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Authors thank AWE and the EPSRC (EP/K015540/1) for funding. JTSI acknowledges a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit award. We thank the STFC for beam-time. Thermal batteries are an established primary battery technology and the most commonly used cathodes in these batteries are transition metal disulfides MS2 (where M = Co, Ni and Fe). However, understanding the evolution of crystalline phases upon battery discharge has been hindered due to the high temperature operation of these batteries. Here we report an experiment that simultaneously collects powder neutron diffraction and electrochemical data as the battery is discharged. Four regions are observed in the diffraction data and four different cobalt containing phases are observed. Multi-phase Rietveld refinement has been used to monitor the evolution of phases during discharge and this is linked to the battery discharge profile. A new discharge mechanism has been proposed which involves hexagonal CoS instead of Co3S4, and the increase in unit cell parameters on discharge suggests the formation of a sulfur deficient solid solution before transformation to Co9S8. This behavior seems reminiscent of that of NiS2 suggesting that the discharge mechanisms of transition metal disulfides may have more similarities than originally thought. Publisher PDF

Recently we have undertaken a preliminary study on the introduction of concept mapping into a physical chemistry module being delivered to non-chemistry specialist students. Previously this module was known for being conceptually challenging and more unpopular amongst biological sciences students than other biological modules of similar difficulty. Here, we discuss the introduction of concept maps at certain points in the module to assist with student’s ability to connect ideas and therefore answer questions they have not previously been able answer reliably. These are combined with additional large group workshops and in-lecture examples to help the students to connect the questions with the course content. Also included are the experiences of the staff delivering the module before and after this introduction and some qualitative feedback from the students involved. This study has since lead to a change in the way introductory physical chemistry is taught to non-chemistry students at Surrey and has informed teaching methods for subsequent years.

In this paper we report structural data for the Li ion conducting garnet-related systems, Li 6 ALa 2 Nb 2 O 12 (A = Ca, Sr). For both systems, the cell is cubic, space group Ia–3d, with the Li ions located in two partially occupied crystallographic sites, Li1 and Li2. High temperature studies for the A = Sr system show an increased occupancy of the Li2 site at higher temperatures. Both samples have high Li ion conductivity in agreement with previous results, and quenching the samples from elevated temperatures leads to an enhancement in the room temperature conductivity, which may be related to either increased occupancy of the Li2 site or reduced Li ion defect clustering/alkaline earth dopant-defect association in the quenched sample.

In this paper the synthesis, conductivity, and structure of the garnet-related Li ion conductor, Li5Nd3Sb2O12, are reported. As for the related Li5La3M2O12 (M = Nb, Ta) materials, this phase shows high Li ion conductivity, with a conductivity at 300 degrees C of 9.2 x 10(-3) S cm(-1). Structural studies using neutron diffraction indicate a cubic unit cell, space group Ia-3d, with Li located in two partially occupied sites. One of the sites is the traditional garnet structure tetrahedral site, while the other Li site is considerably more distorted. Although the latter is nominally a six coordinate site, a close inspection suggests that the coordination could be described as distorted tetrahedral, with the remaining two bonds being significantly longer (approximate to 2.6 angstrom)

We present new approaches to reservoir modeling and flow simulation that dispose of the pillar-grid concept that has persisted since reservoir simulation began. This results in significant improvements to the representation of multiscale geologic heterogeneity and the prediction of flow through that heterogeneity. The research builds on more than 20 years of development of innovative numerical methods in geophysical fluid mechanics, refined and modified to deal with the unique challenges associated with reservoir simulation. Geologic heterogeneities, whether structural, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, or diagenetic in origin, are represented as discrete volumes bounded by surfaces, without reference to a predefined grid. Petrophysical properties are uniform within the geologically defined rock volumes, rather than within grid cells. The resulting model is discretized for flow simulation by use of an unstructured, tetrahedral mesh that honors the architecture of the surfaces. This approach allows heterogeneity over multiple length-scales to be explicitly captured by use of fewer cells than conventional corner-point or unstructured grids. Multiphase flow is simulated by use of a novel mixed finite-element formulation centered on a new family of tetrahedral element types, P-N(DG)-PN+1,which has a discontinuous Nth-order polynomial representation for velocity and a continuous (order N +1) representation for pressure. This method exactly represents Darcy-force balances on unstructured meshes and thus accurately calculates pressure, velocity, and saturation fields throughout the domain. Computational costs are reduced through dynamic adaptive-mesh optimization and efficient parallelization. Within each rock volume, the mesh coarsens and refines to capture key flow processes during a simulation, and also preserves the surface-based representation of geologic heterogeneity. Computational effort is thus focused on regions of the model where it is most required. After validating the approach against a set of benchmark problems, we demonstrate its capabilities by use of a number of test models that capture aspects of geologic heterogeneity that are difficult or impossible to simulate conventionally, without introducing unacceptably large numbers of cells or highly nonorthogonal grids with associated numerical errors. Our approach preserves key flow features associated with realistic geologic features that are typically lost. The approach may also be used to capture near-wellbore flow features such as coning, changes in surface geometry across multiple stochastic realizations, and, in future applications, geomechanical models with fracture propagation, opening, and closing.

This article addresses the five most immediate steps for any company struggling to realize a return on investment from their R&D activities. Each lever is designed to help companies ask the right questions in order to improve efficiency and drive change.

Evaluation was made of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) formats; varicella-zoster virus (VZV) indirect ELISA; VZV IgM capture using biotin and VZV IgM capture using peroxidase, for the detection of VZV-specific IgM antibodies in human sera. It was observed that there was no significant difference in sensitivity of detection using the three formats but there were important practical differences in the number of steps and hence time for assay completion between the three assay formats. All assays showed some cross-reactivity with sera containing anti-HSV1 antibodies.

In this paper a neutron powder diffraction structural study of the Li ion conducting garnet-related system, Li6SrLa2Nb2O12, is reported. The results show that this phase is cubic, space group Ia-3d, and contains Li in two partially occupied crystallographic sites. The first site, Li1, corresponds to the ideal tetrahedral site in the garnet framework and possesses an occupancy of 0.59(1). The second site, Li2, is significantly more distorted and possesses an occupancy of 0.352(3). Compared to the related Li5La3Nb2O12 System, the Li2 site occupancy is greatly increased, while the Li1 site occupancy is reduced. Despite these large differences in site occupancies, the reported conductivities for Li5La3Nb2O12 and Li6SrLa2Nb2O12 are similar, showing the complexities of these new garnet Li ion conductors

A review of 158 cases of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression referred to three radiotherapy departments shows that the median survival time is less than 3 months, that recovery of motor and sphincter function is uncommon, and that low fraction (2–5) regimens have a similar clinical outcome to more protracted regimens.

In this paper we report synthesis, conductivity and structural data for the novel tetragonal garnet-related system, Li7La3Sn2O12. Neutron diffraction data shows that the tetragonal distortion is related to ordering of Li in three sites within the structure to ensure no short Li–Li interactions. Consistent with the ordered nature of the Li ions, the conductivity is low, with a high activation energy. The results are relevant to related highly conducting cubic garnets, Li5+xLn3−xAxM2O12 (Ln = rare earth, A = alkaline earth; M = Nb, Ta, Sb), showing how a high Li content can be accommodated by Li ordering within the garnet structure, supporting previous suggestions by Cussen for the cubic garnets, who proposed the presence of local ordering/clustering of Li in tetrahedral and “octahedral” sites to limit unfavourable short Li–Li interactions.

In this paper the synthesis and conductivities of the garnet-related Li ion conductors, Li 5 Ln 3 Sb 2 O 12 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu), are reported. These phases show high Li ion conductivity, similar to previously reported for the related Li 5 La 3 M 2 O 12 (M = Nb, Ta) materials. Neutron diffraction structural studies are also reported for Li 5 La 3 Sb 2 O 12 indicating a cubic unit cell, space group Ia -3 d , with Li located in two partially occupied sites.

The prodomains of several cysteine proteases of the papain family have been shown to be potent inhibitors of their parent enzymes. An increased interest in cysteine proteases inhibitors has been generated with potential therapeutic targets such as cathepsin K for osteoporosis and cathepsin S for immune modulation. The propeptides of cathepsin S, L and K were expressed as glutathione S-transferase-fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. The proteins were purified on glutathione affinity columns and the glutathione S-transferase was removed by thrombin cleavage. All three propeptides were tested for inhibitor potency and found to be selective within the cathepsin L subfamily (cathepsins K, L and S) compared with cathepsin B or papain. Inhibition of cathepsin K by either procathepsin K, L or S was time-dependent and occurred by an apparent one-step mechanism. The cathepsin K propeptide had a Ki of 3.6-6.3 nM for each of the three cathepsins K, L and S. The cathepsin L propeptide was at least a 240-fold selective inhibitor of cathepsin K (Ki = 0.27 nM) and cathepsin L (Ki = 0.12 nM) compared with cathepsin S (Ki = 65 nM). Interestingly, the cathepsin S propeptide was more selective for inhibition of cathepsin L (Ki = 0.46 nM) than cathepsin S (Ki = 7.6 nM) itself or cathepsin K (Ki = 7.0 nM). This is in sharp contrast to previously published data demonstrating that the cathepsin S propeptide is equipotent for inhibition of human cathepsin S and rat and paramecium cathepsin L [Maubach, G., Schilling, K., Rommerskirch, W., Wenz, I., Schultz, J. E., Weber, E.Wiederanders, B. (1997), Eur J. Biochem. 250, 745-750]. These results demonstrate that limited selectivity of inhibition can be measured for the procathepsins K, L and S vs. the parent enzymes, but selective inhibition vs. cathepsin B and papain was obtained.

The discoveries that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible form of COX involved in inflammation and that COX-1 is the major isoform responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs) in the gastrointestinal tract have provided a rationale for the development of specific COX-2 inhibitors as a new class of anti-inflammatory agents with improved gastrointestinal tolerability. In the present study, the preclinical pharmacological and biochemical profiles of rofecoxib [Vioxx, also known as MK-0966, 4-(4'-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-(5H)-furanone], an orally active COX-2 inhibitor, are described. Rofecoxib is a potent inhibitor of the COX-2-dependent production of PGE(2) in human osteosarcoma cells (IC(50) = 26 +/- 10 nM) and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human COX-2 (IC(50) = 18 +/- 7 nM) with a 1000-fold selectivity for the inhibition of COX-2 compared with the inhibition of COX-1 activity (IC(50)50 microM in U937 cells and IC(50)15 microM in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human COX-1). Rofecoxib is a time-dependent inhibitor of purified human recombinant COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.34 microM) but caused inhibition of purified human COX-1 in a non-time-dependent manner that could only be observed at a very low substrate concentration (IC(50) = 26 microM at 0.1 microM arachidonic acid concentration). In an in vitro human whole blood assay, rofecoxib selectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced, COX-2-derived PGE(2) synthesis with an IC(50) value of 0.53 +/- 0.02 microM compared with an IC(50) value of 18.8 +/- 0.9 microM for the inhibition of COX-1-derived thromboxane B(2) synthesis after blood coagulation. Using the ratio of the COX-1 IC(50) values over the COX-2 IC(50) values in the human whole blood assay, selectivity ratios for the inhibition of COX-2 of 36, 6.6, 2, 3, and 0.4 were obtained for rofecoxib, celecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, and indomethacin, respectively. In several in vivo rodent models, rofecoxib is a potent inhibitor of carrageenan-induced paw edema (ID(50) = 1.5 mg/kg), carrageenan-induced paw hyperalgesia (ID(50) = 1.0 mg/kg), lipopolysaccharide-induced pyresis (ID(50) = 0.24 mg/kg), and adjuvant-induced arthritis (ID(50) = 0.74 mg/kg/day). Rofecoxib also has a protective effect on adjuvant-induced destruction of cartilage and bone structures in rats. In a (51)Cr excretion assay for detection of gastrointestinal integrity in either rats or squirrel monkeys, rofecoxib has no effect at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Rofecoxib is a novel COX-2 inhibitor with a biochemical and pharmacological profile clearly distinct from that of current nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and represents a new therapeutic class of anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of the symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with improved gastrointestinal tolerability.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE), including PDE4A, contain two consensus sequences (HX3HX24-26E) which have been associated with Zn2+ binding and activation with other proteins. This study shows that Zn2+ activates purified recombinant human PDE4A with an EC50 of1 microM. The EC50 for Mg2+, the generally accepted activating metal ion, is approximately 100 microM. Zn2+ concentrations higher than 5 microM are inhibitory. Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ also activate PDE4A with EC50 values of approximately 2, 3 and 10 microM, respectively. PDE4A binds 65Zn2+ with a Kd of 0.4 microM and approximately 1:1 stoichiometry. Titrations of PDE4A inhibition with Mg2+ and Zn2+ as activating metal ions showed that the competitive inhibitors R-Rolipram, CDP-840, RS-14203 and KF18280 are shifted at least 10-fold to lower potency in the presence of Zn2+. The effect is likely at the site of inhibitor binding as the Km for cAMP in the presence of Mg2+ and Zn2+ is similar (1-3 microM). The Kd of [3H]-R-Rolipram for PDE4A was increased at least 30-fold from 3 nM (with Mg2+) by the presence of Zn2+. The high affinity of Zn2+ for PDE4A indicates that this metal may play a role in the regulation of PDE4A activity.

The coding process for radiology procedures is more than just looking at a report, writing in the codes and sending it on. In the radiology department, coders/fee coordinators play a key role in troubleshooting, since they are able to see the entire process from patient visit to billing. Vital to the billing operation is having competent and skilled coders who understand radiology from order to revenue. Responsibility for proper coding should rest with the radiology department, even when fee coordinators are paid from different sources. If other people are writing codes that can influence its bottom line, the department needs to know that coding is being done correctly. Thousands of dollars can be lost when the coding and billing process breaks down and incorrect coding is overlooked. A quality control program is vital so that mistakes are found and corrected prior to codes being entered. Insisting on accuracy also means finding and following up on errors through a troubleshooting system to prevent legal action. Codes must be able to look at reports, ask questions about inconsistencies and possible errors and compare the ordered procedure to what was actually done. Issues that affect proper coding are pointed out so that today's coders can be more watchful. Although it is labor intensive, it is important for coders to match reports with dictation from technologies and radiologists to ensure accuracy.

Cyclooxygenase (Cox) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and, as such, is the target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Two isoforms exist, being expressed constitutively (Cox-1), or inducibly in response to inflammatory mediators (Cox-2). Currently available NSAIDs inhibit both isoforms somewhat equipotently but selective Cox-2 inhibition may eliminate unwanted side effects. We have characterized the kinetic mechanisms of the interactions of purified recombinant human cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (hCox-1, hCox-2) with the selective Cox-2 inhibitor N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulphonamide (NS-398) and some classical non-selective NSAIDs. NS-398, flurbiprofen, meclofenamic acid and indomethacin are time-dependent, irreversible inhibitors of hCox-2. The inhibition is consistent with a two-step process, involving an initial rapid equilibrium binding of enzyme and inhibitor, characterized by Ki, followed by the slow formation of a tightly bound enzyme-inhibitor complex, characterized by a first-order rate constant kon. NS-398 is a time-independent inhibitor of hCox-1, consistent with the formation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex. Flurbiprofen, meclofenamic acid and indomethacin are also time-dependent inhibitors of hCox-1 and hence show little selectivity for one isoform over the other. Flufenamic acid is time independent towards both isoforms and is also non-selective. The high degree of selectivity of NS-398 towards Cox-2 results therefore from the difference in the nature of the time-dependency of inhibition of the two isoforms.

The main target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS), also known as cyclooxygenase (COX), which exists as two isoforms. In order to evaluate the contributions of PGHS isoforms to physiological and pathological conditions and their sensitivity to inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, we have established high level expression systems of recombinant human PGHS isoforms. The inducible form of PGHS, termed PGHS-2, has been purified and characterized with respect to substrate specificity, product formation, enzymatic activity, glycosylation, heme content, quaternary structure, and modification by aspirin. Pharmacological profiles of the recombinant PGHS isoforms indicate that conventional NSAIDs show little selectivity for either enzyme, however, the recently described NSAID, NS-398, exhibits a high degree of specificity for PGHS-2 through a time dependent mechanism.

Purified human 5-lipoxygenase, a non-heme iron containing enzyme, has been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance, (EPR), ultraviolet (UV)-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. As isolated, the enzyme is largely in the ferrous state and shows a weak X-band EPR signal extending from 0 to 700 G at 15 K, tentatively ascribed to integer spin Fe(II). Titration of the protein with 13-HPOD (13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) generates a strong multicomponent EPR signal in the g' approximately 6 region, a yellow color associated with an increased absorption between 310 and 450 nm (epsilon 330nm = 2400 M-1 cm-1), and a 17% decrease in the intrinsic protein fluorescence. The multiple component nature of the g' approximately 6 signal indicates that the metal center in its oxidized state exists in more than one but related forms. The g' approximately 6 EPR signal and the yellow color reach a maximum when approximately 1 mol of 13-HPOD is added/mol of iron; the resultant EPR spectrum accounts quantitatively for all of the iron in the protein with a signal at g' = 4.3 representing less than 3% of the total iron in the majority of samples. Addition of a hydroxyurea reducing agent abolished the g' approximately 6 signal and yellow color of the protein and also reversed the decrease in fluorescence caused by the oxidant 13-HPOD. The results indicate that the g' approximately 6 EPR signal, the yellow color, and the decreased fluorescence are associated with the formation of the Fe(III) form of the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Progress in the processing and fabrication of metal matrix composites (MMC’s) requires appropriate mechanical and non-destructive testing methods. These methods are needed to characterize properties, assess integrity, and predict the life of engine components such as compressor rotors, blades, and vanes. For this paper, we investigated the capabilities and limitations of several state-of-the-art nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies in characterizing titanium MMC rings for gas turbine engines. We examined the use of NDE technologies such as x-ray computed tomography, radiography, and ultrasonics in identifying fabrication-related problems that cause defects in components. Acousto-ultrasonics was explored to assess degradation of material mechanical properties by using stress wave factor and ultrasonic velocity measurements before and after the burst testing of the rings. We concluded that radiography and pulse-echo ultrasonics are viable imaging techniques for fast and complementary evaluation of the rings. Furthermore, acousto-ultrasonics can be useful in a comparative analysis with a standard ring and for intermittent evaluation during the life of the rings. X-ray computed tomography can identify the manufacturing steps resulting in poor quality components, guide machining of components to final dimensions, and lead structural and design engineers to realistic component life-prediction models.

The iron content of human 5-lipoxygenase has been determined by a colorimetric assay using the chromogenic ligand FerroZine. The highly active enzyme was obtained from a baculovirus expression system and purified using an ATP-agarose chromatography column (Denis, D., Falgueyret, J.-P., Riendeau, D., and Abramovitz, M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5072-5079). A linear correlation was observed between the enzyme's specific activity and iron content in six different preparations. Enzyme with the highest specific activity (24 mumol of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid/mg of protein) contained 1.1 mol of iron/mol of enzyme, whereas inactive enzyme contained no detectable iron. The iron is tightly bound to the enzyme and could only be released after inactivation of the enzyme by exposure to oxygen.

The TUMORS Oncology Registry database and functionality has been designed in cooperation with Certified Tumor Registrars and Oncologists, exceeding current American College of Surgeons requirements. The Networked Data Management System provides secure in-house registry functions with additional benefits of Central Databases for Case Consolidation, Shared Followup and Biostatistical Functions. The system used readily available Microcomputer Technologies and is developed from a Sound Background of experience in Networked, Consortium Oriented Oncology Registries. Using the latest in microcomputer LAN Compatible Database Management Systems, the system embodies the Most Recent Generation of Oncology Registry Software and is currently enjoying its first year of implementation. The demonstration includes examples of Data Entry, Query, Report and Statistical Functions operating on an IBM AT Compatible PC connected to a Laser Printer.

Phosphoglucomutase is inhibited by a complex formed from alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) and inorganic vanadate (Vi). Both the inhibition at steady state and the rate of approach to steady state are dependent on the concentrations of both Glc-1-P and Vi. Inhibition is competitive versus alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (Glc-P2) and is ascribed to binding of the 6-vanadate ester of Glc-1-P (V-6-Glc-1-P) to the dephospho form of phosphoglucomutase (E). The inhibition constant for V-6-Glc-1-P at pH 7.4 was determined from steady-state kinetic measurements to be 2 x 10(-12) M. The first-order rate constant for approach to steady state increases hyperbolically with inhibitor concentration. The results are consistent with rapid equilibrium binding of V-6-Glc-1-P to E, with dissociation constant 1 x 10(-9) M, followed by rate-limiting conversion of the E.V-6-Glc-1-P complex to another species, E*.V-6-Glc-1-P, with first-order rate constant 4 x 10(-2)s-1. The rate constant determined for the reverse reaction, conversion of E*.V-6-Glc-1-P to E.V-6-Glc-1-P, is 2.5 x 10(-4)s-1. Formation of E*.V-6-Glc-1-P can also occur via binding of glucose 6-vanadate to the phospho form of phosphoglucomutase (E-P) followed by phosphoryl transfer and rearrangement of the enzyme-product complex.

There have been several studies of how much Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) are worth to electric utilities. When attempting to compare the different results of these studies, questions arose concerning the effect of the different methodologies and models on the determined WECS values. This paper will report on the only known effort that used more than a single methodology for the value analysis of WECS to a specific utility. This paper will present and compare the WECS utility value analysis methodologies of Aerospace Corp., JBF Scientific Corp., and the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). Results of the application of these three methodologies were found for two large utilities. Breakeven values (the amount a utility can pay for a wind turbine over its lifetime and still breakeven economically) were found to be from $1600 to $2400 per kW of wind capacity in 1980 dollars. The reasons for variation in the results are discussed.

Uranyl sensitized photodecomposition products of various organic acids are presented. Sensitized photodecomposition rates for malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids were determined in the pH range 0.5 to 3.0 by measuring the gas produced in a Warburg micromanometric apparatus. Theoretical analysis of the results showed that the photosensitive species is a 1 : 1 complex of diionized acid with uranyl ion for malonic acid and a mixture of 1 : 1 complex and 2 : 1 complex of monoionized acid with uranyl ion for succinic and glutaric acids.

Previous studies have shown the necessity of the consideration of hourly variability in the output from the intermittent generation source. However, the studies did not take into account the variability in the demand. A result is presented which shows that under general conditions the variability due to randomness can be ignored except in the neighborhood of the peak and minimum demands.

A survey of small municipal and rural electric cooperative (REC) utilities was accomplished. The relationship between these small utilities and the mean wind power at their locations was found by locating them on appropriate maps of mean wind power density. Some of the safety, systems and economic implications of WECS deployment by these utilities were discussed. It is concluded that certain financing advantages and geographical considerations make the Great Plains region a strong candidate for the early commercialization of WECS.

In agricultural fields, large spatial variations in soil water content are associated with soil heterogeneities, topography, land cover, evapotranspiration, and precipitation. Detailed georeferenced maps would be useful to manage soil moisture according to soil variability to assess drainage and sub-irrigation requirements within wild blueberry fields. Two fields were selected in central Nova Scotia and a grid pattern of sampling points was established at each experimental site based on the geostatistical analysis of the ground conductivity survey data. The volumetric moisture content was determined for each grid point (n=86 for field 1 and n=56 for field 2) from both fields using TDR. The ground conductivity was measured and recorded with Dual EM at same sleeted grid points. Two comprehensive surveys were conducted in those fields to measure ground conductivity for moisture estimation in real-time using DualEM and a differential global positioning system. Linear regression analysis showed that ground conductivity was significantly correlated with the measured moisture content (R2 ranged from 0.85 to 0.90) in both fields. The accuracy of the estimated values from the DualEM data was calculated as root mean square error (RMSE: 2.66 and 3.63 for F1 and F2, respectively). The estimated soil moisture maps showed substantial variation in selected fields. The slope of both fields was also mapped using automated slope mapping system. The moisture and slope maps were overlaid representing high moisture content in low lying areas and steep slope areas having less moisture content. This information could be used to assess drainage requirements as well as to schedule site-specific sub-irrigation within fields.