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When employed by a company, in almost all the cases a new employee has to sign an agreement giving the company exclusive rights to any intellectual property developed as part of their work assignments. This agreement could extend beyond a change of jobs and cause conflict of interests in new employment situations. A patent is a government-granted monopoly given to an inventor as both a reward for the intellectual and financial investment, and a stimulus to innovate. As a monopoly, the patent has legal power to exclude others from exploiting the invention in any way for a period of 20 years from the time the patent application has been filed. A trademark provides instant recognition of a product or company; a service mark provides instant recognition of a service. They both have unlimited lifetime. But the owner must renew or confirm continuous use at the end of five years, and every 10 years thereafter. A trade secret is information keep secret by the owner to give him advantage over competitors. Since it is secret, a trade secret protection has unlimited lifetime.

The Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) is a scoring system for patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) to assess disease activity and damage. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the CLASI is a useful instrument which reflects the different subtypes of CLE comparably well in each parameter.A total of 50 patients (42 female, 8 male) with different subtypes of CLE, including acute CLE (ACLE), subacute CLE (SCLE), chronic CLE (CCLE) and LE tumidus (LET), from the Departments of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany, and Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, were evaluated using the CLASI at one time point.The total CLASI activity score was significantly lower in patients with LET compared with ACLE (P0.05) and CCLE (P0.001), and the total CLASI damage score was significantly lower in patients with LET than with ACLE (P0.05), SCLE (P0.001) and CCLE (P0.001). The erythema score and the scale/hypertrophy score were significantly lower in LET than in ACLE (P0.05, both) and CCLE (P0.05 and P 0.001, respectively). The dyspigmentation score was lowest in patients with LET, differing significantly from ACLE (P0.05), SCLE (P0.05) and CCLE (P0.001). The scarring/atrophy/panniculitis score was significantly higher in patients with CCLE in contrast to SCLE and LET (P0.05 and P0.001, respectively).These data characterize the CLASI as an overall useful instrument to analyse disease activity and damage in CLE. However, the CLASI does not give an accurate assessment of all disease subtypes; therefore, a revision of the CLASI with critical analysis of all parameters is recommended.

In 2005, a scoring system (CLASI, Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index) was developed for patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) to assess disease 'activity' and 'damage'. However, the CLASI does not give an accurate assessment of the severity in all disease subtypes.The main objective of this study was to analyse critically the included parameters of the CLASI and to revise the activity and damage score taking into account various clinical features of the different subtypes of CLE. The revised CLASI (RCLASI) was also validated for use in clinical trials. Patients and methods A RCLASI was designed with regard to the anatomical region (i.e. face, chest, arms) and morphological aspects (i.e. erythema, scaling/hyperkeratosis, oedema/infiltration, scarring/atrophy) of skin lesions and evaluated by nine dermatologists who scored 12 patients with different subtypes of CLE to estimate inter- and intrarater reliability.Reliability studies demonstrated an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for an inter-rater reliability of 0.89 for the activity score [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-0.96] and of 0.79 for the damage score (95% CI 0.62-0.92). The ICC for intrarater reliability for the activity score was 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.95) and the ICC for the damage score was 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.98).In the present study, a RCLASI was developed by experts, and reliability studies supported the validity and applicability of the revised scoring instrument for CLE. Thus, the RCLASI is a valuable instrument in multicentre studies and for the clinical evaluation of activity and damage in different disease subtypes.

Selecting a small set of nodes called pivots, from all the nodes in a network and maintaining the routing infrastructure to and among each other can reduce routing overhead and excessive broadcast redundancy. In this paper a new problem, called "k-fold cover t- set" (for short, k-fold cover), is proposed: we select a smaller set of nodes than the k-fold dominating set, to act as alternative routers for messages in the network. An advantage of the k-fold cover is that it can be defined for graphs where the k-fold dominating set cannot be defined. Computing the minimum size k-fold cover for any k ges 1 is NP-complete. Two approximation algorithms for the k-fold cover problem are proposed: one uses a greedy approach to compute the cover and the other uses randomization.

Three 50 mm aperture model quadrupole magnets, designated as QSE-101 through 103, have been built at SSC Laboratory, two of which have have been tested at 4.25 K. The original concepts for the magnet and tooling design as well as assembly procedures have been evaluated in this program. Throughout this process, several magnet components were modified to improve the performance, reliability, and manufacturing of the magnet. The original magnet assembly procedures and design specific tooling were also evaluated and modified to accommodate fabrication of the model magnet. Fabrication and redesign of the model quadrupole magnet has resulted in good magnet performance as well as a more reliable, cost effective, and more production oriented magnet and tooling design. The new concepts which have emerged and the lessons learned from this effort are being applied to the design of magnets and tooling for the SSC Interaction Region quadrupoles as well as other SSC magnets which may be fabricated at the SSC. In this paper a discussion of the magnet and tooling design modifications, assembly processes, and the lessons learned during assembly and evaluation of QSE-101 through 103 is presented.

Industrial Computerized Tomography has been applied to magnet components in various stages of the manufacturing process. These Computerized Tomographic images can be analyzed to infer detailed dimensional information about magnet component positions (conductor, wedges, collars, etc.) throughout the magnet manufacturing process (cable winding, collaring, yoked/skinned). An analysis technique will be presented and measurement accuracies will be discussed.

The in process measurement system that is described below was designed to monitor the strain gauge instrumentation collar pack during all phases of quadrupole magnet manufacture. The primary goal was to implement a monitoring system that incorporated standard measurement techniques while maintaining signal integrity. The flexibility and robustness required in a production environment were taken into account throughout the design and implementation. All major components were chosen from commercially available supplies. The driving software was chosen to provide a user friendly interface while keeping software development efforts to a minimum without sacrificing adaptability.

Non-destructive digital photon transmission imaging can be performed with the IRIS™ system to provide internal component dimensions and locations of manufactured superconducting magnets and sub-assemblies. With non-destructive evaluation of the magnet components and sub-assemblies at critical stages of the manufacturing process, it is possible to assess the quality at each stage with the goal of improving manufacturing reproducibility and reliability. Evaluations of the feasibility of the IRIS™ system have been performed on a NbTi billet used for the production of monofilament rods used in the manufacturing of multifilament strand. The system has also been used to perform inspections on 40-mm and 50-mm collared coil sections and on cold masses. The dimensional accuracy for locating the conductor winding positions in a collared coil section has been found to be ±80 μm. Non-destructive analysis using the IRIS™ system offers examination capabilities in process and post-assembly inspection previously unavailable except through destructive physical analysis by sectioning and polishing for optical inspection after vacuum impregnation. This novel inspection tool may give us deep insights into the validity of our mechanical and electromagnetic models currently used to evaluate magnet design and may lead to substantial savings per magnet analysis.

Both ultrasonic attenuation and velocity as a function of temperature from 4.2 K to room temperature were measured on sinter-forged samples of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta /, which have more than 80% alignment of the c-axis of the grains parallel to the forging axis. Strong anisotropy was found both in the attenuation and the velocity when propagating sound waves in different directions relative to the forging axis. Hysteresis was observed in the velocity changes. >

We report ultrasonic attenuation measurements on sinter-forged YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 7-//sub delta/ material, which differs from ordinary sintered material in that the crystallites are preferentially oriented to form a uniaxial sample. Three peaks in attenuation, at temperatures of 250, 180, and 70 K, were observed for longitudinal waves propagating perpendicular to the forging axis, which is similar to that reported in ordinary (isotropic) polycrystalline samples. However, for both transverse and longitudinal sound propagated along the forging axis we have a different behavior, with only one peak at 180 K, showing a strong anisotropy. It is suggested that sound waves traveling parallel to and normal to the Cu-O planes may account for the anisotropic effect, and a relaxation mechanism may explain the increase in shear wave attenuation which was seen with decreasing temperature.

Measurements of the attenuation of longitudinal ultrasound in superconducting UPt3, show a peak,below Hc2, which depends strongly on the orientation of the field relative to the c axis. We propose an explanation of this peak in terms of a vortex phase transition in an unconventional superconducting state, which is consistent with recent neutron-scattering data.

The task of the legislator is indeed difficult when he has to consider and decide how far to extend the area to which the criminal law applies. The difficulty is most apparent in those forms of conduct which are seemingly directed towards some individual to whom civil law remedies are available, for then it must be asked whether these remedies are sufficient or if there is good reason for the addition of criminal sanctions.The usual considerations in this respect are many and various—has the normal victim of the harmful conduct the ways and means himself of resisting it without the assistance of the authorities; does the normal perpetrator of certain kinds of harmful conduct possess sufficient means which enable him to restore the status quo if civilly sued; is conduct of this kind highly frequent; does certain behaviour have a special temptation, which can only be fought by the deterrent force of a criminal sanction; and especially, does the public conscience regard this form of behaviour a serious infringement of public values that justifies and demands public punitive reaction, irrespective of the wishes of the injured person.

In the decisions of the Israel Supreme Court delivered since the establishment of the State, one sometimes comes across the express or implied statement of the rule that: “the knowledge possessed by the accused at the time of the act that his conduct would lead to a consequence which the legislature desired to prevent, is by a construction of the law regarded as intention to bring about this consequence. ‘Knowledge’ in this context does not necessarily mean ‘full and certain’ knowledge that this consequence is inevitable but on the other hand it must be knowledge which reached a high degree of probability.”The object of this article is to clarify a few aspects of this rule (which, for the sake of brevity, will be referred to as the rule of “constructive intention”).

We have measured ultrasonic absorption in sinter-forged high Tc YBa2Cu3O7 − δ. Owing to the anisotropic properties of the sinter-forged samples, longitudinal ultrasonic attenuation measurements showed very strong anisotropy when waves were propagated parallel and perpendicular to the forging axis. Sound absorption was found to increase with decreasing temperature for shear waves travelling parallel to the forging axis.

Measurements of the attenuation of longitudinal ultrasound in superconducting UPt3, show a peak,below Hc2, which depends strongly on the orientation of the field relative to the c axis. We propose an explanation of this peak in terms of a vortex phase transition in an unconventional superconducting state, which is consistent with recent neutron-scattering data.