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Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the predominant cause of neurological disability after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs)-induced apoptosis plays an important role in neuronal survival/death in CIRI. Our previous studies reported that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD98059, alleviates CIRI after CA/CPR. Whether ERs-induced apoptosis is involved in the neuroprotection of PD98059 remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of ERK inhibition by PD98059 on ERs-induced apoptosis after CIRI in the CA/CPR rat model. The baseline characteristics of male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in all groups were evaluated before CA/CPR. The SD rats that survived from CA/CPR were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12/group): normal saline group (1 ml/kg), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, the solvent of PD98059, 1 ml/kg) group, PD98059 group (0.3 mg/kg). Another 12 SD rats were randomly selected as the Sham group. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, neural injury was assessed by survival rate, neurological deficit scores (NDS) and Nissl staining; apoptosis of brain cells was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining; mRNA expression and protein levels of ERs-related protein BIP, PERK, ATF4 and CHOP were checked with RT-PCR and Western Blot. The results showed that there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics before CA/CPR among all groups. PD98059 significantly improved survival rate and NDS, increased the Nissl bodies in neurons, reduced apoptosis, downregulated the mRNA transcription and expression levels of BIP, PERK, ATF4 and CHOP at 24 h after CA/CPR. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of ERK by PD98059 alleviates ERs-induced apoptosis via BIP-PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway and mitigates CIRI in the CA/CPR rat model.

To investigate whether anion gap (AG) can act as a potentially predictive biomarker in recoveries of neurological and cognitive functions.A total of 89 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were recruited. Of these, 68 and 21 patients were categorized into screening cohort and validation cohort, respectively. In the screening cohort, patients were categorized into three groups, according to the serum AG levels at admission. We dynamically recorded AG levels. Neurological and cognitive functions were assessed using Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale at different time points. Furthermore, in the validation cohort, 9 patients with increased AG level underwent interventions to rectify the electrolyte imbalance.In the screening cohort, statistical differences were observed for respiratory diseases (p=0.029) among the three groups. The number of patients in the ≥16 mmol/L group (59.3%) was higher than that in the other groups. The mean scores of GCS in the ≥16 mmol/L group were lower than those in the other groups. The AG levels at admission had significant associations with 180-day GOS (p=0.043) and 180-day MMSE (p=0.001). Among them, the mean scores of the 180-day GOS and 180-day MMSE were lower in the ≥16 mmol/L group than in the other groups. In the validation cohort, AG intervention promoted recoveries of neurological and cognitive functions when compared to those without AG interventions.AG is a potentially predictive biomarker for the long-term outcomes of ICH patients, and rectifying AG at admission improves the outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a noval radio-frequency atmospheric-pressure glow discharge (RF-APGD) plasma jet on crosslinking of dentin collagen. METHODS: (1) Twenty intact third molars were collected. The middle dentin discs were prepared for each tooth by low-speed water-cooled Isomet saw, and then immersed in 10% (mass fraction) H(3)PO(4) solution for 16 h to obtain fully demine-ralized dentin collagen. The twenty dentin discs were then randomly divided into five groups. The control group was untreated while the four experimental groups were treated by plasma jet with gas temperature of 4 ℃ for different times (20 s, 30 s, 40 s, and 50 s). The structure and crosslinking degree of dentin collagen were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology of demineralized dentin was observed by scanning electron microscope, and the microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscope. (2) Fourty non-caries third molars were collected to prepare 5 g fine dentin powder, then completely demineralized with 10% H(3)PO(4) solution. The control group was untreated, while the four experimental groups were treated by plasma jet for 20 s, 30 s, 40 s and 50 s. The crosslinking degree of each group was determined by ninhydrin colorimetric method. (3) Forty intact third molars were collected to obtain dentin strips. Only two central symmetrical dentin strips (nasty 80) were taken from each tooth and immersed in 10% H(3)PO(4) solution for 16 h to obtain fully demineralized dentin collagen. Eighty dentine collagen fiber strips were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was untreated and the axial surfaces of dentin collagen fiber strips in the expe-rimental groups were treated with the plasma jet for 20 s, 30 s, 40 s and 50 s. The ultimate tensile strength of dentin was measured by universal mechanical machine. RESULTS: (1) The surface morphology of demineralized dentin observed by scanning electron microscope showed that the network structure of collagen fibers on the surface of demineralized dentin treated with the plasma jet for 20 s, 30 s and 40 s could maintain the uncollapsed three-dimensional structure, and part of the microstructure was destroyed after plasma jet treated for 50 s. After being treated by plasma jet for 20 s, 30 s and 40 s, the three-dimensional structure was uncollapsed, and the typical periodic transverse pattern of natural type Ⅰ collagen fiber could be seen. The results of infrared spectra showed that the secondary conformation of dentin collagen fibers was the same as that of the control group after being treated with the plasma jet, and the intensity of amide band was significantly increased after being treated for 30 s and 40 s. (2) The results of ninhydrin crosslinking test showed that the crosslinking ratio of dentin collagen treated by plasma jet for 30 s and 40 s was the highest, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). (3) The results of dentin ultimate tensile strength showed that the control group was (1.67±0.24) MPa, and the plasma jet treated 20 s, 30 s, 40 s and 50 s groups were (4.21±0.15) MPa, (7.06±0.30) MPa, (7.32±0.27) MPa, and (6.87±0.17) MPa, which were significantly different from that of the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The novel RF-APGD plasma jet treatment can promote the crosslinking degree of demineralized dentin collagen and improve their ultimate tensile strength.

Partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) MOSFETs with full dielectric isolation structure are widely used in the high temperature field of 225 °C, but affected by the threshold voltage and carrier mobility, the saturated output current has a rate of change as high as 24.9% at 25 °C–300 °C, which will reduce the working speed and accuracy of the analog circuit. This paper studies the high temperature output current characteristics of ultra-thin body and buried oxide (UTBB) fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) MOSFETs with the 28 nm low voltage threshold structure. The experimental results show that when the gate voltage of the device is constant, the saturation current change of 28 nm short-channel FDSOI device is 1.93% in the temperature range from 25 °C to 300 °C, which is 12.9 times more stable than that of 0.13 μm PDSOI device, 4.5 times and 8.4 times higher than that of 0.3 μm and 2 μm long-channel FDSOI device. When the gate voltage of the device drifts from the zero-temperature coefficient (ZTC) point by ±10%–±20%, the output current change of the short-channel FDSOI device is still the lowest. It is proved by theory and simulation that the low temperature change rate of the carrier velocity of the short-channel FDSOI device is the main factor affecting the stability of the output current. From the analysis of the saturation current model and the ZTC operating point, reducing the gate operating voltage of the device or increasing the threshold voltage of the device can further improve the stability of the output current at high temperatures. The research in this paper proves that the 28 nm UTBB FDSOI device has good high temperature saturation current stability, which can well meet the output current stability requirements of high temperature analog circuits.

随着全瓷材料和微创修复理念的发展，全瓷修复体的临床应用日益广泛。全瓷修复体的抛光是影响修复长期稳定性的重要因素。良好的抛光不仅能为全瓷修复体提供光洁的表面和外观，还能降低对对牙合牙体硬组织的磨损、减少修复体表面菌斑聚集、避免裂纹扩展、提高修复体强度和美观性。做好全瓷修复体的抛光需要3个重要的环节：抛光工具的合理选择、抛光参数的正确设定、抛光步骤的严格遵循。.

美学设计、美学表达和美学实现是口腔美学修复诊疗的3个阶段。临时修复体是美学表达的重要手段，是美学设计和美学实现的桥梁和纽带。临时修复体的功能包括美学诊断、功能诊断和软组织美学处理。本文重点讨论口腔美学修复中临时修复体的功能、类型和临床应用。.

口腔美学修复的临床流程包括美学设计、美学表达和美学实现3个重要环节。前牙美学设计是整个口腔美学设计的核心，本文重点介绍前牙美学四要素和六步法前牙美学设计流程。.

The latest generation of Galactic-plane surveys is enhancing our ability to study the effects of galactic environment upon the process of star formation. We present the first data from CO Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey 2 (CHIMPS2). CHIMPS2 is a survey that will observe the Inner Galaxy, the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), and a section of the Outer Galaxy in $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, and C$^{18}$O $(J = 3\rightarrow2)$ emission with the Heterodyne Array Receiver Program on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). The first CHIMPS2 data presented here are a first look towards the CMZ in $^{12}$CO J = 3$\rightarrow$2 and cover $-3^{\circ}\leq\,\ell\,\leq\,5^{\circ}$ and $\mid$b$\mid \leq 0.5^{\circ}$ with angular resolution of 15 arcsec, velocity resolution of 1 km s$^{-1}$, and rms $\Delta T_A ^\ast =$ 0.58 K at these resolutions. Such high-resolution observations of the CMZ will be a valuable data set for future studies, whilst complementing the existing Galactic Plane surveys, such as SEDIGISM, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey, and ATLASGAL. In this paper, we discuss the survey plan, the current observations and data, as well as presenting position-position maps of the region. The position-velocity maps detect foreground spiral arms in both absorption and emission., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

To explore roles of CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2 (CISD2) in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and relationships between CISD2 expression and the prognosis and clinical pathological parameters in PCa patients.Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and Western blot analysis were used to detect the CISD2 expression in PCa tissues and cells. CISD2 siRNA was used to inhibit the CISD2 expression. Kaplan-Meier method and Log rank analysis were performed to determine survival analysis while Chi-square test was performed to analyze the association between CISD2 and clinicopathological parameters of PCa patients. Transwell assay and wound healing assay was conducted to examine the invasion and migration ability of PCa cells, respectively.CISD2 was up-regulated in PCa tissues and cells, and showed positive association with the poor prognosis, T stage, lymphatic invasion, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and distant metastasis of PCa patients. Besides, we found that inhibition of CISD2 significantly impaired the migration and invasion ability of PCa cells.The paper demonstrated that CISD2 could act as a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of PCa patients.

Partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) MOSFETs are widely used in 225 °C high-temperature electronic system applications with integrated circuits. But the process node stays at 0.5 µm for a long time and no further breakthrough can be achieved. This paper reports the high-temperature characteristics of 28 nm ultra-thin body and box fully depleted SOI (FDSOI) CMOS transistors with low threshold voltage (LVT) structure. Experimental results demonstrate that V t shift changes with temperature as low as 0.59 mV °C−1, the subthreshold slope (SS) is 145.35 mV dec−1 at 300 °C, and the related parameters are optimized by 3.7 times and 2.2 times respectively compared with 0.13 µm PDSOI. Combined with theoretical analysis, it is proved that the ultra-body FDSOI has an LVT drift rate and better SS than 0.13 µm PDSOI at high temperature. The advantage of this performance is mainly due to the difference between α VT α VT and β VT coefficients related to the back gate effect. Under negative back-gate bias, the I on/l off ratio can be increased by two orders of magnitude without affecting V t shift changes with temperature, this proves that the FDSOI is capable of high-temperature applications above 300 °C. This paper provides substantial support for future high-temperature system integrated circuits from the micro-scale to the nano-scale.

Gene therapy has shown great potential for the treatment of diseases that previously were either untreatable or treatable but not curable with conventional schemes. Recent progress in clinical gene therapy trials has emerged in various severe diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies, leukodystrophies, Leber's congenital amaurosis, haemophilia, as well as retinal dystrophy. The clinical transformation and industrialization of gene therapy in Asia have been remarkable and continue making steady progress. A total of six gene therapy-based products have been approved worldwide, including two drugs from Asia. This review aims to highlight recent progress in gene therapy clinical trials and discuss the prospects for the future in China and wider Asia.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease of the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to investigate plasma ZCCHC14 expression and its correlation with the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical features of ICH.The plasma levels of ZCCHC14, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were dynamically detected among 130 ICH patients and 60 corresponding healthy subjects. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for the statistical analysis of the diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of ICH.Hypertension (p = 0.005), ARB application (p = 0.014), ZCCHC14 level (p0.001), TNF-α (p0.001), IL-6 (p0.001), and IL-10 (p0.001) were found to be different between ICH patients and healthy controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that ZCCHC14 levels at admission were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.002, OR = 0.440, 95% CI 0.290-0.718). Plasma ZCCHC14 levels dynamically changed, increasing at admission, and peaking on day 7. ZCCHC14 was a potential diagnostic marker for ICH (AUC = 0.953, p0.0001, 95% CI: 0.901-1.004) with a specificity and sensitivity of 84.6% and 95.5%, respectively. The plasma ZCCHC14 level was negatively correlated with IL-6 concentration (p = 0.024, r = -0.311) but was positively correlated with IL-10 concentration (p = 0.041, r = 0.298). Furthermore, the plasma ZCCHC14 level was correlated with hypertension (p = 0.005), GOS (p = 0.025), bleeding volume (p0.001), midline shift (p = 0.003), and poor outcome (p = 0.006). The low ZCCHC14 expression group had poorer outcomes (death or severe disability) than high ZCCHC14 expression group (Breslow, p0.001).We found that the plasma ZCCHC14 level might be a potential biomarker for both the early diagnosis of and prediction of outcomes in ICH.

The existence of a compact random attractor for the stochastic complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with multiplicative noise has been investigated on unbounded domain. The solutions are considered in suitable spaces with weights. According to crucial properties of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, using the tail-estimates method, the key uniform a priori estimates for the tail of solutions have been obtained, which give the asymptotic compactness of random attractors. Then the existence of a compact random attractor for the corresponding dynamical system is proved in suitable spaces with weights.

FeTe1−x Se x with x = 0 ∼ 0.13 polycrystalline samples was fabricated by solid-state reaction and annealed in oxygen. The magnetic and transport measurements illustrated that neither the as-grown nor the O2-annealed samples with x = 0.05 showed superconductivity. The as-grown samples with x = 0.07 ∼ 0.09 also showed no superconductivity but became filamentary superconducting after the O2 annealing. Significant enhancement of bulk superconductivity was achieved for the O2-annealed FeTe1−xSe x with x = 0.11. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements illustrated that the change of the chemical valence of the elements before and after the O2 annealing was not the main factor responsible for the occurrence of superconductivity. The superconducting transition was mainly caused by the suppression of antiferromagnetic ordering, due to the lattice shrinkage induced by the O2 annealing. These results may clarify the existing debate on the origin of the superconductivity in FeTe thin film.

Traditional spot welds and magnetically assisted spot welds were made in 2.25 mm thick galvanised dual-phase steel, and the weld microstructures were compared. The magnetically assisted weld nugget...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different treatment temperatures of a novel cold atmospheric plasma jet treatment on the resin-dentin bonding. METHODS: (1) Fifty-two freshly extracted, non-carious and intact third molars were collected. The occlusal one-third of the crown was removed by means of a water-cooled low-speed Isomet saw. One dentin disc [(900 ±100) μm] was prepared for each tooth. The fifty-two dentin discs were randomly divided into control group and experimental groups, of which four were in control group, and forty-eight were divided into four experimental groups according to the different treatment temperatures (4 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃) of the novel radio-frequency atmospheric-pressure glow discharge (RF-APGD) plasma jet, twelve in each group. Each experimental group was divided into three subgroups according to different treatment time (10 s, 20 s and 30 s), with four in each subgroup. The occlusal one-third of the crown was removed by means of a water-cooled low-speed Isomet saw. The morphology of demineralized dentin surfaces was analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. (2) Twenty unerupted, non-carious and intact third molars were randomly divided into five groups, four in each group: control group, untreated; 4 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ experimental groups, each group was treated with the RF-APGD plasma jet for 20 s. The micro-tensile resin dentin bond strength was tested after 20 s RF-APGD plasma jet treatment with different temperatures, using a universal mechanical machine. RESULTS: (1)The field emission scanning electron micro-scopy results indicated that when compared with the control group, a 10 s RF-APGD plasma jet treatment with 30 ℃ and 20 ℃ collapsed the collagen scaffold. Collagen fibrils maintained an uncollapsed three-dimensional structure after the 4 ℃ RF-APGD plasma jet treatment for even 30 s treatment. (2) The microtensile resin dentin bond strength results of the 4 ℃ RF-APGD plasma jet treatment group (57.8±0.7) MPa were significantly higher than that of the control group [(47.4±0.5) MPa] and 10 s, 20 s and 30 s RF-APGD plasma treatment group [(51.9±0.7) MPa,(29.7±1.0) MPa and (22.2±1.5) MPa] with statistically significant difference (P

To overcome the some shortcomings associated with traditional flotation machines and columns in collophanite flotation, a flotation device was designed and fabricated in the laboratory. A multi-impeller pump with same function as a mechanical cell was used instead of the injection sparger and circulation pump in column flotation unit. The influence of main operational parameters of the device like feed flow rate, air flow rate and impellers’ speed on collophanite flotation was analyzed. Experiment results indicate that the influence of the operational parameters were significant on flotation recovery and grade of phosphate concentrate. The best operating conditions of the device were: feed flow rate 0.62 L/min, air flow rate 6.67 L/min and impellers speed 900 rpm. At these conditions, a phosphate concentrate assaying about 30.5% P2O5 and 1% MgO with a P2O5 recovery of about 81% was obtained from a Yuan'an phosphate ore sample containing about 22.30% P2O5 and 3.2% MgO.

Currently, the use of advanced high strength steels (AHSSs) is the most cost effective means of reducing vehicle body weight and maintaining structural integrity at the same time. However, AHSSs present a big challenge to the traditional resistance spot welding (RSW) widely applied in automotive industries because the rapid heating and cooling procedures during RSW produce hardened weld microstructures, which lower the ductility and fatigue properties of welded joints and raise the probability of interfacial failure under external loads. Changing process parameters or post-weld heat treatment may reduce the weld brittleness, but those traditional quality control methods also increase energy consumption and prolong cycle time. In recent years, a magnetically assisted RSW (MA-RSW) method was proposed, in which an externally applied magnetic field would interact with the conduction current to produce a Lorentz force that would affect weld nugget formation. This paper is a review of an experimental MA-RSW pla...

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary viral pathogen of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) and vaccination is an important method to prevent and control the disease. The expression of PCV2 capsid protein (Cap) in adenovirus vector system has been investigated, but the poor immune responses limit its application. In this study, transcriptional enhancer element largest intron of the human cytomegalovirus (Intron A) and woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) were applied to increase the immunogenicity of PCV2 Cap adenovirus-based vaccine. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) analysis showed that modified adenoviruses with Intron A and WPRE alone or both could significantly increase the expression of Cap compared to the unmodified adenoviruses. Furthermore, the humoral and cellular immune responses of the constructed recombinant adenoviruses were evaluated in mice. Indirect ELISA, virus neutralizing test and western blot showed that modified adenoviruses elicited higher humoral immune responses than unmodified adenovirus, and Intron A-WPRE-modified virus immunized group had better immune response than the others. Besides, the results of lymphocyte proliferation response and cytokines release assay showed that enhanced cellular immune responses were induced by modified adenoviruses. These results demonstrated that Intron A and WPRE significantly improved the expression of the Cap protein in adenovirus vector system and enhanced the immune responses in mice, making the adenovirus vector system more applicable against PCV2.

Hydrophobic and oleophobic materials have an important role in daily-life and industry. The hydrophobic and oleophobic property is mainly ascribed to the low surface energy materials and the roughness surface. The hydrophilicity and oleophobicity surface can be achieved by surface modification methods, such as electrodeposition, sol–gel process, chemical vapour deposition and spray deposition. In this paper, the properties of hydrophobic and oleophobic materials are introduced. The principles, characteristics and applications of surface modifications in hydrophobic and oleophobic materials are reviewed.

Polygonatum sibiricum, which produces active ingredients including steroidal saponins, polysaccharide, and flavones, is used as a Chinese traditional medicine to alleviate palpitation, dry cough, and diabetes mellitus, and is widely cultivated in China. During the past 2 years, a root rot disease was identified that seriously affected the production of P. sibiricum, resulting in approximately 20 to 50% yield loss each year, in Chizhou city of China. To investigate the causal agents of this disease, root rot samples were collected from a field in this area in March 2019. Most infected plants had reddish brown to dark brown lesions on the roots, which thereafter expanded in the depth of root tuber and make them putrid. The diseased tissues were surface disinfested in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, rinsed three times using sterilized water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C in darkness for 3 to 4 days. Fungal colonies were obtained from infectious tissues and nine single-spore isolates were purified, with white to violet fluffy aerial hyphae growth on PDA. On these colonies, two types of conidia developed; the slightly falcate macroconidia (3.96 to 5.93 × 10.26 to 31.25 μm) have 3 to 5 septa, while the ovoid or ellipse microconidia (2.05 to 4.56 × 4.55 to 9.96 μm) have 0 to 1 septum. Chlamydospores were terminal or intercalary, in pairs or in chains, and measured 5.63 to 9.46 µm in diameter. Such typical morphological characteristics suggests the identification of the nine single-spore isolates to be Fusarium oxysporum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To confirm pathogenicity, Koch’s postulate was carried out. Five 1-year-old P. sibiricum seedlings with healthy growth were planted together in a pot with sterilized soil (diameter = 30 cm), and a 20 ml conidial suspension of each isolate was irrigated into the soil near the roots (1 × 10⁵ conidia/ml, 4 ml for each plant). As a control, five 1-year-old P. sibiricum seedlings were treated with distilled water. Inoculated seedlings were grown in a greenhouse at 28°C with an 8-h photoperiod of fluorescent light. Similar lesions were observed on the inoculated roots but not on control ones after 3 weeks. To further confirm the identification of this pathogen, we reisolated the F. oxysporum fungus from the infected roots and characterized them by DNA sequencing. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor (TEF-1α) gene regions were amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS5 (Guo et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2016) and EF-1/EF-2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998), respectively, and sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS, accession no. MK811209; TEF-1α, accession no. MK830060). The sequences shared 99.61% and 100% similarity with F. oxysporum for ITS (MK681347 and 31 others) and TEF-1α (MH828020 and 99 others), respectively. Based on the above data, all nine isolates were identified as F. oxysporum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum as causal agent of root rot on P. sibiricum in Chizhou, China. F. oxysporum infections pose a serious threat to P. sibiricum production and thus need to be considered when developing effective control strategies.

Pterocypsela indica L. Shih (synonym Lactuca indica L.) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae that has a worldwide distribution. In China, it is often used as a component for traditional Chinese medicine or as a leafy edible foraged from the wild. In September 2018 in Qianxi county (27.24 N, 106.01 E) of China, where a 2-ha field of P. indica was being planted, severe powdery mildew was observed on the leaves of P. indica. Approximately 35% of leaves on a plant were symptomatic, and about 40% of the plants were infected. Colonies were circular or irregular. White patches on the adaxial surface of the leaves appeared from June to September, and necrotic symptoms were observed in the autumn. To identify the pathogen, a voucher specimen (isolate CG) was examined for morphological characters using a microscope under 40× magnification. Each unbranched conidiophore was composed of a cylindrical foot cell followed by one to three short cells, ranging in size from 90 to 270 × 8 to 14 μm (n = 40). Conidia of the pathogen were ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped and measured 25 to 34 × 17 to 22 μm (n = 40). Fibrosin bodies were absent. Fungal hyphae were septate, branched, flexuous to straight, and up to 7 μm wide. These structures were identical with those of the anamorph of Podosphaera xanthii U. Braun & N. Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012), previously known as Podosphaera fusca (Cho et al. 2013). The pathogen was identified as P. xanthii on the basis of morphology and the sequence of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region of rDNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction with universal primers ITS-1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGGaaawf-3′) and ITS-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) (White et al. 1990). The sequence submitted on December 6, 2017 (GenBank accession MG647826.1) of the ITS region exactly matched the sequences of P. xanthii accessions (e.g., GenBank accession nos. KX369541.1 and MG754404.1). Pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed by performing Koch’s postulate as follows. Six healthy P. indica plants at the eight-leaf stage were selected for the test in the greenhouse. They were inoculated with conidia from an infected plant. Another six plants not inoculated were regarded as controls. After the inoculation, all plants were incubated in the greenhouse for symptom development. They were kept at room temperature, >70% relative humidity, 80 Lux, and 8 h light/day. The experiments were conducted twice. Fourteen days after incubation, powdery mildew symptoms appeared on the leaves of inoculated plants, and the pathogen morphology was similar to that of the original voucher, whereas control plants were still asymptomatic. Powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii has been reported on cucurbits, composites, and solanaceous crops in China (Fan et al. 2019) and on papaya in Korea (Joa et al. 2013). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii causing powdery mildew on P. indica in China. Owing to abundant dissemination of conidia of P. xanthii, the disease could be a threat to P. indica in Qianxi county of China, and this geography is right for P. xanthii to possibly spread to Lactuca sativa.

A new, fast and low cost method to produce Cu-doped ZnO nanosheets is reported for the first time in this paper. Zinc foil specimens were immersed into CuSO4 aqueous solutions with various concentrations for 3 seconds and then dried at ambient condition. The immersed specimens were characterized with a scanning electron microscope, an X-ray diffractometer and a transmission electron microscope. The results show that Cu-doped ZnO nanosheets with a multilayer structure on a cupper layer are formed. Cu-doped ZnO nanosheets show hexagonal crystalline structure and comprises polycrystalline grains with diameters of 5∼10 nm. A physical modal is suggested to explain the prepared Cu-doped ZnO nanosheet structure, based on the chemical reactions and a metallurgical cell.

To investigate the changes of proliferative activity and reactive oxygen species level of human epidermal cell line HaCaT after being irradiated with low-energy 633 nm red light.Irradiation distance was determined through preliminary experiment. HaCaT cells were conventionally sub-cultured with RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Cells of the third passage were used in the following experiments. (1) Cells were divided into blank control group and 0.082, 0.164, 0.245, 0.491, 1.472, 2.453, 4.910, and 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation groups according to the random number table, with 3 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were not irradiated, while cells in the latter 8 irradiation groups were irradiated with 633 nm red light for 10, 20, 30, 60, 180, 300, 600, and 1 200 s in turn. Cells were reirradiated once every 8 hours. After being irradiated for 48 hours (6 times) in irradiation groups, the proliferative activity of cells in 9 groups was determined with cell counting kit 8 and microplate reader (denoted as absorbance value). (2) Another batch of cells were grouped and irradiated as in experiment (1). After being irradiated for once in irradiation groups, cells in 9 groups were conventionally cultured for 60 min with detection reagent of reactive oxygen species. At post culture minute (PCM) 0 (immediately), 30, 60, and 120, reactive oxygen species level of cells was determined with microplate reader (denoted as absorbance value). (3) Another batch of cells were divided into blank control group, 0.082, 0.491, 2.453, and 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation groups, and positive control group. Cells in blank control group and positive control group were not irradiated (positive control reagent of reactive oxygen species was added to cells in positive control group), and cells in irradiation groups were irradiated as in experiment (1) for once. The expression of reactive oxygen species in cells of each group was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, and t test.(1) Irradiation distance was 10 cm. Proliferative activity of cells in blank control group and 0.082, 0.164, 0.245, 0.491, 1.472, 2.453, 4.910, and 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation groups was 1.000, 1.116±0.031, 1.146±0.016, 1.162±0.041, 1.179±0.016, 1.207±0.016, 1.247±0.040, 1.097±0.059, and 0.951±0.118, respectively. Compared with that in blank control group, proliferative activity of cells in 0.082-2.453 J/cm(2) irradiation groups was significantly higher (with t values from -22.803 to -6.779, P values below 0.05). Proliferative activity of cells in 4.910 and 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation groups was similar to that in blank control group (with t values respectively -2.854 and 0.711, P values above 0.05). (2) Compared with that in blank control group, reactive oxygen species level of cells was significantly enhanced at PCM 0 and 30 in 0.164-2.453 J/cm(2) irradiation groups (with t values from -12.453 to -4.684, P0.05 or P0.01), while that showed no significant change in 0.082, 4.910, and 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation groups (with t values from -3.925 to -0.672, P values above 0.05). Compared with that in blank control group, reactive oxygen species level of cells was significantly enhanced at PCM 60 in 0.082-2.453 J/cm(2) irradiation groups (with t values from -11.387 to -4.717, P0.05 or P0.01). Compared with that in blank control group, reactive oxygen species level of cells was significantly enhanced at PCM 120 in 0.491-2.453 J/cm(2) irradiation groups (with t values from -10.657 to -6.644, P0.05 or P0.01). (3) Compared with that in blank control group, the expression of reactive oxygen species of cells was increased in 0.082, 0.491, and 2.453 J/cm(2) irradiation groups and positive control group. The expression of reactive oxygen species of cells in 9.810 J/cm(2) irradiation group was attenuated when compared with the expressions in the other irradiation groups. Reactive oxygen species expressed in mitochondria of cells in each group.Low-energy 633 nm red light can enhance the proliferation of human epidermal cell line HaCaT, and the effect is closely related to the increase of reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria after being stimulated by red light irradiation.