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A novel Z-scheme graphitic C3N4/reduced TiO2 microsphere (g-C3N4/r-TiO2) has been successfully synthesized by a solvothermal method. The as-prepared samples with different contents of g-C3N4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope, UV–vis. diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectra. The r-TiO2 microspheres are aggregated on the surface of g-C3N4 sheets in the as-prepared g-C3N4/r-TiO2 composites. All g-C3N4/r-TiO2 catalysts show enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. It could be attributed to these influences of oxygen vacancy (changing the band gap of TiO2), the large specific surface area (providing much more active sites for photocatalytic reaction), and the synergetic effect between g-C3N4 and r-TiO2 (promoting the separation for photoinduced electron-hole pairs). Moreover, the Z-scheme carriers transfer mechanism in the photocatalytic process has been discussed through trapping experiments of active species. The work demonstrates the strategies of the construction of Z-scheme carriers transfer system, the introduction of oxygen vacancy and structure designing are beneficial to design materials toward solar energy conversion like contaminant degradation. Keywords: TiO2, C3N4, Oxygen vacancy, Z-scheme heterojunction, Photocatalytic performance

Bauxite mining on karst generates numerous ecological and environmental problems, including metal pollution, water and soil erosion and destruction of vegetation. Among these, the most important environmental problem is soil metal pollution. Higher plants have a great ability to adsorb metals and can be used as biological indicators. However, the study of bioindicators for soil contamination in karst bauxite is not clear. Plants and their soil were collected from an abandoned karst bauxite area at Shangdong, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Plants were collected and identified as Pteris vittata, Pinus massoniana, Miscanthus floridulus, Coriaria nepalensis, Artemisia argyi and Senecio scandens. The content of metals in plant roots were in the order: P. vittata > M. floridulus > C. nepalensis, other plants roots had no consistent pattern. Concentrations of metal in plants (P. vittata and M. floridulus) and soil were: soil > root > leaf > stem. Levels of metals in soil samples easily exceeded background values, indicating that soil had been contaminated. Al and Fe were highest in soil samples of P. vittata, with a good correlation. Results show that the metal content determined in plants is relatively high, particularly in P. vittata. Data also suggest that P. vittata colonies were able to tolerate and accumulate high levels of metal elements, which evidences their suitability for use as bioindicatord of soil metal contamination caused by mining activities.

Amines and amides are important atmospheric organic-nitrogen compounds but high time resolution, highly sensitive, and simultaneous ambient measurements of these species are rather sparse. Here, we present the development of a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) method, utilizing protonated ethanol as reagent ions to simultaneously detect atmospheric gaseous amines (C1 to C6) and amides (C1 to C6). This method possesses sensitivities of 5.6–19.4 Hz pptv−1 for amines and 3.8–38.0 Hz pptv−1 for amides under total reagent ion signals of ∼ 0.32 MHz. Meanwhile, the detection limits were 0.10–0.50 pptv for amines and 0.29–1.95 pptv for amides at 3σ of the background signal for a 1 min integration time. Controlled characterization in the laboratory indicates that relative humidity has significant influences on the detection of amines and amides, whereas the presence of organics has no obvious effects. Ambient measurements of amines and amides utilizing this method were conducted from 25 July to 25 August 2015 in urban Shanghai, China. While the concentrations of amines ranged from a few parts per trillion by volume to hundreds of parts per trillion by volume, concentrations of amides varied from tens of parts per trillion by volume to a few parts per billion by volume. Among the C1- to C6-amines, the C2-amines were the dominant species with concentrations up to 130 pptv. For amides, the C3-amides (up to 8.7 ppb) were the most abundant species. The diurnal and backward trajectory analysis profiles of amides suggest that in addition to the secondary formation of amides in the atmosphere, industrial emissions could be important sources of amides in urban Shanghai. During the campaign, photo-oxidation of amines and amides might be a main loss pathway for them in daytime, and wet deposition was also an important sink.

We study some general properties of a strongly correlated electron system defined on a lattice. Assuming that the system exhibits off-diagonal long-range order, we show that this assumption implies the Meissner effect. This extends to lattice systems previous results obtained for the continuous case.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China with high morbidity and mortality, and its mortality rate is only lower than that of gastric cancer. It poses a serious threat to patients' life, which needs to be given special concerns by clinicians and patients for active implementation of effective treatment methods. Generally, major operation is the mainstay of management. Radiotherapy has gained its popularity when diagnosed have no indications for surgical therapy. An effective radiotherapy plans promote the remission of hepatocellular carcinoma to improve patients condition, prognosis, and survival rate. Therefore, we conducted this study to know the research progress of radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.肝细胞癌（HCC）属于我国常见恶性肿瘤之一，具有较高发病率和病死率，且病死率仅低于胃癌，对患者生命安全造成严重威胁，需引起临床医师和患者高度重视，并积极实施有效治疗方法。对于HCC，临床一般采取外科手术治疗，但部分患者确诊时已无外科手术治疗指征，使放射治疗方案得到临床普遍推广。为探究有效放射治疗方案，促进HCC患者病情缓解及预后改善，提高生存率，该文系统地介绍了HCC患者放射治疗的研究进展。.

The brain's functional connectivity while temporally non-stationary does express consistency at a macro spatial level. The study of stable resting state connectivity patterns hence provides opportunities for identification of diseases if such stability is severely perturbed. A mathematical model replicating the brain's spatial connections will be useful for understanding brain's representative geometry and complements the empirical model where it falls short. Empirical computations tend to involve large matrices and become infeasible with fine parcellation. However, the proposed analytical model has no such computational problems. To improve replicability, 92 subject data are obtained from two open sources. The proposed methodology, inspired by financial theory, uses multivariate regression to find relationships of every cortical region of interest (ROI) with some pre-identified hubs. These hubs acted as representatives for the entire cortical surface. A variance-covariance framework of all ROIs is then built based on these relationships to link up all the ROIs. The result is a high level of match between model and empirical correlations in the range of 0.59 to 0.66 after adjusting for sample size; an increase of almost forty percent. More significantly, the model framework provides an intuitive way to delineate between systemic drivers and idiosyncratic noise while reducing dimensions by more than 30 folds, hence, providing a way to conduct attribution analysis. Due to its analytical nature and simple structure, the model is useful as a standalone toolkit for network dependency analysis or as a module for other mathematical models., {"references":["M. D. Fox, & M. E. Raichle, \"Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging,\" Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 2007a.","C. Chang, & G. H. Glover, \"Time-frequency dynamics of resting-state brain connectivity measured with fMRI,\" NeuroImage, 2009.","F. Abdelnour, H. U. Voss, & A. Raj, \"Network diffusion accurately models the relationship between structural and functional brain connectivity networks,\" NeuroImage, 90, 2014, pp. 335-347.","R. F. Galán, \"On how network architecture determines the dominant patterns of spontaneous neural activity (spontaneous activity patterns),\" PLoS ONE, 3(5), 2008.","C. J. Honey, O. Sporns, L. Cammoun, X. Gigandet, J. P. Thiran, R. Meuli, & P. Hagmann, \"Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity,\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(6), 2009.","S. A. Ross \"The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing,\" Journal of Economic Theory, 1976.","R. M. Bilder, F. W. Sabb, T. D. Cannon, E. D. London, J. D. Jentsch, D. S. Parker, N. B. Freimer, \"Phenomics: The systematic study of phenotypes on a genome-wide scale,\" Neuroscience, 164(1), 2009.","D. Wang, D. Liu, S. Li, & Y. Zang, \"Increased local synchronization of resting-state fMRI signal after episodic memory encoding reflects off-line memory consolidation,\" Neuroreport, 23(15), 2012.","C. Yan, & Y. Zang, \"DPARSF: A MATLAB toolbox for pipeline data analysis of resting-state fMRI,\" Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2010.\n[10]\tK. J. Friston, A. P. Holmes, K. J. Worsley, J. ‐ Poline, C. D. Frith, & R. S. J. Frackowiak, \"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach,\" Human Brain Mapping, 2(4), 1994.\n[11]\tX. Song, Z. Dong, X. Long, S. Li, X. Zuo, C. Zhu, Y. Zang, \"REST: A toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing (resting-state fMRI toolkit),\" PLoS ONE, 6(9), 2011b."]}

The myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) family includes Myf5, MyoD1, Myf4, and Mfy6 genes. This experiment assessed the variation of Myf5 and MyoD1 genes from birth to maturity (30, 210, and 360 days) in the back muscle tissue of Wuzhishan pigs (WZSP), and the expression of Myf5 and MyoD1 mRNA in the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, muscle, stomach, and intestine tissues were also examined. The results indicate that the expression level of mRNA for Myf5 and MyoD1 genes in the back muscle tissue is directly proportional to age (P < 0.05). Furthermore, of the eight adult pig tissue types that were tested, the expression of Myf5 and MyoD1 was highest in the muscle tissue.

To establish the experts consensus on the right heart function management in critically ill patients. The panel of consensus was composed of 30 experts in critical care medicine who are all members of Critical Hemodynamic Therapy Collaboration Group (CHTC Group). Each statement was assessed based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) principle. Then the Delphi method was adopted by 52 experts to reassess all the statements. (1) Right heart function is prone to be affected in critically illness, which will result in a auto-exaggerated vicious cycle. (2) Right heart function management is a key step of the hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. (3) Fluid resuscitation means the process of fluid therapy through rapid adjustment of intravascular volume aiming to improve tissue perfusion. Reversed fluid resuscitation means reducing volume. (4) The right ventricle afterload should be taken into consideration when using stroke volume variation (SVV) or pulse pressure variation (PPV) to assess fluid responsiveness.(5)Volume overload alone could lead to septal displacement and damage the diastolic function of the left ventricle. (6) The Starling curve of the right ventricle is not the same as the one applied to the left ventricle,the judgement of the different states for the right ventricle is the key of volume management. (7) The alteration of right heart function has its own characteristics, volume assessment and adjustment is an important part of the treatment of right ventricular dysfunction (8) Right ventricular enlargement is the prerequisite for increased cardiac output during reversed fluid resuscitation; Nonetheless, right heart enlargement does not mandate reversed fluid resuscitation.(9)Increased pulmonary vascular resistance induced by a variety of factors could affect right heart function by obstructing the blood flow. (10) When pulmonary hypertension was detected in clinical scenario, the differentiation of critical care-related pulmonary hypertension should be a priority. (11) Attention should be paid to the change of right heart function before and after implementation of mechanical ventilation and adjustment of ventilator parameter. (12) The pulmonary arterial pressure should be monitored timingly when dealing with critical care-related pulmonary hypertension accompanied with circulatory failure.(13) The elevation of pulmonary aterial pressure should be taken into account in critical patients with acute right heart dysfunction. (14) Prone position ventilation is an important measure to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance when treating acute respiratory distress syndrome patients accompanied with acute cor pulmonale. (15) Attention should be paid to right ventricle-pulmonary artery coupling during the management of right heart function. (16) Right ventricular diastolic function is more prone to be affected in critically ill patients, the application of critical ultrasound is more conducive to quantitative assessment of right ventricular diastolic function. (17) As one of the parameters to assess the filling pressure of right heart, central venous pressure can be used to assess right heart diastolic function. (18). The early and prominent manifestation of non-focal cardiac tamponade is right ventricular diastolic involvement, the elevated right atrial pressure should be noticed. (19) The effect of increased intrathoracic pressure on right heart diastolic function should be valued. (20) Ttricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is an important parameter that reflects right ventricular systolic function, and it is recommended as a general indicator of critically ill patient. (21) Circulation management with right heart protection as the core strategy is the key point of the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (22) Right heart function involvement after cardiac surgery is very common and should be highly valued. (23) Right ventricular dysfunction should not be considered as a routine excuse for maintaining higher central venous pressure. (24) When left ventricular dilation, attention should be paid to the effect of left ventricle on right ventricular diastolic function. (25) The impact of left ventricular function should be excluded when the contractility of the right ventricle is decreased. (26) When the right heart load increases acutely, the shunt between the left and right heart should be monitored. (27) Attention should be paid to the increase of central venous pressure caused by right ventricular dysfunction and its influence on microcirculation blood flow. (28) When the vasoactive drugs was used to reduce the pressure of pulmonary circulation, different effects on pulmonary and systemic circulation should be evaluated. (29) Right atrial pressure is an important factor affecting venous return. Attention should be paid to the influence of the pressure composition of the right atrium on the venous return. (30) Attention should be paid to the role of the right ventricle in the acute pulmonary edema. (31) Monitoring the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure is helpful to determine whether the infusion increases the venous return. (32) Venous return resistance is often considered to be a insignificant factor that affects venous return, but attention should be paid to the effect of the specific pathophysiological status, such as intrathoracic hypertension, intra-abdominal hypertension and so on. Consensus can promote right heart function management in critically ill patients, optimize hemodynamic therapy, and even affect prognosis.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major infectious disease which threatens people's health around the world. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has become an important index for evaluating the treatment and prognosis of patients with CHB. Many studies abroad have shown that the HRQoL of patients with CHB is influenced by various factors. Disease severity, clinical symptoms, and low self-efficacy are important influencing factors for patients' quality of life. Anti-viral therapy, proper physical therapy, or psychological intervention can significantly improve the HRQoL of community CHB patients, and HRQoL is even significantly improved in patients undergoing liver transplantation one year ago. These studies provide valid evidence for antiviral therapy for hepatitis B patients and liver transplantation techniques from the psychological level. At present, there still lacks studies on HRQoL of CHB patients in China. This article summarizes the measurement tools for HRQoL widely used in recent years in China and foreign countries, reviews the research advances in HRQoL in community patients with CHB, and discusses the perspectives for future studies.慢性乙型病毒性肝炎是危害全球人民生命健康的重大传染性疾病。健康相关生命质量（HRQoL）已成为评价慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗和预后的一个良好指标。国外许多研究结果表明慢性乙型肝炎患者的HRQoL受到不同程度的影响。病情的严重程度、临床症状和自我效能感不足等是影响患者生活质量的重要因素。对社区慢性乙型肝炎患者采取抗病毒治疗、适当的物理治疗或心理干预，都可以显著提高其HRQoL。甚至肝移植1年后的患者，HRQoL亦明显好转。这为乙型肝炎患者的抗病毒治疗和肝移植技术从心理学层面提供了有效证据。目前国内对慢性乙型肝炎患者的HRQoL研究尚处于空白阶段，现概述国内外近年广泛使用的HRQoL的测量工具，并对社区乙型肝炎患者的健康相关生命质量研究进展作一综述，以及对今后的相关研究进行讨论和展望。.

Computational simulation method was used in two models of calcium carbonate aqueous solution to explore the mechanism of anti-scaling under electrostatic field on the molecular level. The binding energy between the surface and ions indicated that the surface (104) was more favorable for the growth of the new crystal, while it was much easier to decompose under field strength 1300 V/m. The diffusion coefficients of Ca2+ and CO3 2- revealed that the chemical reaction of Ca2+ and CO3 2- ions in Model-II was much difficult to form calcium carbonate crystal under electrostatic field. The hydration degree of Ca2+ with O atoms from water molecules showed that the electric field could enhance the hydration degree of Ca2+ under certain field length, hence preventing the chemical reaction with CO3 2- to produce crystal. In short, the scale inhibition effect under electrostatic field in Model-II was much better.

Several reactions in the multistep riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in plants can affect plant growth and defences. Here, we report that riboflavin synthase (RS), which catalyses the final reaction in the pathway, has similar functions in transgenic tobacco plants. The RS gene identified in rice has low identities with its orthologues from microbes and other plants, but it possesses biological activities since its expression in transgenic tobacco enhanced plant growth and resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Compared with the non-transformed plant, the RS-transformed tobacco (RST) line produced greater amounts of riboflavin and its derivates – the cofactors flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. RST plants also produced more ethylene and were highly enhanced in the expression of growth-promoting expansin genes and ethylene signalling genes involved in the regulation of plant growth. In the RST line, moreover, resistance to TMV was enhanced in correlation with enhanced expressio...

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (lelc) is a rare malignancy in ocular adnexa. Here, we report 4 patients with lelc and review 11 patients reported in the literature. Clinical profiles, association with Epstein&ndash, Barr virus (ebv), treatment, and outcomes are analyzed. Lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, eyelid, and conjunctiva are potential primary sites for lelc. The tumours are characterized histologically by nests of undifferentiated malignant cells surrounded by lymphoid infiltrates. Infection with ebv was confirmed in lelc of ocular adnexa, and that association seemed to be restricted to Asian populations. Results from our centre uniformly showed expression of ebv-encoded small rnas in primary tumour, locally recurrent tumour, and metastatic lymph nodes. This disease had a tendency to relapse regionally. Postoperative radiotherapy seems to improve disease-free survival. Tumours appear to be sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy based on cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. At our centre, 3 patients were still living at 22, 33, and 76 months after surgery. One patient died of distant metastasis after a survival of 38 months. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma is a heterogenous entity among ocular adnexal malignancies. Multimodality treatment provides a better chance at survival. Further investigation is required to achieve a better understanding of the biologic behavior of this entity and of its optimal treatment.

The aim of the present research was to determine the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the growth performance, development of organs and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.5 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21-day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with the addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO had no significant influence on the growth performance in prepubertal gilts. Zearalenone with 2 mg/kg increased (p 0.05) on the relative weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen. Isoflavone at 600 mg/kg could offset the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA. Simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum (p < 0.05) at day 14 but their levels decreased (p < 0.05) over time. Zearalenone increased the level of malondialdehyde and decreased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) in the serum. The results suggested that ISO added to diets at 600 mg/kg could reduce the increase in the relative weight of reproductive organs and relieve the oxidative stress induced by ZEA added at 2 mg/kg during the growth phase in prepubertal gilts.

It has previously found that human oncoprotein cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) was overexpressed in breast cancer, and was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis of the patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum CIP2A and prognosis of breast cancer. Then, we investigated whether CIP2A could be as a therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.Preoperative CIP2A levels of 240 patients with breast cancer and 480 cases of controls were measured by ELISA method. The association of CIP2A levels with clinicopathological outcomes was investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The effect of CIP2A on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated by CIP2A siRNA-mediated depletion of the CIP2A protein followed by an analysis of cell proliferation, invasion, colony growth, and xenograft growth and metastasis.The serum CIP2A levels in patients with breast cancer were (79.0 ± 74.2) ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that in those controls (25.6 ± 21.4) ng/mL for male and (24.8 ± 20.6) ng/mL for female control. Higher preoperative CIP2A levels were significantly associated with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, histological grade and lymph node metastasis. Patients with elevated CIP2A levels showed worse survival. In multivariate analysis, elevated preoperative CIP2A levels were independent prognostic factors. Patients with high CIP2A levels had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Knockdown of CIP2A by stable CIP2A siRNA transfection inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, invasion, colony growth in vitro, and xenograft growth and metastasis in vivo.Our results suggest that serum CIP2A is significantly higher in patients with breast cancer, which is a potential biomarker to make a distinction between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Higher serum CIP2A levels positively associated with the aggressive phenotype of breast cancer, and forecasts poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer. Knockdown of CIP2A may be a novel target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Polycrystalline ZnO/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) heterostructures were fabricated onto Si(100) substrates by magnetron sputtering. A rectifying behavior, as well as an enhanced magnetoresistance (MR) ratio (∼ 12%), was obtained in the heterostructure with respect to the LSMO single layer (a MR ratio ∼ 6%). The degradation of the rectifying behavior for the LSMO layer thinner than 20 nm is mainly due to the change in hole concentration. We suggest a possibility that the magneto-transport and the magneto-optical properties of manganites can be modified by the formation of this kind of heterostructure. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

To investigate the feasibility of a long-term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placed in the aortic valve annulus, an implantable aortic valve pump (21 mm outer diameter, weighing 27 g) was developed. The device consists of a central rotor and a stator. The rotor assembly incorporates driven magnets and an impeller. The stator assembly has a motor coil with an iron core and outflow guide vanes. The device is to be implanted identically to an aortic valve replacement, occupying no additional anatomic space. The pump delivers the blood directly from left ventricle to the aortic root, like a natural ventricle, therefore causing less physiologic disturbance to the natural circulation. Neither connecting conduits nor 'bypass' circuits are necessary. The pump is designed to cycle between a peak flow and zero net flow to approximate systole and diastole. Bench testing indicates that the pump can produce a blood flow of 5 l min(-1) with 50 mmHg pressure increase at 17,500 rpm. At zero net flow rate, the pump can maintain a diastole aortic pressure against 80 mmHg at the same rotating speed.

Purpose: To examine the anticancer effect of salvianolic acid-A against human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells (H-69). Methods: In vitro antiproliferative effect of salvianolic acid against SCLC cell lines was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis induction by salvianolic acid-A in these cells was measured by videomicroscopy along with fluorescence microscopy using Hoechst 33258 staining. The effect of the compound on mitochondrial membrane potential loss was detected by flow cytometry using rhodamine-123 as fluorescent probe. Gel electrophoresis was used to analyze DNA fragmentation after salvianolic acid treatment. Results: The results revealed that salvianolic acid-A induces dose-dependent as well as timedependent growth inhibitory effects against SCLC cancer cells. Videomicroscopy analysis revealed that SCLC cells became rounded (dead) and refringent after drug treatment which increased with increase in salvianolic acid-A dose. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that salvianolic acid-A induced dosedependent chromatin condensation in SCLC cells which is characteristic of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was induced by various doses of the compound again hinting at apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis using rhodamine-123 showed that salvianolic acid-A also caused substantial loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion: The results suggest that salvianolic acid-A is a potential anticancer and apoptotic agent against drug-resistant small cell lung cancer.

In fabrication of free form optical surfaces, spot exposure is a typical mode in laser photolithography. Proper selection of spot exposure superposing ratio is the key to optimize etching quality and writing speed. In this paper, a new composite diffractive grating structure is modeled for the influence on diffraction efficiency of binary optical elements caused by spot exposure superposing ratio. Composite grating can be transformed into one simple rectangular grating and two triangular gratings. Angular spectrum theory is used to describe the mathematical expression of the composite diffractive grating. Through simulation analysis, the relationships between diffraction efficiency and the other three items as grating depth, spot radius, and blaze wavelength, has been shown. Simulation results indicate that shape error caused by spot exposure ratio impact the diffraction efficiency greatly in deep etching, and the transmittance will reach maximal point approximately while spot exposure ratio is over 60%. This conclusion can be taken as the theoretical foundation for exposure frequency selection in laser photolithography figure generation.

The problem of the extension of subinterface microcracks in an infinite metal/ceramic bimaterial solid is studied. For the microcrack growth, the values of the M-integral are calculated under the assumption of a self-similar growth. First, the role that the M-integral plays in a metal/ceramic bimaterial solid with growing subinterface cracks is analyzed. It is concluded that an inherent relation exists between the value of the M-integral and the decrease of the effective elastic moduli for a bimaterial solid with growing subinterface microcracks. Second, it is concluded that mutual amplification and shielding effects exist during the microcrack extension, while they are substantially dependent on the increment of the microcrack length as well as the geometry of the microcrack arrangement under given loads. This strong mutual shielding effect of interacting microcracks makes the microcrack extension become increasingly difficult, and may stop the growth of the microcracks even under constant loads. Also, it is concluded that for a certain microcrack growth, the value of the M-integral in metal/ceramic bimaterial solid is always larger than that in homogeneous brittle solid for the same crack configuration. This means that the same microcrack growth in the former case shows lower stability than that in the latter one, due to the existence of a ductile phase.

Particle size distributions in the range of 1.34–615.3 nm were recorded from 25 November 2013 to 25 January 2014 in urban Shanghai, using a combination of one nano Condensation Nucleus Counter system (nCNC), one nano-Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), and one long-SMPS. Measurements of sulfur dioxide by an SO2 analyzer with pulsed UV fluorescence technique allowed calculation of sulfuric acid proxy. In addition, concentrations of ammonia were recorded with a Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). During this 62-day campaign, 13 NPF events were identified with strong burst of sub-3 nm particles and subsequent fast growth of newly formed particles. The observed nucleation rate (J1.34), formation rate of 3 nm particles (J3), and condensation sink (CS) were 112.4–271.0 cm−3 s−1, 2.3–19.2 cm−3 s−1, and 0.030–0.10 s−1, respectively. Subsequent cluster/nanoparticle growth showed a clear size dependence, with average values of GR1.35~1.39 (from the bin of 1.34–1.37 nm to the bin of 1.37–1.41 nm), GR1.39~1.46 (from 1.37–1.41 to 1.41–1.52 nm), GR1.46~1.70 (from 1.41–1.52 to 1.52–1.89 nm), GR1.70~2.39 (from 1.52–1.89 to 1.89–3.0 nm), GR2.39~7 (from 1.89–3.0 to 7 nm), and GR7~20 (from 7 to 20 nm) being 1.6 ± 1.0, 1.4 ± 2.2, 7.2 ± 7.1, 9.0 ± 11.4, 10.9 ± 9.8, and 11.4 ± 9.7 nm h−1, respectively. Correlation between nucleation rate (J1.34) and sulfuric acid proxy indicates that nucleation rate J1.34 was proportional to a 0.64 power of sulfuric acid proxy. Correlation between nucleation rate (J1.34) and gas-phase ammonia suggests that ammonia was associated with NPF events. The calculated sulfuric acid proxy was sufficient to explain the subsequent growth of 1.34–3 nm particles, but insufficient for particles exceeding this size range. Qualitatively, NPF events in urban Shanghai likely occur on days with low levels of PM2.5.

In this paper, an experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of a tube-and-fin radiator for vehicles is carried out by using an experimental optimization design technique on a wind tunnel test rig of the radiator. The regression equations of heat dissipation rate, coolant pressure drop and air pressure drop are developed. The influences of the air velocity, inlet coolant temperature and volume flowrate of coolant on heat dissipation rate, coolant pressure drop and air pressure drop are discussed in detail by means of the numerical analyses. Also, the research results provide a basis for the theoretical analysis of heat performances and structural refinement of the tube-and-fin radiator.

Measured and calculated (without any adjustable material parameter) electron Hall mobility and carrier concentration in the range of 26.5–273 K are reported for a high-mobility free-standing bulk GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The peak electron mobility of 7386 cm 2 /V s at 48 K and a value of 1425 cm 2 /V s at 273 K were measured. An iterative solution of the Boltzmann equation was applied to calculate the mobility using the materials parameters either measured on the sample under study or recent values that are just becoming available with only the acceptor concentration being variable. Using only one donor and one conducting layer system, the donor and acceptor concentrations of 1.76×10 16 and 2.4×10 15 cm −3 , respectively, satisfy simultaneously the charge neutrality and electron mobility at all temperatures within the framework of the iterative method and measurements. The donor activation energy was determined to be 25.2 meV and is consistent with the value of about 30 meV for the hydrogenic ground state in a dilute semiconductor. The high electron mobility, low background impurity concentration, low compensation ratio, and negligible dislocation scattering demonstrate the high quality of the material studied.

In this work, a multichannel Kondo-lattice model is studied in the thermodynamic limit. The conduction band is described by a constant hopping amplitude between any pair of lattice sites. Because of the infinite range hopping, the dimensionality of the lattice can be arbitrary. For this system, we have obtained the exact thermodynamical properties and the ground-state energies. The metal-insulator transition of the system is discussed at zero temperature in detail, and the phase diagram is provided. Because of the infinite range hopping of the conduction band, the model we solve here is different from the usual situation. In the limit of strong interaction between the conduction electrons and the impurity spins, the wavefunctions take the Jastrow product form, which reflects the strong correlations of the impurity spins and the conduction electrons.

For better anatomic and physiologic fitting, a novel implantable aortic valvo-pump (IAVP) has been developed. A valvo-pump is a micro axial flow impeller pump, which has the same dimensions and function, as well as the same location, of a valve. Therefore, IAVP needs no inlet and outlet tubes, no additional anatomic occupation, and has less physiologic disturbance to natural circulation compared with the traditional bypass left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The device has a stator and a rotor. The stator consists of a motor coil with an iron core and an outflow guide vane; the rotor includes driven magnets and impeller. There is neither bearing nor strut in both the pump and the motor. In order to reduce the attractive force between the rotor and the stator, so as to enhance the durability of the performance, the rotor magnets were minimized without reducing the driving torque and efficiency of the motor. The impeller vane was designed according to a three-dimensional and analytical method, for preventing stasis and turbulence. The largest outer diameter is 24.7 mm and the length at this point is 12.4 mm. The total weight is 40 g (including the rotor of 11 g). The consumed power is 7 W (14 V x 0.5 A) at 15 000 rpm. This rotating speed stays unchanged during haemodynamic testing together with a pulsatile centrifugal pump, which imitates a failing ventricle. The maximal flow cross IAVP reaches over 10 l min(-1) and the pressure head at 0 l min(-1) can be as large as 80 mmHg. At flow rate of 4 - 8 l min(-1), IAVP enlarges the flow c. 1 l min(-1) and meanwhile increases the pressure about 10 mmHg. The pressure pulsatility generated by the pulsatile centrifugal pump remains 40 mmHg after passing IAVP. By first animal experimental trial the device was sewed in aortic position of an 80 kg pig without harm to adjacent tissue and organs. IAVP promises to be a viable alternative to natural donor heart for heart transplantation in the future.

The integrability of the one-dimensional chiral Hubbard model is discussed in the limit of strong interaction,U=∞. The system is shown to be integrable in the sense of the existence of an infinite number of constants of motion. The system is related to a chiral Kondo lattice model at strong interactionJ=+∞.

The eastern China seas are one of the largest marginal seas in the world, where high primary productivity and phytoplankton blooms are often observed. However, to date, little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton blooms in these areas due to the difficulty of the monitoring of bloom events by field measurement. In this study, 14-yr time series of satellite ocean color data from the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite have been used to investigate the seasonal and inter-annual variability and long-term changes of phytoplankton blooms in the eastern China seas. We validated and calibrated the satellite-derive chlorophyll concentration in the eastern China seas based on extensive data sets from two large cruises. Overestimation of satellite-derive chlorophyll concentration caused by high water turbidity was found to be less than 10 μg L−1. This level can be used as a safe threshold for the identification of a phytoplankton bloom in a marginal sea with turbid waters. Annually, blooms mostly occur in the Changjiang Estuary and along the coasts of Zhejiang. The coasts of the northern Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea also have high-frequency blooms. The blooms have significant seasonal variation, with most of the blooms occurring in the spring (April–June) and summer (July–September). This study revealed a doubling in bloom intensity in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea during the past 14 yr (1998–2011), yet surprisingly, there has been no decadal increase or decrease of bloom intensity in despite of significant inter-annual variation in the Changjiang Estuary. The time series in situ datasets show that both the nitrate and phosphate concentrations increase more than twofold from 1998 to 2005. This might be the reason for the doubling of bloom intensity in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In addition, the ENSO and PDO can affect the inter-annual variation of bloom intensity in the eastern China seas.

In this remark, we note that the anyons, interacting with each other through pairwise potential in external magnetic field, exhibit a simple quantum group symmetry., IPT-EPFL preprint, typos fixed, minor corrections, references updated, submitted to Physics Letter A

Schottky barrier diodes, on both Ga and N faces of a ∼300-μm-thick free-standing GaN layer, grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on Al2O3 followed by laser separation, were studied by capacitance–voltage and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. From a 1/C2 vs V analysis, the barrier heights of Ni/Au Schottky contacts were determined to be different for the two polar faces: 1.27 eV for the Ga face, and 0.75 eV for the N face. In addition to the four common DLTS traps observed previously in other epitaxial GaN including HVPE-grown GaN a new trap B′ with activation energy ET = 0.53 eV was found in the Ga-face sample. Also, trap E1 (ET = 0.18 eV), believed to be related to the N vacancy, was found in the N-face sample, and trap C (ET = 0.35 eV) was in the Ga-face sample. Trap C may have arisen from reactive-ion-etching damage.

In this work, we continue the study of the supersymmetric t-J model with 1/r^2 hopping and exchange without translational invariance. A set of Jastrow wavefunctions are obtained for the system, with eigenenergies explicitly calculated. The ground state of the t-J model is included in this set of wavefunctions. The spectrum of this t-J model consists of equal-distant energy levels which are highly degenerate.

The aim of the present research was to determine the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the growth performance, development of organs and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.5 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21-day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with the addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO had no significant influence on the growth performance in prepubertal gilts. Zearalenone with 2 mg/kg increased (p0.05) the relative weight of the reproductive organs (including uterus and vagina) but had no obvious effects (p0.05) on the relative weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen. Isoflavone at 600 mg/kg could offset the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA. Simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum (p0.05) at day 14 but their levels decreased (p0.05) over time. Zearalenone increased the level of malondialdehyde and decreased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p0.05) in the serum. The results suggested that ISO added to diets at 600 mg/kg could reduce the increase in the relative weight of reproductive organs and relieve the oxidative stress induced by ZEA added at 2 mg/kg during the growth phase in prepubertal gilts.

A ZnO film was deposited on a silicon wafer by magnetron sputtering, and the magnetic and the electronic properties have been studied The magnetic property measurements show that the ZnO film is ferromagnetic at room temperature. Through the magnetoresistance (MR) measurement, it is found that ZnO reveals a negative MR at 80, 50, 20, 10 and 6 K, which is induced by the weak‐localization effect. However, a positive MR as large as 19.8% was observed, when temperature was reduced to 2 K. As far as the mechanism of the huge positive MR is concerned, it is suggested to be due to the spin splitting induced by the s‐d‐like interaction. Through the discussion on the huge positive MR, we demonstrate that the observed ferromagnetism in ZnO is intrinsic, not from external impurities.

In order to predict the interior noise of the automobile in the low and middle frequency band in the design and development stage, the hybrid FE-SEA model of an automobile was created using hybrid FE-SEA method. The modal density was calculated using analytical method and finite element method; the damping loss factors of the structural and acoustic cavity subsystems were also calculated with analytical method; the coupling loss factors between structure and structure, structure and acoustic cavity were both calculated. Four different kinds of excitations including road excitations, engine mount excitations, sound radiation excitations of the engine, and wind excitations are exerted on the body of automobile when the automobile is running on the road. All the excitations were calculated using virtual prototype technology, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and experiments realized in the design and development stage. The interior noise of the automobile was predicted and verified at speed of 120 km/h. The predicted and tested overall SPLs of the interior noise were 73.79 and 74.44 dB(A) respectively. The comparison results also show that the prediction precision is satisfied, and the effectiveness and reliability of the hybrid FE-SEA model of the automobile is verified.

The adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) and glycerol kinase (GK) loci are telomeric to the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus in Xp21. We developed a pair of yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contigs spanning at least 1.2 Mb and encompassing the region from the telomeric end of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus to beyond YHX39 (DXS727), including the genes for AHC and GK. The centromeric contig consists of 13 YACs reaching more than 600 kb from DMD through GK. The telomeric contig group consists of 8 YACs containing more than 600 kb including the markers YHX39 (DXS727) and QST-59 (DXS319). Patient deletion breakpoints in the region of the two YAC contigs define at least eight intervals, and seven deletion breakpoints are contained within these contigs. In addition to the probes developed from YAC ends, we have mapped eight Alu -PCR probes amplified from a radiation-reduced somatic cell hybrid, two anonymous DNA probes, and one Alu-PCR product amplified from a cosmid end, for a total of 26 new markers within this region of 2 Mb or less. One YAC in the centromeric contig contains an insert encompassing the minimum interval for GK deficiency defined by patient deletion breakpoints, and this clone includes all or part of the GK gene.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the development of reproductive organs, reproductive hormones and estrogen receptor expression in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.50 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21 day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that diets supplemented with 600 mg/kg ISO could reduce the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA at 2mg/kg (P0.05) while feed containing ISO and 0.5mg/kg ZEA increased the weight of the reproductive organs compared with pigs fed diets with 0.5mg/kg ZEA alone. Diets with ISO at 600 mg/kg reduced the large width of vulvas induced by diets with 2mg/kg ZEA (P0.05). Simultaneous provision of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of E2 at days 7 and 14, but decreased it at day 21 (P0.05). Pigs simultaneously fed 2mg/kg ZEA and 600 mg/kg ISO had the highest level of FSH (P0.05). There was a significant interaction (P0.05) between ZEA and ISO supplementation on the level of LH, and pigs offered diets with 2mg/kg ZEA and 600 mg/kg ISO had the lowest level of LH on days 14 and 21. Animals supplemented simultaneously with ZEA and ISO showed higher ERα/ERβ mRNA expression compared to those offered diets containing 0.5mg/kg ZEA alone or basal diets. However, this simultaneous supplementation resulted in a lower level of ERα/ERβ mRNA expression compared to offering diets with 2mg/kg ZEA alone. It appears that ISO can counteract the estrogenic influence of a high dosage of ZEA (2mg/kg). This affect might be attributed to competitive binding with estrogen receptors, thereby weakening the estrogenic effect of ZEA. Meanwhile, interactions between ZEA and ISO may interfere with the functioning of E2, FSH and LH in prepubertal gilts.

We derive the spectrum and thermodynamics of the one-dimensional supersymmetric t-J model with long-range hopping and spin exchange using a set of maximal-spin eigenstates. This spectrum confirms the recent conjecture that the asymptotic Bethe-ansatz spectrum is exact. By empirically determining the spinon degeneracies of each state, we are able to explicitly construct the free energy.

With the fast development of subways, tunnels, and high-rise buildings in Shanghai in the past 10 years, jet grouting technology has been widely used in various projects which also further promote its development. In addition to the single, double and triple pipe methods, an engineering method similar to RJPI has been used. The treatment depth has increased to approximately 50m from 20-30m The main objectives of using jet grouting technology in the above projects are: foundation reinforcement and formation of water insulation curtain. Since soil 1ayers in Shanghai are soft, adopting jet grouting technology to form vertical or horizontal water-resisting bodies of different depths and thicknesses has become an important means to achieve this purpose. In combination with the actual examples of application, this paper presents the status of jet grouting applications in Shanghai area in the past 10 years and looks into the prospects for technological developments in the future.

Fifty-nine patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency were included in a Chinese multicentre trial of recombinant somatropin, 0.5-0.7 IU/kg/week s.c. given in six or seven divided doses. The height velocity increased from 2.8 +/- 1.0 cm/year to 13.1 +/- 2.5 cm/year during 1 year of treatment, and typical catch-up growth was observed. The increase in height SDS for chronological age was significant, but the increase in height SDS for bone age was not statistically significant. No adverse reactions to the treatment were recorded. Recombinant somatropin was shown to be very effective and safe during the first year of therapy in patients with growth hormone deficiency.