1. Creation of quark–gluon plasma droplets with three distinct geometries
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J. E. Frantz, D. Richford, N. S. Bandara, D. Lynch, T. K. Hemmick, Vladimir Samsonov, H. Hamagaki, Dmitry Blau, B. Schaefer, T. Hachiya, C. P. Singh, T. Todoroki, A. Bazilevsky, Gregory James Ottino, D. S. Jumper, J. S. Bok, K. Lovasz, A. Franz, M. X. Liu, E. J. Desmond, D. Ivanishchev, J. Perry, V. Papavassiliou, J. L. Nagle, C. E. Perezlara, J. Hanks, K. Nagai, D. Isenhower, Dhruv Utpalkumar Dixit, S. Hasegawa, N. A. Lewis, N. Grau, V. R. Loggins, J. C. Hill, Z. Citron, T. Gunji, E. O. Lallow, B. V. Jacak, A. Taranenko, G. D. N. Perera, D. McGlinchey, A. Durum, W. Peng, J. Bryslawskyj, M. E. Connors, Byungsik Hong, P. Kline, A. Dion, V. S. Pantuev, Hari Guragain, K. DeBlasio, Min-Hye Kim, V. Bumazhnov, Y. L. Yamaguchi, N. Hotvedt, V. Vrba, Y. Akiba, S. Vazquez-Carson, K. Kurita, R. Nouicer, P. W. Stankus, Kimberly Hill, A. Enokizono, K. Imai, David Olle Rickard Silvermyr, K. Tanida, Mikhail Malaev, Daugherity, M. Beaumier, Vladislav Manko, J. D. Osborn, A. Bagoly, A. Sickles, R. S. Towell, T. O. S. Haseler, S. P. Stoll, Alexei Safonov, Tamás Csörgő, A. Pun, K. A. Drees, C. P. Wong, L. D. Liu, T. Sakaguchi, W.A. Zajc, Mate Csanad, A. Iordanova, D. Jouan, Y. Berdnikov, S. Y. Han, B. M. Johnson, T. Majoros, M. J. Leitch, Zirui Wang, Z. Ji, H. En'yo, S. H. Lim, W. Fan, K. Aoki, J. Huang, Alexander Milov, I. Nakagawa, L. Xue, C.Y. Chi, A.V. Kazantsev, N. Apadula, K. I. Hahn, J. Murata, D. V. Perepelitsa, Yuki Watanabe, P. Yin, C. Xu, E. Mannel, H. Nakagomi, T. Hoshino, D. Yu Peressounko, R. Belmont, A. Drees, V. Babintsev, Prakhar Garg, J. Klatsky, Mirta Dumancic, J. B. Choi, M. Tomášek, V. Andrieux, S. Kudo, J. T. Mitchell, S. Mizuno, Alexei Khanzadeev, E. J. Kim, N. Feege, S. Syed, S. Karthas, D. Kotov, Tamas Novak, K. Ozawa, S. Campbell, J. M. Durham, S. Miyasaka, T. Sugitate, A. Sexton, D. Kawall, A. S. Nyanin, P. Gallus, K. Sedgwick, Yoshifumi Ueda, J. H. Do, C. L. Towell, N. Vukman, P. Montuenga, S. Huang, J. G. Lajoie, T. Murakami, Matthew Snowball, A. Denisov, D. Sharma, S. Yalcin, R. Seto, Jong-Min Park, Radek Novotny, H. W. Yu, T. W. Danley, R. P. Pisani, A. Timilsina, Christine Angela Aidala, X. H. Li, D. E. Mihalik, I. Tserruya, Koji Sato, S. I. Morrow, M. Patel, Y. H. Leung, J. D. Orjuela Koop, B. Azmoun, P. L. McGaughey, Bhartendu K. Singh, M. Jezghani, B. Fadem, W.E. Sondheim, Y. Ito, C. L. Woody, S. Park, M. J. Skoby, V. Singh, Y. Goto, S. F. Pate, A. Hodges, T. Sumita, J. Runchey, G. David, Sándor Lökös, K. N. Barish, D. Kincses, S. H. Lee, C. McKinney, S. Sato, T. Koblesky, S. Zharko, X. Jiang, S. L. Fokin, Carly W. Butler, J. Sun, J. S. Haggerty, M. Virius, A. Takeda, Balazs Ujvari, S. Tarafdar, N. Cronin, J. H. Kang, M. L. Purschke, I. Shein, S. D. Rolnick, T. Moon, H. F. Hamilton, Maya Hachiya Shimomura, R. S. Hollis, Vardan Khachatryan, Y. I. Makdisi, I. E. Yushmanov, X. He, C. Kim, R. Petti, Ferdinando Giordano, S. Bathe, Mihael Makek, M. Alfred, H. Yamamoto, M. Boer, P. V. Radzevich, V. Jorjadze, Michael William Phipps, K. L. Smith, S. Lee, Kei Nagashima, V. Canoa Roman, M. J. Tannenbaum, H. Masuda, K. Shigaki, K. Dehmelt, J. Imrek, K. Homma, M. Chiu, R. Cervantes, C. Ayuso, T. Niida, Raphael Noel Tieulent, Viktor Riabov, B. K. Schmoll, P. Shukla, A. Sen, H. Asano, Z. Rowan, E. O'Brien, Y. Watanabe, N. Novitzky, D. Reynolds, J. H. Yoo, M. Slunecka, M. Mendoza, M. L. Brooks, R. Seidl, Y. Kwon, D. K. Mishra, C. Gal, Xiong Wang, Julia Velkovska, C. Pinkenburg, Dong Jo Kim, Moonhee Kim, H. Ge, K. Nakano, S.V. Greene, I. Yoon, T. Elder, Qiao Xu, ShinIchi Esumi, A. Yanovich, A. Berdnikov, A. Lebedev, A. Sukhanov, T. Nagashima, I. V. Sourikova, H. Van Hecke, E. Kistenev, G. Tarnai, Z. Sun, M. Inaba, M. McCumber, C. Nattrass, T. Shioya, T. Rinn, M. Finger, Y. Riabov, A. N. Zelenski, D. E. Fields, Anders Nils Erik Oskarsson, H. Sako, M. Rosati, D. P. Morrison, M. I. Nagy, S. P. Sorensen, D. Kapukchyan, T-A Shibata, R. A. Soltz, A. Deshpande, M. Sarsour, C. A. Ogilvie, I. J. Choi, J. Sziklai, Y. Fukuda, C. L. Silva, A. D. Frawley, L. Zou, A. C. Mignerey, Kenneth Francis Read, M. Grosse Perdekamp, G. Mitsuka, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), PHENIX, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Quark ,velocity ,geometry ,particle flow: collective phenomena ,p+p, p+A, 200 GeV, QGP, flow, RHIC, PHEHIX ,collective ,Nuclear Theory ,Hadron ,General Physics and Astronomy ,triangulation ,[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,quark ,Nuclear physics ,Momentum ,nucleon nucleon ,0103 physical sciences ,Nuclear Experiment ,010306 general physics ,quark gluon: plasma ,fluid ,lifetime ,Physics ,formation ,gluon ,Plasma ,momentum: anisotropy ,Nuclear matter ,charged particle ,Charged particle ,Gluon ,Automatic Keywords ,nucleus: heavy ,13. Climate action ,nuclear matter ,flow ,Quark–gluon plasma ,p nucleus ,droplet ,hadron - Abstract
International audience; Experimental studies of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have established the properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons1–4. In this state, matter behaves as a nearly inviscid fluid5 that efficiently translates initial spatial anisotropies into correlated momentum anisotropies among the particles produced, creating a common velocity field pattern known as collective flow. In recent years, comparable momentum anisotropies have been measured in small-system proton–proton (p+p) and proton–nucleus (p+A) collisions, despite expectations that the volume and lifetime of the medium produced would be too small to form a QGP. Here we report on the observation of elliptic and triangular flow patterns of charged particles produced in proton–gold (p+Au), deuteron–gold (d+Au) and helium–gold (3He+Au) collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt {s_{{\mathrm{NN}}}} = 200$ GeV. The unique combination of three distinct initial geometries and two flow patterns provides unprecedented model discrimination. Hydrodynamical models, which include the formation of a short-lived QGP droplet, provide the best simultaneous description of these measurements.
- Published
- 2018