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Agricultural soils in northwest Europe as well as in parts of the USA have excessive P levels. To meet European environmental standards on nutrient leaching in soils with a high P load, the total P content of manures and composts limits their application rate. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of feedstock composition on C/P ratio and P availability in mature compost. A functional compost with a high C/P ratio and a high organic matter content is a valuable tool for maintaining soil fertility. We produced composts with C/P ratios of 60-180 and high organic matter contents, i.e., 43-72% on dry matter basis. P concentration in the compost increased and C/P ratio decreased due to mass reduction during the composting process, which was determined by the biochemical composition, i.e., the biodegradation potential of the feedstock mixture. The feedstock selection also had indirect effects on P availability due to its effect on compost characteristics such as pH, which strongly reduced the readily available P concentrations at $$\text{pH}_{\text{H}_{2} {\text{O}}}$$ > 8.5. Compost pH was found to be an important indicator for readily available P concentrations in the studied composts with $$\text{pH}_{\text{H}_{2} {\text{O}}}$$ between 7.1 and 9.4, and was positively related to total Ca content in the compost, indicating an interaction between Ca and P. In contrast, P availability was not related to the organic matter content of the composts. Mixing biochar (pyrolyzed organic matter) into the compost further reduced the readily available P in two types of compost by 10-64%, even after addition of a small amount of additional mineral P. This was observed for two types of biochar with different chemical composition. The reduction was higher for the biochar with the highest Ca, Fe and Al concentrations, indicating the role of these elements for P binding in the biochar-blended compost. Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural practices enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) show potential to buffer negative effects of climate change on forage grass performance. We tested this by subjecting five forage grass varieties differing in fodder quality and drought/flooding resistance to increased persistence in summer precipitation regimes (PR) across sandy and sandy-loam soils from either permanent (high SOC) or temporary grasslands (low SOC) in adjacent parcels. Over the course of two consecutive summers, monoculture mesocosms were subjected to rainy/dry weather alternation either every 3 days or every 30 days, whilst keeping total precipitation equal. Increased PR persistence induced species-specific drought damage and productivity declines. Soils from permanent grasslands with elevated SOC buffered plant quality, but buffering effects of SOC on drought damage, nutrient availability and yield differed between texture classes. In the more persistent PR, Festuca arundinacea FERMINA was the most productive species but had the lowest quality under both ample water supply and mild soil drought, whilst under the most intense soil droughts, Festulolium FESTILO maintained the highest yields. The hybrid Lolium × boucheanum kunth MELCOMBI had intermediate productivity and both Lolium perenne varieties showed the lowest yields under soil drought, but the highest forage quality (especially the tetraploid variety MELFORCE). Performance varied with plant maturity stage and across seasons/years and was driven by altered water and nutrient availability and related nitrogen nutrition among species during drought and upon rewetting. Moreover, whilst permanent grassland soils showed the most consistent positive effects on plant performance, their available water capacity also declined under increased PR persistence. We conclude that permanent grassland soils with historically elevated SOC likely buffer negative effects of increasing summer weather persistence on forage grass performance, but may also be more sensitive to degradation under climate change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Agricultural Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) are crucial agricultural research infrastructures for monitoring the long term effects of management and environment on crop production and soil resources. We have compiled the meta-information of 616 LTEs from 30 different countries across Europe with a duration of typically 20 years, including clustered information of the European LTEs in different categories (management operations, land use, duration, status, etc.). It consists of the updated version of the dataset published by Grosse et al., (2020) but is extended by further LTE metadata, categories and research themes. Each set of metadata consists of up to 49 different attributes (categorical or numeric). Collected attributes were analyzed according to several research themes, including fertilization, crop rotation and tillage treatments. The collection of individual metadata was enlarged by the recent agreement between the BonaRes (www.bonares.de) and EJP SOIL (www.ejpsoil.eu) groups into the most comprehensive dataset in Europe, providing access to LTE and other, shorter running experiments. This dataset centralized past and existing information usually dispersed across several national actors. As such, it provides an extensive database that can be used by decision-makers, scientists, LTE owners and the public. The dataset can be updated in the future to foster networking and information exchange continuously., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

We investigated the use of biochar (10% on a dry weight basis) to improve the composting process and/or the compost quality by adding it to either the feedstock mixture or the mature compost. The addition of biochar to the feedstocks was essayed in a full scale trial using a mixture of green waste and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Addition of biochar to mature compost was performed in a medium scale experiment. The use of biochar, even in small amounts, changed the composting process and the properties of the end products. However these effects depended on the time of application. We observed a faster decomposition in the bio-oxidative phase and lower greenhouse gas emissions when biochar was added at the beginning of the composting process, and a reduction in readily available P when biochar was applied during compost storage. Biochar as a means to increase the C content of the compost was only effective during compost storage. The P fertilizer replacement value of the compost with and without biochar was tested in a plant trial with annual ryegrass. While there was a clear effect on readily available P concentrations in the compost, adding biochar to the feedstock or the compost did not affect the P fertilizer replacement value., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)