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耳源性眩晕占所有眩晕病例的半数以上，其致病机制复杂，涉及多个感觉系统和中枢信息整合，临床诊断与疗效分析普遍缺乏客观指标。前庭相关中枢网络是形成眩晕感知的最终部位，其功能改变可能是眩晕的后果及其症状慢性持续的潜在原因。脑功能评估技术从高级中枢角度探索了耳源性眩晕的特征，证实了患者的皮层多感觉前庭皮质网络发生了活动性及功能连通性改变，为临床认识提供了新的视角。本文阐述了耳源性眩晕脑功能改变的研究进展，并着重探讨脑电图在此领域的应用现状与前景。.

Persistent geotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus (DCPN) has been described in recent years as no latency or fatigability but a null plane when head is turned toward the affected side. Different from the canalolithiasis of horizontal semicircular canal, it is similar with cupulolithiasis, but the direction of nystagmus are opposite. Light cupula theory has been used to explain the characteristics of this unique nystagmus. In this paper, the characteristics, possible etiologies, pathogenesis, related diseases, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of DCPN are reviewed.持续性向地性变向性位置性眼震(direction-changing positional nystagmus，DCPN)是近年来临床上新发现的一种位置性眼震，持续时间大于1 min，无潜伏期，无疲劳性，且存在眼震消失平面(又称零平面、无效平面)。眼震特征明显不同于管结石型水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕，反而类似于嵴帽结石症，但眼震方向与嵴帽结石症相反，因此"轻嵴帽"的假说被提出，用于解释这一眼震特征。本文对持续性向地性DCPN的特征、可能病因、发生机制、相关疾病、诊断、治疗和预后等进行综述。.

Estibular migraineis a common disease with symptoms of vertigo and migraine，which is the most common type of recurrent vertigo. The overall prevalence rate of the population is up to 1%. However, owing to its diversity of symptoms, large individual differences, the scarcity of professional clinical knowledge and the lack of effective diagnostic means, the rate of misdiagnosis is very high. Therefore, this article summarized the parts of clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment and prevention of vestibular migraine.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder,which is defined as a disorder of the inner ear characterized by repeated episodes of positional vertigo as changes in head position.The effective positioning maneuvers has made BPPV the most successfully treated type of vertigo.However,some patients experience a serious disturbance with residual vertigo,light cupula and persistent or repeated attacks of BPPV even after several trials of canalith repositioning procedures.In this article,the challenge as light cupula,management of residual vertigo and repeated attacks of BPPV after canalith repositioning procedures were reviewed.

The gracilis was once applied in reconstructing erectile function but its appearance was bulky. We aimed to design a model meeting the requirements of both reducing volume and retaining function.The gracilis muscles of 6 rabbits were harvested, applied colorful vascular perfusion and modified Sihler's intramuscular nerve staining. According to their intramuscular nerves and blood vessels, 9 rabbit right gracilis muscles were then longitudinally split into two halves. The anterior muscle bundle was selected as the functional unit and blood supply.The intramuscular nerves and vessels were simultaneously presented on a same specimen. Their relationship suggested gracilis muscle to be composed of two relatively independent subunits. The reconstructed penis survived well, simulating erectile action satisfactorily.The penis model reconstructed with longitudinally split rabbit segmental gracilis myocutaneous flap had met the requirements of both restoring erectile function and improving the appearance.

This paper developed an in vivo bioassay method of determining bioactivity of compounds against Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants, instead of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. To confirm whether this method could be used to screen active compounds against this fungus or not, experiments were conducted using the five fungicides tricyclazole, kasugamycin, thiophanatemethyl, iprobenfos and salicylic acid with different action modes. The results showed there were close correlation in disease severity and no significant difference in EC50 values between rice and barley, and the coefficients of variations of EC50 values were similar between rice and barley for the four tested fungicides in both detachedleaf-segment and pot-seedling tests. The advantage in bioactivity determination with barley was timesaving. Plant materials could be used at the 1-leaf stage for barley while at the 5-leaf stage for rice. So it shortened about 14 days for the preparation of plant materials for tests.

Field trials in two cropping seasons and two locations in central China were conducted on 60 Chinese autumn-sown wheat varieties to assess their partial resistance to powdery mildew. Mean levels of disease severity ranged from close to 0 to more than 90%. The method of inoculation and the location in which trials were conducted affected the relative performance of the varieties, but these effects were much smaller than the main effect of variety. The area under the disease progress curve was highly correlated with final disease severity, but both were poorly correlated with apparent infection rate. Disease severity was regressed against frequencies of virulence in the Blumeria graminis (syn. Erysiphe graminis) f sp. tritici populations in the trial plots. A vertical distance (D) from the mean mildew severity to the fitted line was calculated for each variety and was used to quantify partial resistance. Five of the 60 varieties, ‘Hx8541’, ‘E28547’, ‘Chuan1066’, ‘Zhe88pin6’ and ‘Lin5064’, consistently expressed relatively low levels of disease despite high frequencies of virulence in the pathogen and had consistently high D-values. They may therefore have good levels of partial resistance.

The effects of bretylium tosylate (BT) on the electrophysiologic properties of normal and digitalized papillary muscles isolated from guinea pigs were studied with regular glass microelectrode. BT prolonged effective refractory period (ERP) and action potential duration (APD) of normal papillary muscles. The ERP and APD of papillary muscles were shortened by perfusion with ouabain (Oua) 0.2 mumol.L-1. No recovery was seen in perfusion without drug for 30 min. In digitalized papillary muscles with Oua, ERP, APD90, and APD50 were prolonged by BT 120 mumol.L-1 form 175 +/- 20, 187 +/- 20, and 146 +/- 21 ms to 222 +/- 21, 220 +/- 19, and 190 +/- 19 ms, respectively. The results demonstrated that BT can prolong ERP and APD of papillary muscles digitalized with Oua.

Sophocarpine prolonged the action potential duration of guinea pig papillary muscle in a dose-dependent manner. After the preparations were exposed to sophocarpine 50 mumol/L for 30 min, APD50 and APD90 were prolonged from 189 +/- 21 and 216 +/- 24 ms to 205 +/- 27 and 241 +/- 25 ms (P less than 0.01). Simultaneously, ERP was prolonged from 202 +/- 14 to 211 +/- 16 ms, although the ERP/APD90 ratio was not changed. Sophocarpine had no significant effects on other AP parameters. Propranolol did not block sophocarpine effects.