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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sheep manure in agricultural soils on the behavior of Folsomia candida and initial growth and development of Avena sativa. For this, an Oxisol was submitted to different doses of sheep manure and was subsequently evaluated for Folsomia candida survival and avoidance behavior through standardized ecotoxicological assays, the initial performance of oats by germination test and the soil basal respiration rate by respirometry methodology. There was an increase in the basal respiration rate of the soil by the application of sheep manure and this was consistent with the increase of the doses. The survival rate and avoidance behavior of springtails were not altered and there was no change in the initial performance of oats, indicating that this manure can be used for organic fertilization of soils with low soil pollutant potential.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de produção de leite ha-1 de três consorciações de aveia-preta e leguminosas em detrimento da aveia-preta estreme fertilizada com N mineral. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aveia-preta + 200kg de N ha-1 (Av+N); aveia-preta + trevo-branco (Av+Tb); aveia-preta + ervilhaca (Av+Er) e aveia-preta + trevo-vermelho (Av+Tv). As espécies foram implantadas em parcelas de 80m2, sob um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas previamente aos cortes, em três oportunidades, e o material foi avaliado quanto à produção de matéria seca, à composição químico-bromatológica (PB, EE, FDN, FDA, CNF, MM, digestibilidade estimada da matéria seca e digestibilidade do FDN em 48 horas) e à produção estimada de leite por área (kg ha-1). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A composição químico-bromatológica não diferiu entre os tratamentos Av+N e Av+Er em nenhum dos atributos avaliados. O tratamento Av+N proporcionou maior produção de leite por área em relação aos demais, explicado pela maior produção de MS.

RESUMO O presente trabalho visou empregar um estudo metanalítico para sumarizar e analisar dados sobre adubação nitrogenada em pastagens formadas por gramíneas dos gêneros Brachiaria, Cynodon e Panicum. Foram selecionados 36 trabalhos de pesquisa realizados no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos, incluindo artigos científicos, teses e dissertações. Com base nos dados contidos nesses trabalhos, foi calculado o incremento relativo de matéria seca e de proteína bruta em relação ao tratamento controle (ausência de adubação nitrogenada) e a eficiência da utilização do nitrogênio na produção de matéria seca e proteína bruta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância para efeito linear e quadrático em cada uma das variáveis dentro de cada gênero e, no caso de significância, foi realizada análise de regressão. A produção de matéria seca e de proteína bruta de forrageiras tropicais responde de forma expressiva à adubação nitrogenada, principalmente a segunda, porém o acréscimo nas doses de nitrogênio reduz a eficiência da adubação. Verificou-se uma frequente omissão de informações relevantes em trabalhos com adubação nitrogenada em pastagens.

Abstract Brazil is the biggest coffee producer in the world and different plantation management systems have been applied to improve sustainability and soil quality. Little is known about the environmental effects of these different management systems, therefore, the goal of this study was to use soil biological parameters as indicators of changes. Soils from plantations in Southeastern Brazil with conventional (CC), organic (OC) and integrated management systems containing intercropping of Brachiaria decumbens (IB) or Arachis pintoi (IA) were sampled. Total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial activity (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO2), the enzymes dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and number of spores and soil fauna were evaluated. The greatest difference between the management systems was seen in soil organic matter content. The largest quantity of TOC was found in the OC, and the smallest was found in IA. TOC content influenced soil biological parameters. The use of all combined attributes was necessary to distinguish the four systems. Each management presented distinct faunal structure, and the data obtained with the trap method was more reliable than the TSBF (Tropical Soils) method. A canonic correlation analysis showed that Isopoda was correlated with TOC and the most abundant order with OC. Isoptera was the most abundant faunal order in IA and correlated with MBC. Overall, OC had higher values for most of the biological measurements and higher populations of Oligochaeta and Isopoda, corroborating with the concept that the OC is a more sustainable system.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bioactivity of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil against larvae and adult forms of lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) and its influence on the soil fauna. Tests were performed in triplicate using pure tea tree oil (TTO; 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100%), TTO nanoparticles (1, 3, and 7.5%), or terpinen-4-ol, the main compound of the tea tree oil, at the same concentrations of TTO. Larvae and adult mortality occurred at concentrations up to 10 and 50% of TTO, respectively. No larvicidal or insecticidal effect of TTO nanoparticles was observed. Terpinen-4-ol showed insecticidal and larvicidal effect at concentrations higher than 25%. The evaluation of TTO effect on soil organisms was performed by standard ecotoxicological tests (ISO) with the springtail species Folsomia candida. Only TTO was used for ecotoxicological tests in doses of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 of soil. TTO had no negative effects on F. candida survival or reproduction. Therefore, it was concluded that M. alternifolia oil may be a new alternative for control of the lesser mealworm.

The increased production and expanding demand for cellulosic products have required companies to provide solutions for the proper disposal of generated residues without compromising soil quality. In this context, the current research aimed at evaluating the ecotoxicological impacts of dregs application in subtropical soils. The experiments were carried out with the earthworm Eisenia andrei, the springtail Folsomia candida, and the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus in two subtropical soils (Neosol and Cambisol) collected in the southern region of Brazil. The considerable differences in texture and organic matter content motivated the choosing of these soils. The reproductive rate of all organisms was influenced, with varying EC 50 values depending on the soil type. However, more pronounced effects were observed for Neosol. The springtail F. candida proved to be the most sensitive to contamination (EC 50  = 5.8 g kg -1 for Neosol and 48.5 g kg -1 for Cambisol), followed by the earthworm E. andrei (EC 50  = 62.4 g kg -1 for Neosol and 129.5 g kg -1 for Cambisol) and the potworm E. crypticus (EC 50  = 67.2 g kg -1 for Neosol and 230.4 g kg -1 for Cambisol). As a result, while dregs can be used to correct soil acidity, they have been shown to have negative effects on important organisms responsible for functions critical to maintaining ecosystem quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Habits are cue-behavior associations learned through repetition that are assumed to be relatively stable. Thereby, unhealthy habits can pose a health risk due to facilitating relapse. In the absence of research on habit decay in daily life, we aimed to investigate how habit decreases over time when trying to degrade a habit and whether this differs by four health-risk behaviors (sedentary behavior, unhealthy snacking, alcohol consumption, and smoking). This 91-day intensive longitudinal study included four parallel non-randomized groups (one per behavior; N = 194). Habit strength was measured daily with the Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index (11,805 observations) and modelled over time with constant, linear, quadratic, cubic, asymptotic, and logistic models. Person-specific modelling revealed asymptotic and logistic models as the most common best-fitting models (54% of the sample). The time for habit decay to stabilize ranged from 1 to 65 days. Multilevel modelling indicated substantial between-person heterogeneity and suggested initial habit strength but not the decay process to vary by behavioral group. Findings suggest that habit decay when trying to degrade a habit typically follows a decelerating negative trend but that it is a highly idiosyncratic process. Recommendations include emphasizing the role of person-specific modelling and data visualization in habit research., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Habit is a key psychological determinant for physical activity behavior change and maintenance. This study aims to deepen the understanding of habit formation in physical activity and identify promotion strategies. We examined the habit formation trajectory and its relationships with cue-behavior repetition (a cue-triggered 15-minute brisk walk) and unconditional physical activity (daily steps). We also tested whether the behavior change techniques (BCTs) 'commitment' and 'prompts and cues' promote habit, cue-behavior repetition, and daily steps within persons. This micro-randomized trial included a 7-day preparatory and a 105-day experimental phase delivered via the HabitWalk app. Participants (N = 24) had a 50% probability of receiving each BCT daily, leading to four conditions. Habit strength was assessed daily using the Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index, while cue-behavior repetition and steps were measured via an activity tracker. Person-specific growth functions indicated that habit strength trajectories were highly idiosyncratic. Multilevel models indicated a positive effect of cue-behavior repetition on habit strength, but not vice versa. The effect of habit strength on daily steps varied by the operationalization of cue-behavior repetition. Tentative findings suggest that commitment and prompts and cues are effective habit-promotion strategies when delivered together., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Hand hygiene behavior is crucial to counter the spread of infectious diseases. However, its adoption during the early stages of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic showed temporal fluctuations associated with the trajectory of the pandemic (e.g. new COVID-19 infections). Such associations can confound conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting hand hygiene during a pandemic. In this study, we performed a secondary analysis of a dataset from the optimization phase of Soapp, an app to promote hand hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a longitudinal study design to test whether the associations between the pandemic trajectory and hand hygiene behavior were still present one year after the outbreak (primary outcome) and whether they impacted conclusions about the effectiveness of Soapp (secondary outcome). Participants (N = 216) were randomized to different versions of Soapp and used an electronic diary to self-report their hand hygiene behavior multiple times during the study. We considered the following indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic from the country of Switzerland in the period between March and August 2021: total cases/deaths, increases in recent new cases/deaths, new cases/deaths, and number of administered doses of vaccine. Data were analyzed using a multilevel approach. Results suggested that there were no significant associations between hand hygiene and the indicators of the pandemic trajectory. However, models including total cases/deaths impacted the conclusions about Soapp's effectiveness. Implications from this study are that the development and evaluation of hand hygiene interventions during a pandemic context should account for the trajectory indicators to maximize their effectiveness and control for confounding effects., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.)

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Consistent physical activity is key for health and well-being, but it is vulnerable to stressors. The process of recovering from such stressors and bouncing back to the previous state of physical activity can be referred to as resilience. Quantifying resilience is fundamental to assess and manage the impact of stressors on consistent physical activity. In this tutorial, we present a method to quantify the resilience process from physical activity data. We leverage the prior operationalization of resilience, as used in various psychological domains, as area under the curve and expand it to suit the characteristics of physical activity time series. As use case to illustrate the methodology, we quantified resilience in step count time series (length = 366 observations) for eight participants following the first COVID-19 lockdown as a stressor. Steps were assessed daily using wrist-worn devices. The methodology is implemented in R and all coding details are included. For each person's time series, we fitted multiple growth models and identified the best one using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Then, we used the predicted values from the selected model to identify the point in time when the participant recovered from the stressor and quantified the resulting area under the curve as a measure of resilience for step count. Further resilience features were extracted to capture the different aspects of the process. By developing a methodological guide with a step-by-step implementation, we aimed at fostering increased awareness about the concept of resilience for physical activity and facilitate the implementation of related research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Hand hygiene is an effective behavior for preventing the spread of the respiratory disease COVID-19 and was included in public health guidelines worldwide. Behavior change interventions addressing hand hygiene have the potential to support the adherence to public health recommendations and, thereby, prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, randomized trials are largely absent during a pandemic; therefore, there is little knowledge about the most effective strategies to promote hand hygiene during an ongoing pandemic. This study addresses this gap by presenting the results of the optimization phase of a Multiphase Optimization Strategy of Soapp, a smartphone app for promoting hand hygiene in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic., Objective: This study aimed to identify the most effective combination and sequence of 3 theory- and evidence-based intervention modules (habit, motivation, and social norms) for promoting hand hygiene. To this end, 9 versions of Soapp were developed (conditions), and 2 optimization criteria were defined: the condition with the largest increase in hand hygiene at follow-up and condition with the highest engagement, usability, and satisfaction based on quantitative and qualitative analyses., Methods: This study was a parallel randomized trial with 9 intervention conditions defined by the combination of 2 intervention modules and their sequence. The trial was conducted from March to August 2021 with interested participants from the Swiss general population (N=232; randomized). Randomization was performed using Qualtrics (Qualtrics International Inc), and blinding was ensured. The duration of the intervention was 34 days. The primary outcome was self-reported hand hygiene at follow-up, which was assessed using an electronic diary. The secondary outcomes were user engagement, usability, and satisfaction assessed at follow-up. Nine participants were further invited to participate in semistructured exit interviews. A set of ANOVAs was performed to test the main hypotheses, whereas a thematic analysis was performed to analyze the qualitative data., Results: The results showed a significant increase in hand hygiene over time across all conditions. There was no interaction effect between time and intervention condition. Similarly, no between-group differences in engagement, usability, and satisfaction emerged. Seven themes (eg, "variety and timeliness of the task load" and "social interaction") were found in the thematic analysis., Conclusions: The effectiveness of Soapp in promoting hand hygiene laid the foundation for the next evaluation phase of the app. More generally, the study supported the value of digital interventions in pandemic contexts. The findings showed no differential effect of intervention conditions involving different combinations and sequences of the habit, motivation, and social norms modules on hand hygiene, engagement, usability, and satisfaction. In the absence of quantitative differences, we relied on the results from the thematic analysis to select the best version of Soapp for the evaluation phase., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04830761; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04830761., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055971., (©Dario Baretta, Melanie Alexandra Amrein, Carole Bäder, Gian Giacomo Ruschetti, Carole Rüttimann, Maria Del Rio Carral, Carlo Fabian, Jennifer Inauen. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 03.02.2023.)

Understanding the effects of forest-to-agriculture conversion on microbial diversity has been a major goal in soil ecological studies. However, linking community assembly to the ruling ecological processes at local and regional scales remains challenging. Here, we evaluated bacterial community assembly patterns and the ecological processes governing niche specialization in a gradient of geography, seasonality, and land-use change, totaling 324 soil samples, 43 habitat characteristics (abiotic factors), and 16 metabolic and co-occurrence patterns (biotic factors), in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, a subtropical biome recognized as one the world's largest and most threatened hotspots of biodiversity. Pairwise beta diversities were lower in pastures than in forest and no-till soils. Pasture communities showed a predominantly neutral model, regarding stochastic processes, with moderate dispersion, leading to biotic homogenization. Most no-till and forest microbial communities followed a niche-based model, with low rates of dispersal and weak homogenizing selection, indicating niche specialization or variable selection. Historical and evolutionary contingencies, as represented by soil type, season, and dispersal limitation were the main drivers of microbial assembly and processes at the local scale, markedly correlated with the occurrence of endemic microbes. Our results indicate that the patterns of assembly and their governing processes are dependent on the niche occupancy of the taxa evaluated (generalists or specialists). They are also more correlated with historical and evolutionary contingencies and the interactions among taxa (i.e., co-occurrence patterns) than the land-use change itself., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of untreated pig manure from diets incorporating growth-promoting supplements (antibiotics and Zn oxide) on the survival and reproduction of Eisenia andrei earthworms. The tested manures were obtained from four different groups of pigs fed with four different diets: CS, a diet based on corn and soymeal; TR, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%); CSa, a diet based on corn and soymeal + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide; and TRa, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%) + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide. The study used two soils representative of the Southern region of Brazil (Oxisol and Entisol). In general, there were no significant differences between the different manures tested in each soil. However, there were differences in the toxicity manure on E. andrei between the soils, and the magnitude of this effect was dependent on the applied dose. In Oxisol, LC 50 values were higher than 80 m 3  ha -1 , and EC 50 varied from 9 to 27 m 3  ha -1 . In Entisol, the LC 50 values were below the lowest dose tested (< 25 m 3  ha -1 ), and EC 50 remained around 5 m 3  ha -1 . It may be possible that the effects observed were attributed to an excess of nitrogen, copper, and zinc, promoted by the addition of the untreated manure and how these factors interacted with soil type., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on the toxicity of fipronil toward earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in two Brazilian soils (Entisol and Oxisol) with contrasting textures. In the case of Entisol, the influence of soil moisture content on toxicity was also investigated. Earthworms were exposed for 56 days to soils spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil (8.95, 19.48, 38.22, 155.61, and 237.81 mg kg -1 for Entisol; 12.99, 27.94, 48.42, 204.67, and 374.29 mg kg -1 for Oxisol) under scenarios with different combinations of temperature (20, 25 and 27 °C) and soil moisture content (60 and 30% of water holding capacity (WHC) for Entisol and 60% WHC for Oxisol). The number of juveniles produced was taken as the endpoint, and a risk assessment was performed based on the hazard quotient (HQ). In Entisol, at 60% WHC the fipronil toxicity decreased at 27 °C compared with the other temperatures tested (EC 50  = 52.58, 48.48, and 110 mg kg -1 for 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). In the case of Oxisol at 60% WHC, the fipronil toxicity increased at 27 °C compared with other temperatures (EC 50  = 277.57, 312.87, and 39.89 mg kg -1 at 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). An increase in fipronil toxicity was also observed with a decrease in soil moisture content in Entisol at 27 °C (EC 50  = 27.95 and 110 mg kg -1 for 30% and 60% WHC, respectively). The risk of fipronil was only significant at 27 °C in Entisol and Oxisol with water contents of 30% and 60% WHC, respectively, revealing that higher temperatures are able to increase the risk of fipronil toxicity toward earthworms depending on soil type and soil moisture content. The results reported herein show that soil properties associated with climatic shifts could enhance the ecotoxicological effects and risk of fipronil for earthworms, depending on the type of soil., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

We evaluated the toxicity and risk (via toxicity exposure ratio approach - TER) of the insecticide fipronil to collembolan's growth and reproduction in three tropical soils, under increasing atmospheric temperatures. Chronic toxicity tests were performed with Folsomia candida in tropical artificial soil (TAS), oxisol, and entisol spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil, at three room temperature scenarios: a standard (20 ± 2 °C), a tropical condition (25 ± 2 °C) and a global warming simulation (27 ± 2 °C). Temperatures influenced the fipronil effects on the species reproduction differently between soil types. In TAS and oxisol the highest toxicities (EC 50 -based) were found at 27 °C (EC 50 TAS = 0.81, 0.70, 0.31 mg kg -1 ; EC 50 OXISOL = 0.52, 0.54, 0.40 mg kg -1 ; at 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). In entisol, the toxicity at 27 °C was lower compared to 25 and 20 °C (EC 50 ENTISOL = 0.33, 0.24, 0.12 mg kg -1 , respectively). Fipronil concentrations also increased the proportion of small juveniles (growth reduction) in all tested soils. However, this effect was greater (EC 10 -based) at higher temperatures (25 and/or 27 °C), regardless of the soil type. TER approach revealed a significant risk of fipronil in entisol, regardless of the tested temperature, while in other soils the risk was found significant only at the higher temperatures (25 and 27 °C for TAS, and 27 °C for oxisol). These results indicate that exposures to fipronil at high temperatures (e.g., those resulting from climate change) can threaten F. candida populations, depending on the soil type., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The objective of the present study was to estimate whether physical activity on one day was associated with both sleep quality and quantity the following night and to examine to what extent sleep on one night was associated with physical activity the next day. We collected data from 33 young adults who were overweight or obese and consistently wore a Fitbit Charge 3. A total of 7094 days and nights were analyzed. Person-specific models were conducted to test the bi-directional associations for each participant separately. Results suggest an absence of association between steps and sleep efficiency in the two directions. More heterogeneous results were observed for the association between steps and total sleep time, with 19 participants (58%) showing a negative association between total sleep time and next day steps, and 9 (27%) showing a negative association between steps and next day total sleep time. Taken together, these results suggest a potential conflicting association between total sleep time and physical activity for some participants. Pre- and post-print doi: https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/nfjqv ; supplemental material: https://osf.io/y7nxg/ ., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study assessed the influence of three tropical soil types and soil moisture content on the toxicity and risk of the insecticide fipronil to collembolans Folsomia candida. Chronic toxicity tests were performed in a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS), an Oxisol and an Entisol spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil to assess the effects on the reproduction and growth of the species. The soil moisture contents were kept at 60% (standard condition) and 30 or 45% (water restriction) of their water holding capacity (WHC). The toxicity of fipronil on collembolans reproduction was about three times higher in Entisol compared to TAS or Oxisol. Higher toxicities were also found in the drier TAS (EC 50 30%WHC  = 0.20 vs EC 50 60%WHC  = 0.70 mg kg -1 ) and Oxisol (EC 50 45%WHC  = 0.27 vs EC 50 60%WHC  = 0.54 mg kg -1 ), while in Entisol lower impacts were found in the drier samples (EC 50 30%WHC  = 0.41 vs EC 50 60%WHC  = 0.24 mg kg -1 ). For all tested soils, the size of generated collembolans was reduced by the fipronil concentrations, regardless of soil moisture. However, the drier condition increased the effect on the growth in TAS and Entisol for some concentrations. A significant risk of exposure was found in TAS and Oxisol at drier conditions and, for Entisol, regardless of the soil moisture. The toxic effects and risk of fipronil on collembolans were higher in the natural sandy soil. The soil moisture content increase or decrease the toxicity of the insecticide for collembolans, depending on soil type., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Information concerning arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal geographical distribution in tropical and subtropical soils from the Atlantic Forest (a global hotspot of biodiversity) are scarce and often restricted to the evaluation of richness and abundance of AM fungal species at specific ecosystems or local landscapes. In this study, we hypothesized that AM fungal diversity and community composition in subtropical soils would display fundamental differences in their geographical patterns, shaped by spatial distance and land-use change, at local and regional scales. AM fungal community composition was examined by spore-based taxonomic analysis, using soil trap cultures. Acaulospora koskei and Glomus were found as generalists, regardless of mesoregions and land uses. Other Acaulospora species were also found generalists within mesoregions. Land-use change and intensification did not influence AM fungal composition, partially rejecting our first hypothesis. We then calculated the distance-decay of similarities among pairs of AM fungal communities and the distance-decay relationship within and over mesoregions. We also performed the Mantel test and redundancy analysis to discriminate the main environmental drivers of AM fungal diversity and composition turnover. Overall, we found significant distance-decays for all land uses. We also observed a distance-decay relationship within the mesoregion scale (< 104 km) and these changes were correlated mainly to soil type (not land use), with the secondary influence of both total organic carbon and clay contents. AM fungal species distribution presented significant distance-decays, regardless of land uses, which was indicative of dispersal limitation, a stochastic neutral process. Although, we found evidence that, coupled with dispersal limitation, niche differentiation also played a role in structuring AM fungal communities, driven by long-term historical contingencies, as represented by soil type, resulting from different soil origin and mineralogy across mesoregions., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sheep manure in agricultural soils on the behavior of Folsomia candida and initial growth and development of Avena sativa. For this, an Oxisol was submitted to different doses of sheep manure and was subsequently evaluated for Folsomia candida survival and avoidance behavior through standardized ecotoxicological assays, the initial performance of oats by germination test and the soil basal respiration rate by respirometry methodology. There was an increase in the basal respiration rate of the soil by the application of sheep manure and this was consistent with the increase of the doses. The survival rate and avoidance behavior of springtails were not altered and there was no change in the initial performance of oats, indicating that this manure can be used for organic fertilization of soils with low soil pollutant potential.

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.

Despite the positive health effect of physical activity, one third of the world's population is estimated to be insufficiently active. Prior research has mainly investigated physical activity on an aggregate level over short periods of time, e.g., during 3 to 7 days at baseline and a few months later, post-intervention. To develop effective interventions, we need a better understanding of the temporal dynamics of physical activity. We proposed here an approach to studying walking behavior at "high-resolution" and by capturing the idiographic and day-to-day changes in walking behavior. We analyzed daily step count among 151 young adults with overweight or obesity who had worn an accelerometer for an average of 226 days (~25,000 observations). We then used a recursive partitioning algorithm to characterize patterns of change, here sudden behavioral gains and losses, over the course of the study. These behavioral gains or losses were defined as a 30% increase or reduction in steps relative to each participants' median level of steps lasting at least 7 days. After the identification of gains and losses, fluctuation intensity in steps from each participant's individual time series was computed with a dynamic complexity algorithm to identify potential early warning signals of sudden gains or losses. Results revealed that walking behavior change exhibits discontinuous changes that can be described as sudden gains and losses. On average, participants experienced six sudden gains or losses over the study. We also observed a significant and positive association between critical fluctuations in walking behavior, a form of early warning signals, and the subsequent occurrence of sudden behavioral losses in the next days. Altogether, this study suggests that walking behavior could be well understood under a dynamic paradigm. Results also provide support for the development of "just-in-time adaptive" behavioral interventions based on the detection of early warning signals for sudden behavioral losses., Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal’s policy, and the authors of the study have the following competing interests to declare: Accenture provided support in the form of a salary for DB. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.

Objective: Despite evidence that goal setting is valuable for physical activity promotion, recent studies highlighted a potential oversimplification in the application of this behavior change technique. While more difficult performance goals might trigger higher physical activity levels, higher performance goals might concurrently be more difficult to achieve, which could reduce long-term motivation. This study examined (a) the association between performance goal difficulty and physical activity and (b) the association between performance goal difficulty and goal achievement., Method: This study used data from an e-Health intervention among inactive overweight adults ( n = 20). The study duration included a 2-week baseline period and an intervention phase of 80 days. During the intervention, participants received a daily step goal experimentally manipulated by taking participants' baseline physical activity median (i.e., number of steps) multiplied by a pseudorandom factor ranging from 1 to 2.6. A continuous measure of goal achievement was inferred for each day by dividing the daily number of steps by the goal prescribed that day. Linear and generalized additive models were fit for each participant., Results: The results confirm that, for a majority of the participants involved in the study, performance goal difficulty was positively and significantly associated with physical activity ( n = 14), but, concurrently, negatively and significantly associated with goal achievement ( n = 19). These associations were mainly linear., Conclusion: At the daily level, setting a higher physical activity goal leads to engaging in higher physical activity levels, but concurrently lower goal achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The influence of temperature on the chronic toxicity and risk of imidacloprid to soil non-target species was assessed in tropical soils. Earthworms Eisenia andrei and collembolans Folsomia candida were exposed to a tropical artificial soil (TAS) and two natural tropical soils from Brazil (Entisol and Oxisol) with increasing concentrations of imidacloprid under atmospheric temperatures of 20, 25 and 28 °C. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of both species was assessed through the number of juveniles and earthworm's growth, and the risk associated was estimated through the Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER). Toxicity of imidacloprid increased with temperature in all tested soils, being generally lower in TAS soil (EC 50 s of 1.48, 0.66 and 0.40 mg kg -1 for E. andrei and 0.3, 0.2 and 0.06 mg kg -1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) compared to Entisol (EC 50 s of 0.19, 0.03 and 0.14 mg kg -1 for E. andrei and 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 mg kg -1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) and Oxisol (EC 50 s of 0.21, 0.07, 0.06 mg kg -1 for E. andrei and 0.16, 0.09, 0.06 mg kg -1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) within each temperature for both species. These values indicate that properties of TAS may not be representative of natural/local soils to adequately estimate the toxicity of pesticides to non-target soil species. At higher temperatures, the variability of imidacloprid toxicity between soils was lower, which suggests that the influence of soil properties on imidacloprid toxicity was overshadowed by temperature. TER values revealed that risk is also greater at higher temperatures. Data reported enforce the need for the inclusion of more realistic conditions in single-species tests in prospective risk assessment of pesticides to avoid underestimation of risk to non-target species., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)