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Purpose: Body size is a major determinant of patient's dose during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Body mass index, body surface area (BSA), lean body mass and weight are commonly used estimates for body size. We aim to identify which of these measures and which procedural/clinical characteristics can better predict received dose., Methods: Dose area product (DAP, Gycm 2 ), fluoroscopy DAP rate (Gycm 2 /min), fluoroscopy DAP (Gycm 2 ), cine-angiography DAP (Gycm 2 ), Air Kerma (mGy) were selected as indices of patient radiation dose. Different clinical/procedural variables were analysed in multiple linear regression models with previously mentioned patient radiation dose parameters as end points. The best model for each of them was identified., Results: Overall 6623 PCI were analysed, median fluoroscopy DAP rate was 35 [IQR 2.7,4.4] Gycm 2 , median total DAP was 62.7 [IQR 38.1,107] Gycm 2 . Among all anthropometric variables, BSA showed the best correlation with all radiation dose parameters considered. Every 1 m 2 increment in BSA added 4.861 Gycm 2 /min (95% CI [4.656, 5.067]) to fluoroscopy DAP rate and 164 Gycm 2 (95% CI [145.3, 182.8]) to total DAP. Height and female sex were significantly associated to a reduction in fluoroscopy DAP rate and total DAP. Coronary angioplasty, diabetes, basal creatinine and the number of treated vessels were associated to higher values., Conclusions: Main determinants of patient radiation dose are: BSA, female sex, height and number of treated vessels. In an era of increasing PCI complexity and obesity prevalence, these results can help clinicians tailoring X-ray administration to patient's size., (Copyright © 2022 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica e Sanitaria. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the setting of critically ill patients. Pneumonia, and in particular community-acquired pneumonia, is one of the most common causes of illness and hospital admission worldwide. This article aims to review the association between AF and acute diseases, with specific attention to pneumonia, from the pathophysiology to its clinical significance. Even though the relationship between pneumonia and AF has been known for years, it was once considered a transient bystander. In recent years there has been growing knowledge on the clinical significance of this arrhythmia in acute clinical settings, in which it holds a prognostic role which is not so different as compared to that of the so-called "primary" AF. AF is a distinct entity even in the setting of pneumonia, and acute critical illnesses in general, and it should therefore be managed with a guidelines-oriented approach, including prescription of anticoagulants in patients at thromboembolic risk, always considering patients' individuality. More data on the significance of the arrhythmia in this setting will help clinicians to give patients the best possible care., Competing Interests: GB: small speaker fee from Medtronic, Boston, Boehringer Ingelheim and Bayer. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Giuseppe Boriani is serving as one of the Guest editors of this journal. We declare that Giuseppe Boriani had no involvement in the peer review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Giuseppe Nasso and Giuseppe Santarpino., (Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Background: This paper aims to evaluate the concordance between the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula and alternative equations and to assess their predictive power for all-cause mortality in unselected patients discharged alive from a cardiology ward., Methods: We retrospectively included patients admitted to our Cardiology Division independently of their diagnosis. The total population was classified according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) categories, as follows: G1 (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); G2 (eGFR 89-60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); G3a (eGFR 59-45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); G3b (eGFR 44-30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); G4 (eGFR 29-15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); G5 (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Cockcroft-Gault (CG), CG adjusted for body surface area (CG-BSA), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Berlin Initiative Study (BIS-1), and Full Age Spectrum (FAS) equations were also assessed., Results: A total of 806 patients were included. Good agreement was found between the CKD-EPI formula and CG-BSA, MDRD, BIS-1, and FAS equations. In subjects younger than 65 years or aged ≥85 years, CKD-EPI and MDRD showed the highest agreement (Cohen's kappa (K) 0.881 and 0.588, respectively) while CG showed the lowest. After a median follow-up of 407 days, overall mortality was 8.2%. The risk of death was higher in lower eGFR classes (G3b HR4.35; 95%CI 1.05-17.80; G4 HR7.13; 95%CI 1.63-31.23; G5 HR25.91; 95%CI 6.63-101.21). The discriminant capability of death prediction tested with ROC curves showed the best results for BIS-1 and FAS equations., Conclusion: In our cohort, the concordance between CKD-EPI and other equations decreased with age, with the MDRD formula showing the best agreement in both younger and older patients. Overall, mortality rates increased with the renal function decreasing. In patients aged ≥75 years, the best discriminant capability for death prediction was found for BIS-1 and FAS equations.

Introduction: Remote monitoring (RM) of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) allows rapid detection of clinical and electrical events. Recently, several smartphone applications have been developed with the aim of improving patient compliance and better interpreting and integrating data deriving from remote control for the management of heart failure (HF)., Areas Covered: Studies investigating the role of CIEDs' RM in HF patients to predict and early treat acute decompensation. The importance of new technologies and applications developed to provide crucial information to clinicians, to better manage HF patients., Expert Opinion: New medical technologies and smartphone applications for CIEDs' RM were developed to help clinicians in the management of CIED carriers. Indeed, the accessibility of technological devices (e.g. smartphones) and the improvements in medical technology provide the opportunity to optimize HF patients' monitoring by the transmission of device-related data, and with direct involvement of patients themselves. Thanks to these advancements, physicians have the possibility to recognize worsening signs of HF and promptly optimize treatments to potentially avoid hospitalization. The great value of this approach is its potential of reducing scheduled in-office visits or unnecessary medical contacts and optimizing healthcare resources management.

Introduction: Infections are complications of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) procedures, associated with high mortality (20-25% at 1 year), long hospitalizations (23-30 days), and high costs for health-care systems (often higher than 30.000 €). The incidence rates are around 1-4%. Prevention strategies appear to be the best approach for minimizing the occurrence of CIED infections, but in real-world, the recommendations for the best practices are not always followed. Among the recommended preventive measures, the antibacterial envelope has proven to be effective in reducing CIED-related infections., Areas Covered: Published studies investigate the role of antibacterial envelopes in infection prevention and the use of infection risk scores to select high-risk patients undergoing CIED implantation/replacement who can benefit from additional preventive measures., Expert Opinion: A proficient selection of the best candidates for the antibacterial envelope can be the basis for reducing the healthcare system's costs, in line with the principles of cost-effectiveness. Risk scores have been developed to select patients at high risk of CIED infections and their use appears simple and more complete than individual factors alone. Among them, the PADIT score seems to be effective in selecting patients eligible for antibacterial envelope insertion, with a good cost-effectiveness profile.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of telemedicine has represented a new potential option for outpatient care. The aim of our study was to evaluate digital literacy among cardiology outpatients., Methods: From March to June 2020, a survey on telehealth among cardiology outpatients was performed. Digital literacy was investigated through six main domains: age; sex; educational level; internet access; availability of internet sources; knowledge and use of teleconference software programs., Results: The study included 1067 patients, median age 70 years, 41.3% females. The majority of the patients (58.0%) had a secondary school degree, but among patients aged ≥ 75 years old the most represented educational level was primary school or none. Overall, for internet access, there was a splitting between "never" (42.1%) and "every day" (41.0%), while only 2.7% answered "at least 1/month" and 14.2% "at least 1/week". In the total population, the most used devices for internet access were smartphones (59.0%), and WhatsApp represented the most used app (57.3%). Internet users were younger compared to non-internet users (63 vs . 78 years old, respectively) and with a higher educational level. Age and educational level were associated with non-use of internet (age-per 10-year increase odds ratio (OR) = 3.07, 95% CI: 2.54-3.71, secondary school OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.12-0.26, university OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02-0.10)., Conclusions: Telemedicine represents an appealing option to implement medical practice, and for its development it is important to address the gaps in patients' digital skills, with age and educational level being key factors in this setting., (Copyright and License information: Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2021.)

Red cell distribution width (RDW) has been shown to predict adverse outcomes in specific scenarios. We aimed to assess the association between RDW and all-cause death and a clinically relevant composite endpoint in a population with various clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. We retrospectively analyzed 700 patients (median age 72.7 years [interquartile range, IQR, 62.6-80]) admitted to the Cardiology ward between January and November 2016. Patients were divided into tertiles according to baseline RDW values. After a median follow-up of 3.78 years (IQR 3.38-4.03), 153 (21.9%) patients died and 247 (35.3%) developed a composite endpoint (all-cause death, acute coronary syndromes, transient ischemic attack/stroke, and/or thromboembolic events). With multivariate Cox regression analysis, the highest RDW tertile was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-4.56) and of the composite endpoint (adjusted HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.53-3.24). RDW showed a good predictive ability for all-cause death (C-statistics: 0.741, 95% CI 0.694-0.788). In a real-world cohort of patients, we found that higher RDW values were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and clinical adverse cardiovascular events thus proposing RDW as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular patients.

Background: In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, the presence of symptoms can guide the decision between rate or rhythm control therapy, but it is still unclear if AF-related outcomes are determined by symptomatic status of their clinical presentation., Methods: We performed a systematic review and metanalysis following the PRISMA recommendations on available studies that compared asymptomatic to symptomatic AF reporting data on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and thromboembolic events (TEs). We included studies with a total number of patients enrolled equal to or greater than 200, with a minimum follow-up period of six months., Results: From the initial 5476 results retrieved after duplicates' removal, a total of 10 studies were selected. Overall, 81,462 patients were included, of which 21,007 (26%) were asymptomatic, while 60,455 (74%) were symptomatic. No differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients regarding the risks of all-cause death (odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.32), and cardiovascular death (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.54-1.39). No differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were evident for stroke (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.77-1.93) and stroke/TE (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.86-1.31) risks., Conclusions: Mortality and stroke/TE events in AF patients were unrelated to symptomatic status of their clinical presentation. Adoption of management strategies in AF patients should not be based on symptomatic clinical status.