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The Australian lycaenid butterfly Jalmenus evagoras has iridescent wings that are sexually dimorphic, spectrally and in their degree of polarization, suggesting that these properties are likely to be important in mate recognition. We first describe the results of a field experiment showing that free-flying individuals of J. evagoras discriminate between visual stimuli that vary in polarization content in blue wavelengths but not in others. We then present detailed reflectance spectrophotometry measurements of the polarization content of male and female wings, showing that female wings exhibit blue-shifted reflectance, with a lower degree of polarization relative to male wings. Finally, we describe a novel method for measuring alignment of ommatidial arrays: by measuring variation of depolarized eyeshine intensity from patches of ommatidia as a function of eye rotation, we show that (a) individual rhabdoms contain mutually perpendicular microvilli; (b) many rhabdoms in the array have their microvilli misaligned with respect to neighboring rhabdoms by as much as 45 deg; and (c) the misaligned ommatidia are useful for robust polarization detection. By mapping the distribution of the ommatidial misalignments in eye patches of J. evagoras, we show that males and females exhibit differences in the extent to which ommatidia are aligned. Both the number of misaligned ommatidia suitable for robust polarization detection and the number of aligned ommatidia suitable for edge detection vary with respect to both sex and eye patch elevation. Thus, J. evagoras exhibits finely tuned ommatidial arrays suitable for perception of polarized signals, likely to match sex-specific life history differences in the utility of polarized signals.

Idli is one of the flour-based foods fermented by lactic acid bacteria. This study was designed to characterize the lactic acid bacteria isolated from Idli batter and to determine their antibacterial activity. Physicochemical changes of batter during fermentation and sensory qualities of the final product (Idli) also were determined. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Idli batter and characterized up to genus level. Agar well diffusion assay was used to determine the antibacterial activity of isolates against foodborne pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Changes of pH, lactic acid bacterial count, titratable acidity of batter during fermentation and sensory properties of the final product were measured. Ten isolates (I-1 to I-10) were isolated from Idli batter, of which, six were rod and other four were cocci shaped. All ten isolates were Gram positive, non-motile, non-spore formers and catalase activity negative. It was confirmed that all isolates belong to lactic acid bacteria up to genus level. Based on diameter of the inhibition zone, among ten isolates, I-6 was considered as the highest potential bacteriocinogenic isolate. Inhibition zone diameter of isolates ranged from 7.3±1.53 to 16.3±0.58 mm. The pH dropped steadily from 6.28 to 3.72, while titratable acidity increased from 0.24 to 0.92% throughout the fermentation period (0-32 h). With fermentation, the lactic acid bacterial count was increased, and highest lactic acid bacterial count of 9.88 log10cfu/g was observed after 12 h of fermentation. Idli prepared from Idli batter after 8-12 h of fermentation scored maximum for the sensory quality. From this study it is concluded that all lactic acid bacteria isolates possess antimicrobial activity and physicochemical and sensory qualities of Idli batter changed with duration of fermentation.

Introduction: Relative to the general population, patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder have higher rates of suicide attempts and mortality from COVID-19 infection. Therefore, determining whether a history of suicide attempt is associated with COVID-19 in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder has implications for COVID-19 vulnerability stratification in this patient population. Methods: We carried out cross-sectional analyses of electronic health records of veterans with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder that received treatment at any United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center between January 1, 2020, and January 31, 2021. We used logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted (including age, sex, race, marital status, body mass index (BMI), and a medical comorbidity score) odds ratios (ORs) for COVID-19 positivity in suicide attempters relative to nonattempters. Results: A total of 101,032 veterans (mean age 56.67 ± 13.13 years; males 91,715 [90.8%]) were included in the analyses. There were 2,703 (2.7%) suicide attempters and 719 (0.7%) patients were positive for COVID-19. The association between history of suicide attempt and COVID-19 positivity was modified by age and BMI, such that the relationship was only significant in patients younger than 59 years, and in obese (BMI ≥30) patients (adjusted OR 3.42, 95% CI 2.02–5.79 and OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.65–4.94, respectively). Conclusions: Higher rates of COVID-19 in young or obese suicide attempters with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder might be due to the elevated risk for the infection in this subgroup of patients.

When young people are harmed in extra-familial settings children’s services may place them into care at a distance from their home authority to remove them from contexts in which they are considered ‘at risk’. Guidance and regulation suggest such intervention be used as a last resort and only in a child’s best interests. Using survey and interview data, this article examines how relocations are used in response to extra-familial harm (EFH) in thirteen children’s services departments inEngland and Wales—exploring the extent to which they are intended to mitigate risk, or build safety, for young people. Findings demonstrate that rates at which relocations were used varied across participating services. Interview data suggest that variation may be informed by the strategic position a service takes on the use of relocation, the goal(s) of interventions used in cases of EFH, and the target of these interventions. In considering each of these factors, the authors recommend further study into the national (varying) rates of relocation and the role of those who review care plans for relocated young people; both intending to create conditions in which young people can safely return to their communities should they choose to do so.

We present an economical imaging system with integrated hardware and software to capture multispectral images of Lepidoptera with high efficiency. This method facilitates the comparison of colors and shapes among species at fine and broad taxonomic scales and may be adapted for other insect orders with greater three-dimensionality. Our system can image both the dorsal and ventral sides of pinned specimens. Together with our processing pipeline, the descriptive data can be used to systematically investigate multispectral colors and shapes based on full-wing reconstruction and a universally applicable ground plan that objectively quantifies wing patterns for species with different wing shapes (including tails) and venation systems. Basic morphological measurements, such as body length, thorax width, and antenna size are automatically generated. This system can increase exponentially the amount and quality of trait data extracted from museum specimens.

Histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a characteristic mark of heterochromatin, is progressively implemented during development to contribute to cell fate restriction as differentiation proceeds. Accordingly, in undifferentiated and pluripotent mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells the global levels of H3K9 methylation are rather low and increase only upon differentiation. How global H3K9 methylation levels are coupled with the loss of pluripotency remains largely unknown. Here, we identify SUV39H1, a major H3K9 di- and tri-methylase, as an indirect target of the pluripotency network of Transcription Factors (TFs). We find that pluripotency TFs, principally OCT4, activate the expression of Suv39h1as, an antisense long non-coding RNA to Suv39h1. In turn, Suv39h1as downregulates Suv39h1 transcription in cis via a mechanism involving the modulation of the chromatin status of the locus. The targeted deletion of the Suv39h1as promoter region triggers increased SUV39H1 expression and H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels, affecting all heterochromatic regions, particularly peri-centromeric major satellites and retrotransposons. This increase in heterochromatinization efficiency leads to accelerated and more efficient commitment into differentiation. We report, therefore, a simple genetic circuitry coupling the genetic control of pluripotency with the global efficiency of H3K9 methylation associated with a major cell fate restriction, the irreversible loss of pluripotency.

Introduction Second anterior cruciate ligament (SACL) injuries are a devastating complication following return to sport (RTS). Appropriate and safe RTS criteria that reduce the risk of SACL injuries are needed. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between functional and isokinetic testing at 6 months following primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) as risk factors for SACL injuries. Methods Patients with primary ACLR from 1990 to 2010 were identified. Those with 6-month postoperative functional and isokinetic testing and a minimum of 2-year follow-up were included. Functional testing included vertical jump, single-leg hop, and single-leg triple hop. Isokinetic testing included concentric quadriceps and hamstrings (HSs) strength at 60 and 180 degree/s speeds. Statistical analysis evaluated the significance of the various tests between those with and without a secondary tear. Results In total, 344 patients with a mean age of 26.0 ± 9.8 years at an average time of 9.1 ± 3.5 years of follow-up were analyzed. Fifty-nine patients (17%) experienced SACL injuries at an average time of 4.8 years following ACLR with 34 (58%) ipsilateral graft ruptures and 25 (43%) contralateral tears. Several isokinetic measures were significantly different between the NO SACL and the SACL groups: quadriceps 60 degree/s limb symmetry index (LSI) (75 vs. 82% p = 0.01), HS 60 degree/s LSI (92 vs. 97%, p = 0.04), quadriceps 180 degree/s involved/body weight (BW) (41 vs. 47%, p = 0.04), and HS 180 degree/s involved/BW (30 vs. 34%, p = 0.04). Patients with involved limb peak quadriceps torque value greater than 65 or 50% of BW (60 and 180 degree/s) had a 2.2 and 3.1 times higher risk of an SACL injury. Conclusions Patients with certain elevated isokinetic scores in the injured limb at 6 months after ACLR experienced a higher rate of subsequent ACL injuries than those who had lower peak torque. Although a quantitative only analysis may not be sufficient to determine RTS criteria, clinicians should caution high-performing patients about the risk of subsequent ACL injury. Level of Evidence Cohort study; 3.

Purpose To analyze the available literature pertaining to the indications, outcomes, and complications of both microfracture (MFX) and simple debridement for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Studies were included if they evaluated OCD of the capitellum that underwent either arthroscopic debridement (AD) or MFX. The risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) scale. Patient demographic characteristics, imaging findings, return-to-sport rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion (ROM), complications, failures, and reoperations were recorded. Results Eleven studies with 327 patients (332 elbows) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) scores ranged from 63% to 75% and showed considerable heterogeneity. Both AD and MFX showed improvement in patient outcome scores, ROM, and return to play, although the data precluded relative conclusions. Improvement in motion after MFX ranged from 4.9° to 5° of flexion, 5° to 22.6° of extension, 1° to 2° of pronation, and 0.5° to 2° of supination, whereas after AD, it ranged from –4° to 6° of flexion and –0.4° to 14° of extension, with prono-supination noted in only 1 study. The rate of return to play at a similar level of preinjury athletic competition ranged from 55% to 75% after MFX and from 40% to 100% after AD. Lesion location was discussed in only 1 study. Postoperative imaging trended toward early degenerative changes, most commonly of the radial head. Complications were only reported in 1 MFX study; in all cases, the complication was transient ulnar nerve neurapraxia. Reoperation rates ranged from 0% to 10%, and reoperation was most commonly performed to address radial head enlargement. Five studies reported no reoperations. Conclusions Both AD and MFX for capitellar OCD appear to yield excellent improvements in pain, ROM, patient outcome scores, and return to sport. Given that comparable mid-term outcomes can be achieved with debridement alone, without the use of MFX, similarly to recent prospective studies in the knee, AD alone may be a reasonable approach to relatively small OCD defects. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of studies, all Level IV evidence.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is a treatment of space-occupying hemispheric infarct. Current surgical guidelines use criteria of age60 years and surgery within 48 hours of stroke onset.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neurologic outcome after DHC and evaluate the relationship of stroke volume and outcomes.A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing DHC for cerebral infarct from 2016 to 2019. Unfavorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score3. Patients with precraniectomy magnetic resonance imaging were selected as a subset for volumetric stroke volume analysis using RAPID software (iSchemaView, Redwood City, California), with stroke volume defined as apparent diffusion coefficient620 on diffusion-weighted imaging.Fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. At 90 days, favorable outcome was achieved in 11 patients (21.2%), and 41 patients (78.8%) had unfavorable outcomes (15 [29%] died). Surgery after 48 hours, age60 years, and multivessel distribution did not significantly affect 90-day mRS score (P = 0.091, 0.111, and 0.664, respectively). In volumetric subset analysis, 10 patients of 41 (31.3%) achieved favorable outcomes, and no patients with volume of infarct280 mL had a favorable outcome. There was a trend of lower volumes associated with favorable outcomes, but this did not meet significance (favorable 207 ± 68.7 vs. unfavorable 262 ± 117.1; P = 0.163).Outcomes after DHC for malignant hemispheric infarct were not affected by current accepted guidelines. Volume of infarct may have an effect on outcome after DHC. Further research to aid in predicting which patients benefit from decompressive craniectomy is warranted.

Purpose: To report the annual incidence of anterior shoulder instability (ASI) diagnosis, injury severity, and surgical stabilization in a U.S. population. Methods: An established U.S. geographic database was used to identify patients < 40 years old with diagnoses of ASI from 1994-2016. Medical records were reviewed to obtain patient demographics, histories, imaging results, and surgical details. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates were calculated and adjusted to the 2010 U.S. population. Poisson regression was performed to examine trends by timeline, sex and age. Results: The study population consisted of 652 patients with ASI and a mean age of 21.5 years (range, 3.6-39.5). Comparing 2015-2016 to 1994-1999, we found an increase in the number of dislocations (from 1.0-1.9; P = 0.016) and total instability events (from 2.3-3.4; P = 0.041) per patient prior to presentation to a physician. There was a trend in increased diagnosis of bony Bankart and/or Hill-Sachs on MRI over time, with these lesions documented in 96% of patients undergoing MRI in 2015-2018 compared to 52.9% in 1994-1999 (P < .001). The use of arthroscopic procedures increased and peaked in 2005-2009 (90% of surgical cases performed). The proportion of open Latarjet procedures increased from 2010-2014 (14%) and 2015-2018 (31%). Conclusions: The age- and sex- adjusted incidence of ASI diagnosis in a U.S. population from 1994-2016 is comparable to that demonstrated in Canadian and European populations. This study demonstrates an increasing number of instability events prior to surgical evaluation, which may correlate with patients’ more commonly presenting with bone loss and requiring more aggressive surgical treatment or that ASI is being more frequently cared for and documented by present-day orthopedic surgeons. Level of Evidence: Level III, cross-sectional study.

Introduction Anterior temporal artery (ATA) visualization on computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been previously associated with good outcomes in middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions, but not in the setting of patients who initially present to non-thrombectomy centers. Methods We retrospectively identified acute MCA (M1) occlusion patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy after transfer from non-thrombectomy-capable centers. Neuroradiologists confirmed the MCA (M1) as the most proximal site of occlusion on CTA and assessed for visualization of the ATA. Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b or greater revascularization scores were confirmed by neurointerventionalists blinded to patient outcomes. Ninety-day modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were obtained via a structured telephone questionnaire. Results We identified 102 M1 occlusion patients over a three-and-a-half-year period presenting to a non-thrombectomy-capable center who underwent transfer and mechanical thrombectomy. There were no significant differences in age, gender, race, comorbidities, or median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores between the ATA visualized (n = 47) versus non-visualized (n = 55) cohort, and no significant differences in baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography (ASPECT) scores, post-intervention TICI scores, or interval from last known well to revascularization. There was a strong trend in functional independent outcome (mRS ≤ 2) for patients with ATA visualization (63.8% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.064). Conclusion For patients presenting to non-thrombectomy centers without CT perfusion capability, ATA visualization should be further investigated as an outcome predictor, given its association with functional independence after successful recanalization. This article was previously presented as a meeting abstract at the 2021 International Stroke Conference on March 17-19, 2021.

Relative cerebral blood flow (CBF)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative patella alta on clinical outcomes, survivorship, and complication and reoperation rates on patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA). All patients who underwent PFA for isolated patellofemoral arthritis by a single surgeon at our institution were identified. Preoperative radiographs were measured by two independent observers for patellar height using the Caton Deschamps (CD), Insall-Salvati (IS), and Blackburne-Peele (BP) methods. Patients were classified as either “patella alta” or “non-patella alta” for all three measurement methods. Clinical scores including KSS Pain, KSS Function, and Tegner Activity Scores were collected pre- and post-operatively. Failure was defined as conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Clinical outcomes and survivorship were compared between patients with “patella alta” and “non-patella alta” height measurements. There were 119 patients with 153 knees (86% female) included in the study with a mean age of 55.8 years. Outcome scores improved from pre-operative to post-operative for both patella alta and non-patella alta patients for Tegner, KSS pain and KSS function scores. The mean change in Tegner scores for patella alta and non-patella alta patients were not significantly different for CD (p = 0.24), IS (p = 0.25) or BP measurements (p = 0.39). The mean change in KSS pain scores between groups were not significantly different for CD (p = 0.33) or IS measurements (p = 0.22), but was improved more significantly in patella alta patients vs non-patella alta patients (21.2 and 14.4; p = 0.02) for BP measurement. The mean change in KSS function scores between groups was not significantly different for CD (p = 0.61) IS (p = 0.90) or BP measurements (p = 0.79). The overall survivorship from conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was 94.1% at a mean follow-up time of 5.0 (SD 2.6) years. There were no significant differences in survivorship from TKA between patella alta and non-patella alta groups (CD: p = 0.72, IS: p = 0.63, BP: p = 0.66). This study suggests that there are no significant differences in clinical outcome scores or survivorship from TKA between patella alta and non-patella alta patients who underwent onlay design PFA. Both patella alta and non-patella alta patients demonstrated excellent improvement in outcome scores from pre-operative to post-operative. IV.

BACKGROUND Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee has recently been termed subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee (SIFK) to appropriately recognize the etiology of mechanical overloading of the subchondral bone. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of SIFK based on progression to surgical treatment and arthroplasty, and to evaluate the risk factors that increase the progression to arthroplasty. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients with a diagnosis of SIFK, as confirmed with use of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Baseline and final radiographs were reviewed. Baseline MRIs were also reviewed for injury characteristics. Failure was defined as progression to surgical treatment or conversion to arthroplasty. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-three patients (71% female) with a mean age of 65.1 years were included. SIFK affected 154 femora (69%) and 123 tibiae (55%), with medial compartment involvement in 198 knees (89%); 74% of medial menisci had root or radial tears, with a mean extrusion of 3.6 mm. Varus malalignment was identified in 54 (69%) of 78 knees. Seventy-six (34%) of all patients progressed to surgical intervention at 2.7 years, and 66 (30%) underwent arthroplasty at 3.0 years. The rates of conversion to surgical intervention and arthroplasty increased to 47% (37 of 79; p = 0.04) and 37% (29 of 79; p = 0.09), respectively, in patients with >5 years of follow-up. The 10-year survival rate free of arthroplasty for patients with SIFK on the medial femoral condyle (p < 0.01), SIFK on the medial tibial plateau (p < 0.01), medial meniscal extrusion (p = 0.01), varus alignment (p = 0.02), and older age (per year older; p = 0.003) was significantly higher than the survival rates of those without each respective condition. CONCLUSIONS Subchondral insufficiency fractures predominantly involve the medial compartment of the knee and commonly present with medial meniscal root and radial tears. Approximately one-third of patients progressed to total knee arthroplasty. Baseline arthritis, older age, location of the insufficiency fracture on both the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau, meniscal extrusion, and varus malalignment were all associated with progression to arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

To determine (1) the demographic characteristics as well as radiographic findings of medial versus lateral meniscal root tears at time of presentation, (2) treatment decisions and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing medial versus lateral root repair, and (3) risk factors for worse clinical and radiographic outcomes.A retrospective review was performed to identify patients with symptomatic, medial, or lateral meniscus posterior root tears with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Radiographs were graded using Kellgren-Lawrence scores. Subanalysis was performed on 62 patients who underwent root repair. Tegner, Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and progression to arthroplasty were analyzed in the repair groups. Patient demographics, radiographic findings, and clinical outcomes were compared between medial meniscus posterior horn root tear (MMRT) and lateral meniscus root repair (LMRT).Of the 141 root tears, 109 were MMRTs, 30 were LMRTs, and 2 patients had both. At the time of injury, patients with MMRTs had a significantly higher age (MMRT = 51.4 vs LMRT=24.6, P.0001), body mass index (MMRT = 32.1 vs LMRT 25.8, P.0001), Kellgren-Lawrence score (MMRT = 1.3 vs LMRT=0.6, P.0001), and higher rate of major meniscal extrusion (MMRT = 72% vs LMRT = 20%, P.0001). Of the 30 LMRT, 30/30 (100.0%) were treated with meniscal repair. With MMRT, 52/109 (48%) were treated nonoperatively, 27/109 (25%) with partial meniscectomy, and 30/109 (27%) with meniscal repair. Sixty-two patients underwent meniscus root repair with an average 41-month follow-up. LMRT had significantly increased International Knee Documentation Committee (LMRT = 89.5, MMRT = 80.4, P = .02) and Tegner scores (LMRT = 6.5, MMRT = 5.1, P.05) compared with MMRT.Compared with MMRTs, LMRTs occur in younger male patients with lower body mass index, less cartilage degeneration, less extrusion on magnetic resonance imaging, and more commonly with a ligament injury. Although good to excellent clinical outcomes were attained in select patients for both medial and lateral meniscus root repair, LMRTs may have better results after repair, suggesting that differences in injury and patient characteristics may contribute to differences in these outcomes.Retrospective comparative study, Level III.

Objective To analyze the clinical outcomes, knee function, and activity level of patients after treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects involving the patellofemoral compartment of the knee with cryopreserved osteochondral allograft. Design Nineteen patients with cartilage defects involving the patellofemoral compartment were treated. The average age was 31 years (range 15-45 years), including 12 females and 7 males. Patients were prospectively followed using validated clinical outcome measures including Veterans RAND 12-item Health Survey (VR-12), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and the Tegner activity scale. Graft incorporation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or second-look arthroscopy. Results The cartilage defects included the patella ( n = 16) and the femoral trochlea ( n = 3). Mean VR-12 scores increased from 31.6 to 46.3 ( P < 0.01), mean IKDC increased from 40.0 to 69.7 ( P < 0.01), mean KOOS increased from 53.9 to 80.2 ( P < 0.01), and mean Tegner scores increased from 3.0 to 4.9 ( P < 0.01), at average follow-up of 41.9 months (range 24-62 months). Of the 3 patients who underwent second-look arthroscopy, all demonstrated a well-incorporated graft. Mean MOCART score for the 6 patients with follow-up MRI was 62.5 (range 25-85). The reoperation rate was 21.1% and 2 patients (12.5%) experienced progressive patellofemoral osteoarthritis requiring conversion to patellofemoral arthroplasty. Conclusion Patients with unipolar cartilage defects involving the patellofemoral compartment of the knee can have positive outcomes at minimum 2-year follow-up after surgical treatment with a cryopreserved osteochondral allograft when concomitant pathology is also addressed, but the reoperation rate is high and bipolar cartilage lesions may increase the failure rate.

Background:Radiography is the initial imaging modality used to evaluate femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), and diagnostic radiographic findings are well-established. However, the prevalence of these radiographic findings in patients with hip pain is unknown.Purpose:The purpose was 3-fold: (1) to determine the overall prevalence of radiographic FAI deformities in young patients presenting with hip pain, (2) to identify the most common radiographic findings in patients with cam-type FAI, and (3) to identify the most common radiographic findings in patients with pincer-type FAI.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A geographic database was used to identify patients aged 14 to 50 years with hip pain between the years 2000 to 2016. The following were evaluated on radiographs: cam type: typical pistol grip deformity, alpha angle >55°; pincer type: crossover sign (COS), coxa profunda or protrusio acetabuli, lateral center edge angle (LCEA) ≥40°, Tönnis angle Results:There were 1893 patients evaluated, and 1145 patients (60.5%; 1371 hips; 374 male and 771 female; mean age, 28.8 ± 8.4 years) had radiographic findings consistent with FAI. Of these hips, 139 (10.1%) had cam type, 245 (17.9%) had pincer type, and 987 (72.0%) had mixed type. The prevalence of a pistol grip deformity and an alpha angle >55° was 577 (42.1%) and 1069 (78.0%), respectively. The mean alpha angle was 66.9°± 10.5°. The prevalence of pincer-type radiographic findings was the following: COS, 1062 (77.5%); coxa profunda, 844 (61.6%); ISS, 765 (55.8%); PWS, 764 (55.7%); Tönnis angle Conclusion:The overall prevalence of radiographic findings consistent with FAI in young patients with hip pain was 60.5%. Radiographic findings for mixed-type FAI were the most prevalent. The most common radiographic finding for cam-type FAI was an alpha angle >55°. The most common radiographic finding for pincer-type FAI was the COS.

Titanium is a versatile biocompatible metal that is desirable in additively manufactured medical implant devices. However, additively manufactured parts have particular microstructures, porosity, residual stress and surface conditions which can have a strong impact on fatigue performance. Implants have an added complexity from the saline operating environment and the associated impact on the safe design life. Equally, direct energy deposition induces a complex thermal history which, if not carefully controlled, can significantly alter the mechanical/material properties of the component. This study investigates the decrease in fatigue life, in an in-vitro body fluid simulation using Ringer’s solution, observed in Ti-6Al-4V specimens extracted from coupons manufactured by directed energy deposition. An interrupted deposition strategy was employed to control build regularity, which appeared to influence certain mechanical properties, including corrosion fatigue life. An ≈50% decrease in fatigue life was observed in Ringer’s solution at 6 Hz loading frequency, clearly important in designing implants.

This study is a metrological investigation of eight superconducting gravimeters that have operated in the Strasbourg gravimetric Observatory. These superconducting gravimeters include an older compact C026 model, a new observatory type iOSG23 and six iGravs (6, 15, 29, 30, 31, 32). We first compare the amplitude calibration of the meters using measurements from FG5 #206 absolute gravimeter (AG). In a next step we compute the amplitude calibration of all the meters by time regression with respect to iOSG23 itself carefully calibrated by numerous AG experiments. The relative calibration values are much more precise than absolute calibration for each instrument and strongly reduce any tidal residual signal. We also compare the time lags of the various instruments with respect to iOSG23, either by time cross-correlation or tidal analysis for the longest records (about 1 year). The instrumental drift behavior of the iGravs and iOSG23 is then investigated and we examine the relationships observed between gravity and body temperature measurements. Finally, we compare the noise levels of all the instruments. A three-channel correlation analysis is used to separate the incoherent (instrumental) noise from the coherent (ambient) noise. The self-noise is then compared to a model of thermal noise (Brownian motion) using the known instrumental parameters of the damped harmonic oscillator. The self-noise of iGrav instruments is well-explained by the thermal noise model at seismic frequencies (between 10–3 and 10–2 Hz). As expected, the self-noise of iOSG23 with a heavier sphere is also lower than that of iGravs at such frequencies.

Axion-like particles (ALPs) are predicted in many extensions of the Standard Model, and their masses can naturally be well below the electroweak scale. In the presence of couplings to electroweak bosons, these particles could be emitted in flavor-changing $B$ meson decays. We report herein a search for an ALP, $a$, in the reaction $B^\pm\rightarrow K^\pm a$, $a\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ using data collected by the BABAR experiment at SLAC. No significant signal is observed, and 90% confidence level upper limits on the ALP coupling to electroweak bosons are derived as a function of ALP mass, improving current constraints by several orders of magnitude in the range $0.175\,\,\mathrm{GeV} < m_a < 4.78\,\,\mathrm{GeV}$., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett

The study of nuclear fission yields has a major impact on the characterization and understanding of the fission process and is mandatory for reactor applications. In the framework of a collaboration between the CEA, the LPSC and the ILL, a program of actinide fission yield measurements has been ongoing for several years at the LOHENGRIN spectrometer. However, the measurement of very low fission yields in the symmetry region and the heavy wing of the distributions is difficult to achieve due to the strong contamination by other masses with much higher yields and requires the development of a new experimental setup. This paper will first present the results of a new absolute measurement of the 235U(nth,f) mass yields using an ionization chamber placed at the exit of the spectrometer. Although very well documented in the literature, these yields show uncertainties lying from 3% to 10% with large discrepancies between libraries and a lack of correlation matrices. New experimental data obtained at the LOHENGRIN spectrometer will be detailed, along with the measurement method and the production of the experimental covariance matrix. The second part will show the development of a Time of Flight (ToF) line in order to improve the background rejection in the mass yield measurements. In the symmetry region, the precision of the measurement is limited by the background estimation due to the charge exchanges with the residual gas of the separator. We plan to analyze the events using a triple coincidence (∆E x E) x ToF, whereas today only (∆E x E) selection is available. The new ToF line is built using Si3N4 foils and secondary electron detectors (SED) for the start and stop detectors. We will present the choices made for the SED technology along with the progress achieved on the ToF line characterization.

There has been a continued effort since 2019 within the IAEA INDEN collaboration to improve the evaluation of neutron induced reactions on iron isotopes. The reason for the 30% underestimation of the neutron leakage spectrum from a thick iron sphere was found primarily to be due to the overestimation of the inelastic cross sections in the 56Fe evaluated data file produced within the CIELO project of the OECD/NEA Data Bank. The over-estimation of the neutron flux between the resonances near 300 keV was traced to neglecting the fluctuating nature of the total cross section of 57Fe in the fast neutron energy range, since the evaluated resolved resonance range of 57Fe extended only up to 190 keV. The added 1/v background in the "iron window" below 28 keV is in excellent agreement with the independently evaluated one in the JENDL-5.0 library that included the direct capture component in the evaluation. Performance of the updated 56,57Fe evaluations was tested on a set of criticality benchmarks from the ICSBEP Handbook, including the dependence on reflector thickness and on new deep penetration shielding benchmark using a 252Cf(sf) neutron source undertaken at Rez, Czech Republic. Neutron leakage for 43 MeV incident neutrons was also validated.

A better knowledge of $(n,xn)$ reaction cross sections is important for both reaction modeling and energy applications. This article focuses on inelastic scattering of neutrons off $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ for which improvements are needed to better constrain evaluations and solve inconsistencies in nuclear power reactor calculations. A new precise measurement of $(n,xn\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction cross sections on $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ has been performed at the GELINA (Geel Electron LINear Accelerator) neutron facility operated by EC-JRC-Geel (Belgium) with the GRAPhEME (GeRmanium array for Actinides PrEcise MEasurements) setup. The prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy method coupled to time-of-flight measurements is used to extract $(n,xn\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross section values which can be further combined to infer the total neutron inelastic scattering cross section. Cross section data for 18 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions (five never measured before) are presented and compared to the data in the literature. Emphasis is especially given to the uncertainty determination to produce partial cross section data as accurate as possible. Due to intrinsic limitations of the experimental method, the use of additional nuclear structure information coupled with theoretical modeling is required to determine the total $(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ cross section over the whole neutron energy range. We have investigated modeling aspects of the $^{238}\mathrm{U}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross sections related to the description of compound nucleus and preequilibirum mechanisms as well as the discrete part of nuclear structure. Through comparison between experimental and calculated $(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross sections, we pinpoint inaccuracies in the description of specific reaction mechanisms and challenge recently implemented models. This helps improving the whole modeling of the $(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ reaction.

Objectives: There is a paucity of literature regarding outcomes of anterior shoulder instability (ASI) in throwers and overhead athletes (OHA). The purpose of this study was to report the pathology, treatment strategies, and outcomes of ASI in throwers and overhead athletes utilizing an established US geographic population-based cohort. Methods: An established geographic database of more than 500,000 patients was used to identify athletes Results: The study population consisted of 171 patients, 114 NOHA and 57 OHA. Of the OHA, 40 were throwers. The mean follow-up was 14.7 ± 5.6 years for PRO’s and 11.7 ± 7.3 years for last clinical evaluation. No difference in overall instability events was seen in either group. Throwers were more likely to present with subluxations while non-throwers were more likely to present with frank dislocations. NOHA and non-throwers were more likely than OHA and throwers to have a history of trauma related to ASI, respectively ( P = Conclusions: In a US cohort of patients, throwers and OHA had a similar number of instability events compared to non-throwers and NOHA, respectively. Non-throwers and NOHA were more likely to present with frank dislocation which is supported by the significantly higher rates of trauma in both groups. Notably, the WOSI score, RPP, rate of RTP and time to RTP showed no difference between throwers and OHA when compared to their non-throwing and NOHA counterparts.

ImportanceAs patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder have a high risk of suicide, and a history of suicide attempt is a strong predictor of suicide, determining whether history of suicide attempt is associated with COVID-19 in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder has implications for suicide prevention in this patient population.ObjectiveTo determine whether a history of suicide attempt is associated with COVID-19 in Veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.DesignCross-sectional analyses of nation-wide electronic health records (EHR).SettingUnited States Veterans Health Administration.ParticipantsVeterans with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder that received treatment at any United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center from January 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021.ExposureHistory of suicide attempt.Main OutcomeAdjusted and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) for COVID-19 positivity in suicide attempters relative to non-attempters. Adjusted analyses included age, sex, race, marital status, BMI, and a medical comorbidity score.ResultsA total of 101,032 Veterans [mean age 56.67 ± 13.13 years; males 91,715 (90.8%)] were included in the analyses. There were 2,703 (2.7%) suicide attempters and 719 (0.7%) patients were positive for COVID-19. There was effect modification by age and BMI in the association of history of suicide attempt with COVID-19 positivity such that the association was only significant in obese (BMI ≥ 30) patients and patients younger than 59 years respectively. In the entire sample, the unadjusted OR for COVID-19 positivity in attempters was 1.42 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.10) and the adjusted odds ratio was 1.90 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.80). In patients younger than 59 years, and in the obese patients respectively, history of suicide attempt was associated with COVID-positive status in unadjusted analyses [OR 3.53 (95% CI 2.10 to 5.94); OR 2.22 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.81)] and adjusted analyses [OR 3.42 (95% CI 2.02 to 5.79); OR 2.85 (95% CI 1.65 to 4.94)].Conclusions and RelevanceYoung or obese suicide attempters with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders have higher rates of COVID-19 diagnosis; due to possible long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae of infection with SARS-CoV-2, such patients should be monitored closely.