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New data are presented on tornadoes over land in Russia for the period of 1900–2018 based on various sources. In total, information on 1763 tornadoes was collected, including 993 tornadoes from eyewitness reports on tornado passage and/or associated impacts and 770 tornadoes from satellite data on tornado-induced windthrows. Both single tornadoes and tornado outbreaks, the cases of formation of several tornadoes within one meso- or synoptic-scale system, were reported. On average for 2009–2018, more than 100 tornadoes are observed in Russia per year, including 15 significant tornadoes (with a wind speed $${>}50$$ m/s) and one intense tornado (with a wind speed $${>}70$$ m/s). In some years, these rates can be significantly higher and reach 342, 52, and three tornadoes per year, respectively. Tornadoes are observed on about 41 days per year, up to 68 days per annum in some years. The frequency of occurrence of tornadoes of different categories and the probability of their passage over a point on the ground were estimated. These estimates can be further used to assess a risk of tornado-hazardous situations. The general underestimation of the number of tornadic events in routine meteorological observations and existent statistics is discussed.

The study presents the new system for operational short-range numerical weather prediction with the grid spacing of 1 km for the Moscow region that considers the features of urbanized surface and is based on the COSMO-Ru1M model configuration. This system is implemented in the Hydrometcenter of Russia. The results of the trial testing of the optimum model configuration for the Moscow region using observations from the dense network of weather stations and MTP-5 temperature profilers are presented. High prediction capabilities of the new forecasting system are demonstrated. The approaches to the minimization of the time of calculations for the technology chain implemented at the Roshydromet supercomputer are described. A case study of modeling with the grid spacing of 500 m versus 1000 m for summer convective weather events in the Moscow region has been analyzed.

The COSMO-Ru1Mp prototype of the numerical weather prediction system for the Moscow region with a grid spacing of 1 km and with the included and adapted TERRA_URB parameterization module for the urban areas is implemented. The module is provided with necessary information on the urban development and on the sources of anthropogenic heat based on the adaptation of open data. The module is interfaced with the COSMO-Ru operational system for the regional numerical weather prediction developed in the Hydrometcenter of Russia. The primary testing of the COSMO-Ru1Mp is performed, including daily forecasts based on operational data. The advantage of this forecast system and the prospects of its further development are revealed.

The paper presents the review of studies of cognitive behavioral therapy efficacy for patients with depression and anxiety after acute cerebral blood flow disturbance. The possibilities of adapting and modifying cognitive behavior methods of intervention to suit the needs and specific features of these patients are discussed. Organization of therapy sessions for patients with cognitive and emotional impairments during rehabilitation after acute cerebral blood flow disturbance is described. The common structure of the psychotherapeutic process and the peculiarities of behavioral and cognitive interventions are considered.

Objective. In article describes two original algorithms for the analysis of video-oculographic data and analyses the effectiveness of these algorithms to assess the current functional condition of a person. One of the algorithms is designed for estimating macrosaccades curvature and the other - to evaluate the smoothness of target tracking. Both algorithms are based on geometric methods of videooculographic data processing. Methods. The assess of the algorithms effectiveness was realized on the model of alcohol intoxication (used the medium doses of alcohol - 0.8 g of 96 % alcohol per 1 kg of body weight). For the simulation of saccadic movements and smooth tracking we developed two psychomotor tests, which were evaluated by two key indicators: the curvature of microsaccade and smooth target tracking. Results. The results showed that the operator's activity disorders were usually accompanied by disturbance of the smooth oculomotor tracking. However the significant changes in the curvature of macrosaccades were not observed. Conclusions. Indicators of the smooth oculomotor tracking turned out to be quite informative for assessing the functional state of a person during the activity and can be used for practical diagnosis. Indicators of curvature of microsaccade were not sufficiently sensitive to the negative external factors and can't be used for practical diagnosis of the current condition of the person.

The article describes a videooculographic method to detect functional state disorders in operators in the target tracking test. The method is an improved version of the smooth pursuit test and can be used to detect and to estimate the effects of various adverse factors on operators in laboratory experiments. The method is noninvasive, allows a continuous data recording for a long period of time with the subject in comfortable conditions, and may employ various videooculographic devices (including portable and low-cost models). As an example, a series of experiments was performed to detect the negative effects of alcohol intoxication. A linear relationship was observed between changes in parameters of oculomotor reactions and changes in reaction time to the target stimulus.

The paper discusses a model for warning about leaks of electronic documents, describes a possible structure of a system for monitoring document leaks. Within the framework of the paper, the model is verified by evidence and formal methods.

Considered are the formation conditions of the severe tornado in the South Urals (in the Republic of Bashkortostan) on August 29, 2014. It is noted that the tornado was associated with the supercell, and the synoptic conditions of its formation corresponded to the type 1 according to the classification proposed by A.I. Snitkovskii in 1987. Estimated are the tornado basic characteristics: the vortex funnel width is 150-200 m, and the maximum wind speed is 65 m/s. It is revealed that the tornado was of EF3 category following the enhanced Fujita scale. Proposed is the simple index of convective instability based on the data of ground-based observations for diagnosing the tornado genesis environments.

The paper summarizes literature data on the importance of oxidative stress as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. The paper describes the main specific and nonspecific ways of reactive oxygen species generation in the course of the disease development. The effect of reactive oxygen species generated by the functional activity of cells, i.e. apoptosis and mitotic cycle, is shown. The role of the regulatory system of nodal cells is performed by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process which is associated with intense phosphorylation of tau protein and mitosis-specific proteins. In Alzheimer's disease, the regulating function of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in particular of Pin1 associated with maintaining a balanced state of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes is disturbed. Taking into consideration the multifactorial impairment of the cell cycle control, this process should be considered from the standpoint of the general state of metabolic processes, and oxidative stress has one of the key positions in aging.Obobshcheny literaturnye dannye o znachimosti okislitel'nogo stressa v kachestve odnogo iz patogeneticheskikh zven'ev bolezni Al'tsgeĭmera. Otrazheny osnovnye spetsificheskie i nespetsificheskie puti generatsii aktivnykh form kisloroda pri razvitii bolezni. Pokazano vliianie generiruemykh aktivnykh form kisloroda na funktsional'nuiu aktivnost' kletok – apoptoz i mitoticheskiĭ tsikl. Rol' uzlovoĭ reguliatornoĭ sistemy kletok pri étom vypolniaiut protsessy fosforilirovaniia/defosforilirovaniia, chto sopriazheno s intensivnym fosforilirovaniem belka tau, belkov, uchastvuiushchikh v mitoze. Pri bolezni Al'tsgeĭmera narushaetsia reguliruiushchaia funktsiia peptidil-prolilizomeraz, v chastnosti, Pin1, sviazannaia s podderzhaniem sbalansirovannogo sostoianiia protsessov fosforilirovaniia/defosforilirovaniia. Uchityvaia mnogofaktornost' narusheniia kontrolia kletochnogo tsikla, sleduet rassmatrivat' étot protsessa s pozitsiĭ obshchego sostoianiia metabolicheskikh protsessov, odnu iz kliuchevykh pozitsiĭ kotorykh pri starenii organizma zanimaet okislitel'nyĭ stress.

The review summarizes literature data on the importance of oxidative stress as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Special attention is paid to the main specific and nonspecific ways of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the course of the disease development. Generated ROS influence functional activity of cells, particularly, apoptosis and the mitotic cycle. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes associated with intense phosphorylation of tau protein and mitosis-specific proteins play the nodal regulatory role in the cell. Alzheimer’s disease is accompanied by impairments of the regulatory functions of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases, particularly, Pin1 involved in maintaining a balanced state of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. Taking into consideration the multifactorial impairment of the cell cycle control, this process should be considered from the viewpoint of the general state of metabolic processes, and oxidative stress has one of the key positions in aging.

Visuomotor coordination is required for successful performance of activities. Different types of tasks, such as getting into cars or working in static conditions require various coordination patterns with different levels of interaction between eye and hand movements. A psychomotor test was developed for analysis of impairments to visuomotor coordination induced by decreases in the level of arousal. The test is as follows: a small round spot (14 mm in diameter) was used as the target spot, and this moved across a monitor screen at a constant slow rate (12 mm/sec) in a circular orbit of diameter 70 mm with a period of 20 sec. Subjects were told: “Keep the mouse cursor inside the target object. If the cursor comes out of the moving target, this will be counted as an error.” Subjects’ reactivity levels were tested by introducing occasional presentations of an additional moving target, which had to be caught with the mouse as quickly as possible, with a click of the mouse button. The trajectory of the mouse cursor was recorded with a time resolution of 120 Hz. Eye movements were recorded using a contactless eye movement video detection system (Eyegaze Development System, LC Technologies, USA), which is based on reflection of infrared light from the cornea and allows the coordinates of gaze direction to be measured with a time resolution of 120 Hz. The monotonous nature of the test decreased the level of arousal and induced a drowsy state, which led to the occurrence of errors 30–40 min from the start of the experiment. The dynamics of the physiological level of arousal were identified electroencephalographically. Analysis of the time characteristics of slow tracking and fast saccadic eye movements and of hand movements showed them to be highly sensitive to decreases in work capacity induced by decreases in the level of arousal. Further development of this approach will facilitate the development of a contactless method for the rapid diagnosis of critical levels of drowsiness and for identifying the professional characteristics of human operators requiring high levels of visuomotor coordination.

Expert and instrumental assessment covered efficiency of telemechanic system controlling train operators wakefulness in simulation of real night travel, through special simulator complex "Locomotive operator cabin". The telemechanic system controlling train operators wakefulness, if exploited correctly, provides wakefulness of the train operators at the level sufficient for the effective work. That is supported by distribution of falling asleep cases in experiments with activated or deactivated telemechanic system controlling train operators wakefulness. The study proved efficiency of telemechanic system controlling train operators wakefulness.

Visual-motor coordination is necessary for successful performance of everyday activities. Many tasks, such as driving or operating devices in the workplace, require a variety of coordination patterns with different levels of compatibility between the eyes and the hand. The psychomotor test was developed which makes it possible to analyze visual-motor coordination disorders caused by a decrease in the level of wakefulness. A small circular target (14 mm in diameter) was moving with a low constant velosity (12 mm/s) in a circular trajectory (80 mm in diameter) with a period of 20 s. Subjects were instructed to keep the mouse-driven cursor inside a target, overstepping the limits of the moving target was considered as an error. To test the attention level, an additional stimulus was introduced which appeared for 3 seconds with an interval of 15 to 40 s. When the stimulus appeared, it was required to touch it with the cursor and click the mouse button. Cursor trajectories have a temporal resolution of 120 Hz. Eye movements were recorded with a PC-based Eyegaze Development System (LC Technologies, USA) measuring corneal reflectance with a collection rate of 120 Hz. Monotonous character of the test performance induced drowsiness and led to errors 25-30 minutes after the beginning of the experiment. Changes in physiological vigilance level was evaluated with EEG recording. Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of smooth and saccadic eye movements and hand movements showed their high sensitivity to a decrease in efficiency of operator's activity caused by a drop in the level of wakefulness. It is suggested that further development of this approach to measuring eye-hand coordination will promote working out a contactless method for the express diagnostics of the critical levels of drowsiness as well as for the definition of professional characteristics of an operator.

Effects of low doses of ethanol on indices of spatial organization of cortical potentials (spatial synchronization, coherence, spectral power and information-power index) under the closed- and open-eyes conditions and during performance of divergent and convergent non-verbal and verbal tasks. Ethanol effect was shown to be more expressed under the open eyes-conditions as compared to that with the closed eyes. This finding may be associated with the greater effect of the stream of afferent information in the former case. Changes in topographical characteristics of the spatial synchronization of cortical potentials were more clearly localized and "specific" during divergent thinking as compared to the convergent type. Changes in the spectral power and information-power index testify to greater sensitivity to ethanol of divergent type of thinking as compared to convergent type. Psychological testing of stress resistance and impulsivity also showed a greater effect of ethanol on divergent thinking.

This work was aimed at a search for EEG corellates of efficiency of nonverbal creative performance. Standardized Torrens technique which makes it possible to quantitatively assess creativity was used. The EEG records were performed before and during test performance, EEG parameters were compared to Torrens scores on three scales: flexibility, originality and efficiency. Absolute values of spatial synchronization, coherence and spectral power both in the baseline and during the performance were calculated. Changes in these parameters were traced during the transition from the state of quiet wakefulness to creative performance. The narrow-band analysis of coherence and spectral power allowed the number and orientation of processes associated with creativity scales to be assessed. The absence of substantial EEG changes during the test performance is indicative of the steady, nondynamical functional state of the brain.