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1. Hydrogen isotopic ratio by residual gas analysis during the JET DT campaigns

Author: G. Gervasini, L. Laguardia, D. Douai, D. Matveev, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, E. Pawelec, I. Jepu, A. Widdowson, and JET Contributors
Subjects: plasma exhaust, hydrogen isotopic ratio, residual gas analysis, optical gas analysis, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The analysis of hydrogen isotope content is crucial for understanding the operation of fusion devices. Hydrogen isotopic analysis in the core and plasma edge is conducted through neutron and spectroscopic diagnostics. In the case of exhaust gas, mass spectrometry is employed using residual gas analyzers (RGAs), along with optical gas analysis (OGA) utilizing an optical Penning gauge. The use of traditional quadrupole mass spectrometers for RGA encounters challenges during discharges with tritium gas due to signal overlap of different hydrogen molecules at the same mass number. This paper introduces a novel technique to address this issue through a cross-related analysis of RGA data with OGA results. Another consideration in mass spectrometry analysis is the instrument’s varying sensitivity concerning the gas mass number. The paper includes gas calibration data results for all the quadrupoles used in the JET gas analysis. Hydrogen isotopic ratios are calculated from RGA detected currents using simple formulas. The results of this procedure are presented for selected DT JET discharges in relation to the JET pulse time, and they are compared with corresponding optical data. Time-averaged hydrogen isotopic ratio values are computed for numerous discharges during the DT and T campaigns.
Published: 2024
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2. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author: E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor
Subjects: JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.
Published: 2024
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3. Overview of the first Wendelstein 7-X long pulse campaign with fully water-cooled plasma facing components

Author: O. Grulke, C. Albert, J.A. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, M. Arvanitou, E. Ascasibar, E. Aymerich, K. Avramidis, J.-P. Bähner, S.-G. Baek, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Bañón Navarro, L. Baylor, C.D. Beidler, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, G. Birkenmeier, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, D. Boeyaert, D. Bold, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, H.-S. Bosch, H. Bouvain, S. Bozhenkov, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, C. Brandt, S. Brezinsek, K.J. Brunner, C. Büschel, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, B. Buttenschoen, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, A. Cappa, F. Carovani, D. Carralero, A. Carls, B. Carvalho, D. Castaño-Bardawil, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, S. Chen, D. Cipciar, J.W. Coenen, G. Conway, M. Cornelissen, Y. Corre, P. Costello, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H.I. Cu Castillo, G. Czymek, H. Damm, R.J. Davies, C. Day, S. Degenkolbe, R. De Wolf, W. Dekeyser, A. Demby, P. Despontin, C.P. Dhard, A. Dinklage, F.A. d’Isa, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drews, J. Droste, D. Dunai, C. Dyhring, P. van Eeten, E. Edlund, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, M.S. Espinosa, T. Estrada, D. Fehling, L. Feuerstein, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, D.L.C. Fernando, S. Fischer, E.R. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, J. Frank, H. Frerichs, G. Fuchert, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, I. García-Cortés, J.M. García-Regaña, B. Geiger, J. Geiger, P. Geissler, M. Gerard, G. Godino-Sedano, T. Gonda, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, M. Gruca, J.F. Guerrero Arnaiz, V. Haak, L. van Ham, K. Hammond, B. Hamstra, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, S. Hegedus, S. Heinrich, P. Helander, F. Henke, S. Henneberg, L. Henschke, M. Hirsch, U. Hoefel, K. Hoefler, S. Hoermann, K.-P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Huang, M. Hubeny, K. Hunger, D. Hwangbo, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, M. Jablczynska, S. Jablonski, B. Jabłoński, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, J. Jin, A. Johansson, G. Jouniaux, S. Kajita, J.-P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, W. Kasparek, C. Kawan, Ye. O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, W. Kernbichler, A.K. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, C.C. Klepper, T. Klinger, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, M. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, S.A. Korteweg, J. Koschinsky, J. Koster, Y. Kovtun, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksia¸zek, M. Kubkowska, M.D. Kuczyński, D. Kulla, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, I. Kuzmych, S. Kwak, V. Lancelotti, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, H.P. Laqua, M.R. Larsen, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, B. Lee, A. LeViness, M. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, L. Liao, A. Litnovsky, J. Liu, J. Loizu, R. Lopez-Cansino, L.D. Lopez Rodriguez, A. Lorenz, R. Lunsford, Y. Luo, V. Lutsenko, N. Maaziz, M. Machielsen, R. Mackenbach, D. Makowski, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, M. Markl, S. Marsen, J. Martínez, N. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D.A. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, P. McNeely, D. Medina Roque, J. Meineke, S. Meitner, S. vaz Mendes, A. Menzel-Barbara, B. van Milligen, A. Mishchenko, V. Moiseenko, A. Möller, S. Möller, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, P. Mulholland, M. Nagel, D. Nagy, Y. Narbutt, D. Naujoks, P. Nelde, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S. Nielsen, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, G. Offermanns, J. Ongena, J.W. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, G. Partesotti, E.A. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, T.S. Pedersen, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, L. Podavini, N.S. Polei, P. Poloskei, S. Ponomarenko, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, D. Refy, F. Reimold, M. Richou, J.S. Riemann, K. Riße, J. de la Riva Villén, G. Roberg-Clark, E. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, T. Romba, D. Rondeshagen, M. Rud, T. Ruess, T. Rummel, A. Runov, C. Ruset, N. Rust, L. Ryc, T. Rzesnicki, M. Salewski, E. Sánchez, L. Sanchis Sanchez, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J.C. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, M. Van Schoor, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, S. Simko, L. Singh, Y. Siusko, C. Slaby, M. Śle¸czka, B.S. Smith, D.R. Smith, H. Smith, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, I. Stepanov, M. Stern, U. Stroth, Y. Suzuki, C. Swee, L. Syrocki, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, R. Takacs, H. Takahashi, N. Tamura, C. Tantos, J. Terry, S. Thiede, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, T. Thun, S. Togo, T. Tork, H. Trimino Mora, A. Tsikouras, Y. Turkin, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, J.L. Velasco, M. Verstraeten, M. Vervier, E. Viezzer, J. Wagner, E. Wang, F. Wang, M. Wappl, F. Warmer, T. Wegner, Y. Wei, G. Weir, N. Wendler, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H.M. Xiang, S. Xu, H. Yamada, J. Yang, R. Yi, M. Yokoyama, B. Zamorski, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, J. Zimmermann, A. Zocco, and S. Zoletnik
Subjects: stellarator, long-pulse operation, magnetic fusion confinement, divertor detachment, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: After a long device enhancement phase, scientific operation resumed in 2022. The main new device components are the water cooling of all plasma facing components and the new water-cooled high heat flux divertor units. Water cooling allowed for the first long-pulse operation campaign. A maximum discharge length of 8 min was achieved with a total heating energy of 1.3 GJ. Safe divertor operation was demonstrated in attached and detached mode. Stable detachment is readily achieved in some magnetic configurations but requires impurity seeding in configurations with small magnetic pitch angle within the edge islands. Progress was made in the characterization of transport mechanisms across edge magnetic islands: Measurement of the potential distribution and flow pattern reveals that the islands are associated with a strong poloidal drift, which leads to rapid convection of energy and particles from the last closed flux surface into the scrape-off layer. Using the upgraded plasma heating systems, advanced heating scenarios were developed, which provide improved energy confinement comparable to the scenario, in which the record triple product for stellarators was achieved in the previous operation campaign. However, a magnetic configuration-dependent critical heating power limit of the electron cyclotron resonance heating was observed. Exceeding the respective power limit leads to a degradation of the confinement.
Published: 2024
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4. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author: C.F. Maggi, D. Abate, N. Abid, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, M. Afzal, I. Ahmad, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Alguacil, J. Alhage, M. Ali, H. Allen, M. Allinson, M. Alonzo, E. Alves, R. Ambrosino, E. Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, M. Angelone, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, M. Ariola, G. Arnoux, G. Artaserse, J.-F. Artaud, W. Arter, V. Artigues, F.J. Artola, A. Ash, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, J. Ayllón, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, A. Banon Navarro, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, M. Baruzzo, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, C. Bearcroft, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, S. Benkadda, J. Bentley, E. Bernard, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, P.G. Bhat, S. Bickerton, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, J.P.S. Bizarro, P. Blatchford, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, G. Bodnar, P. Bohm, L. Bonalumi, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, I. Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, B. Breizman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, M. Brix, P. Brown, D. Brunetti, M. Buckley, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, R. Canavan, B. Cannas, M. Cannon, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, B. Carvalho, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, R. Chandra, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, P. Chauhan, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, G.-C. Chira, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, J. Cieslik, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, R. Clarkson, M. Cleverly, P. Coates, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, J. Collins, S. Conroy, C. Contré, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, L. Cordaro, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, D. Craven, R. Craven, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, A. Dal Molin, S. Dalley, P. David, A. Davies, J. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I. Day, G. De Tommasi, J. Deane, M. Dearing, M. De Bock, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, D. Del Sarto, A. Dempsey, W. Deng, A. Dennett, G.L. Derks, G. De Temmerman, F. Devasagayam, P. de Vries, P. Devynck, A. di Siena, D. Dickinson, T. Dickson, M. Diez, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J. Dobrashian, T. Dochnal, A.J.H. Donné, W. Dorland, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, R. Dotse, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H.G. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, T. Eade, E. Eardley, J. Edwards, T. Eich, A. Eksaeva, H. El-Haroun, R.D. Ellis, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, T. Farmer, I. Farquhar, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, N. Fedorczak, K. Felker, R. Felton, H. Fernandes, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, P. Fox, O. Franklin, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, S. Gadgil, K. Gál, S. Galeani, A. Galkowski, D. Gallart, M. Gambrioli, T. Gans, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, P.-I. Gherghina, F. Ghezzi, L. Giacomelli, C. Gibson, L. Gil, M.R. Gilbert, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, J. Goff, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, J.-F. Gomez, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, E. Gow, J.P. Graves, J. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. Griph, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, C. Grove, R. Grove, N. Gupta, S. Hacquin, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, M.R. Hardman, Y. Haresawa, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, S. Hazael, J. Hearmon, P. Heesterman, P. Heinrich, M. Held, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R. Henriques, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, M. Hook, M. Hoppe, J. Horáček, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, Z. Hu, Z. Huang, E. Hubenov, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, Y. Husain, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, D. Iglesias, M.V. Iliasova, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, N. Jayasekera, F. Jenko, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, E. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, T.T.C. Jones, A. Joyce, M. Juvonen, A. Kallenbach, P. Kalnina, D. Kalupin, P. Kanth, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, E. Karsakos, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, W. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, D. Kennedy, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, H.-T. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, D.J. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, U. Knoche, M. Knolker, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, B. Kool, V. Korovin, S.B. Korsholm, B. Kos, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, Y. Krasikov, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, H. Kumpulainen, B. Kurzan, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, B. Labit, M. Lacquaniti, A. Lagoyannis, L. Laguardia, A. Laing, V. Laksharam, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, M. Langley, E. Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, C. Lee, K. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, L.A. Leppin, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, L. Lewin, J. Lewis, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. Lucock, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, J. Macdonald, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, P. Manas, A. Manning, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, A. Marin Roldan, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, L. Marot, C. Marren, S. Marsden, S. Marsen, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A.J. Martin, C. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, P. McCullen, R. McDermott, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, V. McKay, L. McNamee, A. McShee, D. Mederick, M. Medland, S. Medley, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Mianowski, P. Middleton, J. Mietelski, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, E. Militello-Asp, F. Militello, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, S. Minucci, I. Miron, J. Mitchell, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, A. Montisci, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, R.B. Morales, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, T. Mrowetz, L. Msero, S. Munot, A. Muñoz-Perez, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, B. N’Konga, Y.S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, R. Neu, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, D. Nicolai, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, D. Nina, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, H. Nordman, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, J. O’Callaghan, M. O’Mullane, C. O’Neill, C. Olde, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, J. Ongena, G.P. Orsitto, A. Osipov, R. Otin, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, J. Palgrave, O. Pan, N. Panadero, T. Pandya, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, A. Parsloe, K. Paschalidis, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C. Paz-Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, I.J. Pearson, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez von Thun, D. Perry, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, C. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, U. Planck, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, M. Poradzinski, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, G. Poulipoulis, A.S. Poulsen, I. Predebon, A. Previti, D. Primetzhofer, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, R. Ragona, M. Rainford, P. Raj, M. Rasinski, D. Rasmussen, J. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, A. Raso, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, D. Rigamonti, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, E. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, C. Rowley, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, M. Rud, J. Ruiz Ruiz, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, F. Sanchez, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, O. Sauter, P. Sauvan, G. Schettini, A. Shevelev, A.A. Schekochihin, K. Schmid, B.S. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, D. Scoon, S. Scully, M. Segato, J. Seidl, L. Senni, J. Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, N. Shi, P. Shigin, D. Shiraki, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, T. Smart, R.D. Smirnov, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, J. Snell, L. Snoj, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, L. Spolladore, D. Spong, C. Srinivasan, G. Staebler, A. Stagni, I. Stamatelatos, M.F. Stamp, Ž. Štancar, P.A. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, B. Stein-Lubrano, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, M. Stojanov, D.A. St-Onge, P. Strand, S. Strikwerda, C.I. Stuart, S. Sturgeon, H.J. Sun, S. Surendran, W. Suttrop, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, T. Tadić, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, A. Teplukhina, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, B. Thomas, V.K. Thompson, A. Thorman, A.S. Thrysoe, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, L.-P. Turică, A. Turner, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, A. Tykhyy, S. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, A. Vadgama, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, M. Van Berkel, K.L. van de Plassche, M. van Rossem, D. Van Eester, J. Varela, J. Varje, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, M. Veis, P. Veis, S. Ventre, M. Veranda, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voldiner, U. Von Toussaint, P. Vondráček, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, R. Walton, E. Wang, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Webster, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, J. Williams, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, R. Woodley, R. Worrall, I. Wyss, T. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, I. Young, R. Young, B. Zaar, R.J. Zabolockis, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, V.K. Zotta, M. Zuin, W. Zwingmann, and I. Zychor
Subjects: magnetic fusion, JET-ILW, D–T, tritium, alpha particles, fusion prediction, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).
Published: 2024
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5. Validation of the ERO2.0 code using W7-X and JET experiments and predictions for ITER operation

Author: J. Romazanov, S. Brezinsek, C. Baumann, S. Rode, A. Kirschner, E. Wang, F. Effenberg, D. Borodin, M.X. Navarro, H. Xie, M. Groth, H. Kumpulainen, K. Schmid, R.A. Pitts, A. Terra, A. Knieps, Y. Gao, M. Krychowiak, A. Pandey, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: ERO2.0, ITER, JET, W7-X, plasma impurity migration, erosion, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The paper provides an overview of recent modelling of global material erosion and deposition in the fusion devices Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), JET and ITER using the Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0. For validating the modelling tool in a three-dimensional environment, W7-X simulations are performed to describe carbon erosion from the graphite test divertor units, which were equipped in operational phase OP 1.2 and analysed post-mortem. Synthetic spectroscopy of carbon line emission is compared with experimental results from the divertor spectrometer measurement system, showing a good agreement in the e-folding lengths in the radial intensity profiles of carbon. In the case of metallic wall materials, earlier modelling of the Be/W environment in JET and ITER is revisited and extended with an updated set of sputtering and reflection data, as well as including the mixing model for describing the Be/W dynamics in the divertor. Motivated by recent H/D/T isotope experiments in JET, limited and diverted configuration pulses are modelled, showing the expected trend of both Be and W erosion increasing with isotope mass. For the JET diverted configuration pulses, it is shown that Be migrates predominantly to the upper part of the inner divertor where it initially leads to strong W erosion. With longer exposure time, the growth of a Be deposited layer leads to a reduction of W erosion in that region. A similar trend is observed in simulations of the ITER baseline Q = 10 scenario, however with a more symmetric Be migration pattern leading to deposition also on the outer divertor.
Published: 2024
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6. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author: M. Groth, V. Solokha, S. Aleiferis, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, G. Corrigan, D. Harting, N. Horsten, I. Jepu, J. Karhunen, K. Kirov, B. Lomanowski, K.D. Lawson, C. Lowry, A.G. Meigs, S. Menmuir, E. Pawelec, T. Pereira, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, B. Thomas, S. Wiesen, P. Börner, D. Borodin, S. Jachmich, D. Reiter, G. Sergienko, Z. Stancar, B. Viola, P. Beaumont, J. Bernardo, I. Coffey, N.J. Conway, E. de la Luna, D. Douai, C. Giroud, J. Hillesheim, L. Horvath, A. Huber, P. Lomas, C.F. Maggi, M. Maslov, C. Perez von Thun, S. Scully, N. Vianello, and M. Wischmeier
Subjects: Detachment, Hydrogen isotopes, JET, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Measurements of the ion currents to and plasma conditions at the low-field side (LFS) divertor target plate in low-confinement mode plasmas in the JET ITER-like wall materials configuration show that the core plasma density required to detach the LFS divertor plasma is independent of the hydrogenic species protium, deuterium and tritium, and a 40 %/60 % deuterium–tritium mixture. This observation applies to a divertor plasma configuration with the LFS strike line connected to the horizontal part of the LFS divertor chosen because of its superior diagnostic coverage. The finding is independent of the operational status of the JET cryogenic pump. The electron temperature (Te) at the LFS strike line was markedly reduced from 25 eV to 5 eV over a narrow range of increasing core plasma density, and observed to be between 2 eV and 3 eV at the onset of detachment. The electron density (ne) peaks across the LFS plasma when Te at the target plate is 1 eV, and spatially moves to the X-point for higher core densities. The density limit was found approximately 20 % higher in protium than in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas.
Published: 2023
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7. Improved ERO modelling of beryllium erosion at ITER upper first wall panel using JET-ILW and PISCES-B experience

Author: D. Borodin, J. Romazanov, R.A. Pitts, S.W. Lisgo, S. Brezinsek, I. Borodkina, A. Eksaeva, E. Safi, K. Nordlund, A. Kirschner, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: ERO is a 3D Monte-Carlo impurity transport and plasma-surface interaction code. In 2011 it was applied for the ITER first wall (FW) life time predictions [1] (critical blanket module BM11). After that the same code was significantly improved during its application to existing fusion-relevant plasma devices: the tokamak JET equipped with an ITER-like wall and linear plasma device PISCES-B. This has allowed testing the sputtering data for beryllium (Be) and showing that the “ERO-min” fit based on the large (50%) deuterium (D) surface content is well suitable for plasma-wetted areas (D plasma). The improved procedure for calculating of the effective sputtering yields for each location along the plasma-facing surface using the recently developed semi-analytical sheath approach was validated. The re-evaluation of the effective yields for BM11 following the similar revisit of the JET data has indicated significant increase of erosion and motivated the current re-visit of ERO simulations. Keywords: Beryllium, Erosion, ITER first wall, JET ITER-like wall, ERO code, Modelling
Published: 2019
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8. Surface roughness effect on Mo physical sputtering and re-deposition in the linear plasma device PSI-2 predicted by ERO2.0

Author: A. Eksaeva, D. Borodin, J. Romazanov, A. Kirschner, A. Kreter, M. Eichler, M. Rasinski, A. Pospieszczyk, B. Unterberg, S. Brezinsek, Ch. Linsmeier, D. Tskhakaya, I. Borodkina, and M. Komm
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Surface morphology and its evolution during the plasma irradiation is known to have a large influence on the erosion and resulting lifetime of plasma-facing components as well as tritium retention. For instance, surface roughness can affect physical sputtering, re-deposition, as well as angular distributions of the sputtered species. In this study the effect of surface roughness is implemented into the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0. First modelling results for molybdenum (Mo) irradiated with deuterium (D) in the conditions foreseen for the planned experiments at the linear plasma device PSI-2 are presented. Using the constructed examples of surfaces with various (regular and fractal) roughness types it is shown that the effective sputtering yield decreases for rough surfaces in comparison to smooth ones. The angular distribution of particles escaping from the rough surface collimates with the increase of the surface structure's aspect ratio. Moreover, the modelling predicts flattening of the surface during the plasma irradiation due to the preferable re-deposition in the “valleys” and sputtering of the peak tops.
Published: 2019
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9. Μicro-structured tungsten: an advanced plasma-facing material

Author: A. Terra, G. Sergienko, M. Tokar, D. Borodin, T. Dittmar, A. Huber, A. Kreter, Y. Martynova, S. Möller, M. Rasiński, M. Wirtz, Th. Loewenhoff, D. Dorow-Gerspach, Y. Yuan, S. Brezinsek, B. Unterberg, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: A micro-structuring of the tungsten plasma-facing surface can strongly reduce near surface thermal stresses induced by ELM heat fluxes. This approach has been confirmed by numerical simulations with the help of ANSYS software. For experimental tests, two 10 × 10 mm2 samples of micro-structured tungsten were manufactured. These consisted of 2000 and 5000 vertically packed tungsten fibres with dimensions of Ø240 µm × 2.4 mm and Ø150 µm × 2.4 mm, respectively. The 1.2 mm bottom parts of the fibres are embedded in a copper matrix. The top parts of the fibres have gaps about of 10 µm so they are not touching each others. The top of all tungsten fibres was electro-polished. A Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration 1 ms and a pulse repetition frequency of 25 Hz was used to simulate up to 105 ELM-like heat pulses. No damage on either of the micro-structured tungsten samples were observed. Neon plasma erosion rate and fuel retention of the micro-structured tungsten samples were almost identical to bulk tungsten samples. Keywords: Micro-structured tungsten, PFC, PFM, High heat load, Thermal cycling, Retention, Erosion, Emissivity
Published: 2019
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10. Modelling of tungsten erosion and deposition in the divertor of JET-ILW in comparison to experimental findings

Author: A. Kirschner, S. Brezinsek, A. Huber, A. Meigs, G. Sergienko, D. Tskhakaya, D. Borodin, M. Groth, S. Jachmich, J. Romazanov, S. Wiesen, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The erosion, transport and deposition of tungsten in the outer divertor of JET-ILW has been studied for an H-Mode discharge with low frequency ELMs. For this specific case with an inter-ELM electron temperature at the strike point of about 20 eV, tungsten sputtering between ELMs is almost exclusively due to beryllium impurity and self-sputtering. However, during ELMs tungsten sputtering due to deuterium becomes important and even dominates. The amount of simulated local deposition of tungsten relative to the amount of sputtered tungsten in between ELMs is very high and reaches values of 99% for an electron density of 5E13 cm−3 at the strike point and electron temperatures between 10 and 30 eV. Smaller deposition values are simulated with reduced electron density. The direction of the B-field significantly influences the local deposition and leads to a reduction if the E × B drift directs towards the scrape-off-layer. Also, the thermal force can reduce the tungsten deposition, however, an ion temperature gradient of about 0.1 eV/mm or larger is needed for a significant effect. The tungsten deposition simulated during ELMs reaches values of about 98% assuming ELM parameters according to free-streaming model. The measured WI emission profiles in between and within ELMs have been reproduced by the simulation. The contribution to the overall net tungsten erosion during ELMs is about 5 times larger than the one in between ELMs for the studied case. However, this is due to the rather low electron temperature in between ELMs, which leads to deuterium impact energies below the sputtering threshold for tungsten. Keywords: Erosion & Deposition, Tungsten, Sputtering, Impurity transport, JET-ILW
Published: 2019
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11. Influence of heavier impurity deposition on surface morphology development and sputtering behavior explored in multiple linear plasma devices

Author: D. Nishijima, A. Kreter, M.J. Baldwin, D. Borodin, A. Eksaeva, D. Hwangbo, S. Kajita, M. Miyamoto, N. Ohno, M. Patino, A. Pospieszczyk, M. Rasinski, T. Schlummer, A. Terra, and R.P. Doerner
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Surface morphology development and sputtering behavior of Cr, as a test material, have been explored under He plasma exposure at a low incident ion energy of ∼80 eV in multiple linear plasma devices: PISCES-A, PSI-2, and NAGDIS-II. From comparison of the experiments in these devices, deposition of a small amount of heavier impurities (Mo in NAGDIS-II and Ta in PISCES-A) onto Cr is found to result in the formation of cone structures on the Cr surface due to preferential sputtering, resulting in a significant reduction (up to ∼10 times) in the sputtering yield of Cr due to line-of-sight redeposition onto the neighboring cones. The heavier impurities are thought to originate from a sample holding cap/cover, which can be sputtered by a trace amount of intrinsic impurities (C, O, etc) as well as by Cr ionized in the plasma. It can be concluded from the Cr experiments, as well as additional Be data collected in PISCES-B, that heavier impurity deposition plays a major role in the cone structure formation, while other mechanisms (e.g. surface irregularity and oxide) also exist. Keywords: Impurity deposition, Sputtering, Nanostructure
Published: 2019
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12. Beryllium global erosion and deposition at JET-ILW simulated with ERO2.0

Author: J. Romazanov, S. Brezinsek, D. Borodin, M. Groth, S. Wiesen, A. Kirschner, A. Huber, A. Widdowson, M. Airila, A. Eksaeva, I. Borodkina, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The recently developed Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0 is applied to the modelling of limited and diverted discharges at JET with the ITER-like wall (ILW). The global beryllium (Be) erosion and deposition is simulated and compared to experimental results from passive spectroscopy. For the limiter configuration, it is demonstrated that Be self-sputtering is an important contributor (at least 35%) to the Be erosion. Taking this contribution into account, the ERO2.0 modelling confirms previous evidence that high deuterium (D) surface concentrations of up to ∼ 50% atomic fraction provide a reasonable estimate of Be erosion in plasma-wetted areas. For the divertor configuration, it is shown that drifts can have a high impact on the scrape-off layer plasma flows, which in turn affect global Be transport by entrainment and lead to increased migration into the inner divertor. The modelling of the effective erosion yield for different operational phases (ohmic, L- and H-mode) agrees with experimental values within a factor of two, and confirms that the effective erosion yield decreases with increasing heating power and confinement. Keywords: Beryllium, Erosion, ERO2.0, JET ITER-like wall
Published: 2019
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13. The impact of surface morphology on the erosion of metallic surfaces – Modelling with the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0

Author: A. Eksaeva, D. Borodin, J. Romazanov, A. Kirschner, A. Kreter, B.Göths, M. Rasinski, B. Unterberg, S. Brezinsek, Ch. Linsmeier, E.Vassallo, M. Passoni, D. Dellasega, M. Sala, F. Romeo, and I. Borodkina
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The roughness of metallic surfaces has a vital impact on the erosion of plasma-facing materials. Roughness determines the effective sputtering yield Yeff of the facing material. The angular/energy distribution of sputtered particles, and the spatial erosion and deposition distribution. The model for simulation the effect of the surface roughness was earlier implemented into the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0 and validated using results of ion beam experiments and experiments in the linear plasma device PSI-2. In the present study the developed ERO2.0 surface morphology model was applied to the JET-ILW tungsten (W) divertor consisting of smooth bulk W and W-coated CFC components. Influence of the surface roughness on the W erosion as well as on the transport of sputtered material in conditions of inclined magnetic field was investigated. Simulation results are in a good agreement with existing experimental findings.
Published: 2021
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14. A sensitivity analysis of numerical predictions for beryllium erosion and migration in ITER

Author: J. Romazanov, S. Brezinsek, R.A. Pitts, A. Kirschner, A. Eksaeva, D. Borodin, E. Veshchev, V.S. Neverov, A.B. Kukushkin, A.G. Alekseev, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Beryllium, Erosion, Migration, ERO2.0, ITER, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The present study addresses the uncertainties that affect the recently performed predictions of beryllium (Be) erosion and migration in ITER using the Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0. The focus of the study is a D–T baseline discharge with fusion power gain Q=10, scrape-off layer (SOL) input power PSOL=100MW, toroidal plasma current Ip=15MA, and central toroidal field Bt=5.3T. The parameter studies used to investigate uncertainties include variations of the radial extrapolation of plasma parameters in the far-SOL (scan A), the assumptions on impact angle distributions (scan B) and the anomalous transport of eroded Be (scan C). Variations by factors ∼3, ∼18and ∼2for scans A, B and C, respectively, are found.
Published: 2021
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15. Multi-Criteria Selection of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Two-Impulse Mode of Motion

Author: Vladimir M. Balyk, Igor' D. Borodin, Dmitrii D. Gaidarov, and Natal’ya V. Maikova
Published: 2023
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16. Erosion and screening of tungsten during inter/intra-ELM periods in the JET-ILW divertor

Author: A. Huber, S. Brezinsek, V. Huber, M. Sertoli, G. Sergienko, I. Borodkina, M. Baruzzo, A. Kirschner, D. Borodin, J. Mailloux, S. Aleiferis, P. Carvalho, K. Lawson, Ch. Linsmeier, A. Meigs, S. Menmuir, Ph. Mertens, E. Pawelec, and A. Shaw
Subjects: Tungsten erosion, Divertor screening of tungsten, Tungsten imaging spectroscopy, W Divertor, JET-ILW, PSI, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Intra-ELM tungsten sources, which dominate the total W source, are quantified in the inner and outer divertor of JET-ILW. The amount of the sputtered W atoms for individual ELMs demonstrates a clear dependence on the ELM frequency. It decreases when the pedestal temperature is lower and, correspondingly, the ELM frequency is higher. Nevertheless, the entire gross erosion W source (the number of eroded W atoms per second due to ELMs) increases initially with ELM frequency and reaches its maximum at fELM ≈ 50–55 Hz followed by its reduction in the high frequency range.The in/out asymmetry of the intra-ELM W sources during ELMs is a critical issue and is investigated in this contribution. At a lower ELM frequency of about 35 Hz the outer divertor gross W source is larger by a factor of 1.5. However the in/out asymmetry of the W erosion decreases strongly with ELM frequency demonstrating a nearly symmetric W source in both divertor legs at frequencies above 70 Hz. The screening of tungsten in the open magnetic configuration with strike points on tile 5 is more efficient by a factor of about 1.7 than in the corner configuration with the outer strike point at the pumping duct entrance.
Published: 2020
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17. Boron transport simulation using the ERO2.0 code for real-time wall conditioning in the large helical device

Author: M. Shoji, G. Kawamura, J. Romazanov, A. Kirschner, A. Eksaeva, D. Borodin, S. Masuzaki, and S. Brezinsek
Subjects: ERO2.0, Impurity powder dropper, DUSTT, EMC3-EIRENE, LHD, Boronization, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The three-dimensional Monte-Carlo impurity transport and plasma surface interaction code ERO2.0 is applied to a full-torus model for the Large Helical Device (LHD). In order to find an optimum experimental condition for effective real-time wall conditioning (boronization) using an Impurity Powder Dropper (IPD), the toroidal and poloidal distribution of the boron flux density on the divertor components and the vacuum vessel are surveyed in various experimental conditions. The source profile of the neutral boron atoms originated from boron powders supplied from the IPD is calculated using the DUSTT code in background plasmas provided by the EMC3-EIRENE code. The simulations using ERO2.0 predict that higher plasma density operation is inappropriate for the effective wall conditioning because of the toroidally localized boron flux density in a closed helical divertor region. The ERO2.0 simulations have successfully revealed an optimum experimental condition for the wall conditioning with the toroidally uniform boron flux density in the closed helical divertor region.
Published: 2020
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18. LIMITS TO APPLICABILITY OF THE COGNITIVE APPROACH TO IT-PROJECTS

Author: V. D. Borodin
Subjects: когнитивный подход, управление проектом, информатизация предприятия, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: In the article, the author highlights it-project stages, to which it is proposed to apply a cognitive approach. Implementation tasks that might be solved by the method of cognitive analysis are specified.
Published: 2017
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19. Progress in reducing ICRF-specific impurity release in ASDEX upgrade and JET

Author: V. Bobkov, D. Aguiam, M. Baruzzo, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, S. Brezinsek, I. Coffey, L. Colas, A. Czarnecka, E. Delabie, P. Dumortier, F. Durodie, R. Dux, H. Faugel, H. Fünfgelder, C. Giroud, M. Goniche, J. Hobirk, A. Herrmann, J. Jacquot, Ph. Jacquet, A. Kallenbach, A. Krivska, C.C. Klepper, E. Lerche, S. Menmuir, D. Milanesio, R. Maggiora, I. Monakhov, F. Nave, R. Neu, J.-M. Noterdaeme, R. Ochoukov, Th. Pütterich, M. Reinke, A. Tuccilo, O. Tudisco, D. Van Eester, Y. Wang, Q. Yang, and W. Zhang
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Use of new 3-strap ICRF antennas with all-tungsten (W) limiters in ASDEX Upgrade results in a reduction of the W sources at the antenna limiters and of the W content in the confined plasma by at least a factor of 2 compared to the W-limiter 2-strap antennas used in the past. The reduction is observed with a broad range of plasma shapes. In multiple locations of antenna frame, the limiter W source has a minimum when RF image currents are decreased by cancellation of the RF current contributions of the central and the outer straps. In JET with ITER-like wall, ITER-like antenna produces about 20% less of main chamber radiation and of W content compared to the old A2 antennas. However the effect of the A2 antennas on W content is scattered depending on which antennas are powered. Experiments in JET with trace nitrogen (N2) injection show that a presence of active ICRF antenna close to the midplane injection valve has little effect on the core N content, both in dipole and in -90° phasing. This indicates that the effect of ICRF on impurity transport across the scape-off-layer is small in JET compared to the dominant effect on impurity sources leading to increased impurity levels during ICRF operation. Keywords: ICRF, RF sheath, Three-strap, 3-strap, ASDEX Upgrade, JET, ILW, A2 antenna, ILA, Sputtering
Published: 2017
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20. Modelling of deposition and erosion of injected WF6 and MoF6 in TEXTOR

Author: A. Kirschner, A. Kreter, P. Wienhold, A. Weckmann, A. Pospieszczyk, R. Ding, D. Borodin, S. Brezinsek, G. Sergienko, M. Rubel, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Tracer injection experiments in TEXTOR with MoF6 and WF6 lead to local deposition of about 6% for Mo and about 1% for W relative to the injected amount of Mo and W atoms. Modelling of these experiments has been done with ERO applying updated data for physical sputtering. The dissociation of the injected molecules has been treated in a simplified manner due to the lack of dissociation rate coefficients. However, with this it was possible to reproduce the observed radial penetration of Mo and W atoms into the plasma. The modelled local deposition efficiencies are about 50% for Mo and 60% for W assuming typical plasma parameters for the experimental conditions used. To reproduce the measured deposition efficiencies an enhancement factor for the erosion of deposited Mo and W has to be assumed (∼10 for Mo and ∼25 for W). Due to the rather low electron temperature Te of these plasma conditions (Te∼15eV at the location of injection), Mo and W are mostly sputtered by impurities whereas sputtering due to deuterium is negligible. A parameter study applying larger electron temperature leads to increased sputtering and thus to reduced local deposition efficiencies of about 30% for Mo and 5% for W. Though, even under these conditions enhanced erosion, albeit with reduced enhancement factors, is needed in the modelling to obtain the small measured deposition efficiencies. keywords: Erosion & Deposition, Sputtering, Impurity transport, TEXTOR, PACS: 52.40.Hf, 52.77.Dq, 52.65.Pp
Published: 2017
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21. ERO modelling of tungsten erosion in the linear plasma device PSI-2

Author: A. Eksaeva, E. Marenkov, D. Borodin, A. Kreter, M. Reinhart, A. Kirschner, J. Romazanov, A. Terra, S. Brezinsek, and K. Nordlund
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Series of experiments on tungsten (W) erosion and transport in Argon (Ar) plasma were conducted at the linear plasma device PSI-2. W erosion was measured with three independent methods: WΙ spectroscopy, mass loss and quartz micro-balance (QMB) deposition sensor. Consistent set of data produced in these experiments was interpreted using the 3D ERO code simulations, which have reproduced all the main trends observed. Influence of the physical model assumptions (e.g. energy and angular distributions of sputtered particles) was demonstrated. The effect of WΙ effective quasi-metastable (MS) state population dynamics on spectroscopy measurements is shown; the characteristic relaxation time is determined. The measured physical sputtering yields for W are close to the simulated data obtained in the binary collision approximation (BCA) approach (SDTrimSP code). The remaining discrepancies between simulations and the experiment, mostly in spectroscopy, are accounted to the uncertainties in the plasma parameters and atomic data.
Published: 2017
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22. ERO modeling of beryllium erosion by helium plasma in experiments at PISCES-B

Author: D. Borodin, D. Nishijima, R.P. Doerner, S. Brezinsek, A. Kreter, A. Kirschner, J. Romazanov, I. Borodkina, A. Eksaeva, E. Marenkov, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The beryllium erosion by helium plasma irradiation is studied at the PISCES-B linear plasma device and interpreted using the accompanying simulations by the ERO code. The influence of plasma conditions and varying negative biasing of the Be plasma target on BeI and BeII absolute line intensities are reproduced in detail by the simulations. The synthetic axial line intensity shapes and line ratios match with experiment. This indicates that atomic data are quite accurate. The initial population state of quasi-metastable 3P level in BeI is found to be MS:GS= 0.33:1 for all conditions. The yields determined by the modeling interpretation are compared to the SDTrimSP code simulations in the binary collision approximation. Keywords: Beryllium, Erosion, Helium, ERO code, PISCES-B, Spectroscopy
Published: 2017
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23. An analytical expression for ion velocities at the wall including the sheath electric field and surface biasing for erosion modeling at JET ILW

Author: I. Borodkina, D. Borodin, S. Brezinsek, A. Kirschner, I.V. Tsvetkov, V.A. Kurnaev, V. Bobkov, C.C. Klepper, A. Lasa, C. Guillemaut, P. Jacquet, M.F. Stamp, C. Giroud, S. Silburn, I. Balboa, and E. Solano
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: For simulation of plasma-facing component erosion in fusion experiments, an analytical expression for the ion velocity just before the surface impact including the local electric field and an optional surface biasing effect is suggested. Energy and angular impact distributions and the resulting effective sputtering yields were produced for several experimental scenarios at JET ILW mostly involving PFCs exposed to an oblique magnetic field. The analytic solution has been applied as an improvement to earlier ERO modelling of localized, Be outer limiter, RF-enhanced erosion, modulated by toggling of a remote, however magnetically connected ICRH antenna. The effective W sputtering yields due to D and Be ion impact in Type-I and Type-III ELMs and inter-ELM conditions were also estimated using the analytical approach and benchmarked by spectroscopy. The intra-ELM W sputtering flux increases almost 10 times in comparison to the inter-ELM flux. Keywords: Plasma-surface interaction, JET, ITER-like wall, Beryllium, Erosion, Oblique magnetic field, Electric field, ELM
Published: 2017
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24. Improved ERO modelling for spectroscopy of physically and chemically assisted eroded beryllium from the JET-ILW

Author: D. Borodin, S. Brezinsek, I. Borodkina, J. Romazanov, D. Matveev, A. Kirschner, A. Lasa, K. Nordlund, C. Björkas, M. Airila, J. Miettunen, M. Groth, and M. Firdaouss
Subjects: Beryllium, Erosion, JET ITER-like wall, Spectroscopy, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Physical and chemical assisted physical sputtering were characterised by the BeI and BeII line and BeD band emission in the observation chord measuring the sightline integrated emission in front of the inner beryllium limiter at the torus midplane. The 3D local transport and plasma-surface interaction Monte-Carlo modelling (ERO code [18]) is a key for the interpretation of the observations in the vicinity of the shaped solid Be limiter. The plasma parameter variation (density scan) in limiter regime has provided a useful material for the simulation benchmark. The improved background plasma parameters input, the new analytical expression for particle tracking in the sheath region and implementation of the BeD release into ERO has helped to clarify some deviations between modelling and experiments encountered in the previous studies [4,5]. Reproducing the observations provides additional confidence in our ‘ERO-min’ fit for the physical sputtering yields for the plasma-wetted areas based on simulated data.
Published: 2016
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25. Examining new parting compounds to improve copper anode quality

Author: A. D. Borodin, P. V. Malakhov, V. G. Orudzhov, and S. I. Chipilyaga
Subjects: Materials Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Ceramics and Composites, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Published: 2022
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26. SELECTION OF STABLE DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS ACTION

Author: Vladimir M. Balyk and Igor D. Borodin
Published: 2022
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27. Simulated effects of W dust ablation and deposition on the pedestal edge in JET D and DT experiments

Author: E. Lazzaro, F. Causa, G. Gervasini, F. Ghezzi, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, D. Douai, A. Huber, E. Pawelec, E. Solano, M. Sertoli, and A. Widdowson
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, separatrix, penetration, W dust, Condensed Matter Physics, ablation, H mode pedestal
Abstract: A modelling analysis is performed on JET D and DT discharges, where W dust influx across the separatrix, in the pedestal edge region may affect L–H–L mode transition. The experimental basis of the proposed approach stems from the observation that transient impurity events (TIEs) are often associated with the presence of a shower of particles seen in the camera images and with strong optical emission. If the localised source of radiation is a number of heated or ablated large dust particles, then the questions addressed here are: how far will the ablated dust material penetrate and what effect will this have on the edge of the pedestal in relevant JET D and in a high fusion yield D–T discharges. The methodology is based on the use of an upgraded version of the ballistic code DUSTTRACK and a new code PELLYTIX for dust ablation modelling. Considering a reasonable amount of dust released from the tiles, the analysis shows that the ablation-penetration depth is visible in the density profiles modification, but not disastrous for tokamak operation in high regimes.
Published: 2022
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28. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author: Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. Ericsson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L. G. Eriksson, B. Esposito, S. Esquembri, H. G. Esser, D. Esteve, B. Evans, G. E. Evans, G. Evison, G. D. Ewart, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Falie, A. Fanni, A. Fasoli, J. M. Faustin, N. Fawlk, L. Fazendeiro, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, K. Fenton, A. Fernades, H. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, J. A. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Field, S. Fietz, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, P. Finburg, M. Firdaouss, U. Fischer, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, K. Flinders, N. Fonnesu, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Formisano, L. Forsythe, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, S. Foster, T. Franke, T. Franklin, M. Frasca, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, V. Fuchs, D. Fuller, S. Futatani, J. Fyvie, K. Gàl, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Gallagher, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, X. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garca-Munoz, J.-L. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, D. F. Gear, S. J. Gee, B. Geiger, M. Gelfusa, S. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Ghate, M. Gherendi, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, T. Giegerich, C. Gil, L. Gil, S. Gilligan, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, J. B. Girardo, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glöggler, J. Godwin, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod'ko, R. Gomes, B. Goncalves, M. Goniche, M. Goodliffe, A. Goodyear, G. Gorini, M. Gosk, R. Goulding, A. Goussarov, R. Gowland, B. Graham, M. E. Graham, J. P. Graves, N. Grazier, P. Grazier, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, D. Grist, M. Groth, R. Grove, C. N. Grundy, J. Grzonka, D. Guard, C. Guérard, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, C. Gurl, H. H. Utoh, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, A. Hagar, R. Hager, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. J. Hall, S. P. Hallworth Cook, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, C. Harrington, J. Harrison, D. Harting, F. Hasenbeck, Y. Hatano, D. R. Hatch, T. D. V. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, P. W. Haydon, N. Hayter, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, K. Heinola, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, W. Helou, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, S. S. Henderson, R. Henriques, D. Hepple, G. Hermon, P. Hertout, C. Hidalgo, E. G. Highcock, M. Hill, J. Hillairet, J. Hillesheim, D. Hillis, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, D. A. Homfray, J. Horàcek, G. Hornung, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, P. J. Howarth, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, M. Hughes, G. T. A. Huijsmans, C. L. Hunter, P. Huynh, A. M. Hynes, D. Iglesias, N. Imazawa, F. Imbeaux, M. Imrìŝek, M. Incelli, P. Innocente, M. Irishkin, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, A. S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, J. Jansons, A. Jardin, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, S. Jednoróq, I. Jenkins, C. Jeong, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, Jane Johnston, L. Joita, G. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, K. K. Hoshino, A. Kallenbach, K. Kamiya, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, I. Karnowska, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Y. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D. L. Keeling, T. Keenan, J. Keep, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kenny, J. Kent, O. N. Kent, E. Khilkevich, H. T. Kim, H. S. Kim, A. Kinch, C. King, D. King, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, A. Kirk, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, P. Knight, S. J. Knipe, S. Knott, T. Kobuchi, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, I. Kodeli, L. Kogan, D. Kogut, S. Koivuranta, Y. Kominis, M. Köppen, B. Kos, T. Koskela, H. R. Koslowski, M. Koubiti, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, N. Krawczyk, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Ksiazek, A. Kukushkin, A. Kundu, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Kwiatkowski, O. J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H. T. Lambertz, C. Lane, P. T. Lang, S. Lanthaler, J. Lapins, A. Lasa, J. R. Last, E. Laszynska, R. Lawless, A. Lawson, K. D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, J. Leddy, S. Lee, X. Lefebvre, H. J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, P. Leichuer, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, M. Leyland, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, G. Liu, Y. Liu, V. P. Lo Schiavo, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P. J. Lomas, J. Lönnroth, J. M. López, J. López-Razola, R. Lorenzini, U. Losada, J. J. Lovell, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, M. Lungaroni, C. P. Lungu, M. Lungu, A. Lunniss, I. Lupelli, A. Lyssoivan, N. Macdonald, P. Macheta, K. Maczewa, B. Magesh, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, T. Makkonen, R. Makwana, A. Malaquias, A. Malizia, P. Manas, A. Manning, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, Y. Marandet, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, M. Marinelli, M. Marinucci, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, L. Marot, C. A. Marren, R. Marshal, A. Martin, Y. Martin, A. Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. 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Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α
Published: 2020
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29. How to get a patent for invention. Recommendations for drawing up application materials

Author: O. I. Tarasova, A. A. Ryzhova, M. I. Savinova, and V. D. Borodin
Subjects: General Engineering, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Availability of patents for inventions is a significant indicator of innovative activity in scientific research organization, one of efficiency criterion of its work, creates legal basis for integration innovations into practice and future commercial use. Not every inventor can formulate the point of his invention and describe it correctly according to demands of current legislation.Objective is to help a beginning inventor to form description and formula of invention correctly, to provide information, necessary for giving patent’s application.Recommendations for drawing up a claim according to the patent law of Russia are present in the article with an accent on inventions in the medical area. Conditions of patentability, objects of invention, patent validity periods have been considered. Conditions of creation companies’ inventions have also been highlighted. In the article the demands to a content of applications, structure of description, formula and an abstract of invention have been disclosed in details in compliance with “The Rules of drawing up, applying and considerations of papers (documents), which are the basis for performing legally significant actions in accordance with State registration of inventions” and “Demands to documents of an application of patent of invention”, approved by the Order Minister of Economic Development of Russian Federation, dated on 25.05.2016 No. 316. The example of description of invention in the medical area is given in order to illustrate an invention prototype.According to patent legislation of Russian Federation, a protection is provided to technical decision, which is new, not evident for a specialist in a given filed and is fully revealed in description of an invention in an amount, that is enough for its reproduction, and realization of a stated purpose is confirmed by materials of application. Formula of application must be totally based on a description.
Published: 2021
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30. ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR RECEIVING DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS CONVERSION OF FIRE REFINING OF COPPER AND WAYS TO ELIMINATE THEM

Author: Andrey D. Borodin and Leonid V. Krupnov
Published: 2021
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31. Isotope removal experiment in JET-ILW in view of T-removal after the 2nd DT campaign at JET

Author: T Wauters, D Matveev, D Douai, J Banks, R Buckingham, I S Carvalho, E de la Cal, E Delabie, T Dittmar, J Gaspar, A Huber, I Jepu, J Karhunen, S Knipe, M Maslov, A Meigs, I Monakhov, V S Neverov, C Noble, G Papadopoulos, E Pawelec, S Romanelli, A Shaw, H Sheikh, S Silburn, A Widdowson, P Abreu, S Aleiferis, J Bernardo, D Borodin, S Brezinsek, J Buermans, P Card, P Carvalho, K Crombe, S Dalley, L Dittrich, C Elsmore, M Groth, S Hacquin, R Henriques, V Huber, P Jacquet, X Jiang, G Jones, D Keeling, D Kinna, K Kirov, M Kovari, E Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A B Kukushkin, H Kumpulainen, E Litherland-Smith, P Lomas, T Loarer, C Lowry, A Manzanares, A Patel, A Peacock, P Petersson, N Petrella, R A Pitts, J Romazanov, M Rubel, P Siren, T Smart, E R Solano, Ž Štancar, J Varje, A Whitehead, S Wiesen, M Zerbini, M Zlobinski, Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), Royal Military Academy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, CEA, Culham Science Centre, Universidade Lisboa, CIEMAT, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Université, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, University of Helsinki, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, University of Opole, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Complutense University, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], inventory, tritium, JET, DTE2, ITER, ddc:530, wall conditioning, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract: A sequence of fuel recovery methods was tested in JET, equipped with the ITER-like beryllium main chamber wall and tungsten divertor, to reduce the plasma deuterium concentration to less than 1% in preparation for operation with tritium. This was also a key activity with regard to refining the clean-up strategy to be implemented at the end of the 2nd DT campaign in JET (DTE2) and to assess the tools that are envisaged to mitigate the tritium inventory build-up in ITER. The sequence began with 4 days of main chamber baking at 320 °C, followed by a further 4 days in which Ion Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) were applied with hydrogen fuelling, still at 320 °C, followed by more ICWC while the vessel cooled gradually from 320 °C to 225 °C on the 4th day. While baking alone is very efficient at recovering fuel from the main chamber, the ICWC and GDC sessions at 320 °C still removed slightly higher amounts of fuel than found previously in isotopic changeover experiments at 200 °C in JET. Finally, GDC and ICWC are found to have similar removal efficiency per unit of discharge energy. The baking week with ICWC and GDC was followed by plasma discharges to remove deposited fuel from the divertor. Raising the inner divertor strike point up to the uppermost accessible point allowed local heating of the surfaces to at least 800 °C for the duration of this discharge configuration (typically 18 s), according to infra-red thermography measurements. In laboratory thermal desorption measurements, maintaining this temperature level for several minutes depletes thick co-deposit samples of fuel. The fuel removal by 14 diverted plasma discharges is analysed, of which 9, for 160 s in total, with raised inner strike point. The initial D content in these discharges started at the low value of 3%–5%, due to the preceding baking and conditioning sequence, and reduced further to 1%, depending on the applied configuration, thus meeting the experimental target.
Published: 2022
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32. Beryllium erosion and redeposition in ITER H, He and D-T discharges

Author: J. Romazanov, A. Kirschner, S. Brezinsek, R.A. Pitts, D. Borodin, S. Rode, M.X. Navarro, K. Schmid, E. Veshchev, V.S. Neverov, A.B. Kukushkin, A.G. Alekseev, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:620, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract: The Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0 was used to simulate steady-state erosion and transport of beryllium (Be) in the ITER main chamber. Various plasma scenarios were tested, including a variation of the main species (hydrogen, deuterium, helium), plasma conditions (density, temperature, flow velocity) and magnetic configurations. The study provides valuable predictions for the Be transport to the divertor, where it is expected to be an important contributor to dust formation and fuel retention due to build-up of co-deposited layers. The Be gross and net erosion rates provided by this study can help identifying first wall regions with potentially critical armour lifetime.
Published: 2022
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33. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author: Thomas Sunn Pedersen, I. Abramovic, P. Agostinetti, M. Agredano Torres, S. Äkäslompolo, J. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, M. Alhashimi, A. Ali, N. Allen, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, C. Angioni, A. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, W. Asad, E. Ascasibar, M.-H. Aumeunier, K. Avramidis, E. Aymerich, S.-G. Baek, J. Bähner, A. Baillod, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Banon Navarro, A. Bañón Navarro, T. Barbui, C. Beidler, C. Belafdil, A. Bencze, A. Benndorf, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, O. Biletskyi, B. Blackwell, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, G. Bongiovi, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, J. Boscary, H. Bosch, T. Bosmann, B. Böswirth, L. Böttger, A. Bottino, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, C. Brandt, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. Brunner, S. Buller, R. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, A. Buzás, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, K. Camacho Mata, I. Caminal, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, F. Carovani, M. Carr, D. Carralero, B. Carvalho, J. Casas, D. Castano-Bardawil, F. Castejon, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, A. Chomiczewska, J.W. Coenen, M. Cole, F. Cordella, Y. Corre, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. Damm, C. Day, M. de Baar, E. De la Cal, S. Degenkolbe, A. Demby, S. Denk, C. Dhard, A. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, D. Dunai, E. Edlund, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, T. Estrada, E. Fable, N. Fahrenkamp, A. Fanni, J. Faustin, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, W. Figacz, E. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, S. Freundt, G. Fuchert, M. Fukuyama, F. Füllenbach, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, J.M. García Regaña, I. García-Cortés, J. Gaspar, D.A. Gates, J. Geiger, B. Geiger, L. Giudicotti, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J.P. Graves, J. Green, E. Grelier, H. Greuner, S. Groß, H. Grote, M. Groth, M. Gruca, O. Grulke, M. Grün, J. Guerrero Arnaiz, S. Günter, V. Haak, M. Haas, P. Hacker, A. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, K. Hammond, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J.H. Harris, H. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, R. Hatzky, J. Hawke, S. Hegedus, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, U. Hergenhahn, C. Hidalgo, F. Hindenlang, M. Hirsch, U. Höfel, K.P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Hopf, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Hubeny, S. Hudson, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, V. Igochine, S. Illy, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, M. Isobe, M. Jabłczyńska, S. Jablonski, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, A. Jansen van Vuuren, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghanns, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, M. Kandler, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, D. Kennedy, A. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Kiefer, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, S. Klose, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, R. König, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, M. Krause, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. Kuczynski, G. Kühner, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P.T. Lang, A. Langenberg, H.P. Laqua, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, M. Lewerentz, C. Li, Y. Liang, Ch. Linsmeier, J. Lion, A. Litnovsky, S. Liu, J. Lobsien, J. Loizu, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, U. Losada, F. Louche, R. Lunsford, V. Lutsenko, M. Machielsen, F. Mackel, J. Maisano-Brown, O. Maj, D. Makowski, G. Manduchi, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, S. Marsen, E. Martines, J. Martinez-Fernandez, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, O. Mccormack, P. McNeely, H. Meister, B. Mendelevitch, S. Mendes, A. Merlo, A. Messian, A. Mielczarek, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, R. Mitteau, V.E. Moiseenko, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, M. Mulsow, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, V. Naulin, T. Neelis, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S.K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishiza, T. Nishizawa, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, J. Oelmann, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, S. Okamura, J. Ölmanns, J. Ongena, J. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, E. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pechstein, G. Pelka, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plöckl, G. Plunk, P. Pölöskei, B. Pompe, A. Popov, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, M.-E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, M. Richou, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Riße, G. Roberg-Clark, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, L. Rudischhauser, T. Rummel, K. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, P. Salembier, M. Salewski, E. Sanchez, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, F. Schauer, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, W. Schneider, M. Schneider, P. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, T. Schröder, M. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, D. Schwörer, E. Scott, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, P. Sichta, M. Singer, P. Sinha, S. Sipliä, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, J. Smoniewski, E. Sonnendrücker, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, R. Stadler, D. Stańczak, T. Stange, I. Stepanov, L. Stephey, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svensson, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, M. Szücs, F.L. Tabarés, N. Tamura, A. Tancetti, C. Tantos, J. Terry, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, J.M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, E. Trier, H. Trimino Mora, T. Tsujimura, Y. Turkin, A. Tykhyi, B. Unterberg, P. van Eeten, B.Ph. van Milligen, M. van Schoor, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, L. Vela, J.L. Velasco, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, G. Vogel, N. Vogt, C. Volkhausen, A. von Stechow, F. Wagner, E. Wang, H. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, T. Wegner, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilde, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, A.M. Wright, G.A. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, S. Xu, H. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yokoyama, M. Yoshinuma, Q. Yu, M. Zamanov, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, C. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, L. Zsuga, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GPI - Grup de Processament d'Imatge i Vídeo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GREO - Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria Òptica, Pedersen, T, Abramovic, I, Agostinetti, P, Torres, M, Akaslompolo, S, Belloso, J, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Alhashimi, M, Ali, A, Allen, N, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Angioni, C, Arkhipov, A, Arnold, A, Asad, W, Ascasibar, E, Aumeunier, M, Avramidis, K, Aymerich, E, Baek, S, Bahner, J, Baillod, A, Balden, M, Baldzuhn, J, Ballinger, S, Banduch, M, Bannmann, S, Navarro, A, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Belafdil, C, Bencze, A, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biedermann, C, Biletskyi, O, Blackwell, B, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bongiovi, G, Borchardt, M, Borodin, D, Boscary, J, Bosch, H, Bosmann, T, Boswirth, B, Bottger, L, Bottino, A, Bozhenkov, S, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Brezinsek, S, Brunner, K, Buller, S, Burhenn, R, Bussiahn, R, Buttenschon, B, Buzas, A, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Mata, K, Caminal, I, Cannas, B, Cappa, A, Carls, A, Carovani, F, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carvalho, B, Casas, J, Castano-Bardawil, D, Castejon, F, Chaudhary, N, Chelis, I, Chomiczewska, A, Coenen, J, Cole, M, Cordella, F, Corre, Y, Crombe, K, Cseh, G, Csillag, B, Damm, H, Day, C, de Baar, M, De la Cal, E, Degenkolbe, S, Demby, A, Denk, S, Dhard, C, Di Siena, A, Dinklage, A, Dittmar, T, Dreval, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dunai, D, Edlund, E, Effenberg, F, Ehrke, G, Endler, M, Ennis, D, Escoto, F, Estrada, T, Fable, E, Fahrenkamp, N, Fanni, A, Faustin, J, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Flom, E, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Freundt, S, Fuchert, G, Fukuyama, M, Fullenbach, F, Gantenbein, G, Gao, Y, Garcia, K, Regana, J, Garcia-Cortes, I, Gaspar, J, Gates, D, Geiger, J, Geiger, B, Giudicotti, L, Gonzalez, A, Goriaev, A, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Graves, J, Green, J, Grelier, E, Greuner, H, Gross, S, Grote, H, Groth, M, Gruca, M, Grulke, O, Grun, M, Arnaiz, J, Gunter, S, Haak, V, Haas, M, Hacker, P, Hakola, A, Hallenbert, A, Hammond, K, Han, X, Hansen, S, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hatzky, R, Hawke, J, Hegedus, S, Hein, B, Heinemann, B, Helander, P, Henneberg, S, Hergenhahn, U, Hidalgo, C, Hindenlang, F, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Hollfeld, K, Holtz, A, Hopf, D, Hoschen, D, Houry, M, Howard, J, Huang, X, Hubeny, M, Hudson, S, Ida, K, Igitkhanov, Y, Igochine, V, Illy, S, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isobe, M, Jablczynska, M, Jablonski, S, Jagielski, B, Jakubowski, M, van Vuuren, A, Jelonnek, J, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Jenzsch, H, Junghanns, P, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kandler, M, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kennedy, D, Kharwandikar, A, Khokhlov, M, Kiefer, C, Killer, C, Kirschner, A, Kleiber, R, Klinger, T, Klose, S, Knauer, J, Knieps, A, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kontula, J, Kornejew, P, Koschinsky, J, Kozulia, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krause, M, Krawczyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krier, L, Kriete, D, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuczynski, M, Kuhner, G, Kumar, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Lang, P, Langenberg, A, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Lazerson, S, Lewerentz, M, Li, C, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, C, Lion, J, Litnovsky, A, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Loizu, J, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Losada, U, Louche, F, Lunsford, R, Lutsenko, V, Machielsen, M, Mackel, F, Maisano-Brown, J, Maj, O, Makowski, D, Manduchi, G, Maragkoudakis, E, Marchuk, O, Marsen, S, Martines, E, Martinez-Fernandez, J, Marushchenko, M, Masuzaki, S, Maurer, D, Mayer, M, Mccarthy, K, Mccormack, O, Mcneely, P, Meister, H, Mendelevitch, B, Mendes, S, Merlo, A, Messian, A, Mielczarek, A, Mishchenko, O, Missal, B, Mitteau, R, Moiseenko, V, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Morisaki, T, Moseev, D, Motojima, G, Mulas, S, Mulsow, M, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Naulin, V, Neelis, T, Neilson, H, Neu, R, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Nicolai, D, Nielsen, S, Niemann, H, Nishiza, T, Nishizawa, T, Nuhrenberg, C, Ochoukov, R, Oelmann, J, Offermanns, G, Ogawa, K, Okamura, S, Olmanns, J, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, J, Otte, M, Pablant, N, Alvarez, N, Pandey, A, Pasch, E, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pechstein, G, Pelka, G, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pingel, S, Pisano, F, Plockl, B, Plunk, G, Poloskei, P, Pompe, B, Popov, A, Porkolab, M, Proll, J, Pueschel, M, Puiatti, M, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rahbarnia, K, Rasinski, M, Rasmussen, J, Reiman, A, Reimold, F, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Richou, M, Riedl, R, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Roberg-Clark, G, Rohde, V, Romazanov, J, Rondeshagen, D, Rong, P, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, T, Rummel, K, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Salembier, P, Salewski, M, Sanchez, E, Satake, S, Satheeswaran, G, Schacht, J, Scharff, E, Schauer, F, Schilling, J, Schlisio, G, Schmid, K, Schmitt, J, Schmitz, O, Schneider, W, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, T, Schroder, M, Schroeder, R, Schweer, B, Schworer, D, Scott, E, Shanahan, B, Sias, G, Sichta, P, Singer, M, Sinha, P, Siplia, S, Slaby, C, Sleczka, M, Smith, H, Smoniewski, J, Sonnendrucker, E, Spolaore, M, Spring, A, Stadler, R, Stanczak, D, Stange, T, Stepanov, I, Stephey, L, Stober, J, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suzuki, C, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Szucs, M, Tabares, F, Tamura, N, Tancetti, A, Tantos, C, Terry, J, Thienpondt, H, Thomsen, H, Thumm, M, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Tretter, J, Trier, E, Mora, H, Tsujimura, T, Turkin, Y, Tykhyi, A, Unterberg, B, van Eeten, P, van Milligen, B, van Schoor, M, Vano, L, Varoutis, S, Vecsei, M, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vervier, M, Vianello, N, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Vogel, G, Vogt, N, Volkhausen, C, von Stechow, A, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, H, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wenzel, U, White, A, Wilde, F, Wilms, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winter, A, Winters, V, Wolf, R, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Xu, S, Yamada, H, Yamaguchi, H, Yokoyama, M, Yoshinuma, M, Yu, Q, Zamanov, M, Zanini, M, Zarnstorff, M, Zhang, D, Zhou, S, Zhu, J, Zhu, C, Zilker, M, Zocco, A, Zohm, H, Zoletnik, S, Zsuga, L, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, National Institute for Fusion Science, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Group Heemels, Control Systems Technology, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Materials science, Detachment, Nuclear engineering, Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Imatges -- Processament, stellarator, Divertor, Image processing, Physics::Plasma Physics, divertor, Wendelstein 7-X, ddc:530, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Neoclassical optimization, Stellarators, Reactors de fusió, magnetic confinement, Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Processament del senyal::Processament de la imatge i del senyal vídeo [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, detachment, neoclassical optimization, ddc:620, ddc:600, Paper, FEC 2020 Summaries and Overviews
Abstract: We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 497 autors/es: Thomas Sunn Pedersen1,2,∗ , I. Abramovic3, P. Agostinetti4, M. Agredano Torres1, S. Äkäslompolo1, J. Alcuson Belloso1, P. Aleynikov1, K. Aleynikova1, M. Alhashimi1, A. Ali1, N. Allen5, A. Alonso6, G. Anda7, T. Andreeva1, C. Angioni8, A. Arkhipov8, A. Arnold1, W. Asad8, E. Ascasibar6, M.-H. Aumeunier9, K. Avramidis10, E. Aymerich11, S.-G. Baek3, J. Bähner1, A. Baillod12, M. Balden1, M. Balden8, J. Baldzuhn1, S. Ballinger3, M. Banduch1, S. Bannmann1, A. Banon Navarro8, A. Bañon Navarro ´ 1, T. Barbui13, C. Beidler1, C. Belafdil9, A. Bencze7, A. Benndorf1, M. Beurskens1, C. Biedermann1, O. Biletskyi14, B. Blackwell15, M. Blatzheim1, T. Bluhm1, D. Böckenhoff1, G. Bongiovi16, M. Borchardt1, D. Borodin17, J. Boscary8, H. Bosch1,18, T. Bosmann19, B. Böswirth8, L. Böttger1, A. Bottino8, S. Bozhenkov1, R. Brakel1, C. Brandt1, T. Bräuer1, H. Braune1, S. Brezinsek17, K. Brunner1, S. Buller1, R. Burhenn1, R. Bussiahn1, B. Buttenschön1, A. Buzás7, V. Bykov1, I. Calvo6, K. Camacho Mata1, I. Caminal20, B. Cannas11, A. Cappa6, A. Carls1, F. Carovani1, M. Carr21, D. Carralero6, B. Carvalho22, J. Casas20, D. Castano-Bardawil17, F. Castejon6, N. Chaudhary1, I. Chelis23, A. Chomiczewska24, J.W. Coenen13,17, M. Cole1, F. Cordella25, Y. Corre9, K. Crombe26, G. Cseh7, B. Csillag7, H. Damm1, C. Day10, M. de Baar27, E. De la Cal6, S. Degenkolbe1, A. Demby13, S. Denk3, C. Dhard1, A. Di Siena8,28, A. Dinklage12, T. Dittmar17, M. Dreval14, M. Drevlak1, P. Drewelow1, P. Drews17, D. Dunai7, E. Edlund3, F. Effenberg29, G. Ehrke1, M. Endler1, D.A. Ennis5, F.J. Escoto6, T. Estrada6, E. Fable8, N. Fahrenkamp1, A. Fanni11, J. Faustin1, J. Fellinger1, Y. Feng1, W. Figacz4, E. Flom13, O. Ford1, T. Fornal24, H. Frerichs13, S. Freundt1, G. Fuchert1, M. Fukuyama30, F. Füllenbach1, G. Gantenbein10, Y. Gao1, K. Garcia13, J.M. García Regaña6, I. García-Cortés6, J. Gaspar31, D.A. Gates29, J. Geiger1, B. Geiger13, L. Giudicotti32, A. González6, A. Goriaev26,33, D. Gradic1, M. Grahl1, J.P. Graves12, J. Green13, E. Grelier9, H. Greuner8, S. Groß1, H. Grote1, M. Groth34, M. Gruca24, O. Grulke1,35, M. Grün1, J. Guerrero Arnaiz1, S. Günter8, V. Haak1, M. Haas1, P. Hacker1, A. Hakola36, A. Hallenbert1, K. Hammond29, X. Han17,37, S.K. Hansen3, J.H. Harris38, H. Hartfuß1, D. Hartmann1, D. Hathiramani1, R. Hatzky8, J. Hawke39, S. Hegedus7, B. Hein8, B. Heinemann8, P. Helander12, S. Henneberg1, U. Hergenhahn8,40, C. Hidalgo6, F. Hindenlang8, M. Hirsch1, U. Höfel1, K.P. Hollfeld17, A. Holtz1, D. Hopf8, D. Höschen17, M. Houry9, J. Howard19, X. Huang41, M. Hubeny17, S. Hudson29, K. Ida9, Y. Igitkhanov10, V. Igochine8, S. Illy10, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser42, M. Isobe39, M. Jabłczynska ´ 24, S. Jablonski24, B. Jagielski1, M. Jakubowski1, A. Jansen van Vuuren1, J. Jelonnek10, F. Jenko8, F. Jenko8, T. Jensen35, H. Jenzsch1, P. Junghanns8, J. Kaczmarczyk24, J. Kallmeyer1, U. Kamionka1, M. Kandler8, S. Kasilov43, Y. Kazakov26, D. Kennedy1, A. Kharwandikar1, M. Khokhlov1, C. Kiefer8, C. Killer1, A. Kirschner17, R. Kleiber1, T. Klinger12, S. Klose1, J. Knauer1, A. Knieps17, F. Köchl44, G. Kocsis7, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko45, A. Könies1, R. König1, J. Kontula34, P. Kornejew1, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia14, A. Krämer-Flecken17, R. Krampitz1, M. Krause1, N. Krawczyk24, T. Kremeyer1, L. Krier10, D.M. Kriete5, M. Krychowiak1, I. Ksiazek46, M. Kubkowska24, M. Kuczynski1, G. Kühner1, A. Kumar15, T. Kurki-Suonio34, S. Kwak1, M. Landreman47, P.T. Lang8, A. Langenberg1, H.P. Laqua12, H. Laqua1, R. Laube1, S. Lazerson1, M. Lewerentz1, C. Li17, Y. Liang17, Ch. Linsmeier17, J. Lion1, A. Litnovsky17,48, S. Liu37, J. Lobsien1, J. Loizu12, J. Lore38, A. Lorenz1, U. Losada6, F. Louche26, R. Lunsford29, V. Lutsenko45, M. Machielsen12, F. Mackel8, J. Maisano-Brown3, O. Maj8, D. Makowski49, G. Manduchi50, E. Maragkoudakis6, O. Marchuk17, S. Marsen1, E. Martines4, J. Martinez-Fernandez6, M. Marushchenko1, S. Masuzaki41, D. Maurer5, M. Mayer8, K.J. McCarthy6, O. Mccormack4, P. McNeely1, H. Meister8, B. Mendelevitch8, S. Mendes1, A. Merlo1, A. Messian26, A. Mielczarek49, O. Mishchenko1, B. Missal1, R. Mitteau9, V.E. Moiseenko14, A. Mollen1, V. Moncada9, T. Mönnich1, T. Morisaki41, D. Moseev1, G. Motojima41, S. Mulas6, M. Mulsow1, M. Nagel1, D. Naujoks1, V. Naulin35, T. Neelis19, H. Neilson29, R. Neu8, O. Neubauer17, U. Neuner1, D. Nicolai17, S.K. Nielsen35, H. Niemann1, T. Nishiza1, T. Nishizawa1, T. Nishizawa8, C. Nührenberg1, R. Ochoukov8, J. Oelmann17, G. Offermanns17 K. Ogawa41, S. Okamura41, J. Ölmanns17, J. Ongena26, J. Oosterbeek1, M. Otte1, N. Pablant29, N. Panadero Alvarez6, N. Panadero Alvarez6, A. Pandey1, E. Pasch1, R. Pavlichenko14, A. Pavone1, E. Pawelec46, G. Pechstein1, G. Pelka24, V. Perseo1, B. Peterson41, D. Pilopp1, S. Pingel1, F. Pisano11, B. Plöckl8, G. Plunk1, P. Pölöskei1, B. Pompe2, A. Popov51, M. Porkolab3, J. Proll19, M.J. Pueschel19,27, M.-E. Puiatti52, A. Puig Sitjes1, F. Purps1, K. Rahbarnia1, M. Rasinski ´ 17, J. Rasmussen35, A. Reiman29, F. Reimold1, M. Reisner8, D. Reiter17, M. Richou9, R. Riedl8, J. Riemann1, K. Riße1, G. Roberg-Clark1, V. Rohde8, J. Romazanov17, D. Rondeshagen1, P. Rong1, L. Rudischhauser1, T. Rummel1, K. Rummel1, A. Runov1, N. Rust1, L. Ryc24, P. Salembier20, M. Salewski35, E. Sanchez6, S. Satake41, G. Satheeswaran17, J. Schacht1, E. Scharff1, F. Schauer8, J. Schilling1, G. Schlisio1, K. Schmid8, J. Schmitt5, O. Schmitz13, W. Schneider1, M. Schneider1, P. Schneider8, R. Schrittwieser42, T. Schröder1, M. Schröder1, R. Schroeder1, B. Schweer26, D. Schwörer1, E. Scott1, E. Scott8, B. Shanahan1, G. Sias11, P. Sichta29, M. Singer1, P. Sinha29, S. Sipliä34, C. Slaby1, M. Sleczka53, H. Smith1, J. Smoniewski54, E. Sonnendrücker8, M. Spolaore4, A. Spring1, R. Stadler8, D. Stanczak24, T. Stange1, I. Stepanov26, L. Stephey13, J. Stober8, U. Stroth8,55, E. Strumberger8, C. Suzuki41, Y. Suzuki41, J. Svensson1, T. Szabolics7, T. Szepesi7, M. Szücs7, F.L. Tabares6, N. Tamura41, A. Tancetti35, C. Tantos10, J. Terry3, H. Thienpondt6, H. Thomsen1, M. Thumm10, J.M. Travere9, P. Traverso5, J. Tretter8, E. Trier8, H. Trimino Mora1, T. Tsujimura41, Y. Turkin1, A. Tykhyi45, B. Unterberg17, P. van Eeten1, B.Ph. van Milligen6, M. van Schoor26, L. Vano1, S. Varoutis10, M. Vecsei7, L. Vela56, J.L. Velasco6, M. Vervier17, N. Vianello50, H. Viebke1, R. Vilbrandt1, G. Vogel8, N. Vogt1, C. Volkhausen1, A. von Stechow1, F. Wagner1, E. Wang17, H. Wang57, F. Warmer1, T. Wauters26, L. Wegener1, T. Wegner1, G. Weir1, U. Wenzel1, A. White3, F. Wilde1, F. Wilms1, T. Windisch1, M. Winkler1, A. Winter1, V. Winters1, R. Wolf118, A.M. Wright29, G.A. Wurden39, P. Xanthopoulos1, S. Xu17, H. Yamada58, H. Yamaguchi41, M. Yokoyama41, M. Yoshinuma41, Q. Yu8, M. Zamanov14, M. Zanini1, M. Zarnstorff29, D. Zhang1, S. Zhou17, J. Zhu1, C. Zhu29, M. Zilker8, A. Zocco1, H. Zohm8, S. Zoletnik7 and L. Zsuga7 // 1 Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching and Greifswald, Germany: 2 University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; 4 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti, 4-35127 Padova, Italy; 5 Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; 6 CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; 7 Center for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thegeut 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; 8 Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; 9 CEA Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; 10 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; 11 University of Cagliari, Via Universita, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; 12 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Center, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 13 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; 14 Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology’, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 15 The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia; 16 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy; 17 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany; 18 Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; 19 Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; 20 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, C. Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; 21 Culham Center for Fusion Energy, Abingdon OX14 3EB, United Kingdom; 22 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; 23 Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; 24 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland; 25 ENEA—Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati RM, Italy; 26 Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, TEC Partner, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; 27 Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, PO Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands; 28 University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America; 29 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America; 30 Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; 31 Aix-Marseille University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, 13007, Marseille, France; 32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; 33 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 34 Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; 35 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; 36 VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland; 37 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, Anhui, China; 38 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States of America; 39 Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, United States of America; 40 Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany; 41 National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5292, Japan; 42 Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; 43 Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, 8010 GRAZ, Austria; 44 Austrian Academy of Science, Doktor-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Wien, Austria; 45 Institute for Nuclear Research, prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine; 46 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland; 47 University of Maryland, Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MA 20742, United States of America; 48 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation; 49 Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 221/223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; 50 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy; 51 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation; 52 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Via Roberto Cozzi, 53, 20125 Milano, Italy; 53 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland; 54 Lawrence University, 711 E Boldt Way, Appleton, WI 54911, United States of America; 55 Physik-Department E28, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; 56 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad, 30 Madrid, Spain; 57 Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; 58 University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chhiab 277-0882, Japan Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.a - Per a 2030, augmentar la cooperació internacional per tal de facilitar l’accés a la investigació i a les tecnologies energètiques no contaminants, incloses les fonts d’energia renovables, l’eficiència energètica i les tecnologies de combustibles fòssils avançades i menys contaminants, i promoure la inversió en infraestructures energètiques i tecnologies d’energia no contaminant
Published: 2022
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34. Measuring gross beryllium erosion with visible cameras in JET

Author: E. de la Cal, U. Losada, I. Balboa, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, S. Brezinsek, P. Carvalho, T. Dittmar, D. Douai, A. Huber, V. Huber, J. Karhunen, A. Manzanares, E. Pawelec, J. Romazanov, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, E.R. Solano, and null JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, ddc:620, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: Two visible cameras with the same wide-angle view have been used to study the gross beryllium (Be) erosion in JET. An absolutely calibrated spectroscopy system employed in the past for the same object was used to quantitatively infer the camera photon fluxes and also to validate the results. To extract the effective sputtering yield, a simplified method is applied from the quotient of the measured radiances of the D α and the Be II line at 527 nm. The obtained results are in reasonably good agreement with those already published. The main benefit of using cameras is that the global view of the plasma–wall interaction surfaces of the whole vessel is monitored, and the different sources and their wetted areas can be identified and quantified. In addition, the measurement of the particle flux distributions can be used for the validation of three-dimensional erosion-transport codes.
Published: 2022
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35. Ammonia level of capillary blood in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Author: Ya. A. Krasner, I. D. Borodin, M F Osipenko, and V. D. Kholin
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, medicine.disease, digestive system, Gastroenterology, digestive system diseases, Small intestine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Internal medicine, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, medicine, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, In patient, business
Abstract: The article demonstrates results of research of ammonia level in capillary blood in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) depending on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presence. There is a trend in elevation of ammonia level in capillary blood in patients with IBD and NAFLD, especially if small intestine is affected.
Published: 2020
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36. Μicro-structured tungsten: an advanced plasma-facing material

Author: Th. Loewenhoff, Yue Yuan, D. Borodin, M. Z. Tokar, A. Huber, T. Dittmar, Alexis Terra, Y. Martynova, Gennady Sergienko, D. Dorow-Gerspach, Marcin Rasinski, Marius Wirtz, B. Unterberg, Ch. Linsmeier, S. Brezinsek, Sören Möller, and Arkadi Kreter
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Pulse repetition frequency, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Pulse duration, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, Laser, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Neon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Composite material, Plasma-facing material, ddc:624
Abstract: A micro-structuring of the tungsten plasma-facing surface can strongly reduce near surface thermal stresses induced by ELM heat fluxes. This approach has been confirmed by numerical simulations with the help of ANSYS software. For experimental tests, two 10 × 10 mm2 samples of micro-structured tungsten were manufactured. These consisted of 2000 and 5000 vertically packed tungsten fibres with dimensions of Ø240 µm × 2.4 mm and Ø150 µm × 2.4 mm, respectively. The 1.2 mm bottom parts of the fibres are embedded in a copper matrix. The top parts of the fibres have gaps about of 10 µm so they are not touching each others. The top of all tungsten fibres was electro-polished. A Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration 1 ms and a pulse repetition frequency of 25 Hz was used to simulate up to 105 ELM-like heat pulses. No damage on either of the micro-structured tungsten samples were observed. Neon plasma erosion rate and fuel retention of the micro-structured tungsten samples were almost identical to bulk tungsten samples. Keywords: Micro-structured tungsten, PFC, PFM, High heat load, Thermal cycling, Retention, Erosion, Emissivity
Published: 2019
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37. Influence of heavier impurity deposition on surface morphology development and sputtering behavior explored in multiple linear plasma devices

Author: R.P. Doerner, Marcin Rasinski, A. Pospieszczyk, A. Eksaeva, Alexis Terra, M.J. Baldwin, Mitsutaka Miyamoto, Shin Kajita, M. I. Patino, D. Borodin, T. Schlummer, Noriyasu Ohno, Dogyun Hwangbo, Arkadi Kreter, and Daisuke Nishijima
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Structure formation, Materials science, Yield (engineering), Materials Science (miscellaneous), Analytical chemistry, Oxide, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Sputtering, Impurity, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Impurity deposition, Nanostructure, Deposition (chemistry), ddc:624
Abstract: Surface morphology development and sputtering behavior of Cr, as a test material, have been explored under He plasma exposure at a low incident ion energy of ∼80 eV in multiple linear plasma devices: PISCES-A, PSI-2, and NAGDIS-II. From comparison of the experiments in these devices, deposition of a small amount of heavier impurities (Mo in NAGDIS-II and Ta in PISCES-A) onto Cr is found to result in the formation of cone structures on the Cr surface due to preferential sputtering, resulting in a significant reduction (up to ∼10 times) in the sputtering yield of Cr due to line-of-sight redeposition onto the neighboring cones. The heavier impurities are thought to originate from a sample holding cap/cover, which can be sputtered by a trace amount of intrinsic impurities (C, O, etc) as well as by Cr ionized in the plasma. It can be concluded from the Cr experiments, as well as additional Be data collected in PISCES-B, that heavier impurity deposition plays a major role in the cone structure formation, while other mechanisms (e.g. surface irregularity and oxide) also exist. Keywords: Impurity deposition, Sputtering, Nanostructure
Published: 2019
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38. THE USE OF VEGETABLE OILS AS A BIOFUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES

Author: V. Gerasymenko, V. Semenova-Kulish, D. Borodin, and V. Semenov
Subjects: Diesel fuel, Waste management, Biofuel, Environmental science, General Medicine
Published: 2019
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39. Efficient Interaction of X-ray Single Photons with a Beam Splitter

Author: A. Schori, Ralf Röhlsberger, Sharon Shwartz, D. Borodin, S. Francoual, and E. Strizhevsky
Subjects: Physics, Photon, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, X-ray, Physics::Optics, X-ray optics, Quantum Physics, Electromagnetic radiation, law.invention, Optics, law, Hard X-rays, Photonics, business, Laser beams, Beam splitter
Abstract: We demonstrate efficient interaction of hard x-ray single photons with a beam splitter for the first time and use it to show the nonclassical behavior of x-ray heralded photons.
Published: 2021
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40. The impact of surface morphology on the erosion of metallic surfaces - modelling with the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0

Author: Arkadi Kreter, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, S. Brezinsek, Espedito Vassallo, M. Sala, B. Göths, Marcin Rasinski, A. Kirschner, B. Unterberg, A. Eksaeva, David Dellasega, Matteo Passoni, F. Romeo, Ch. Linsmeier, and Juri Romazanov
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Yield (engineering), Ion beam, Materials Science (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, Surface finish, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, Surface measurement, 3D modeling, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Plasma Physics, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, Composite material, 010306 general physics, ErosionIon beams, Divertor, TK9001-9401, Monte Carlo methods, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Erosion, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Angular distribution, Surface morphology, MorphologySputtering, ddc:624
Abstract: The roughness of metallic surfaces has a vital impact on the erosion of plasma-facing materials. Roughness determines the effective sputtering yield Yeff of the facing material. The angular/energy distribution of sputtered particles, and the spatial erosion and deposition distribution. The model for simulation the effect of the surface roughness was earlier implemented into the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0 and validated using results of ion beam experiments and experiments in the linear plasma device PSI-2. In the present study the developed ERO2.0 surface morphology model was applied to the JET-ILW tungsten (W) divertor consisting of smooth bulk W and W-coated CFC components. Influence of the surface roughness on the W erosion as well as on the transport of sputtered material in conditions of inclined magnetic field was investigated. Simulation results are in a good agreement with existing experimental findings.
Published: 2021
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41. Simulation of Impurity Transport and Deposition in the Closed Helical Divertor in the Large Helical Device

Author: S. Brezinsek, A. Kirschner, A. Eksaeva, Gakushi Kawamura, Mamoru Shoji, D. Borodin, Juri Romazanov, and Suguru Masuzaki
Subjects: Materials science, peripheral plasma, Divertor, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, 7. Clean energy, Molecular physics, emc3-eirene, Large Helical Device, ero2.0, impurity transport, plasma wall interaction, 13. Climate action, Impurity, Physics::Plasma Physics, divertor, ddc:530, large helical device, Deposition (chemistry)
Abstract: Long pulse discharges in the Large Helical Device have often been interrupted by large amounts of dust particle emission from the divertor region caused by the exfoliation of carbon-rich mixed material deposition layers. The plasma wall interaction code ERO2.0 has provided the simulation results of the three-dimensional distribution of the carbon flux density in the divertor region which is quite reasonable with the observed distribution of the carbon-rich deposition layers. The code has also succeeded in reproducing the reduction of the carbon deposition layers on dome plates by changing the target plate configuration in the divertor region. The ERO2.0 simulations have also successfully explained dust particle emission from the inboard side near the equatorial plane for the new target plate configuration at the termination of a long pulse discharge. These simulation results prove that the ERO2.0 code is applicable to predicting the possible position from where the dust particles are released, and to designing an optimized divertor configuration for performing stable long pulse discharges with controlled dust particle emission.
Published: 2021
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42. Impact of fillers for acrylic compositions on their stability in aggressive mediums and adhesive strength

Author: L Trykoz, S Kamchatnaya, O Pustovoitova, I Saiapina, and D Borodin
Subjects: Mechanics of Materials, General Materials Science
Abstract: This paper aims to reveal the change of diffusion coefficient and permeability of the acrylic composition with different types of fillers (such as cement, sand, mica, and talc) in the various aggressive mediums. Also, the adhesive strength was determined as the maximal stress caused by detaching metal plate from the surface of the concrete. To evaluate the stability of the compositions, the samples of the acrylic compositions were saturated with acid and alkali solutions during a certain time. Basing on the mass change, the coefficients of diffusion, sorption, and permeability were calculated. The sand filled acrylic composition showed the least sorption (0.2%) and water permeability (0.008 gÃ—cmâ€“1Ã—sâ€“1), as well as the highest adhesion strength (53.2 MPa). However, all studied compositions satisfy the requirements of the current permeability standards, and they can be used for construction protection from the aggressive environment action. It is important for the durability of the structures as it will prolongate their operative time, as well as reduce the operating and repair costs.
Published: 2020
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43. ERO2.0 modelling of the effects of surface roughness on molybdenum erosion and redeposition in the PSI-2 linear plasma device

Author: David Tskhakaya, Espedito Vassallo, Karl Schmid, Arkadi Kreter, Juri Romazanov, Ch. Linsmeier, S. Dickheuer, A. Pospieszczyk, A. Eksaeva, David Dellasega, Marcin Rasinski, Alexis Terra, S. S. Henderson, D. Borodin, M. Sala, M. G. O'Mullane, F. Romeo, M. Eichler, A. Kirschner, Sören Möller, B. Unterberg, U. Knoche, Matteo Passoni, M. Pedroni, B. Göths, H. P. Summers, I. Borodkina, and S. Brezinsek
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, surface morphology, 3D Monte Carlo ERO, sputtering, linear plasma device, molybdenum, surface roughness, ERO2.0, Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, Sputtering, Molybdenum, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, Erosion, ddc:530, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The surface morphology of plasma-facing components (PFCs) and its evolution during plasma irradiation has been shown to have a significant effect on the erosion and subsequent transport of sputtered particles in plasma. This in turn can influence the resulting lifetime of PFCs. A model for treatment of the effect of surface roughness on the erosion of PFCs has recently been incorporated into the three-dimensional Monte Carlo code ERO2.0. First simulations have confirmed a significant influence of the assumed surface roughness (for both regular and stochastic numerically constructed samples) on both the effective sputtering yields Y-eff and the effective angular distributions of sputtered particles. In this study, a series of experiments at the linear plasma device PSI-2 are conducted to test the effect of surface roughness on the sputtering parameters. Graphite samples prepared with a 100 nm molybdenum layer with various surface roughness characteristic sizes (R-a = 110 nm, 280 nm, 600 nm and R-a < 20 nm) were exposed to a helium plasma in the PSI-2 linear plasma device at a magnetic field B.=.0.1 T. These PSI-2 experiments were simulated using ERO2.0 with a surface morphology model. Simulations are able to reproduce the experimentally observed significant suppression of erosion for higher R-a values.
Published: 2020
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44. Estimation of ELM effects on Be and W erosion at JET-ILW

Author: V. A. Kurnaev, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, S. Brezinsek, Jet Contributors, Gennady Sergienko, and A. Huber
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, 0103 physical sciences, Erosion, Mechanics, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Published: 2020
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45. Structure and biological activity of endogenous and synthetic agonists of GPR119

Author: E. V. Volotova, D. A. Bakulin, I.N. Tyurenkov, D. V. Kurkin, D D Borodin, E O Logvinova, and A A Ozerov
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, GPR119, Biochemistry, Chemistry, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Biological activity, Endogeny, General Chemistry
Abstract: A G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR119, is a promising pharmacological target for a new class of hypoglycaemic drugs with an original mechanism of action, namely, increase in the glucose-dependent incretin and insulin secretion. In 2005, the first ligands were found and in the subsequent years, a large number of GPR119 agonists were synthesized in laboratories in various countries; the safest and most promising agonists have entered phase I and II clinical trials as agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The review describes the major endogenous GPR119 agonists and the main trends in the design and modification of synthetic structures for increasing the hypoglycaemic activity. The data on synthetic agonists are arranged according to the type of the central core of the molecules. The bibliography includes 104 references.
Published: 2018
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46. 6 MeV novel hybrid (standing wave - traveling wave) photo-cathode electron gun for a THz superradiant FEL

Author: James Rosenzweig, A. Weinberg, Bruno Spataro, A. Nause, Atsushi Fukasawa, Ryan Roussel, L. Feigin, D. Borodin, and Aharon Friedman
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Klystron, business.industry, Pulse duration, 01 natural sciences, Pulse (physics), law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Cathode ray, Thermal emittance, 010306 general physics, business, Particle beam, Instrumentation, Beam (structure), Electron gun
Abstract: A novel 6 MeV hybrid photo-injector has been designed and constructed, based on a smaller-scale prototype previously built in UCLA’s Particle Beam Physics Laboratory. It has been commissioned at Ariel University in Israel as an on-going collaboration between the two universities. This unique, new generation design provides a radically simpler approach to RF feeding of a gun/buncher system, leading to a much shorter beam via velocity bunching owed to an attached traveling wave section of the photo-injector. This design offers better performance in beam parameters, providing a high quality electron beam , with energy of 6 MeV. The hybrid photo-injector was designed to provide emittance of approximately 3 μ m, and pulse duration of 150 fs at up to 1 nC per pulse. The hybrid gun is driven by a SLAC XK5 klystron as the high power RF source, and third harmonic of a ∼ 35 fs IR Laser amplifier (266 nm) to extract electrons from the photo-cathode. The unique electron gun will produce a bunched electron pulse to drive a THz FEL, which will operate at the super-radiant regime, and therefore requires ambitious beam properties. This paper describes the gun and presents experimental results from the gun and its sub-systems, including energy and charge measurements, compared with the design simulations.
Published: 2021
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47. Angular and velocity distributions of tungsten sputtered by low energy argon ions

Author: K. M. Gutorov, I. Sorokin, F. Granberg, Joonas Matti Aleksi Jussila, Kai Nordlund, E. D. Marenkov, D. Borodin, A. Eksaeva, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Molecular dynamics, Distribution (mathematics), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Sputtering, Orientation (geometry), 0103 physical sciences, Raised cosine distribution, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Sputtering by ions with low near-threshold energies is investigated. Experiments and simulations are conducted for tungsten sputtering by low-energy, 85-200 eV Ar atoms. The angular distributions of sputtered particles are measured. A new method for molecular dynamics simulation of sputtering taking into account random crystallographic surface orientation is developed, and applied for the case under consideration. The simulations approximate experimental results well. At low energies the distributions acquire "butterfly-like" shape with lower sputtering yields for close to normal angles comparing to the cosine distribution. The energy distributions of sputtered particles were simulated. The Thompson distribution remains valid down to near-threshold 85 eV case. (C) 2017 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2017
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48. ERO modeling of beryllium erosion by helium plasma in experiments at PISCES-B

Author: S. Brezinsek, Ch. Linsmeier, I. Borodkina, R.P. Doerner, D. Borodin, Juri Romazanov, Daisuke Nishijima, Arkadi Kreter, E.D. Marenkov, A. Eksaeva, and A. Kirschner
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, education.field_of_study, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Population, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Binary collision approximation, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, ddc:333.7, Irradiation, Beryllium, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, education, Helium, Line (formation)
Abstract: The beryllium erosion by helium plasma irradiation is studied at the PISCES-B linear plasma device and interpreted using the accompanying simulations by the ERO code. The influence of plasma conditions and varying negative biasing of the Be plasma target on BeI and BeII absolute line intensities are reproduced in detail by the simulations. The synthetic axial line intensity shapes and line ratios match with experiment. This indicates that atomic data are quite accurate. The initial population state of quasi-metastable 3P level in BeI is found to be MS:GS= 0.33:1 for all conditions. The yields determined by the modeling interpretation are compared to the SDTrimSP code simulations in the binary collision approximation. Keywords: Beryllium, Erosion, Helium, ERO code, PISCES-B, Spectroscopy
Published: 2017
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49. Surface roughness effect on Mo physical sputtering and re-deposition in the linear plasma device PSI-2 predicted by ERO2.0

Author: Matthias Komm, A. Pospieszczyk, A. Kirschner, A. Eksaeva, M. Eichler, David Tskhakaya, D. Borodin, S. Brezinsek, B. Unterberg, Marcin Rasinski, Arkadi Kreter, Ch. Linsmeier, I. Borodkina, and Juri Romazanov
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Yield (engineering), Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Plasma, Surface finish, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Flattening, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 13. Climate action, Sputtering, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, Deposition (phase transition), lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Irradiation, ddc:624
Abstract: Surface morphology and its evolution during the plasma irradiation is known to have a large influence on the erosion and resulting lifetime of plasma-facing components as well as tritium retention. For instance, surface roughness can affect physical sputtering, re-deposition, as well as angular distributions of the sputtered species. In this study the effect of surface roughness is implemented into the 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO2.0. First modelling results for molybdenum (Mo) irradiated with deuterium (D) in the conditions foreseen for the planned experiments at the linear plasma device PSI-2 are presented. Using the constructed examples of surfaces with various (regular and fractal) roughness types it is shown that the effective sputtering yield decreases for rough surfaces in comparison to smooth ones. The angular distribution of particles escaping from the rough surface collimates with the increase of the surface structure's aspect ratio. Moreover, the modelling predicts flattening of the surface during the plasma irradiation due to the preferable re-deposition in the “valleys” and sputtering of the peak tops.
Published: 2019
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50. Evidence for Collective Nonlinear Interactions in X Ray into Ultraviolet Parametric Down-Conversion

Author: Sharon Shwartz, D. Borodin, Jean-Pascal Rueff, A. Schori, J. M. Ablett, Bar-Ilan University [Israël], Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Nonlinear optics, General Physics and Astronomy, Charge (physics), 02 engineering and technology, Photon energy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Nonlinear system, Spontaneous parametric down-conversion, Atomic Molecular & Optical, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Light-matter interaction, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Ultraviolet, Plasmon, Parametric statistics
Abstract: International audience; We present the observation of peculiar non-monotonic photon energy dependencies of the count rates and of the rocking curves of parametric down-conversion of x rays into ultraviolet far from any atomic resonances. The observations cannot be explained by models that consider only atomic or bond charge responses and suggest that collective phenomena contribute to the effect. We propose an interpretation that includes nonlinear interactions with plasmons, which can explain the existence of peaks in this energy range. Our work implies that nonlinear interactions between x rays and either ultraviolet or visible radiation can be utilized as a powerful atomic scale probe for collective effects in solids.
Published: 2019
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