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The operation of roads under modern conditions associated with high speeds and traffic density results in wear of pavement and formation of a rut. When crossing the ruts, instability can occur when relatively small steering inputs lead to large changes in the trajectory. The lateral force acting on a wheel of a car is of particular importance in the study of stability and controllability. The magnitude of this force is determined by various factors: tire stiffness, speed, change in the angle of rotation of the wheel, the geometry of the transverse profile of the rut.The objective of the study refers to the problem of determining the angles of inclination of side walls of the rut that are safe for movement at different speeds. The paper considers the interaction of a car wheel with the road surface, proposes a mathematical model for interaction of a tire with ruts, considers the angle of the wheel running on the rut wall. To describe the elastic response of a tire in contact with a rut, an elastic foundation model and a plane section method are used. The lateral force was estimated based on equations of motion of the wheel when crossing the rut. The dependences of the ratio of the lateral force to the normal load for various rut depths and angles of inclination of its walls on the angle of rotation of the wheel and the speed of the vehicle were obtained. It is shown that at a rut inclination angle exceeding five degrees, the lateral force begins to increase significantly with an increase in the angle of rotation of the wheel, as well as the speed of the vehicle, and may exceed the applied normal load. According to the condition of vehicle stability against skidding on a wet surface, limiting average angles of inclination of the side walls of the rut are estimated for various values of the vehicle speed and wheel rotation angles.

Various technical solutions are used to meet existing requirements for insulating high-voltage equipment, and the widespread introduction of solid insulation is one of them. Recently, there has been a noticeable wide transition to composite materials with improved strength properties. To justify the use of such materials, it is necessary to be guided by statistical laws of electrical strength distribution from various parameters, particularly the size of insulation, and its volume, to analyze breakdown probabilities. When selecting an appropriate type of material, one should also rely on the filler's type, size, and structure, temperature coefficient difference of linear expansion for electrode and cast insulation materials, and a possible increase in adhesion of metal elements epoxy compounds. The article considers in detail the issues of determining the distribution of electrical strength from various parameters, describes the theories of dielectric failure and ways to increase insulation, and also presents for the first time the experience of high-quality adhesion of electrodes with composite materials in the absence and pre-application of a small layer of compound on the electrode surface before the main filling with solid insulation. The presented results cover experiments on the strength of cast epoxy insulation samples when activating the electrode surface with alkali, potassium dichromate, and in the absence of activation. At the same time, for a better understanding of the ongoing processes and changes in the electric field strength, the main influencing factors and the mechanisms of the electrical breakdown development are taken into account.

The results of studies on the development of new-generation 6- to 110-kV electroconductive busbars based on novel composite materials with incorporated elements for digital diagnostics and monitoring are presented. The use of different types of compounds for the manufacture of insulation systems is considered. Attention is focused on the design features of high-voltage busbars, as well as on the insulation systems thereof. It is shown that epoxy compounds including in the composition with other materials are currently the main cast insulation for high-voltage busbars. The main advantages of cast insulation for high-voltage busbars compared to other types of insulation are determined. The main directions of development of insulating systems for busbars are established. Key factors that will provide the electric strength and the thermal operation modes of insulation systems are established.

The spectral characteristics of electromagnetic radiation from cloud discharges triggered by groups of model hydrometeors in an artificial thunderstorm cloud are presented on the basis of wavelet analysis. It is found that these characteristics depend on the locations of cells of different polarity relative to the ground, on the location of groups of large hydrometeors in the cloud, and the way they are combined into a common array. The characteristic frequency ranges in the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of cloud discharges recorded on the Earth’s surface and at the height of an artificial thunderstorm cloud are determined. It is assumed that the bulk of large hailstones will modify the characteristics of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of cloud discharges in a thunderstorm cloud in different ways, depending on the movement of these hailstones near the areas of positive and negative charge of the thunderstorm cloud. It is found that the boundary frequencies in the spectrum of signals recorded on the Earth’s surface can reach 400 MHz, while they may achieve 1200 MHz at the height of the cloud. The risk of the impact of pulses of electromagnetic radiation from cloud discharges with the revealed spectral characteristics on digital elements of ground cyberphysical systems and aircraft in frequency ranges of mega- to gigahertz is analyzed.

The paper discusses the well-known concepts of matter, objects, environments, information and information field in relation to the proposed information representation of the interaction of objects and environments based on the description of their information structures. An overview of the methods of forming information structures for modeling objects, environments and processes is given. It is shown that without using the concept of the environment, as an entity in which objects exist and are reflected in time and in a certain space, it is not always possible to accurately describe the change in the state of an object. This is due to the fact that the current state of an object depends both on the action of other objects on it and on its ability to reflect a specific physical or other environment in which it and other objects exist. From the presented review of approaches to object-oriented methods of modeling objects, environments and processes, it can be concluded that it is fundamentally important to take into account the physical and spatial environment in which they interact in object methods of modeling and programming complex objects and systems. Using programming languages, we can create and even manage the information structures of objects and environments. They are called abstract because they are not informational representations of the corresponding physical objects and environments. An example of such capabilities are special programming languages ​​for creating virtual objects and virtual worlds. Created on the basis of special programming languages, virtual simulators help specialists of various professions acquire skills in managing real objects, technological processes, etc.

Special high-voltage busbar (current carrier) designs are widely used to connect various objects in stations and substations (generators, transformers, switchgear, etc.) and individual components of these systems (e.g., switchgear cells). Connecting various high-voltage objects at stations and substations with flexible wires is a thing of the past; this is now done with rigid non-corona busbars with air insulation, gas-filled current carriers, and current carriers with polymer insulation. In recent years, highly compact busbars have mainly involved the use of new insulating media (primarily gases and polymer dielectrics with high breakdown strengths), along with improvements in the technology for production and application of these materials. Various types of high-voltage busbars are currently in use: shielded air busbars, busbars with cast polymer insulation, sealed shielded busbars with primary insulation by high breakdown-strength gases. Losses in busbars are reduced by using technical solutions employing insulating media with low dielectric constants and the busbars are built to avoid corona at the rated working voltage. The solutions for busbar construction at present have various advantages and disadvantages, depending on the design of the busbar and the object on which it is used. Further improvements in high-voltage busbars will involve the creation of new polymer materials, technologies for their use, and the development and application of new gases with high breakdown strengths.

Issues related to the development and technical operation of gas-insulated lines are considered. A comparison of the technical parameters of lines with different types of insulation is performed. The throughput of and losses in power-transmission lines of different types are identified; the specific electric capacity and technical losses in the gas-insulated lines are determined, and their safety and environmental friendliness are evaluated. The assessment of gas-insulated line construction variants and dependence of their real dimensions on the nominal voltage is carried out. Options for using different gases in gas-insulated lines are considered. The comparison of the intensity of magnetic fields of overhead, cable, and gas-insulated power lines showing the efficiency of the gas-insulated line application is performed.

The main technical characteristics of optical power supply systems for remote electronic modules of hybrid measuring systems are studied. Research methods and hardware and software implementation for measuring the spectral and load and temperature characteristics of photovoltaic converters, being key elements of such systems, are considered.

Results of experimental investigations of an influence of the model hydrometeors on an electromagnetic radiation of the discharge phenomena initiated in an artificial thundercloud have been presented. It was established that the characteristics of an electromagnetic radiation of the cloud discharges initiated by the model hydrometeor groups in an artificial thundercloud depend on the location of the cells of a different polarity relative to the ground, as well as on the place of an introduction of the large hydrometeor arrays into the gap between the cells. It was determined that the character of the registered electromagnetic radiation of the discharge phenomena initiated by the model hydrometeor groups in the artificial thundercloud was close to the character of the powerful bipolar impulses of very high frequency registered for the cloud discharges and during the beginning stage of a downward lightning formation. It was proposed that the arrays of a large hail in a thundercloud could provoke the discharge phenomena significantly modifying the characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation of the cloud discharges. It was experimentally shown that the introduction into the artificial thundercloud of the model hydrometeor groups combined in a common system by the dielectric string can sufficiently decrease a power and the duration of the impulses of an electromagnetic radiation of the initiating discharge phenomena.

The paper considers the application of the computational analysis of data transmission models in satellite systems for aircraft trajectory control. A system for monitoring the trajectory of aircraft using satellite communication systems Iridium and Inmarsat is presented. The scheme of communication between the aircraft board and the control tower takes into account the peculiarities of extreme conditions typical for the Arctic and the Far North. An example of calculating the probability of code combination transformations for an asymmetric channel with independent errors is considered. In this case, the calculations follow the provisions of the theorems of probability theory. Modeled data rates for satellite communication systems Iridium and Inmarsat. It is concluded that the Iridium and Inmarsat systems have a high data transfer rate and a low error rate, and their use as communication systems for transmitting data from an aircraft to an air traffic control center is justified.

The article presents an example of a statistical analysis of agro-climatic factors of crop failure in agricultural plots for the cultivation of rice. It is shown that crop failure is mainly due to a variety of random, independent agro-climatic factors: the sum of active temperatures, the sum of precipitation, soil fertility, etc. Agricultural technology of crop cultivation also has a significant impact on crop failure, which is characterized by the following features: the predecessor, the amount of fertilizer, weeding, the number of days from the bay to the discharge of water, the number of days from mowing to threshing. As methods of statistical data processing, the authors use complex data processing by traditional methods, including comparison of mean values of features, principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis, and discriminant analysis. It is noted that the results of complex processing of the agrotechnical characteristics of plots with different rice yields using the apparatus of one-dimensional and multivariate statistical analysis provide a basis only for identifying general trends, since the agrotechnical system has a high level of complexity. For a deeper and more complete penetration into its essence, an apparatus should be used that can identify and take into account the structural heterogeneity of data about this system.

The paper considers the application of the computational approach to the structure spectral analysis of GERT-network models of mobile object monitoring systems. The structure of the system for monitoring mobile objects using satellite communication channels is presented, in particular, the structure of the system for monitoring the flight path of aircraft. It is shown that the structure of monitoring systems can be represented as a GERT-network model, which allows at the initial stage to consider various options for the formation of interaction between a mobile object, for example, a manned or unmanned aerial vehicle, and a ground control complex. The main idea of the approach is to transform a known graph into a graph with the desired spectrum, which corresponds to a valid implementation of the GERT network graph. Obviously, the set of admissible implementations also includes a graph with the maximum probability of completing the process in a given time. The results are presented, which allow, when analyzing the GERT-network structure of a monitoring system, to assess, by fairly simple methods, the compliance of a structure variant with a number of requirements that apply to the system as a whole.

The results of a physical simulation using negatively charged artificial thunderstorm cells to test the spectrum of possible electromagnetic effects of upward streamer discharges on the model elements of transmission line monitoring systems (sensor or antennas) are presented. Rod and elongated model elements with different electric field amplification coefficients are investigated. A generalization is made about the parameters of upward streamer current impulse and its electromagnetic effect on both kinds of model elements. A wavelet analysis of the upward streamer corona current impulse and of the signal simultaneously induced in the neighboring model element is conducted. A generalization of the spectral characteristics of the upward streamer current and of the signals induced by the electromagnetic radiation of the nearby impulse streamer corona on model elements is made. The reasons for super-high and ultra-high frequency ranges in the wavelet spectrum of the induced electromagnetic effect are discussed. The characteristic spectral ranges of the possible electromagnetic effect of upward streamer flash on the elements of transmission line monitoring systems are considered.

The article discusses a new stage in the development of the agricultural sphere, associated with the use of precision farming technologies. It is shown that the development of precision farming technology requires a higher level of technical support based on the use of unmanned aerial systems that perform differentiated application of pesticides and fertilizers according to a given field treatment program. A stochastic GERT-model of the UAV transport technological cycle is proposed. The loss of UAV performance over time serves as a criterion in the risk analysis of UAV transport technological cycles. This paper proposes a method for determining the quantitative characteristics of the risks of UAV transport units as a local criterion for the predicted amount of downtime and losses. A new method for calculating the quantitative values of the risk of UAV downtime, as the main link in the precision farming system in one transport technological cycle, is proposed based on the procedures of stochastic graphs.

The article deals with the application of automated control systems for mechanical quantities and vibration diagnostics for draught-blowing machines of boiler units of thermal power plants of medium power in order to ensure their environmental and industrial safety. Draft blowers are technical devices operated at hazardous production facilities of thermal power plants as vibration control and monitoring systems in accordance with technical requirements. The requirements for the scope of control and measurement of technological and electrical parameters of draft machines, such as bearing temperature, medium temperature, discharge and suction pressure, electric motor currents, are considered. The authors propose two options for solving the problem of organizing monitoring of draft machines for thermal power plants. To determine the possibility of organizing a full-function monitoring of draft machines, a method for expert analysis of the technical and metrological characteristics of automated systems for monitoring vibration and mechanical quantities is proposed.

The article deals with the problem of controlling the emission of gases and suspended particles of thermal power plants. It is a closed system with mutual influence of physical processes (fuel preparation, fuel combustion, flue gases and particulate matter removal) on computational processes (fuel quality control, fuel combustion completeness control, control of permissible emissions into the atmosphere) and the reverse influence of computational processes on physical ones (fuel preparation modes change, fuel combustion modes change, flue gases and suspended particles removal modes change). The fault tolerance and predictability improvement of such a cyber-physical system is associated with an increase of the data reliability from existing feedback loops and the multimodality of physical process control systems.

The analysis of the influence of natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic and Far North on the stability of air connection is investigated in this article. The provision of year-round mainline, interregional and regional air transportation is associated with the complexity of controlling the flight path of aircraft in extreme Arctic conditions. For the Arctic zone, the possibility of using a constellation of low-orbit satellite communication systems is being considered for transmitting data on the position of an aircraft to a control tower located on the ground. In this case, data transmission is possible both using GSM communication through ground stations, and using inter-satellite communication lines.

The article discusses the issue of increasing the dielectric strength of solid insulation of conduits used in various areas of the electric power industry, chemical and metallurgical industries, as well as in the agro-industrial complex. For a conductor with a voltage class of 6 (10) kV with a specially developed new type of insulating compound, electric strength tests were carried out with a full lightning impulse and one-minute power frequency voltage. As a result of the tests carried out, the functionality of the improved design and the new type of insulation was confirmed.

Operating-lock systems are intended to prevent emergencies and injury-causing hazards at power substations. To arrange operating locks in switch and control gear (SCG) cells, it is necessary to have technical tools of no-voltage and voltage detection on conductor buses. The use of no-contact capacitance voltage detectors is an efficient way to make the installation process less labor-intensive. A matter of substantial interest is the design of a no-contact device able to indicate the absence or supply of voltage in each separate conductor bus and initiate phase rotation. The designed voltage detector uses a system of three capacitance electric- field detectors installed in the SCG opposite to the respective lines. Each of the detectors is affected by the fields generated by all the lines when energized. Thus, the output signal of each detector is the sum of partial signals conditioned by the voltage of each separate phase. Each of the three partial components in such signals is detected by digital signal processing. The operation of the detectors under uncertainty was modeled by the Monte Carlo technique in the MATLAB environment. Each imitative test with a random set of parameters results in vector responses from the detectors. The test results help draw diagrams on a complex plane for full-phase and open-phase modes. It is shown that the pertinence of signal vectors to a specific region makes it possible to unambiguously identify the absence or supply of voltage for each separate conductor bus.

The use of rigid noncorona busbars with the air insulation, gas-filled current leads, and current leads with the polymeric insulation to connect various high-voltage elements at plants and substations allows providing a decrease in the electric energy losses, increase in reliability and safety of operation, as well as improving the ecological situation at the plants and substations. Compactness of the busbars is provided due to the use of new insulation media (first and foremost, electrically high-strength gases and polymeric dielectrics), as well as improvement of the technology of production and use of these materials. At present, various types of high-voltage current leads are used: shielded air busbars, busbars with the cast polymeric insulation, and sealed shielded current leads with the basic high-strength gas insulation. Engineering solutions in which insulation media with low dielectric permeability are used and the buses are made noncorona with rated operating voltage are applied to reduce the losses in the busbars.

The method of choice of the working intensity of the electrical field in the cast epoxy insulation of a 6- to 110-kV switchgear taking into account its dimensions, structure, and basic operational factors is studied. The volt–time characteristics of the electrical strength of the cast epoxy insulation corresponding to a low probability of the breakdown at the different intensity of the partial discharges are analyzed. It is shown that the distribution of the electrical strength of the cast insulation under the short-term and long-term action of the commercial-frequency voltage is well described by the Weibull law and the influence of the dimensions on the electrical strength is specified by the “active” volume of the dielectric—the area where the electricalfield intensity makes up no less than 85% of the maximum in the clearance. The estimation of the permissible field intensities in the cast insulation of a 10- to 35-kV switchgear with various degrees of the field inhomogeneity and intensities of the partial discharges is given.

The computational approach to synthesis of the multiversion structure of distributed information decision-making support system is presented. A formal model of the local information system is given. This system is intended to ensure the functioning of a complex control system based on the multiversion approach and consisting of a set of multiversion objects. The problem of distribution of objects by local information subsystems has been solved. For a set of valid queries in a distributed system, the answers for the decision maker are formed sequentially without repeating queries. To take into account certain requirements regarding the structure of a distributed system, it is necessary to formulate these requirements in formalized constraints and introduce them into the mathematical description of the problem. Note that the effectiveness of the targeted use of the system depends both on the results of synthesis (structure and parameters of the system) and on the correct organization of the subsystem for monitoring its technical condition during operation.

General trends in the development of electrical-distribution systems and requirements for switchgears (SGs) for midrange voltage are considered. The main advantages of conventional SGs with air insulation are indicated. Problems of transitioning to SGs with solid insulation and solid shielded insulation are considered. The volume of cells with air insulation is from three to five times greater than that of present-day SG cells with solid insulation and gas-filled cells. It is determined that application of SISS (Solid Insulated Switchgear with an grounded Shield) technology shows the greatest promise for improving SGs with solid insulation. The solid shielded insulation extends the equipment’s service life before possible repair, thus decreasing the maintenance expenses. Various manufacturers’ schematic structural variations of manufacturing of cells with solid insulation are described. The main engineering solutions of the offered designs are presented. Their advantages and disadvantageous features have been indicated. Application of the proposed system allows one to reduce the size of SGs and significantly increase security, as contacts with high-voltage are not used in a compartment SG. In addition, the moving elements of SGs under high potential require another insulation medium that will allow these elements to move, e.g., a gas, liquid, or vacuum. This means that insulation of such SG in principle is combined. Moreover, the solid insulation layer worsens heat dissipation. High electrostatic-field strengths in solid dielectric and large volumes of molded solid dielectric require special means to eliminate partial discharges. Interconnection of various elements presents a serious problem, and the elements’ boundary surface is the most weakened insulation node. For this reason, application of such elements requires elaborate engineering and special engineering solutions that improve insulation’s performance reliability and improve thermal conditions.

The idea of the system control and monitoring of a complete 35-kV switchgear with the shielded solid insulation is presented. The switchgear is constructed in the form of two cells. One of the cells, which has a three-position sulphur hexafluoride load break–disconnecting–grounding switch with a motor-spring drive is incorporated into the switch module and includes bus and cable modules, a cell cabinet, and a control and monitoring system. The other cell contains the same elements, plus a fuse and a high-speed grounding switch. The control and monitoring system is developed in two forms, one for standard and one for digital substations. Technical characteristics and the structure of the system, as well as the execution algorithms, are given. Monitoring of the electromagnetic fields and partial discharges with the use of the various indicators and sensors, monitoring of insulation, and its temperature, as well as residual life of the switching devices and drives, are of great significance. Modbus is usually used as the automation protocol for standard substations. It allows carrying out the dispatching control and data integration into the control system, but it does not allow real-time transmission of the instantaneous values of current and voltage, RPA discrete signals, etc. In accordance with the IEC 61850 standards, all real-time commutation processes are carried out by the Ethernet technology, which is described by the IEEE 802.3 protocol and provides digital data transfer in accordance with stringent RPA requirements. Structural implementation of two system modifications in the form of the nonstandard telecommunication equipment with a temperature–humidity control system located on the top of the switchgear cabinet with the arrangement of the control, indication, and alarm element is described.

Methods and practical implementations of monitoring production processes in industrial processing of solid household waste and their impact on the environment are considered. This makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the interaction of the automated enterprise management system with the objects of the enterprise in the implementation of their modeling, as well as to raise the level of controllability of the production system. With the implementation of continuous analysis, the problem of optimizing the links between processing facilities is solved in order to ultimately increase the output of high-quality products, the company’s response to external changes and the requirements of environmental standards. The presently actual production facilities providing processing of solid household waste are considered. Within the framework of the IDEF0 functional modeling method, the characteristic properties of enterprises are determined and their representation is built in the form of an IDEF0-model.

The article discusses a modification of the ant colony algorithm, which is used to solve the problem of forming the composition of multiversion software with a dynamic architecture. The algorithm was tested for a specific composition of multiversion modules. The graphical dependencies that characterize the changes in the parameters of the cost and reliability of the multiversion software complex with the specified resource constraints are presented.

The prospects for use of energy cables with cross-linked polyethylene insulation (CLPE) and switching gears with solid insulation under direct and alternating current are considered. The main developments in the work of enterprises manufacturing cable products are listed, and their main characteristics are given. The advantages of cables lines with cross-linked polyethylene insulation over cable lines with paper–oil insulation are described: increased capacity, high permissible insulation temperature, smaller cable bend radius, smaller weight–size parameters, increased service life, the possibility of being laid at low temperatures, and high environmental characteristics. The global experience and main problems of application of cross-linked polyethylene insulation cables under direct high-voltage current are analyzed. The variants of performance of the insulation and structure of 6–35 kV switching gears of different producers are studied. Some functions of switching gear, typical structures, and equipment structure are listed, and the main test modes for insulation of separated section and units of the switching gears are described. Different types of solid insulation of complete switching gears (CSGs) of medium voltage are compared: with and without a grounded shield on the surface. Reduced weight–size parameters and increased electrical safety are identified as advantages of the structure with a shield. Data on perspective Russian development in the area of complete switching gears and solid insulation are presented, and the conclusions regarding their main advantages are drawn. The basic functional of the system of control and monitoring by new-generation switching gear of the is offered.

This article presents results of research on the strength distribution of electric and magnetic fields created by a bus-bar arrangement of a linear disconnector on 110-kV outdoor switchgear (OSG). The research was carried out directly under phase line wires with a small radius and long length going out from the disconnector. The research was carried out for two linear disconnectors of OSG placed far apart from each other. The height above the ground of the bus-bar arrangement of the linear disconnector amounted to 0.5–2 m. For the bus-bar arrangement of linear disconnector placed at a height above the ground of 5 m, experimental studies of magnetic field strength under the middle and outermost phase line wires were carried out. The studies were performed at a distance of 1 m from the linear disconnector for heights above the ground within the range of 0.5–2 m. The parameters of the strength indicators of electric and magnetic fields were determined. Recommendations for location of the strength indicators of electric and magnetic fields are given. The behavior of the strengths of electric and magnetic fields under the bus-bar arrangement of the linear disconnector is determined, and the principle of indication of electric and magnetic fields under the OSG elements is specified.

The article considers a software package that allows you to form the composition of multiversion software for fault-tolerant control systems. The software implementation is based on a modified ant colony algorithm, which belongs to the class of bioinspired algorithms. The algorithm implements the search direction in order to minimize the cost of a program consisting of a set of modules. For each module, there are several versions of its implementation, developed within the framework of the multiversion programming methodology. The search direction is also implemented in order to maximize the reliability of the modular program in multiversion execution. The software implementation of the algorithm allows a number of experiments to be performed to obtain data that can be used to compare the performance of the standard and modified ant colony algorithms.

The article presents computer modeling and the development of algorithmic and information tools to support multilingual analysis of the uniqueness of scientific and educational texts using the technique of lexically related components. This new educational and communication methodology allows the formation of interlanguage and intralingual associative links. The authors carried out a theoretical and informational analysis of the communication structure and information base in computer modeling of the process of multilingual analysis of the uniqueness of texts. The development of algorithmic and information tools for supporting multilingual analysis of the uniqueness of texts on the basis of lexically related components with the formation of interlanguage and intra-lingual associative links has been carried out. As a result of the work, a new method of computer modeling of multilingual analysis of the uniqueness of texts is proposed, focused on the formation of intralingual and interlanguage associative links. To implement the proposed methodology in the process of multilingual analysis of the uniqueness of texts, the structure of frequency lexically related dictionaries has been developed as a means of information and terminological support.