. Ortega, R. DeVoe, Gisela Anton, T. Ziegler, O. Zeldovich, J. P. Brodsky, T. I. Totev, M. Heffner, Qun-Yao Wang, T. Tolba, W. R. Cen, S. J. Daugherty, A. De St. Croix, G. Gallina, R. Gornea, Serge A. Charlebois, T. Rossignol, Zhijun Ning, M. Tarka, M. J. Jewell, Lorenzo Fabris, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Walent, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, R. Tsang, B. G. Lenardo, T. Brunner, K. Skarpaas, P. Lv, V. Veeraraghavan, A. Karelin, J. Todd, Y. Y. Ding, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Veljko Radeka, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, M. Hughes, R. Saldanha, S. Al Kharusi, Giorgio Gratta, Martin Ward, He-Run Yang, David Moore, M. Alfaris, S. Feyzbakhsh, A. Craycraft, Y. Ito, L. J. Kaufman, Y. Lan, Yuehe Lin, Z. Li, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, F. Retière, K. S. Kumar, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, V. A. Belov, Thilo Michel, J. Kroeger, Xuan Wu, A. Pocar, A. Piepke, V.N. Stekhanov, D. Qiu, M. Coon, Cory T. Overman, T. Tsang, Angelo Dragone, Gabriele Giacomini, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, S. Parent, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, Gerard Visser, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, Shu Li, J. Watkins, M. Medina-Peregrina, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Yu-Guang Zhou, Liangjian Wen, Luca Doria, Guofu Cao, Rejean Fontaine, and M. J. Dolinski

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Xenon, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Saturation (graph theory), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Photon detection, Dark current
Abstract

In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163 K ≤ T ≤ 233 K . At an over voltage of 3 . 1 ± 0 . 2 V and at T = 163 K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1 μ s interval following the trigger pulse of 0 . 161 ± 0 . 005 . At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0 . 137 ± 0 . 002 Hz/mm 2 . Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T = 233 K for a mean wavelength of 189 ± 7 nm . At 3 . 6 ± 0 . 2 V and 3 . 5 ± 0 . 2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13 . 4 ± 2 . 6 % and 11 ± 2 % , corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14 . 8 ± 2 . 8 % and 12 . 2 ± 2 . 3 % , respectively. Both values are well below the 24 % saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3 . 5 ± 0 . 2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.

Published
2019

12. Reflectance of Silicon Photomultipliers at Vacuum Ultraviolet Wavelengths

Author

E. Caden, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, G. St-Hilaire, Thilo Michel, A. Craycraft, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, A. De St. Croix, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, J. Farine, M. Walent, S. Feyzbakhsh, V. Belov, C.R. Natzke, B. G. Lenardo, A. Robinson, P. Nakarmi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, T. Brunner, L. Darroch, J. Echevers, Xuan Wu, S. Parent, A. Odian, A. Fucarino, Jean-Francois Pratte, Yu-Guang Zhou, E. Raguzin, T. Rossignol, Z. Li, O. Nusair, J. L. Vuilleumier, R. Krücken, M. Hughes, V. Veeraraghavan, M. J. Jewell, R. Saldanha, T. I. Totev, P. A. Breur, K. Skarpaas, Gerard Visser, S. Al Kharusi, I. Ostrovskiy, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, Liangjian Wen, Luca Doria, Guofu Cao, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, K. S. Kumar, Mike Richman, David Moore, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, T. Bhatta, M. Chiu, G. S. Li, Thomas Tsang, Shu Li, Y. Lan, B. Chana, Douglas H Beck, L. Yang, M. Oriunno, J. P. Brodsky, P. S. Barbeau, He-Run Yang, R. DeVoe, K. Murray, J. Watkins, M. Tarka, Gisela Anton, R. Tsang, M. L. di Vacri, K. Odgers, M. J. Dolinski, M. Medina-Peregrina, C. Vivo-Vilches, F. Retiere, U. Wichoski, Sergio Ferrara, O. Zeldovich, K. G. Leach, T. Ziegler, R. Gornea, K. Deslandes, David Leonard, Giorgio Gratta, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, T. Stiegler, M. Elbeltagi, Lorenzo Fabris, J. Hobl, A. House, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, N. Massacret, T. McElroy, S. X. Wu, F. Vachon, C. Chambers, R. MacLellan, A. Pocar, V.N. Stekhanov, P. Gautam, F. Edaltafar, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, I. J. Arnquist, J. Runge, Cory T. Overman, M. Heffner, S. Viel, G. Gallina, Angelo Dragone, Gabriele Giacomini, P. Lv, A. Piepke, J. Todd, Y. Y. Ding, Veljko Radeka, T. Wager, Qun-Yao Wang, Zhijun Ning, E. V. Hansen, A. Jamil, Arun Kumar Soma, Qing Xia, S. Byrne Mamahit, Ethan Brown, A. Karelin, G. S. Ortega, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, Serge A. Charlebois, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, B. Mong, L. J. Kaufman, and Eric W. Hoppe

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Silicon, chemistry.chemical_element, Photodetector, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Silicon photomultiplier, 0103 physical sciences, Wafer, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Diffuse reflection, Photonics, business, Refractive index
Abstract

Characterization of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectance of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is important for large-scale SiPM-based photodetector systems. We report the angular dependence of the specular reflectance in a vacuum of SiPMs manufactured by Fondazionc Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) over wavelengths ranging from 120 nm to 280 nm. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of the thin silicon-dioxide film deposited on the surface of the FBK SiPMs are derived from reflectance data of a FBK silicon wafer with the same deposited oxide film as SiPMs. The diffuse reflectance of SiPMs is also measured at 193 nm. We use the VUV spectral dependence of the optical constants to predict the reflectance of the FBK silicon wafer and FBK SiPMs in liquid xenon.

Published
2019
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13. Simulation of charge readout with segmented tiles in nEXO

Author

F. Retière, M. Medina-Peregrina, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, J. Hößl, Gerard Visser, J. L. Vuilleumier, L. Darroch, M. Chiu, J. Watkins, V. A. Belov, Yang Haibo, A. De St. Croix, V. Radeka, D. Fairbank, T. McElroy, T. Bhatta, A. Pocar, D. S. Leonard, J. Echevers, E. Caden, A. Craycraft, R. DeVoe, Lorenzo Fabris, C. T. Overman, E. Raguzin, C. Vivo-Vilches, Qing Xia, M. J. Jewell, Xiaoyang Sun, R. Gornea, J. Dalmasson, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Gautam, G. S. Ortega, A. Piepke, I. Ostrovskiy, P. Lv, M. Hughes, Thilo Michel, T. Ziegler, C.R. Natzke, Z. Ning, Xuan Wu, F. Vachon, Sergio Ferrara, Serge A. Charlebois, S. X. Wu, V.N. Stekhanov, M. Walent, S. Al Kharusi, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A. E. Robinson, Mike Richman, B. G. Lenardo, T. Brunner, A. Fucarino, David Moore, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, J. Todd, M. Heffner, D. Kodroff, T. Tolba, Jean-Francois Pratte, M. Oriunno, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, B. Mong, Rejean Fontaine, Ethan Brown, Qian Wang, Y. Lan, K. Murray, G. Giacomini, T. Stiegler, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, K. Skarpaas Viii, Thomas Tsang, R. Saldanha, Shu Li, Y. Y. Ding, Z. Li, Gisela Anton, O. Zeldovich, Marc Weber, E. Hansen, A. Karelin, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Jens Dilling, R. MacLellan, B. Chana, Giorgio Gratta, P. S. Barbeau, Yumei Zhou, I. Badhrees, R. Tsang, Martin Ward, T. I. Totev, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, Liangjian Wen, Douglas H Beck, Guofu Cao, Angelo Dragone, W. R. Cen, S. J. Daugherty, Thomas Koffas, Xiaoshan Jiang, W. M. Fairbank, M. Elbeltagi, Y-R Yen, S. Rescia, M. J. Dolinski, A. Odian, S. Parent, J. Runge, J. P. Brodsky, P. Nakarmi, U. Wichoski, S. Viel, C. Licciardi, G. Gallina, T. Rossignol, M. L. Di Vacri, L. J. Kaufman, Eric W. Hoppe, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, Arun Kumar Soma, Yuehe Lin, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, K. S. Kumar, J. Farine, I. J. Arnquist, K. G. Leach, G. St-Hilaire, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, A. House, M. Tarka, G. Li, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, A. Kuchenkov, M. Wagenpfeil, and C. Chambers

Subjects
Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Charge (physics), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Anode, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Beta (velocity), Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of $^{136}$Xe in a tonne-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The nEXO TPC will be equipped with charge collection tiles to form the anode. In this work, the charge reconstruction performance of this anode design is studied with a dedicated simulation package. A multi-variate method and a deep neural network are developed to distinguish simulated $0\nu\beta\beta$ signals from backgrounds arising from trace levels of natural radioactivity in the detector materials. These simulations indicate that the nEXO TPC with charge-collection tiles shows promising capability to discriminate the $0\nu\beta\beta$ signal from backgrounds. The estimated half-life sensitivity for $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay is improved by $\sim$20$~(32)\%$ with the multi-variate~(deep neural network) methods considered here, relative to the sensitivity estimated in the nEXO pre-conceptual design report.

Published
2019
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14. Reflectivity and PDE of VUV4 Hamamatsu SiPMs in Liquid Xenon

Author

Gerard Visser, M. Walent, B. G. Lenardo, T. Brunner, V. Veeraraghavan, T. Bhatta, Giorgio Gratta, F. Edaltafar, T. Rossignol, M. J. Jewell, J. Watkins, P. Nakarmi, Arun Kumar Soma, Ethan Brown, L. Darroch, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, S. X. Wu, David Leonard, J. Blatchford, E. Caden, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, T. Stiegler, M. Elbeltagi, L. J. Kaufman, M. Hughes, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, A. Craycraft, Eric W. Hoppe, S. Al Kharusi, A. Karelin, G. Gallina, P. Gautam, R. Saldanha, M. Chiu, J. L. Vuilleumier, T. Wager, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, David Moore, C. Chambers, M. Oriunno, E. V. Hansen, M. Alfaris, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, Sergio Ferrara, R. MacLellan, Qun-Yao Wang, K. Murray, Gabriele Giacomini, I. J. Arnquist, Liang Yang, Y. Lan, U. Wichoski, C.R. Natzke, S. Feyzbakhsh, A. Jamil, Gisela Anton, J. Runge, Zhijun Ning, T. Ziegler, K. G. Leach, R. Tsang, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, M. Heffner, K. Odgers, S. Viel, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, A. Fucarino, A. Larson, Z. Li, B. Chana, Douglas H Beck, Samuele Sangiorgio, K. S. Kumar, Veljko Radeka, P. C. Rowson, A. House, N. Massacret, Jean-Francois Pratte, P. Lv, J. Todd, Angelo Dragone, B. Mong, Y. Y. Ding, M. Ward, T. I. Totev, G. S. Li, M. L. di Vacri, R. DeVoe, C. Vivo-Vilches, Qing Xia, S. Byrne Mamahit, G. S. Ortega, R. Fontaine, J. Farine, Serge A. Charlebois, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, V. Belov, A. Robinson, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, T. McElroy, F. Vachon, Marc Weber, A. De St. Croix, Lorenzo Fabris, B. T. Cleveland, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, A. Kuchenkov, Cory T. Overman, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, G. St-Hilaire, J. P. Brodsky, He-Run Yang, A. Piepke, M. Tarka, V.N. Stekhanov, J. Echevers, A. Pocar, O. Zeldovich, Yu-Guang Zhou, Liangjian Wen, Luca Doria, Guofu Cao, Thilo Michel, Wei Wei, I. Ostrovskiy, M. J. Dolinski, E. Raguzin, P. A. Breur, Xuan Wu, Mike Richman, F. Retière, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, M. Medina-Peregrina, J. Hößl, K. Skarpaas Viii, P. S. Barbeau, Thomas Tsang, Shu Li, R. Gornea, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, S. Parent, and A. Odian

Subjects
Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, APDS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Photodetector, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Photodetection, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 03 medical and health sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0302 clinical medicine, Silicon photomultiplier, Optics, Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, Specular reflection, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Wavelength, chemistry, business
Abstract

Understanding reflective properties of materials and photodetection efficiency (PDE) of photodetectors is important for optimizing energy resolution and sensitivity of the next generation neutrinoless double beta decay, direct detection dark matter, and neutrino oscillation experiments that will use noble liquid gases, such as nEXO, DARWIN, DarkSide-20k, and DUNE. Little information is currently available about reflectivity and PDE in liquid noble gases, because such measurements are difficult to conduct in a cryogenic environment and at short enough wavelengths. Here we report a measurement of specular reflectivity and relative PDE of Hamamatsu VUV4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with 50 micrometer micro-cells conducted with xenon scintillation light (~175 nm) in liquid xenon. The specular reflectivity at 15 deg. incidence of three samples of VUV4 SiPMs is found to be 30.4+/-1.4%, 28.6+/-1.3%, and 28.0+/-1.3%, respectively. The PDE at normal incidence differs by +/-8% (standard deviation) among the three devices. The angular dependence of the reflectivity and PDE was also measured for one of the SiPMs. Both the reflectivity and PDE decrease as the angle of incidence increases. This is the first measurement of an angular dependence of PDE and reflectivity of a SiPM in liquid xenon., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables. As accepted by JINST

Published
2019
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15. Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Author

E. V. Hansen, D. Fudenberg, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, M. J. Jewell, L. Darroch, M. Wagenpfeil, Giorgio Gratta, M. J. Dolinski, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, G. S. Li, Thilo Michel, D. Fairbank, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Hughes, T. Bhatta, R. MacLellan, A.C. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, A. Larson, T. Tolba, P. C. Rowson, C. Jessiman, A. Pocar, C. Licciardi, J. Echevers, B. Mong, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. Neilson, T. Brunner, S. Delaquis, L. J. Kaufman, T. McElroy, David Moore, A. Karelin, A. S. Johnson, J. Watkins, V. Veeraraghavan, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, Arun Kumar Soma, V.N. Stekhanov, S. X. Wu, D. R. Yahne, C. R. Hall, R. DeVoe, A. Piepke, J. Todd, Martin Breidenbach, David Leonard, S. J. Daugherty, O. Njoya, J. Farine, A. Dolgolenko, A. Craycraft, D. Beck, Thomas Koffas, Qing Xia, D. Tosi, W. M. Fairbank, A. Iverson, C. Chambers, J. Hoessl, P. S. Barbeau, J. Runge, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, M. Coon, Y-R Yen, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, Guofu Cao, A. Robinson, F. Retiere, V. A. Belov, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Jens Dilling, B. Veenstra, K. Murray, I. Badhrees, T. I. Totev, P. Gautam, T. Daniels, J. Davis, Gisela Anton, Z. Li, U. Wichoski, T. Ziegler, B. G. Lenardo, Peter Fierlinger, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, Y. Lan, S. Feyzbakhsh, Yuehe Lin, and K. S. Kumar

Subjects
Physics, Scintillation, Range (particle radiation), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, chemistry, Electric field, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by $\gamma$ interactions from $^{228}$Th (2615~keV), $^{226}$Ra (1764~keV) and $^{60}$Co (1332~keV and 1173~keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The $W$-value that defines the recombination-independent energy scale is measured to be $11.5~\pm~0.5$~(syst.)~$\pm~0.1$~(stat.) eV. These data are also used to measure the recombination fluctuations in the number of electrons and photons produced by the calibration sources at the MeV-scale, which deviate from extrapolations of lower-energy data. Additionally, a semi-empirical model for the energy resolution of the detector is developed, which is used to constrain the recombination efficiency, i.e., the fraction of recombined electrons that result in the emission of a detectable photon. Detailed measurements of the absolute charge and light yields for MeV-scale electron recoils are important for predicting the performance of future neutrinoless double beta decay detectors.

Published
2019
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16. VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for Xenon Scintillation Light Detection in nEXO

Author

A. Jamil, T. Ziegler, P. Hufschmidt, G. Li, L. Lupin-Jimenez, T. Michel, I. Ostrovskiy, F. Retiere, J. Schneider, M. Wagenpfeil, A. Alamre, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, F. Bourque, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, M. Cote, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, J. Dalmasson, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, Y. Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, A. Dragone, J. Echevers, L. Fabris, D. Fairbank, W. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Feyzbakhsh, R. Fontaine, D. Fudenberg, G. Gallina, G. Giacomini, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, E. V. Hansen, D. Harris, M. Hasan, M. Heffner, J. HoBl, E. W. Hoppe, A. House, M. Hughes, Y. Ito, A. Iverson, C. Jessiman, M. J. Jewell, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, T. Koffas, S. Kravitz, R. Krucken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, D. S. Leonard, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, P. Lv, R. MacLellan, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, R. J. Newby, Z. Ning, O. Njoya, F. Nolet, O. Nusair, K. Odgers, A. Odian, M. Oriunno, J. L. Orrell, G. S. Ortega, C. T. Overman, S. Parent, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, J.-F. Pratte, D. Qiu, V. Radeka, E. Raguzin, T. Rao, S. Rescia, A. Robinson, T. Rossignol, P. C. Rowson, N. Roy, R. Saldanha, S. Sangiorgio, S. Schmidt, A. Schubert, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, G. St-Hilaire, V. Stekhanov, T. Stiegler, X. L. Sun, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, T. Tsang, F. Vachon, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, G. Visser, J.-L. Vuilleumier, Q. Wang, J. Watkins, M. Weber, W. Wei, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, G. Wrede, S. X. Wu, W. H. Wu, Q. Xia, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O. Zeldovich, X. Zhang, J. Zhao, and Y. Zhou

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Scintillation, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Noble gas, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Avalanche photodiode, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, Xenon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

Future tonne-scale liquefied noble gas detectors depend on efficient light detection in the VUV range. In the past years Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a valid alternative to standard photomultiplier tubes or large area avalanche photodiodes. The next generation double beta decay experiment, nEXO, with a 5 tonne liquid xenon time projection chamber, will use SiPMs for detecting the $178\,\text{nm}$ xenon scintillation light, in order to achieve an energy resolution of $\sigma / Q_{\beta\beta} = 1\, \%$. This paper presents recent measurements of the VUV-HD generation SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler in two complementary setups. It includes measurements of the photon detection efficiency with gaseous xenon scintillation light in a vacuum setup and dark measurements in a dry nitrogen gas setup. We report improved photon detection efficiency at $175\,\text{nm}$ compared to previous generation devices, that would meet the criteria of nEXO. Furthermore, we present the projected nEXO detector light collection and energy resolution that could be achieved by using these SiPMs., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Published
2018
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18. Study of silicon photomultiplier performance in external electric fields

Author

A. Alamre, T. Stiegler, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, M. Côté, J. Schneider, Z. Li, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, M. Oriunno, M. Hughes, Ethan Brown, J. Farine, D. Fairbank, D. Qiu, Y. Ito, M. Coon, Thilo Michel, Qing Xia, V.N. Stekhanov, C. T. Overman, M. Chiu, G. S. Ortega, A. Karelin, A. Pocar, D. S. Leonard, T. Tolba, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, J. Hößl, Marc Weber, S. Kravitz, Yuehe Lin, David Moore, Y. Lan, R. DeVoe, Serge A. Charlebois, K. Murray, A. Craycraft, J. Echevers, Gisela Anton, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, T. Brunner, E. Raguzin, O. Nusair, Jens Dilling, R. Krücken, Z. Ning, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, K. S. Kumar, S. X. Wu, Gerard Visser, P. S. Barbeau, D. A. Harris, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, D. Fudenberg, O. Zeldovich, A. Piepke, I. Badhrees, Angelo Dragone, M. J. Jewell, F. Vachon, Rejean Fontaine, Jean-Francois Pratte, R. Saldanha, L. Darroch, D. Kodroff, B. Veenstra, F. Bourque, S. Parent, S. Rescia, Lorenzo Fabris, T. Bhatta, A. Odian, S. J. Daugherty, J. Watkins, I. Ostrovskiy, R. MacLellan, G. Giacomini, J. P. Brodsky, T. I. Totev, Stefan Schmidt, R. Tsang, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, Triveni Rao, K. Skarpaas Viii, T. Rossignol, G. Wrede, B. Mong, Thomas Tsang, Shu Li, P. Fierlinger, W. R. Cen, Liangjian Wen, Guofu Cao, L. J. Kaufman, A. E. Robinson, M. Tarka, J. B. Albert, Qian Wang, G. Li, S. Feyzbakhsh, Giorgio Gratta, Yumei Zhou, M. J. Dolinski, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, A. Kuchenkov, U. Wichoski, G. St-Hilaire, C. Licciardi, V. Radeka, T. Ziegler, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, Xilei Sun, I. J. Arnquist, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, A. House, W. Cree, S. Delaquis, Xiaoshan Jiang, C. Chambers, G. Gallina, P. Lv, J. Todd, Y. Y. Ding, E. V. Hansen, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, Douglas H Beck, A. Burenkov, Y-R Yen, J. L. Vuilleumier, Arun Kumar Soma, C. Jessiman, M. K. Moe, Eric W. Hoppe, M. Heffner, J. Daughhetee, R. Gornea, F. Retière, and V. A. Belov

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, FOS: Physical sciences, Observable, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Silicon photomultiplier, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Photon detection, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We report on the performance of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) light sensors operating in electric field strength up to 30 kV/cm and at a temperature of 149K, relative to their performance in the absence of an external electric field. The SiPM devices used in this study show stable gain, photon detection efficiency, and rates of correlated pulses, when exposed to external fields, within the estimated uncertainties. No observable physical damage to the bulk or surface of the devices was caused by the exposure., Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables and two conferences (INPC2016 and TIPP2017)

Published
2018

19. Crump Geyser Exploration and Drilling Project. High Precision Geophysics and Detailed Structural Exploration and Slim Well Drilling

Author

Nicole Smith and Brian D. Fairbank

Subjects
Engineering, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Lithology, business.industry, Water flow, Geothermal energy, Drilling, Aquifer, Geophysics, Fault (geology), Well drilling, Project area, business
Abstract

The Crump Geyser Exploration and Drilling Project – High Precision Geophysics and Detailed Structural Exploration and Slim Well Drilling ran from January 29, 2010 to September 30, 2013. During Phase 1 of the project, collection of all geophysical surveys was completed as outlined in the Statement of Project Objectives. In addition, a 5000-foot full sized exploration well was drilled by Ormat, and preexisting drilling data was discovered for multiple temperature gradient wells within the project area. Three dimensional modeling and interpretation of results from the geophysical surveys and drilling data gave confidence to move to the project into Phase 2 drilling. Geological and geophysical survey interpretations combined with existing downhole temperature data provided an ideal target for the first slim-hole drilled as the first task in Phase 2. Slim-hole 35-34 was drilled in September 2011 and tested temperature, lithology, and permeability along the primary range-bounding fault zone near its intersection with buried northwest-trending faults that have been identified using geophysical methods. Following analysis of the results of the first slim-hole 35-34, the second slim hole was not drilled and subsequent project tasks, including flowing differential self-potential (FDSP) surveys that were designed to detail the affect of production and injection onmore » water flow in the shallow aquifer, were not completed. NGP sold the Crump project to Ormat in August 2014, afterwards, there was insufficient time and interest from Ormat available to complete the project objectives. NGP was unable to continue managing the award for a project they did not own due to liability issues and Novation of the award was not a viable option due to federal award timelines. NGP submitted a request to mutually terminate the award on February 18, 2015. The results of all of the technical surveys and drilling are included in this report. Fault interpretations from surface geology, aeromag, seismic, and gravity data sets are in good agreement, illustrating two or more major range-bounding faults and buried northwest trending faults. The intersections of these fault systems provide the primary targets for drilling.« less

Published
2015

21. Shroom2 (APXL) regulates melanosome biogenesis and localization in the retinal pigment epithelium

Author

Chanjae Lee, Avegiyel Ellis, Jeffrey M. Gross, John B. Wallingford, Jeffrey D. Hildebrand, and Pamela D. Fairbank

Subjects
Organogenesis, Xenopus, Apical cell, Biology, Xenopus Proteins, Eye, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Tubulin, Pigment accumulation, medicine, Animals, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Molecular Biology, Melanosome, Retina, Retinal pigment epithelium, Melanosomes, Pigmentation, Epithelial Cells, Actin cytoskeleton, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ectopic expression, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Shroom family proteins have been implicated in the control of the actin cytoskeleton, but so far only a single family member has been studied in the context of developing embryos. Here, we show that the Shroom-family protein,Shroom2 (previously known as APXL) is both necessary and sufficient to govern the localization of pigment granules at the apical surface of epithelial cells. In Xenopus embryos that lack Shroom2 function, we observed defects in pigmentation of the eye that stem from failure of melanosomes to mature and to associate with the apical cell surface. Ectopic expression of Shroom2 in naïve epithelial cells facilitates apical pigment accumulation, and this activity specifically requires the Rab27a GTPase. Most interestingly, we find that Shroom2, like Shroom3 (previously called Shroom),is sufficient to induce a dramatic apical accumulation of the microtubule-nucleating protein γ-tubulin at the apical surfaces of naïve epithelial cells. Together, our data identify Shroom2 as a central regulator of RPE pigmentation, and suggest that, despite their diverse biological roles, Shroom family proteins share a common activity. Finally,because the locus encoding human SHROOM2 lies within the critical region for two distinct forms of ocular albinism, it is possible that SHROOM2mutations may be a contributing factor in these human visual system disorders.

Published
2006

22. Blue Mountain, Humboldt County, Nevada, U.S.A

Author

Ted Fitzpatrick and Brian D. Fairbank

Subjects
Dike, geography, Felsic, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Geothermal energy, Borehole, Mineralogy, Drilling, Fracture zone, Petrology, business, Quartz, Geothermal gradient, Geology
Abstract

The report documents the drilling of well Deep Blue No.2, the second deep geothermal test hole at the Blue Mountain Geothermal Area, Humboldt County, Nevada. The well was drilled by Noramex Corp, a Nevada company, with funding support from the US Department of Energy, under the DOE’s GRED II Program. Deep Blue No.2 was drilled as a ‘step-out’ hole from Deep Blue No.1, to further evaluate the commercial potential of the geothermal resource. Deep Blue No.2 was designed as a vertical, slim observation test hole to a nominal target depth of 1000 meters (nominal 3400 feet). The well tests an area of projected high temperatures at depth, from temperature gradients measured in a group of shallow drill holes located approximately one kilometer to the northeast of observation hole Deep Blue No.1. The well is not intended for, or designed as, a commercial well or a production well. Deep Blue No.2 was spudded on March 25, 2004 and completed to a total depth of 1127.76m (3700 ft) on April 28, 2004. The well was drilled using conventional rotary drilling techniques to a depth of 201.17 m (660 ft), and continuously cored from 201.17m (660 ft) to 1127.76m (3700 ft). A briefmore » rig-on flow-test was conducted at completion to determine basic reservoir parameters and obtain fluid samples. A permeable fracture zone with measured temperatures of 150 to 167°C (302 to 333°F) occurs between 500 to 750m (1640 to 2461ft). The well was left un-lined in anticipation of the Phase III - Flow and Injection Testing. A further Kuster temperature survey was attempted after the well had been shut in for almost 3 weeks. The well appears to have bridged off at 439m (1440ft) as the Kuster tool was unable to descend past this point. Several attempts to dislodge the obstruction using tube jars were unsuccessful. Deep Blue No.2 encountered variably fractured and veined, fine-grained rocks of the Singas Formation, and intruded by minor strongly altered fine-grained felsic dikes, and less altered fineto medium-grained felsic to intermediate dikes. Widespread open fractures and extensive of quartz veining in many intervals of the core indicate a high degree of fracturing and flow of silica-bearing fluids, almost certainly hotter than 200°C (392°F), at some time, but these fractures are now partially sealed. Intervals of soft shaly mudstone, common clay gouge, and rocks with generally low permeability (few veins and fractures) may also form a seal or ‘cap’ above the main high temperature reservoir at Blue Mountain. The encouraging results from Deep Blue No.2 support further drilling at Blue Mountain. Higher temperature fluids can be expected where fractures providing channels for the circulation of hot water from depth have not been sealed extensively by silica deposition.« less

Published
2005

23. Emotional Control

Author

E. Ruth and M. D. Fairbank

Subjects
General Medicine
Published
1929

24. Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the β-Decay of ^{137}Xe to the Ground State of ^{137}Cs in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory.

Author

Al Kharusi S, Anton G, Badhrees I, Barbeau PS, Beck D, Belov V, Bhatta T, Breidenbach M, Brunner T, Cao GF, Cen WR, Chambers C, Cleveland B, Coon M, Craycraft A, Daniels T, Darroch L, Daugherty SJ, Davis J, Delaquis S, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian A, DeVoe R, Dilling J, Dolgolenko A, Dolinski MJ, Echevers J, Fairbank W, Fairbank D, Farine J, Feyzbakhsh S, Fierlinger P, Fudenberg D, Gautam P, Gornea R, Gratta G, Hall C, Hansen EV, Hoessl J, Hufschmidt P, Hughes M, Iverson A, Jamil A, Jessiman C, Jewell MJ, Johnson A, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Koffas T, Kostensalo J, Krücken R, Kuchenkov A, Kumar KS, Lan Y, Larson A, Lenardo BG, Leonard DS, Li GS, Li S, Li Z, Licciardi C, Lin YH, MacLellan R, McElroy T, Michel T, Mong B, Moore DC, Murray K, Nakarmi P, Njoya O, Nusair O, Odian A, Ostrovskiy I, Piepke A, Pocar A, Retière F, Robinson AL, Rowson PC, Ruddell D, Runge J, Schmidt S, Sinclair D, Skarpaas K, Soma AK, Stekhanov V, Suhonen J, Tarka M, Thibado S, Todd J, Tolba T, Totev TI, Tsang R, Veenstra B, Veeraraghavan V, Vogel P, Vuilleumier JL, Wagenpfeil M, Watkins J, Weber M, Wen LJ, Wichoski U, Wrede G, Wu SX, Xia Q, Yahne DR, Yang L, Yen YR, Zeldovich OY, and Ziegler T

Abstract

We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay transition ^{137}Xe(7/2^{-})→^{137}Cs(7/2^{+}). The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultralow background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source deployment and analysis procedures, allowed for collection of a pure sample of the decays, with an estimated signal to background ratio of more than 99 to 1 in the energy range from 1075 to 4175 keV. In addition to providing a rare and accurate measurement of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay shape, this work constitutes a novel test of the calculated electron spectral shapes in the context of the reactor antineutrino anomaly and spectral bump.

Published
2020
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25. Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset.

Author

Anton G, Badhrees I, Barbeau PS, Beck D, Belov V, Bhatta T, Breidenbach M, Brunner T, Cao GF, Cen WR, Chambers C, Cleveland B, Coon M, Craycraft A, Daniels T, Danilov M, Darroch L, Daugherty SJ, Davis J, Delaquis S, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian A, DeVoe R, Dilling J, Dolgolenko A, Dolinski MJ, Echevers J, Fairbank W, Fairbank D, Farine J, Feyzbakhsh S, Fierlinger P, Fudenberg D, Gautam P, Gornea R, Gratta G, Hall C, Hansen EV, Hoessl J, Hufschmidt P, Hughes M, Iverson A, Jamil A, Jessiman C, Jewell MJ, Johnson A, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Koffas T, Krücken R, Kuchenkov A, Kumar KS, Lan Y, Larson A, Lenardo BG, Leonard DS, Li GS, Li S, Li Z, Licciardi C, Lin YH, MacLellan R, McElroy T, Michel T, Mong B, Moore DC, Murray K, Njoya O, Nusair O, Odian A, Ostrovskiy I, Piepke A, Pocar A, Retière F, Robinson AL, Rowson PC, Ruddell D, Runge J, Schmidt S, Sinclair D, Soma AK, Stekhanov V, Tarka M, Todd J, Tolba T, Totev TI, Veenstra B, Veeraraghavan V, Vogel P, Vuilleumier JL, Wagenpfeil M, Watkins J, Weber M, Wen LJ, Wichoski U, Wrede G, Wu SX, Xia Q, Yahne DR, Yang L, Yen YR, Zeldovich OY, and Ziegler T

Abstract

A search for neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) in ^{136}Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between 0νββ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4±3.0%, and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q value of ^{136}Xe 0νββ has been improved from σ/E=1.23% to 1.15±0.02% with the upgraded detector. Accounting for the new data, the median 90% confidence level 0νββ half-life sensitivity for this analysis is 5.0×10^{25}  yr with a total ^{136}Xe exposure of 234.1 kg yr. No statistically significant evidence for 0νββ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the 0νββ half-life of 3.5×10^{25}  yr at the 90% confidence level.

Published
2019
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