109 results on '"Dürre"'
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2. Auswirkungen von Sommerdürre auf Xylem- und Phloembildung bei subalpinen Fichten und Lärchen
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Schwarzl, Andrea and Schwarzl, Andrea
- Abstract
Der Klimawandel hat bereits deutliche Auswirkungen auf den Alpenraum und stellt eine große Herausforderung für die dort heimischen Baumarten dar. Insbesondere die zunehmende Trockenheit und die Häufigkeit von Hitzeperioden beeinflussen das Wachstum und die Gesundheit der Bäume. Ein besseres Verständnis der Reaktionen betroffener Baumarten auf veränderte Umweltbedingungen ist wichtig, um geeignete Maßnahmen für eine nachhaltige und stabile Entwicklung von Alpinen Waldökosystemen zu definieren. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen von Trockenstress auf das Stammwachstum von Fichte (Picea abies) und Lärche (Larix decidua) im Bereich einer Daueruntersuchungsfläche (Long-Term Ecological Research, LTER) an der Waldgrenze im Stubaital. Das Forschungsprojekt umfasst Daten von 24 Lärchen und Fichten, wobei die Hälfte der Bäume über fünf Jahre künstlicher Sommerdürre ausgesetzt wurden. Im Sommer 2021 wurden wiederholt Bohrkerne entnommen und qualitative sowie quantitativ anatomische Analysen zur Xylogenese und Phloembildung durchgeführt. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass besonders die Holzbildung durch die simulierten Dürreperioden beeinträchtigt wurden. Bestimmte Phasen der Xylogenese, waren im Vergleich zu den Kontrollbäumen verkürzt und/oder zeitlich verschoben, wobei die Effekte bei Fichten deutlich ausgeprägter waren. Effekte auf die Phloembildung wurden nicht beobachtet. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass insbesondere die Xylogenese sehr empfindlich auf wiederholte Sommerdürre reagiert und deshalb negative Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Holzertrag und die Physiologie von Bäumen zu erwarten sind. Die Phloembildung jedoch wurde kaum von der wiederholten Sommerdürre beeinflusst. Diese Erkenntnisse verdeutlichen die Komplexität der Reaktionen auf Trockenstress und die Notwendigkeit detaillierter Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Baumphysiologie., The impact of climate change on the Alpine region is already evident and poses a significant challenge to native tree species. Increased drought and frequent heatwaves are affecting the growth and vitality of the trees. A better understanding of tree responses to changing environmental conditions is crucial to define strategies for a sustainable and stable development of Alpine forest ecosystems. This master thesis investigates the impacts of drought stress on stem growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European larch (Larix decidua) growing on a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site located at the treeline in the Stubai Valley. Data were collected from 24 larch and spruce trees, with half of the trees artificially exposed to repeated summer drought over five years. In summer 2021, stem cores were taken in intervals and qualitative as well as quantitative anatomical analyses regarding xylogenesis and phloem formation were conducted. Analyses revealed wood formation to be especially affected by simulated drought periods. Distinct phases of xylogenesis were shortened or shifted compared to control trees, with stronger effects in Norway spruce. No effects on phloem formation were observed. Findings demonstrate that especially xylogenesis is sensitive to repeated summer drought and thus negative effects of climate change on wood production and tree physiology have to be expected. In contrast, phloem formation was hardly affected by drought. Results demonstrate the complexity of reactions on drought stress and the need for detailed studies to estimate effects of climate change on tree physiology., Andrea Schwarzl, in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2024
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- 2024
3. Antioxidative capacity of oak trees - Tannins as a substantial prerequisite for a provenance-specific response to drought.
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Schlosser, Franziska, Böhm, Silke, Horder, Nikolas, and Seegmüller, Stefan
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DROUGHTS , *ENGLISH oak , *DURMAST oak , *TANNINS , *OAK , *REACTIVE oxygen species , *TREES - Abstract
Adult Sessile and Pedunculate oak (Quercus petraea Liebl. & Q. robur L.) and their offsprings were assessed for the antioxidative capacity. The antioxidative capacity is a quantitative trait for the capability of animate beings to remove reactive oxygen species by means of antioxidants. Factors were climate and weather drought constraints, oxidative load, biomembrane damage, antioxidative system and tannins. There was substantial total antioxidative capacity of about 400 µmol ascorbate-equivalents / g dry matter in the Sessile and Pedunculate oak leaves, however, unimpacted by adverse environments (cf. Tab. 4, 5). Instead, it is correlated to total phenolics in a clearly positive way, particularly through the essential oak ellagitannins vescalagine and castalagine (cf. Fig. 3, 4). Total phenolics driven antioxidative capacity is accumulated in convenient environments and consumed in adverse situations. When grown under common conditions offspring from humid oldgrowth stands tended to accumulate more total antioxidative capacity in a favourable environment and used it up under drought constraints. On the other hand, the saplings from arid oldgrowth stands held their total antioxidative capacity constant even in a more adverse environment (cf. Fig. 5; Tab. 8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
4. Characteristics of Pinus sylvestris stands infected by Viscum album subsp. austriacum.
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Lorenc, František and Véle, Adam
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SCOTS pine , *FOREST management , *MISTLETOES , *DEFOLIATION , *NATURE reserves , *PLANT parasites - Abstract
The infection rate (assigned in classes 0-6) of European mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum [Wiesb.] Vollm.) on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Czech Republic was analysed from May 2019 to June 2020 in relation to Forest Infrared Index (FII: low, high), stand age (21-50, 51-70 and 71-90 years), tree position (at stand edge, within stand), stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and defoliation (0-10%, > 10-25%, > 25-60% and > 60-99%) in five natural forest areas (NFA). In each NFA, the analysis were done at two locations, one with a low FII and one with a high FII. At each locality and in each of the three stand age categories, the DBH, defoliation and mistletoe infection rate were assessed for 25 trees in the stand edge and 25 trees within the stand. Statistically significant higher mistletoe infection rate was recorded in stands with high FII (higher drought stress), in older stands (highest for 71-90 years followed by 51-70 years) and on trees at the stand edge, that have higher DBH and higher defoliation (highest for > 60-99% followed by > 25-60% and lowest for > 10-25%). The differences between NFAs were also significant. Our results suggest, that (1) selecting drought- and heat-resistant P. sylvestris varieties, (2) focussing plantation efforts to areas with lower temperatures and higher precipitation and (3) the reduction of the rotation period are recommended for Pinus sylvestris forest management in Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
5. Ermittlung des regionalen Bewässerungsbedarfs für die Landwirtschaft in Bayern.
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Bernhardt, Jacob Jeff, Rolfes, Lennart, Kreins, Peter, and Henseler, Martin
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PLANT water requirements ,SPECIALTY crops ,WATER in agriculture ,VEGETABLE farming ,FARMS ,IRRIGATION management - Abstract
Copyright of Thünen Report is the property of Thuenen Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2022
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6. Picea abies and Pseudotsuga menziesii radial growth in relation to climate: case study from South Bohemia.
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Mondek, Jan, Matějka, Karel, Gallo, Josef, Prokůpková, Anna, and Hájek, Vojtěch
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NORWAY spruce , *DOUGLAS fir , *MOUNTAIN forests , *HUMIDITY - Abstract
The forest stands of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in the South Bohemian uplands (Czech Republic) represent an artificial community of a neophyte (native to North America) and indigenous species (with natural distribution in mountain forests). Ecological characteristics of these two tree species and their response to climatic factors were studied using tree ring analyses and correlation of growth indices for tree-to-tree and between trees and historical parameters of climate (average air temperatures, sum of precipitations and relative air humidity). The two datasets were analysed using multidimensional methods. The ordination analysis shows a considerable difference between both tree species. Growth of both species differed significantly by districts and plots. The effect of climate was studied using correlations as floating time-window. Our results showed that average air temperature had a stronger effect on Douglas-fir growth, for which an increment decrease was found at higher temperatures between May 25th and June 24th. Also, the average maximum air temperature affected the growth of Douglas-fir more strongly than that of Norway spruce. More precipitation was associated with a similar positive effect on the growth of both tree species. Air humidity had a significant effect on growth of both studied tree species and the effect of air humidity was more significant than of distinct precipitation. The combined effects of lack of precipitation and high temperature in vegetation period was the major limiting factor for radial growth. Douglas-fir showed higher productivity (+17.2%) and resistance to climate extremes compared to Norway spruce. Our results suggest that a mixed stand could be more resistant in terms of growth stability than mono-specific stands, as the two studied species exhibited different reaction to climate extremes. Our study further showed that mixed stands with high species diversity had a higher production potential (+13.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
7. Physio-biochemical and Agronomic Response of Ascorbic Acid Treated Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus) Grown at Different Sowing Dates and Under Various Irrigation Regimes.
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Saudy, Hani, El-Bially, Mohamed, El-Metwally, Ibrahim, and Shahin, Mostafa
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COMMON sunflower ,VITAMIN C ,WATER efficiency ,SOWING ,PLANT-water relationships ,SUNFLOWERS ,SUNFLOWER seeds - Abstract
Copyright of Gesunde Pflanzen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The effects of planting stock size and weeding on survival and growth of small-leaved lime under drought-heat stress in the Czech Republic.
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Gallo, Josef, Baláš, Martin, Linda, Rostislav, and Kuneš, Ivan
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PLANTATIONS , *PLANT growth , *EFFECT of drought on plants , *EFFECT of heat on plants - Abstract
A plantation of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) containing two types of planting stock - large-sized transplants (LST) and standard-sized transplants (SST) - was planted on a site with strong weed competition. The aim was to compare the growth, survival and health of those types of planting stock under a weeded and non-weeded regime in a dry and warm climate. Recorded variables were: overall mortality, stem height, root-collar diameter and chlorophyll content. Increments in height and root collar diameter were calculated. Precipitation, soil and air temperatures were continuously monitored by an automatic climate station. Soil analysis revealed equal conditions for the treatments. Simple analysis of costs was calculated. The results showed that LST exhibited greater height increment than SST in the first 5 years after afforestation under strong weed competition. Non-weeded (under the regime of no weeding) SST also showed increased mortality. Weeding regime positively influenced the height increment of SST but did not influence the height increment of LST. Chlorophyll content was significantly higher in the leaves of LST than in SST in the first growing period. Economic analysis showed that the number of trees was the most important variable, while weeding was less important. LST can be recommended for reforestation of weed-infested sites, even if they have relatively low annual precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
9. Klimaextreme, Boden und Landwirtschaft Einfluss von Dürre auf die Diversität und Abundanz von Bodenmikroorganismen und mikrobiellen Endophyten
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Larcher, Laura Martina and Larcher, Laura Martina
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Extreme Wetterereignisse wie Dürre werden laut Prognosen aufgrund des Klimawandels in ihrer Häufigkeit und Intensität in Zukunft zunehmen (Compant et al., 2010; Naylor & Coleman-Derr, 2018). Durch die enge Korrelation von Klima und Landwirtschaft werden durch den Klimawandel auch die Ernteerträge beeinflusst. Bei Pflanzen löst Dürrestress unter anderem eine Verringerung der Produktivität der Kulturpflanzen und geringere Ernteerträge aus (Bogati & Walczak, 2022). Die Gerste (Hordeum vulgare) gilt nach Weizen, Mais und Reis als vierthäufigstes angebautes Getreide weltweit (Newton et al., 2011). Hitzestress führt beispielsweise bei der Gerste zu einem verringerten Ertrag, es kommt zu einer Verschlechterung der Malzqualität, was auf hohe Proteinkonzentrationen und geringe Akkumulation von Kohlenhydraten zurückzuführen ist (Mahalingam & Bergitzer, 2019). Aber auch Bodenbakterien, die Schlüsselrollen bei der Regulation des Nährstoffkreislaufs, der Mineralisierung, der Stickstofffixierung und der Umwandlung von Ammoniak in pflanzenverfügbares Nitrat spielen, können von erhöhten Bodentemperaturen ebenfalls negativ beeinflusst werden (Younas et al., 2022). Endophytische Mikroben (Bakterien und Pilze) besiedeln das Innere der Pflanzen und können positive Auswirkungen auf die Wirtspflanze haben (Hardoim et al., 2015). In dieser Arbeit wurden die Auswirkungen einer vierwöchigen Dürre auf die Bodenmikrobiologie und die Diversität und Abundanz endophytischer Mikroben in den Wurzeln der Gerste untersucht. Hierfür wurden Felder am Forschungsbauernhof in Imst in vier Parzellen eingeteilt und für einen kontrollierten Wassereintrag überdacht. Es wurde ein genaues Bewässerungsregime berechnet, bei dem zwei Parzellen kaum bewässert (=unbewässert) wurden und Dürre simulierten. Die Bewässerung der anderen 2 Parzellen glich einer normalen Dotation während der Vegetationszeit der Sommergerste und sollte dem natürlichen Niederschlag in dieser Region entsprechen (=bewässert). Es wurden zwei v, Extreme weather events such as drought are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity in the future due to climate change (Compant et al., 2010; Naylor & Coleman-Derr, 2018). Due to the close correlation between climate and agriculture, crop yields will also be affected by climate change. With the rise of air temperature, it must be assumed that soil temperature will also increase in the future. In plants, drought stress triggers, among other things, a reduction in crop productivity and lower crop yields (Bogati & Walczak, 2022). Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is considered the fourth most widely grown cereal in the world after wheat, corn and rice (Newton et al., 2011). Drought and heat stress was shown to lead to reduced yields of barley, for example, and there is also a deterioration in malt quality, which is due to high protein concentrations and low accumulation of carbohydrates (Mahalingam & Bergitzer, 2019). However, soil bacteria, which play key roles in nutrient cycling regulation, mineralization, nitrogen fixation, and the conversion of ammonia to plant-available nitrate, can also be negatively affected by elevated soil temperature and reduced water availability (Younas et al., 2022). Endophytic microbes (bacteria and fungi) colonize the interior of plants and can have beneficial effects on the host plant (Hardoim et al., 2015). To test the effect of drought on soil microbiology and the diversity and abundance of endophytic microbes, the current study was performed on barley fields and with barley roots. For this purpose, a part of the research field in Imst was divided into four plots and covered for controlled water input. Of these, two plots were hardly irrigated (=unirrigated), the irrigation of the other two plots corresponded to a natural precipitation amount during the growing season of spring barley in this region (=irrigated). Two different varieties of spring barley were grown. On the one hand the Alpina barley and on the other hand the Montafone, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023
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- 2023
10. Essays on risk attitudes, knowledge, extreme weather, and farmers' behaviors in rural Southeast Asia
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Jaretzky (geb. Nguyen), Thi Lan Huong and Jaretzky (geb. Nguyen), Thi Lan Huong
- Abstract
Northeastern Thailand and Central Vietnam are two regions where pockets of poverty persist despite overall success in poverty reduction on the national level. While there are profound structural differences between Thailand and Vietnam, a common feature for both countries is that government policies promote the migration of rural labor to facilitate growth in the industrial and service sectors. Furthermore, policymakers in both countries have the vision to transform their agriculture towards large-scale farming, following the model of western agriculture. While out-migration from rural areas has taken place and the share in off- and non-farm income in total household income has been growing, the share of agriculture income in many cases is now less than 50 %. To date, labor rather than land (as in the past) is the main income-generating factor. However, agriculture still plays an essential role in the rural areas of these two countries. Farms are still small, and farm sizes almost remained the same over the past decades. Structural transformation of the rural areas as envisaged by policymakers does not take place. Households keep their agriculture as a backup and safety net and hence small-scale farming continues to dominate. At the same time, farmers in the two regions are increasingly exposed to severe weather events caused by climate change which makes them vulnerable to poverty and food insecurity (ADB, 2009; IPCC, 2014a; Blanc & Reilly, 2017). In this study, it is therefore aimed to obtain a better understanding of farmers' decision-making in agriculture. In particular, the thesis aims to investigate how farmer knowledge and skills and their risk attitudes, on the one hand, and the increasingly occurring extreme weather events, on the other hand, influence their decision-making with regard to farm management decisions. There are three specific research questions to be answered in this research: (1) how do risk attitudes affect household decision-making; (2) wha
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- 2023
11. Interactive Effects of Global Change Factors on Grassland Carbon Dynamics
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Mohamed Meeran, Kathiravan and Mohamed Meeran, Kathiravan
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Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Dissertation Universität Innsbruck 2023
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- 2023
12. Keyline-Design als Wassermanagementstrategie in der Landwirtschaft
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Gil Cordeiro, Diego Manuel and Gil Cordeiro, Diego Manuel
- Abstract
Landwirtschaftliche Produktionssysteme sind als direkte Konsequenz des globalen Klimawandels zunehmend von den Auswirkungen von Extremwetterereignissen betroffen. Daher ist es notwendig zu verstehen, in welcher Form resiliente und nachhaltige Kultivierungspraktiken in die Landwirtschaft integriert werden können. Das Ziel in der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es zu beantworten, ob die Wassermanagementstrategie Keyline-Design einen möglichen Lösungsansatz darstellt, um die Auswirkungen von Dürre und das Ausmass der Umweltbelastung durch die Landwirtschaft zu reduzieren. Dazu werden die folgenden Fragen gestellt: Was charakterisiert ein Keyline-System und wie lautet der aktuelle Forschungsstand? Welche Erfahrungswerte konnten aus der Umsetzung bereits existierender Keyline-Projekte gewonnen werden und an welchen Stellen besteht bei der Vorgehensweise noch Optimierungsbedarf? Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde im Rahmen einer Konzeptanalyse eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Anschliessend wurden im Zuge einer Fallstudie Keyline-Muster auf einer ausgewählten Fläche modelliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Keyline-Design unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen über das Potenzial verfügt, Bodeneigenschaften und Umweltfaktoren zu verbessern, die Thematik jedoch bislang wenig akademische Aufmerksamkeit bekommen hat. Bei der gegenwärtigen Vorgehensweise zur Erstellung von Keyline-Mustern besteht durch den Einsatz algorithmusbasierter Werkzeuge grosses Optimierungspotential. Diese Bachelorarbeit dient als Grundlage für weiterführende Forschungen in diesem Bereich., Agricultural production systems are increasingly affected by the effects of extreme weather events as a direct consequence of global climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to understand in which forms resilient and sustainable cultivation practices can be integrated into agriculture. The aim of this thesis is to answer whether the water management strategy Keyline Design represents a possible solution to reduce the impact of agricultural drought and mitigate environmental pollution caused by agriculture. The following questions are asked: What characterizes a Keyline system and what is the current state of research? Which empirical findings could be gained from the implementation of existing Keyline projects and at which points is there still a need for optimization in the procedure? In order to answer the research questions, a literature search was carried out as part of a concept analysis. Then, as part of a case study, Keyline patterns were modeled on selected agricultural land. The results show that under certain conditions, keyline design has the potential to improve soil properties and environmental factors, but to date the topic has received little academic attention. With the current procedure for creating Keyline patterns, there is great potential for optimization through the use of algorithm-based tools. This bachelor thesis serves as a basis for further research in this area.
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- 2023
13. Impacts of temperature increase and change in precipitation pattern on ecophysiology, biomass allocation and yield quality of selected crops
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Drebenstedt, Ireen and Drebenstedt, Ireen
- Abstract
Climate change poses a challenge for the production of crops in the twenty-first century due to alterations in environmental conditions. In Central Europe, temperature will be increased and precipitation pattern will be altered, thereby influencing soil moisture content, physiological plant processes and crop development in agricultural areas, with impacts on crop yield and the chemical composition of seeds. Warming and drought often occur simultaneously. The combination of multiple abiotic stresses can be synergistic, leading to additive negative effects on crop productivity. To date, little information is available from multi-factor experiments analyzing interactive effects of warming and reduced precipitation in an arable field. In addition, one major issue of studying climate change effects on crop development in the long-term is that weather conditions can vary strongly between years, e.g., with hot and dry summers in comparison to cool and wet ones, which directly affects soil moisture content and indirectly affects crop development. Thus, considering yearly weather conditions seems to be important for the analyses of climate change effects on aboveground biomass and harvestable yield of crops. The aim of the present work was to identify single and combined effects of soil warming (+2.5 °C), reduced summer precipitation amount (-25%), and precipitation frequency (-50%) on crop development, ecophysiology, aboveground biomass and yield as well as on yield quality of wheat, barley, and oilseed rape grown in the Hohenheim Climate Change (HoCC) field experiment. This thesis presents novel results from the HoCC experiment in the long-term perspective. Thus, aboveground biomass and yield data (2009-2018) of the three crops were analyzed with regard to their inter-annual variability, including annual fluctuations in weather conditions.This thesis consists of three publications. In the first and second publication a field experiment within the scope of the HoCC experim, Der Klimawandel stellt aufgrund veränderter Umweltbedingungen eine Herausforderung für den Anbau von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen im 21. Jahrhundert dar. In Mitteleuropa steigt die Temperatur an und die Niederschlagsmuster verändern sich, wodurch die Bodenfeuchte, die physiologischen Pflanzenprozesse und die Pflanzenentwicklung in landwirtschaftlichen Gebieten beeinflusst werden. Dies wirkt sich auf den Ernteertrag und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Erträge aus. Häufig treten Erwärmung und Trockenheit gleichzeitig auf. Dabei kann sich das Vorkommen mehrerer abiotischer Stressoren synergistisch auswirken und zu additiv negativen Effekten auf die Pflanzenproduktivität führen. Bisher liegen nur wenige Informationen aus multifaktoriellen Experimenten vor, welche die Wechselwirkungen von Erwärmung und Trockenheit in einem landwirtschaftlichen Feld untersuchen. Darüber hinaus ist es wichtig die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Entwicklung von Nutzpflanzen in Langzeitstudien zu untersuchen, da die Wetterbedingungen zwischen den Jahren stark variieren können, z. B. mit heißen und trockenen Sommern im Vergleich zu kühlen und nassen, mit direkter Auswirkung auf die Bodenfeuchte und indirekter Wirkung auf die Entwicklung der Pflanzen. Demzufolge scheint eine Berücksichtigung der jährlichen Wetterbedingungen wichtig zu sein, wenn die Folgen des Klimawandels auf die oberirdische Biomasse und den Ernteertrag von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen abgeschätzt werden. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es im Rahmen des Hohenheim Climate Change (HoCC) Feld-Experimentes die Folgen der drei Faktoren Bodenerwärmung (+2,5°C), reduzierter Sommer Niederschlagsmenge (-25 %) und Niederschlagshäufigkeit (-50 %) einzeln oder in Kombination auf die Parameter Pflanzenentwicklung, Ökophysiologie, oberirdische Biomasse, Ertrag und Ertragsqualität von Weizen, Gerste und Raps zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit werden neue Ergebnisse aus dem Langzeit - HoCC-Experiment präsentiert. Dazu w
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- 2023
14. Schulchronik von Lüderitz 1855 bis 1949 / Lüderitz School Chronicle 1855 to 1949
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Bittersohl, Friedrich Wilhelm, Rieseberg, Lehrer, Reinstein, Lehrer, and Hensche, August
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Voßköhler, Michael Friedrich (geb. 1778) ,Lüderitz, Albertine von ,NSDAP ,Ortschroniken digital. Bürgerwissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Landesgeschichte Sachsen-Anhalts ,Lehrplan ,Arbeitslosigkeit ,Bark beetle ,Lehrer ,Rochow, Eberhard von ,Electrification ,Local chronicle ,Hensche, August ,Luthergedenken ,Winterhilfswerk ,Winter Relief Organisation ,Religious education ,Wedding celebration ,Weather phenomena ,Volunteer Fire Brigade ,Kiefernspanner ,Lüderitz, Hermann von ,Schulinspektion ,Gehaltskürzungen ,Spanish Flu ,Gymnastics ,Natural history ,Bittersohl, Friedrich Wilhelm (geb. 3.02.1836) ,Schulfeiern ,Consequences of the war ,Riding Club ,Pine beetle ,Krikau, Andreas (ca. 1770-1780) ,Lüderitz, Fritz von ,Reiterverein ,Erster Weltkrieg ,Borkenkäfer ,Warriors' Club ,Ungezieferplage ,Schützenverein ,Entlassungen ,School ,Fallen memorial ,Rifle club ,Genealogie ,First World War ,Spanische Grippe ,Nationalsozialismus ,Freiwillige Feuerwehr ,Protestant Women's Aid ,Holidays ,Weltwirtschaftskrise ,Ortschronik ,Wettererscheinungen ,Begräbnisfeier ,Dürre ,Funeral ,Sedan celebration ,School inspection ,Salary cuts ,Kirchenbaum ,Kriegsfolgen ,Dismissals ,Lüderitz, Ludolf von ,Gefallenengedenken ,Curriculum ,World economic crisis ,Fortbildungsschule ,Prayers ,Labour of love ,Further education school ,Gebete ,Genealogy ,Gewitter ,Luther commemoration ,Plague of vermin ,Baumpflanzungen ,Hochzeitsfeier ,Evangelische Frauenhilfe ,Tree planting ,Elektrifizierung ,Schule ,Drought ,Kriegerverein ,Turnunterricht ,Liebesdienst ,Teachers ,Thunderstorm ,Unemployment ,National Socialism ,School celebrations ,Religionsunterricht ,Feiertage ,Naturalienkunde ,Sedanfeier - Abstract
Die Schulchronik widmet sich ausführlicher nicht nur der eigentlichen Schule des Ortes Lüderitz, sondern auch der Orts- und Personengeschichte. So findet sich in der Chronik die übliche Melange von Aufzählungen der einzelnen Lehrer, Pastoren und Schulinspektoren mit ihren genealogischen Grunddaten, die Schilderung einzelner Feierlichkeiten der Schule (insbesondere das Sedanfest), von Ausflügen, Konfirmationen, Schulinspektionen und besonderen schulnaher Ereignisse, sondern auch der Ausgestaltung des Sportunterrichtes und von Schulprüfungen oder der Vorstellung von Naturalien durch eine „Wanderausstellung“. Daneben wird aber auch der Toten aus verschiedenen kriegerischen Ereignissen oder besonderer Personen gedacht, wie des Adligen Ludolf von Lüderitz, dessen Familie zum Teil die Schule finanzierte. Die Schilderungen reichen bis hin zu besonderen Witterungsereignissen, zur Wiedererrichtung der Kirchturmspitze, Brandkatastrophen oder Auftritten des Gesangsvereins. Insgesamt wird die Schule zwischen 1875 und 1938 intensiver beschrieben. Nach 1938 gibt es noch einige kurz gefasste Notizen, etwa zur Sowjetischen Militäradministration und endet mit dem Jahr 1949. Die Schulchronik wurde von Friedrich Wilhlem Bittersohl (geb. 3.2.1836) begonnen und dann zwischen 1901 bis 1924 von Lehrer Rieseberg, in den 1930er Jahren von Lehrer Reinstein und schließlich von August Hensche geführt. The school chronicle is dedicated in more detail not only to the actual school of Lüderitz, but also to the history of the town and its people. Thus, the chronicle contains the usual melange of lists of individual teachers, pastors and school inspectors with their basic genealogical data, the description of individual school festivities (especially the Sedan Festival), of excursions, confirmations, school inspections and special school-related events, but also the organisation of sports lessons and school examinations or the presentation of natural produce through a "travelling exhibition". In addition, the dead from various warlike events or special persons are commemorated, such as the nobleman Ludolf von Lüderitz, whose family partly financed the school. The descriptions extend to special weather events, the rebuilding of the church spire, fire disasters or performances by the singing society. Overall, the school is described more intensively between 1875 and 1938. After 1938 there are a few more brief notes, for example on the Soviet military administration, and ends with the year 1949. The school chronicle was begun by Friedrich Wilhlem Bittersohl (born 3.2.1836) and then kept between 1901 and 1924 by teacher Rieseberg, in the 1930s by teacher Reinstein and finally by August Hensche.
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- 2023
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15. Äthiopiens Chance auf Frieden sichern: Das Ende des Krieges im Norden sollte der Auftakt für grundlegende Reformen der Regierungsführung sein
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Kurtz, Gerrit and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit
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EPRDF ,Politikwissenschaft ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,domestic policy ,civil war ,TPLF ,ENDF ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,Tigray People's Liberation Front ,conflict management ,TDF ,Tigray Defence Forces ,Eritrea ,Prosperity Party ,Amhara ,Afar ,Afrikanische Union ,Ethiopian National Defence Forces ,Fano ,Political science ,Abiy Ahmed ,pian People’ ,Oromia ,Dürre ,peacekeeping ,Oromo Liberation Army ,Innenpolitik ,Tigray ,s Revolutionary Democratic Front ,Isaias Afwerki ,Äthiopien ,Friedenssicherung ,Konfliktregelung ,ddc:320 ,Innenpolitischer Konflikt ,Ahmed, Abiy ,Tigray People's Liberation Front (Ethiopia) ,Bemühungen um Konfliktbeilegung ,Friedensvertrag ,Implikation ,Machtteilung ,Verhältnis Zentralregierung - Region ,Politische Reformen ,Herrschaftssicherung ,Repatriierung/Rückanpassung ,Oromiya ,State of Eritrea ,Provinz Amhara ,Oromo Liberation Front (Ethiopia) ,Ethnischer Konflikt ,Wirtschaftslage ,Wirtschaftskrise ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,EU-/EG-Länder ,Europäische Union ,Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ,Bilaterale internationale Beziehungen ,Internationale Partnerschaft ,Ethiopia ,peace process ,Friedensprozess ,Bürgerkrieg ,Ethio­ ,OLA ,Hungersnot - Abstract
Das Abkommen, das die Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) und die äthiopische Regierung am 2. November 2022 unterschrieben haben, bietet eine reale Chance, einen der blutigsten Kriege weltweit zu beenden. Die Umsetzung der Vereinbarung verläuft bisher gut. Durch den Friedensprozess ist jedoch die Frage nach einer stabilen Machtverteilung innerhalb Äthiopiens und am Horn von Afrika ins Blickfeld gerückt. Die Regierung unter Premierminister Abiy Ahmed steht vor drei zentralen Herausforderungen. Erstens muss sie die TPLF integrieren und sich gleichzeitig aus der Partnerschaft mit Eritrea lösen. Zweitens muss sie das innenpolitische Verhältnis der wichtigsten politischen Akteure neu austarieren, um eskalierende Gewalt in den Bundesstaaten Amhara und Oromia zu stoppen. Schließlich muss sie die durch den Krieg gespaltene und verarmte Gesellschaft wieder zusammenbringen. Internationale Partner sollten Äthiopien mit konditionierten Finanzhilfen und Projekten zur Friedensförderung bei der Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen unterstützen. (Autorenreferat)
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- 2023
16. Sustaining peace in Ethiopia
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Kurtz, Gerrit and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit
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EPRDF ,Politikwissenschaft ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,domestic policy ,civil war ,TPLF ,ENDF ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,Tigray People's Liberation Front ,conflict management ,politischer Konflikt ,TDF ,Tigray Defence Forces ,drought ,Eritrea ,Prosperity Party ,Amhara ,Afar ,African Union ,Tigray ,Ahmed, Abiy ,Tigray People's Liberation Front (Ethiopia) ,Bemühungen um Konfliktbeilegung ,Friedensvertrag ,Machtteilung ,Verhältnis Zentralregierung - Region ,Politische Reformen ,Herrschaftssicherung ,Repatriierung/Rückanpassung ,Oromiya ,State of Eritrea ,Provinz Amhara ,Oromo Liberation Front (Ethiopia) ,Ethnischer Konflikt ,Wirtschaftslage ,Wirtschaftskrise ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,EU-/EG-Länder ,Europäische Union ,Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ,Bilaterale internationale Beziehungen ,Internationale Partnerschaft ,Afrikanische Union ,political conflict ,Ethiopian National Defence Forces ,Fano ,Political science ,Abiy Ahmed ,Oromia ,Dürre ,peacekeeping ,Oromo Liberation Army ,Innenpolitik ,Isaias Afwerki ,Äthiopien ,Friedenssicherung ,Konfliktregelung ,Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front ,ddc:320 ,Ethiopia ,peace process ,Friedensprozess ,Bürgerkrieg ,OLA ,Hungersnot - Abstract
The agreement signed by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Ethiopian government on 2 November 2022 offers a real chance to end one of the bloodiest wars in the world. The implementation of the agreement is going well so far. However, the peace process has brought into focus the question of a stable distribution of power within Ethiopia and in the Horn of Africa. The government under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed faces three key challenges. First, it must integrate the TPLF and at the same time disengage from the partnership with Eritrea. Second, it must rebalance the domestic relationship between the main political actors in order to stop the escalating violence in the states of Amhara and Oromia. Finally, it must bring together a society divided and impoverished by war. International partners should support Ethiopia in addressing these challenges with conditional financial assistance and peacebuilding projects. (author's abstract)
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- 2023
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17. Regional climate variability: concepts, changes, consequences
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Matschullat, Jörg, Ustrnul, Zbigniew, Thieken, Annegret, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Hänsel, Stephanie, Matschullat, Jörg, Ustrnul, Zbigniew, Thieken, Annegret, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, and Hänsel, Stephanie
- Abstract
Europa erlebte in den letzten 20 Jahren einige sehr heiße und trockene Sommer mit regionalen Rekordwerten heißer Temperaturen oder geringer Niederschlagssummen. In anderen Jahren führten Starkregen zu Überflutungen unterschiedlichen räumlichen Ausmaßes. Da solche Extremereignisse mit vielfältigen negativen Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesellschaft, natürliche Ökosysteme und verschiedene Wirtschaftssektoren verbunden sind, ist die langzeitliche Veränderung in ihrem Auftreten im Rahmen der globalen Erwärmung von großer Bedeutung. Konzepte: Maßgeblich für die Qualität von Klimawandel(folgen)studien ist die Verfügbarkeit und Qualität von Daten. Daher werden Konzepte für die Sicherstellung einer zuverlässigen und vergleichbaren Datenbasis entwickelt. Für die Beschreibung der Eigenschaften eines bestimmten Ereignisses existiert eine Vielzahl an Definitionen und Indizes, was zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen von Studien führen kann, welche die zeitlichen Veränderungen der Charakteristik solcher Ereignisse analysieren. Die Integration einer Reihe von Indizes in einen aggregierten Index ermöglicht eine robustere Bewertung der Klimabedingungen und Trends. Die Vergleichbarkeit von Klimafolgenbewertungen verlangt zudem die Verwendung eines gemeinsamen Analyserahmens sowie abgestimmter Datensätze (Beobachtungsdaten, Klimaprojektionen) und Methoden (z.B. Untersuchungszeiträume, Ensemble-Ansatz, Qualitätsbewertung, Korrekturalgorithmen, Impactmodelle und -indizes, Elemente der Klimafolgen- oder Risikoanalyse). Trends: Sommerliche Trockenheit hat über weiten Teilen Europas – mit Ausnahme des Nordens – zugenommen. Besonders stark zugenommen haben die Dürrebedingungen im Sommerhalbjahr für Indizes, welche die Evapotranspiration einbinden. Der reine Fokus auf den Niederschlag zur Bewertung von Dürre in verschiedenen Speichern des Wasserkreislaufs ist unzureichend. Neben dieser beobachteten Zunahme in der Sommertrockenheit, ist auch für die Intensität von Starkniederschlagsereigniss, Over the last 20 years, some very hot and dry summers affected Europe, regionally resulting in record breaking high temperature or low precipitation values. In other years, torrential rains led to flood events at different spatial scales. Long-term changes of such extreme events within a warming world are of great relevance, as they are connected with manifold negative impacts on human society, natural ecosystems and diverse economic sectors. Concepts: The quality of climate change (impact) studies is often hampered by availability and quality of datasets. Thus, concepts for securing reliable and comparable data are developed and applied. For the description of the characteristics of a specific event a vast number of definitions and indices exists. Therefore, results on the temporal changes of event characteristics may differ between studies. By integrating a number of indices into an aggregated index, a more robust evaluation of the climate conditions and trends is facilitated. Furthermore, comparable climate impact assessments demand a common analysis framework with agreements on the data bases (observational data and climate projections) and methodologies (e.g., study periods, ensemble approach, quality assessment, correction algorithms, climate impact models and indices, elements considered in the impact or risk analysis). Changes: Summer drought conditions increased over most of Europe, except for some stations in northern Europe. Thereby, the observed increase in drought conditions during the warm part of the year is particularly pronounced for indices integrating evapotranspiration in their definition. Purely focussing on precipitation to evaluate drought conditions in the different water reservoirs does not suffice any longer. While observing increases in summer drought, the intensity of heavy precipitation events as well as their contribution to total precipitation show a positive trend over Europe, too. Several stations in Central Europe show increasing dr
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- 2022
18. Individual and combined effects of elevated CO2, warming, and drought on water-use efficiency and productivity in a montane grassland
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Cunow, Johannes and Cunow, Johannes
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In prospect of further climate change, ecosystems will face altered conditions comprising of elevated atmospheric CO2, higher temperatures, and more frequent droughts. Ecosystem func-tioning and subsequent water and carbon cycling components are intimately linked to its cli-matic baseline. Entangling the interactions, and attribute single component contribution is essential to understand ecosystem functioning in a changing climate, however, this has rarely been tested in multi-factor field studies. Here we assessed instantaneous water-use efficiency and gross primary productivity in a managed C3 mountain grassland on a canopy scale with portable, closed chambers throughout the growing season of 2021. We hypothesized that: 1) elevated CO2 increases GPP and WUE, while decreasing ET; 2) warming increases ET; 3) while drought reduces both GPP and WUE. We expected elevated CO2 to alleviate negative effects imposed by drought and warming in a combined setting. We found that measurement conditions were more important for ET than for GPP. We found that ET measurement did not match soil water availability except under severe summer drought conditions. Individual ef-fects were less impactful than a combined setting. Warming had no effect on its own and ele-vated CO2 only increased GPP early on. Drought reduced GPP directly and ET indirectly via soil water status. Most strikingly, GPP plummeted during rain exclusion in combination with elevated CO2 and warming, thus subverting our expectations. Additionally, recovery took longer. Meanwhile, WUE was similar across treatment combinations but varied throughout the season, being high in spring and lowest in summer. Our results show that WUE in a mountain grassland is comparable between current and future climate conditions and follows a common seasonal progression, however, ET and GPP do not. Systemic water-carbon rela-tionship might be more conservative to a changing climate than previously thought, even though cycling magnitudes, Johannes Cunow, B.Sc., Im Titel ist 2 tiefgestellt, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022
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- 2022
19. Chlorophyllfluoreszenzmessungen zur Bestimmung des Stressfaktors bei Weinreben durch Klimaextreme
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Steiner, Michael and Steiner, Michael
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Steiner Michael, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022
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- 2022
20. A meta‐analysis of responses in floral traits and flower–visitor interactions to water deficit
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Jonas Kuppler and Martyna M. Kotowska
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0106 biological sciences ,Plant Nectar ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Pollination ,Climate change ,Flowers ,Biology ,Klimaänderung ,Metaanalyse ,medicine.disease_cause ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,plant–insect interaction ,Herkogamy ,Pollinator ,ddc:570 ,Pollen ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nectar ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Insect-plant relationships ,2. Zero hunger ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Dürre ,Visitor pattern ,fungi ,Water ,food and beverages ,15. Life on land ,Attraction ,Droughts ,Meta-analysis ,ddc:580 ,13. Climate action ,Blume ,Bestäubung - Abstract
Alterations in water availability and drought events as predicted by climate change scenarios will increasingly impact natural communities with effects already emerging at present. Water deficit leads to increasing physiological stress in plants, likely affecting floral development and causing changes in floral morphology, nectar and pollen production or scent. Understanding how these floral traits are altered by water deficit is necessary to predict changes in plant-pollinator interactions and how communities are impacted in the future. Here we employ a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the current evidence of experimental water deficit on floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions. Furthermore, we explore experimental factors potentially increasing heterogeneity between studies and provide ideas how to enhance comparability between studies. In the end, we highlight future directions and knowledge gaps for floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions under water deficit. Our analysis showed consistent decreases in floral size, number of flowers and nectar volume to reduced water availability. Other floral traits such as the start of flowering or herkogamy showed no consistent pattern. This indicates that effects of reduced water availability differ between specific traits that are potentially involved in different functions such as pollinator attraction or efficiency. We found no general decreasing visitation rates with water deficit for flower-visitor interactions. Furthermore, the comparison of available studies suggests that increased reporting of plant stress severity and including more hydraulic and physiological measurements will improve the comparability across experiments and aid a more mechanistic understanding of plant-pollinator interactions under altered environmental conditions. Overall, our results show that water deficit has the potential to strongly affect plant-pollinator interactions via changes in specific floral traits. Linking these changes to pollination services and pollinator performance is one crucial step for understanding how changing water availability and drought events under climate change will alter plant and pollinator communities.
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- 2021
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21. Integrierte hydrologische Modellierung von Oberflächen- und Grundwasser in dem mesoskaligen Einzugsgebiet des Rautenbach, Nordhessen
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Wolters, Tim
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Einzugsgebiet ,Grundwasser ,Dürre ,Rautenbach ,Grundwassermodellierung ,Modellierung ,NA-Modellierung ,Hydrogeologie ,Integrierte Modellierung ,MODFLOW ,Nordhessen ,Hydrologie - Published
- 2021
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22. Agrarpolitisches Dürremonitoring in Österreich
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Zornig, Jürgen and Zornig, Jürgen
- Abstract
Der Klimawandel ist in vollem Gange und hat uns auch schon längst erreicht. Das Jahr 2018 ging in Mitteleuropa als eines der trockensten Jahre seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen in die Geschichte ein. Nahezu jährlich auftretende Trockenheitsphasen verursachen in Österreich Ernteschäden in Millionenhöhe und fördern zudem Bodenerosion und Schädlingsbefall. Aber welche Umwelteinflüsse sind verantwortlich für diese negativen Auswirkungen und wie hängen sie zusammen? Stehen hier mit neuen Fernerkundungsmissionen eventuell bessere Daten zur Verfügung, die es erlauben das Phänomen Dürre umfassend zu beschreiben? Ist es sogar möglich bevorstehende Dürren in der Landwirtschaft zu prognostizieren und kurzfristig mit präventiven Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken? Oder findet gar seit längerem eine Anpassung an die geänderten Umweltbedingungen statt?Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit den in Österreich verfügbaren, dürrerelevanten Daten und in diesem Kontext mit den oben genannten Fragestellungen. Sowohl auf explorative Weise als auch mit Machine Learning Methoden wird nach Zusammenhängen gesucht, die geeignet sind, möglichst frühzeitig, sowohl zeitlich wie auch räumlich Dürreereignisse, wie jenes 2018, anzuzeigen. Auch wenn dies letztlich nicht in vollem Umfang gelingt, so zeigt sich am Ende dennoch, welche Daten von erheblicher Relevanz sind und welche keine nennenswerte Zusatzinformation für ein agrarpolitisches Dürremonitoring aufbringen.*****Climate change is already happening, full stop. 2018 was one of the driest years on record in central Europe. Almost annually appearing drought phases in Austria cause crop damage worth millions of euros and also promote soil erosion and pest infestation.But which environmental influences are responsible for these negative effects and how are they related? Is there possibly better data available via new remote sensing missions, that allows to comprehensively describe the drought phenomenon? Is it even possible to forecast impending droughts i
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- 2021
23. Pathways to water conflict during drought in the MENA region
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Ide, Tobias, Rodriguez Lopez, Miguel, Fröhlich, Christiane, Scheffran, Jürgen, Ide, Tobias, Rodriguez Lopez, Miguel, Fröhlich, Christiane, and Scheffran, Jürgen
- Abstract
As hydro-meteorological hazards are predicted to become more frequent and intense in the future, scholars and policymakers are increasingly concerned about their security implications, especially in the context of ongoing climate change. Our study contributes to this debate by analysing the pathways to water-related conflict onset under drought conditions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region between 1996 and 2009. It is also the first such analysis that focuses on small-scale conflicts involving little or no physical violence, such as protests or demonstrations. These nonviolent conflicts are politically relevant, yet understudied in the literature on climate change and conflict, environmental security, and political instability. We employ the method of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to integrate quantitative and qualitative data at various scales (national, regional, local) for a sample of 34 cases (17 of which experienced conflict onset). Our findings show that pre-existing cleavages and either autocratic political systems or cuts of the public water supply are relevant predictors of nonviolent, water-related conflict onset during droughts. Grievances deeply embedded into socio-economic structures in combination with a triggering event like a drought or water cuts are hence driving such water-related conflicts, especially in the absence of proper political institutions. We thus argue that drought-conflict links are highly context-dependent even for nonviolent, local conflicts, hence challenging determinist narratives that claim direct interlinkages between climate change, hydro-meteorological disasters and conflict.
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- 2021
24. Wasserdynamiken in semiariden Böden: Ein Vergleich zwischen Acker- und Grasland
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Haselow, L., Rupp, Holger, Meissner, Ralph, Haselow, L., Rupp, Holger, and Meissner, Ralph
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Im Rahmen einer Studie mit 2 monolithisch befüllten Lysimetern, die von einem Acker- und einem Graslandstandort in der Trockensteppe Kasachstans entnommen wurden, sind in der Vegetationsperiode 2019 Untersuchungen zum Bodenwasserhaushalt unterzogen worden. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Bewirtschaftung wurde ein Vergleich der Wasserdynamiken in Abhängigkeit vom Landmanagement angestrebt. Die Beobachtungen wurden zudem mit den von HYDRUS-1D modellierten Bodenoberflächenflüssen verglichen. Die Messergebnisse zeigten hohe negative Wasserbilanzen mit einem höheren Wasserverlust durch Evapotranspiration des Graslandes. Die feuchteren Bedingungen des Ackerbodens konnten durch die Simulationen nachgewiesen werden, während die trockeneren Bedingungen des Graslandes vom Modell nicht erfasst wurden. Als ein wesentliches Ergebnis wurde festgestellt, dass das Model nicht in der Lage war, Trockenperioden korrekt zu simulieren.  
- Published
- 2021
25. GRENZEN DES WACHSTUMS.
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BEARD, ALISON and REINHARDT, FOREST L.
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- 2017
26. Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020)
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Dürre ,Biologische Landwirtschaft ,Pflanzenbau ,Klimaänderung - Published
- 2021
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27. Resilienz eines Kiefernbestandes am Mieminger Plateau (Tirol) gegenüber Trockenstress
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Drexler, Lena and Drexler, Lena
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Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurden dendroökologische Methoden verwendet, um den Einfluss von klimatischen Faktoren auf das radiale Wachstum von Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris L.) am Mieminger Plateau (Tirol, 910 - 950m MH) zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich erfolgte durch den Pflanzenflächenindex (PAI) eine Darstellung der Kronendichte als Maß für die Vitalität und Produktivität des Waldbestandes. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist durch geringe Niederschläge (ca. 753mm/Jahr) sowie durch einen geringmächtigen (5 - 25 cm Humusauflage) und skelettreichen Boden gekennzeichnet. Diese Umweltfaktoren sowie die kleinräumig niedrige Bestandeshöhe (< 5 m) und das verbreitete Auftreten von Kronenverlichtungen deuten auf eine Wachstumslimitierung durch Trockenstress hin. An 41 regelmäßig im Untersuchungsgebiet verteilten Koordinatenpunkten wurde der PAI durch hemisphärische Fotografie und anschließender gap fraction Analyse ermittelt. Insgesamt wurden die Jahrringbreiten von 123 Zuwachsbohrkernen vermessen. Jeder beprobte Baum wurde einer der folgenden Vitalitätsklassen zugeordnet: hohe (Kl1), mittlere (Kl2) und geringe Vitalität (Kl3). Der Einfluss der Klimafaktoren Niederschlag und Temperatur auf das radiale Wachstum wurde mittels linearen Pearson-Produkt-Moment-Korrelationen zwischen Klimavariablen und der trendeliminierten Wachstumschronologie erhoben (Responsefunktion). Zudem wurde der Grundflächenzuwachs (BAI) ermittelt, um langfristige Trends im Stammwachstum zu erfassen. Anhand von Klimadaten der Wetterstation Ötz konnten mittels Trockenheitsindizes (Standardized Precipitation Index und Ariditätsindex) Jahre ermittelt werden, in denen überdurchschnittliche Trockenperioden während der angenommenen Hauptwachstumsperiode (April - Juni) auftraten. Um die Wachstumsreaktion der Kiefer gegenüber Trockenstress zu untersuchen, wurden die Parameter Resistenz, Erholung und Resilienz aus dem Grundflächenzuwachs für die ermittelten Trockenjahre 1915, 1921, 1937, 1948, 1970, 1981, 1992 und 2011 besti, In this study dendroecological methods are applied to assess the climatic influence on the radial growth of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand on the Mieminger Plateau (Tyrol, 910 950m above sea level). The plant area index (PAI) was used to estimate crown density as an indicator of vitality and productivity of the forest stand. The study area is characterized by low annual precipitation (753 mm/y) as well as low soil depth (5 - 25 cm humus layer) with low water-holding capacity. These environmental conditions as well as low tree heights (< 5m) on small spatial scales and widespread crown thinning indicate a growth limitation caused by drought stress. At 41 evenly distributed coordinate points the PAI was evaluated through hemispherical photography and subsequent gap fraction analysis. A total of 123 increment cores were taken to measure ring widths. Each sampled tree was assigned to a vitality class ranging from high (Kl1), middle (Kl2) to low (Kl3). To investigate the impact of the climatic factors precipitation and temperature on radial growth, Pearson-product-moment-correlations between the climatic variables and detrended tree-ring time series were applied and evaluated (response - function). The calculation of the Basal area increment (BAI) was used to determine long-term trends of the stem growth. Drought indices (standardized precipitation index and aridity index) were calculated based on climate data of the meteorological station Ötz to determine years in which above-average dry periods occurred during the assumed main growth period (April - June). To assess the growth response of Scots pine to drought stress, the parameters resistance, recovery and resilience (calculated from BAI values) were determined for the identified drought years 1915, 1921, 1937, 1948, 1970, 1981, 1992 and 2011. The low average PAI value (1.66 0.31) indicates crown thinning in the c. 100-year-old Scots pine stand, which in combination with a low average ring width (0.3 0.13mm), vorgelegt von Lena Drexler, in englischer Sprache, Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2020, (VLID)4904267
- Published
- 2020
28. Drought, flight, conflict: 'climate migration' as a driver for conflict?
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Brzoska, Michael, Scheffran, Jürgen, Fröhlich, Christiane, Brzoska, Michael, Scheffran, Jürgen, and Fröhlich, Christiane
- Abstract
So-called "climate migration", i. e. human mobility following prolonged drought periods, floods, or other climate-related environmental changes, has been singled out as an important factor connecting climate change effects and (violent) conflict. However, the existing studies on this relationship do not offer a clear picture. Nevertheless, Syria has evolved into a "show case study" for this assumed linear causality: A "century drought" and ensuing internal migration are seen as an untold prequel of the Syrian uprising. This alarmist, determinist, and simplifying image is questioned and reviewed in order to answer the following questions: Was the Syrian drought related to or caused by climate change? Which role, if any, did it play for internal migration in pre-revolutionary Syria? What do we know about "drought migrants" and their role in the Syrian uprising? The article summarizes available research and adds to it by way of interviews with Syrian refugees.
- Published
- 2020
29. A Heated Debate: Climate Change and Conflict in Africa
- Author
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GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, Soest, Christian von, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, and Soest, Christian von
- Abstract
The worst drought in a century in Southern Africa at the end of last year slowed the iconic Victoria Falls on the Zimbabwean–Zambian border to a rill, fuelling renewed discussion about climate change. It also epitomised the potential repercussions of the phenomenon for livelihoods and security on the African continent. However, current research only sees a weak connection between climate and violent conflict. Sub-Saharan Africa is the world region most affected by climate change. Parts of East Africa, the Sahel, and Southern Africa have been the most severely impacted on. Existing research largely sees climate change as a "threat multiplier," and perceives high poverty and low state capability as more influential drivers of conflict. General assessments of how climate affects conflict mask important differences: In some parts of Africa, extreme weather events (such as droughts) and rising temperatures threaten the most vulnerable already - namely, those that are poor and rely on rain-fed agriculture. Pastoralist agricultural production and pronounced differences between ethnic groups are particularly dangerous risk factors. Yet uncertainty about climate's precise effects is still high. Under certain conditions, climate change can lead to increased conflict but also cooperation in affected communities across Africa. New research needs to investigate more thoroughly the mechanisms underlying how individuals and communities react to weather extremes and long-term climatic changes. It is of particular relevance to understand how increased societal cooperation as well as adequate state policies can help overcome climate change's adverse effects among those most vulnerable people. Following up on its last report from 2014, in 2022 the climate-conflict link will be re-evaluated for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. Better understanding the pathways that lead to violent conflict and focusing on the most vulnerable members of socie
- Published
- 2020
30. Grassland root water uptake responses to warming, elevated carbon dioxide, and drought
- Author
-
Tissink, Maud and Tissink, Maud
- Abstract
Klimaprojektionen sagen steigende Temperaturen, einen Anstieg des atmosphärischen Kohlenstoffdioxidgehalts und weit verbreitete Dürren voraus. Pflanzen können ihre Wasseraufnahme modulieren, und diese dynamischen Verschiebungen bei der Wasseraufnahme sind wichtig für das Verständnis der Verteilung von Wasserressourcen durch das Bodenprofil in einem sich verändernden Klima. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen dieser drei klimatischen Faktoren auf die Wasseraufnahme von Pflanzen in einem bewirtschafteten C3-Gebirgs-Grünland in Österreich; einer Landschaft, die einen hohen wirtschaftlichen Wert und ökologische Bedeutung in Mitteleuropa hat. Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass Erwärmung, erhöhte Kohlenstoffdioxidkonzentrationen und Dürre dazu führen würde, dass Pflanzen ihre Wurzelwasseraufnahme (gemessen als Entnahme aus dem Bodenwasser in cm3 cm-3) verändern und die Aufnahme auf verschiedenen Bodentiefen zu verlagern. Dabei erwarteten wir, dass Dürre dazu führen würde, dass die Pflanzen die Wasseraufnahme insgesamt verringern und in flachere Bodenschichten verlagern würden, und dass erhöhte Kohlenstoffdioxidkonzentrationen zu einer Verringerung der Wasseraufnahme und eine Verlagerung in tiefere Bodenschichte führen würden. Schließlich untersuchten wir, ob diese Veränderungen der Wasseraufnahme durch Anpassungen von Wurzelmerkmalen erklärt werden können. Die Wasseraufnahme der Vegetation wurde anhand der tageszeitlichen Dynamiken des Bodenwassergehalts ermittelt. Die Wurzelmerkmale wurden von Bodenproben aus den verschiedenen Versuchsparzellen ermittelt. Unsere Studie zeigte, dass die Wasseraufnahme durch die Vegetation bei Erwärmung und Dürre verringert wurde, während erhöhte Kohlenstoffdioxidkonzentrationen keinen Einfluss hatten. In keiner der Behandlungen kam es zu einer Veränderung der Wasserentnahmetiefe im Boden. Eine Reihe von Wurzelmerkmalen korrelierte mit der Wurzelwasseraufnahme sowohl bei aktuellen Klimabedingungen als auch bei Trockenheit. Wir fanden signi, Climate projections alert us to widespread warming, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and growing drought prevalence. Plants can modulate their water sourcing and these dynamic shifts in extraction are important for understanding water resource partitioning throughout the soil profile under a changing climate. We assessed the impacts of these three climatic factors on the water uptake of plants in a managed C3 mountain grassland in Austria; a landscape that holds high economic value and ecological importance within the central European region. We hypothesised that warming, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations, and drought would drive plants to alter their root water uptake (measured as an extraction from soil water in cm3 cm-3) and shift uptake to different soil depths. Specifically, we expected that in comparison to the ambient baseline, drought would lead plants to reduce absolute root water uptake and shift uptake to shallower soil; elevated carbon dioxide concentrations would lead plants to reduce absolute root water uptake and shift uptake to deeper soil; and warming would increase absolute root water uptake and shift uptake to deeper soil. Lastly, we tested whether plants mediate these changes in water uptake through plastic root trait adjustments. We used the diurnal dynamics of soil water content, obtained using Time-Domain Reflectometry, to estimate plant water uptake, and ingrowth soil cores to assess root traits. Plants under warming and drought reduced their absolute root water uptake, whereas plants under elevated carbon dioxide concentrations retained similar uptake to plants under ambient conditions. However, no significant differences in water sources in different soil layers were found between the treatments. Finally, many root traits correlated well to absolute root water uptake for plants under ambient conditions and plants under drought. We found significant positive relationships between soil water extraction and root length, Maud Tissink, Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2020
- Published
- 2020
31. No gas source, no problem: proximity to pre‐existing embolism and segmentation affect embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem by gas diffusion
- Author
-
Guan, Xinyi, Pereira, Luciano, McAdam, Scott A. M., Cao, Kun‐Fang, and Jansen, Steven
- Subjects
ddc:580 ,Dürre ,DDC 580 / Botanical sciences ,drought stress ,bordered pits ,pneumatic method ,vessel network ,optical method ,Droughts - Abstract
Embolism spreading in dehydrating angiosperm xylem is driven by gas movement between embolized and sap-filled conduits. Here we examine how the proximity to pre-existing embolism and hydraulic segmentation affect embolism propagation. Based on the optical method, we compare xylem embolism resistance between detached leaves and leaves attached to branches, and between intact leaves and leaves with cut minor veins, for six species. Embolism resistance of detached leaves was significantly lower than that of leaves attached to stems, except for two species, with all vessels ending in their petioles. Cutting of minor veins showed limited embolism spreading in minor veins near the cuts prior to major veins. Moreover, despite strong agreement in the overall embolism resistance of detached leaves between the optical and pneumatic method, minor differences were observed during early stages of embolism formation. We conclude that embolism resistance may represent a relative trait due to an open-xylem artefact, with embolism spreading possibly affected by the proximity and connectivity to pre-existing embolism as a gas source, while hydraulic segmentation prevents such artefact. Since embolism formation may not rely on a certain pressure difference threshold between functional and embolized conduits, we speculate that embolism is facilitated by pressure-driven gas diffusion across pit membranes., publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Dry Period or Early Lactation — Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors for Intramammary Infections in Dairy Cows
- Author
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Nitz, Julia, Wente, Nicole, Zhang, Yanchao, Klocke, Doris, tho Seeth, Martin, and Krömker, Volker
- Subjects
Euterentzündung ,Dürre ,630 Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin ,Milchvieh ,ddc:630 ,Frühlaktation ,Risikofaktor - Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and its relation to risk factors for intramammary infections and clinical mastitis at cow and quarter levels. In total, 269 German Holstein Frisian dairy cows on three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, for cytomicrobiological examination. Risk factors at quarter- and cow-level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving for the second time increased the odds of clinical mastitis during the first 100 days of lactation compared to cows calving for the third time or more. A high milk yield after calving was a risk factor for new infections, with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. A body condition score after calving less than 3.5 was associated with a decreased risk of having an intra-mammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococci and coryneforms 3 ± 1 days postpartum and consistent body condition between dry-off and early lactation decreased the risk of intramammary infections after calving. The absence of a ring of hyperkeratosis at the teat apex shown at dry-off was associated with a lower risk of intramammary infections with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. This study shows the important influence of the dry period and early lactation on intramammary infections and clinical mastitis postpartum in dairy cows. Udder quarters may have eliminated pathogens during the dry period in 43.6% of cases in this study. Additionally, new infections occurred during early lactation, so 5.1% more quarters were infected 17 ± 3 days compared to 3 ± 1 days postpartum. New infections can be traced to non-aureus staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from dry-off up until 3 ± 1 days postpartum, and to non-aureus staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis, after calving. In total, 88.7% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 3 ± 1 days postpartum than at dry-off, and 89.2% of the quarters 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has just as important an influence on intramammary infections postpartum in dairy cows as the dry period. There is the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens during the early lactation, especially during the dry period. However, there is also the danger that new infections manifest, with a large proportion of new infections occurring after calving. Thus, additional control strategies are of great importance to prevent new infections occurring during early lactation as well as during the dry period to reduce negative effects on milk yield and culling hazards in dairy cows by minimizing the associated risk factors
- Published
- 2021
33. Analysis and Projection of spatio-temporal Drought and Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater Resources and Surface-Groundwater Interactions for three Iranian Case Studies
- Author
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Taie Semiromi, Majid
- Subjects
Drought ,Dürre ,Climate Change ,MODFLOW ,SWAT ,Wasser ,SWAT Software ,Iran ,Klimaänderung ,Hydrologie ,Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions ,Klimaschwankung - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Assessing changes in drought and wetness episodes in drainage basins using the Standardized Precipitation Index.
- Author
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Silva, Álvaro, de Lima, M. Isabel P., Espírito Santo, Fátima, and Pires, Vanda
- Subjects
- *
METEOROLOGICAL precipitation , *DROUGHTS , *WATERSHEDS - Abstract
The temporal and spatial variability of precipitation might affect in a different way the society, the environment and the economy at the local and regional scales, depending on specific conditions. This study focuses on using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to identifying abnormal dry and wet periods and to understanding its spatial patterns at the drainage basin scale, for selected basins in mainland Portugal (1941-2012); this index might be useful in hydrological studies, in particular in basins missing detailed information on precipitation. Overall, SPI shows changes in the extent of dry and wet extremes throughout various time scales that depend on the season and geographical location within mainland Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
35. Estimate of correlation between the meteorological drought in Ethiopia and the hydrological drought in Egypt
- Author
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Mabrouk, Eman Hassan, Moursy, Fawzia Ibrahim, Mohamed, Mostafa Abd El-Hameed, and Omer, Mohi El Din Mohamed
- Subjects
Äthiopien ,Ägypten ,Dürre ,hydrological drought ,Ethiopia ,dongola ,meteorologoical drought - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Root xylem in three woody angiosperm species is not more vulnerable to embolism than stem xylem
- Author
-
Steven Jansen, Carmen Regina Marcati, Ya Zhang, Luciano Pereira, Thais Oya, Min Wu, Yulin Normal University, Ulm University, Anhui Normal University, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Agronomic Institute (IAC)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,TENSION ,Pneumatic method ,Parenchyma ,Plant ,Parenchym (Botanik) ,Soil Science ,Membrane thickness ,Plant Science ,Biology ,DOUGLAS-FIR ,01 natural sciences ,VESSEL DIAMETER ,03 medical and health sciences ,Stängel ,Botany ,medicine ,CAVITATION RESISTANCE ,Wood Anatomy ,Stems (Botany) ,WATER-STRESS ,Acer campestre ,Curves ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Xylem embolism resistance ,Dürre ,Anatomie ,fungi ,Significant difference ,Plant physiology ,food and beverages ,Xylem ,Kurve ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Roots ,Droughts ,Roots (Botany) ,ddc:580 ,Wasserstress ,Embolism ,Gas ,DDC 580 / Botanical sciences ,Stems ,Anatomy ,Transport system ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Aims Since plants are compartmentalised organisms, failure of their hydraulic transport system could differ between organs. We test here whether xylem tissue of stems and roots differ in their drought-induced embolism resistance, and whether intact roots are equally resistant to embolism than root segments. Methods Embolism resistance of stem and root xylem was measured based on the pneumatic technique for Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus and Corylus avellana, comparing also intact roots and root segments of C. avellana. Moreover, we compared anatomical features such as interconduit pit membrane between roots and stems. Results We found a higher embolism resistance for roots than stems, although a significant difference was only found for A. pseudoplatanus. Interconduit pit membrane thickness was similar for both organs of the two Acer species, but pit membranes were thicker in roots than stems of C. avellana. Also, embolism resistance of an intact root network was similar to thick root segments for C. avellana. Conclusion Our observations show that root xylem is not more vulnerable to embolism than stem xylem, although more species need to be studied to test if this finding can be generalised. We also demonstrated that the pneumatic method can be applied to non-terminal plant samples., publishedVersion
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Arthropod communities in a changing world: combined impacts of climate change and land-use intensification on arthropod communities
- Author
-
Sohlström, Esra
- Subjects
Insekten ,Landnutzung ,Globaler Wandel ,Dürre ,Erwärmung ,Wirbellose - Abstract
Global change poses increasing threats to ecological communities and ecosystem functioning. To improve our understanding of how arthropod communities, and associated ecosystem functions respond to combined impacts of future climate change and land-use intensification in grassland ecosystems, I used the experimental set-up of the Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF). In my first chapter, I studied the combined effects of climate change and land-use intensity on arthropod community composition at the whole community level and of four trophic groups (predators, herbivores, detritivores and omnivores). I found that climate change and land-use intensification simultaneously shift species composition across trophic levels, through changes in abundance, species richness, and evenness. In my second chapter, I present a comprehensive set of linear regressions to estimate live body mass using data on body length and width, taxonomy and geographic origin. Furthermore, I quantified prediction discrepancy when using parameters from arthropods of a different geographic region. Incorporating body width into taxon- and region-specific length-mass regressions substantially increased prediction accuracy for live body mass. In my third research chapter, I studied the impacts of future climate change and land-use intensification on ecosystem functioning and the stability of arthropod food-webs. I furthermore studied the response of underlying community characteristics driving these ecosystem processes. Specifically, I tested the response of mean body mass, biomass and community metabolism of the whole community and four trophic groups to climate change and land-use intensification. Despite changes in community characteristics of the trophic groups, community ecosystem processes and food-web stability remained stable under climate change and land-use intensification, while the composition of total ecosystem processes changed.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Drought, flight, conflict: 'climate migration' as a driver for conflict?
- Author
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Fröhlich, Christiane, Brzoska, Michael, and Scheffran, Jürgen
- Subjects
Politikwissenschaft ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,conflict ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,drought ,migration ,Middle East ,ddc:550 ,Migration, Sociology of Migration ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Political science ,arabische Länder ,climate change, conflict, security, safety, violence ,Klimawandel ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,Syria ,Dürre ,Konflikt ,Arab countries ,flight ,Earth sciences ,climate change ,Klimamigration ,Klimaflüchtlinge ,Fluchtursache ,ddc:320 ,Syrien ,ddc:300 ,Klimawandel, Konflikte, Gewalt, Sicherheit, Schutz, Diskursanalyse, CLISEC ,Flucht ,Nahost - Abstract
So-called "climate migration", i. e. human mobility following prolonged drought periods, floods, or other climate-related environmental changes, has been singled out as an important factor connecting climate change effects and (violent) conflict. However, the existing studies on this relationship do not offer a clear picture. Nevertheless, Syria has evolved into a "show case study" for this assumed linear causality: A "century drought" and ensuing internal migration are seen as an untold prequel of the Syrian uprising. This alarmist, determinist, and simplifying image is questioned and reviewed in order to answer the following questions: Was the Syrian drought related to or caused by climate change? Which role, if any, did it play for internal migration in pre-revolutionary Syria? What do we know about "drought migrants" and their role in the Syrian uprising? The article summarizes available research and adds to it by way of interviews with Syrian refugees.
- Published
- 2020
39. Climate Change and Droughts: Effects on Migration within Africa
- Author
-
Achberger, Carolin-Anna
- Subjects
Dürre ,Wirtschaft ,Konflikt ,Klimaänderung ,Migration ,Anreiz - Abstract
Klimawandel und Migration gehören zu den zentralen Themen der globalen, politischen Diskussion. Der Anstieg der Meeresspiegel, veränderte Niederschlagsmuster, steigende Temperaturen und Wetterextreme, wie Dürren, gefährden die Existenzgrundlage vieler Menschen. Afrika ist ein Hotspot des Klimawandels. Dürren betreffen häufig weite Teile der Bevölkerung, behindern eine nachhaltige Entwicklung und wirken sich auf das Migrationsverhalten der Menschen aus. Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist es anhand von quantitativen Methoden einen Zusammenhang zwischen Dürre und Migration innerhalb Afrikas zu untersuchen.Dürreanalysen auf Grundlage des Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index zeigen, dass in weiten Teilen Afrikas während der letzten Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts extreme Trockenheit herrschte. Im Zeitraum zwischen 1980 und 2015 ist es im nördlichen Afrika signifikant trockener geworden, während sich ist Teilen Ost- und Südwestafrikas gegen Ende des Untersuchungszeitraumes eine leichte Verbesserung abzeichnete. Wie die Analyse von Dürre- und Migrationsvariablen für 35 Länder in Afrika und deren 486 Verwaltungseinheiten erster Ebene zeigt, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Dürre und Migration alles andere als einfach und direkt. Dürre kann einerseits die Bereitschaft insbesondere zu zeitlich und räumlich begrenzter Migration fördern. Andererseits kann sie Migration hemmen oder sogar vereiteln, da hierfür notwendige Ressourcen fehlen. Nationale Fallstudien zeigen, dass Migration kontextspezifisch ist. Migration ist nur eine von vielen Anpassungsmöglichkeiten an Klimawandel und Dürre. Sehr hohe Migrationsraten sind eher auf Konflikte und ökonomische Anreize als auf Umweltbedingungen zurückzuführen.Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Migration ein dynamischer Prozess ist, der von ökonomischen, politischen, sozialen, demographischen und ökologischen Faktoren geprägt ist. Klimawandel und Dürre interagieren mit diesen Faktoren und beeinflussen damit indirekt das Migrationsverhalten. Climate change and migration are at the top of the global political agenda. Still, the nexus between the two is only slowly emerging as an issue of concern. Rising sea levels, increasing temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and extreme weather events, such as droughts, impact livelihood security across the globe. Africa is a hotspot of climate change. Drought frequently affects large parts of the population, poses major barriers to sustainable development and alters human migration. Based on quantitative analysis, this thesis aims to discern a relationship between drought and migration within Africa.Drought analyses based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index indicate that extremely dry conditions prevailed over most parts of Africa during the latter decades of the 20th century. Significant climatic drying trends in the period between 1980 and 2015 are observed over large parts of northern Africa, while a slight amelioration of the climate towards the end of the study period is detected in eastern and southwestern Africa. Analyses of drought and migration-related variables for 35 African countries and their 486 first-level administrative divisions between 2001 and 2015 reveal that the relationship between drought and migration is far from simple and direct. Drought can increase mobility, especially short-distance and temporary migration, but it can also decrease mobility or even lead to immobility by eradicating necessary resources. Case study analyses reveal that environmental migration is context specific. Migration is but one strategy employed to adapt to climate change and drought. High rates of migration are largely attributed to conflict and economic incentives, rather than environmental conditions.This thesis provides evidence that migration is a dynamic phenomenon that is shaped by economic, political, social, demographic and environmental factors. Climate change and drought interact with these drivers to cause migration. Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 (VLID)5288187
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A Heated Debate: Climate Change and Conflict in Africa
- Author
-
Soest, Christian von and GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien
- Subjects
Eskalation ,escalation ,Gewaltbereitschaft ,Federal Republic of Germany ,drought ,Ecology, Environment ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,Afrika ,environmental damage ,Ökologie ,propensity to violence ,ddc:577 ,Entwicklungshilfepolitik ,Klimawandel ,Ecology ,ecological consequences ,ökologische Folgen ,Dürre ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,social conflict ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,climate change ,Africa ,International relations ,development aid policy ,Umweltschaden ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,sozialer Konflikt ,ddc:327 - Abstract
The worst drought in a century in Southern Africa at the end of last year slowed the iconic Victoria Falls on the Zimbabwean–Zambian border to a rill, fuelling renewed discussion about climate change. It also epitomised the potential repercussions of the phenomenon for livelihoods and security on the African continent. However, current research only sees a weak connection between climate and violent conflict. Sub-Saharan Africa is the world region most affected by climate change. Parts of East Africa, the Sahel, and Southern Africa have been the most severely impacted on. Existing research largely sees climate change as a "threat multiplier," and perceives high poverty and low state capability as more influential drivers of conflict. General assessments of how climate affects conflict mask important differences: In some parts of Africa, extreme weather events (such as droughts) and rising temperatures threaten the most vulnerable already - namely, those that are poor and rely on rain-fed agriculture. Pastoralist agricultural production and pronounced differences between ethnic groups are particularly dangerous risk factors. Yet uncertainty about climate's precise effects is still high. Under certain conditions, climate change can lead to increased conflict but also cooperation in affected communities across Africa. New research needs to investigate more thoroughly the mechanisms underlying how individuals and communities react to weather extremes and long-term climatic changes. It is of particular relevance to understand how increased societal cooperation as well as adequate state policies can help overcome climate change's adverse effects among those most vulnerable people. Following up on its last report from 2014, in 2022 the climate-conflict link will be re-evaluated for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. Better understanding the pathways that lead to violent conflict and focusing on the most vulnerable members of society, namely those who directly rely on rain-fed agriculture, is a necessary precondition for devising adequate policies to tame climate change's adverse effects on security. Supporting the mitigation of climate change's detrimental effects for the most vulnerable in Africa should be a key focus for European and German Africa policy.
- Published
- 2020
41. Overview of drought relief provisions in the FY2020 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act
- Author
-
Fischer, Bart L., Outlaw, Joe L., Knapek, George M., and Raulston, J. Marc
- Subjects
Agrarsubvention ,Dürre ,ddc:330 ,Katastrophenschaden ,USA ,Agrarversicherung - Abstract
The Agricultural and Food Policy Center (AFPC) at Texas A&M University develops and maintains data to simulate 94 representative crop, dairy, and livestock operations in major production areas in 30 states. The chief purpose of this analysis is to project the economic viability of those farms by region and commodity for 2019 through 2024. The data necessary to simulate the economic activity of these operations are cultivated through ongoing cooperation with panels of agricultural producers in selected states. The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) provided projected prices, policy variables, and input inflation rates in their preliminary baseline. Under the January 2019 Baseline, 22 of the 63 crop farms are in good liquidity condition (less than a 25 percent chance of negative ending cash by 2024). Ten crop farms have between a 25 percent and a 50 percent likelihood of negative ending cash, and the remaining 31 crop farms have greater than a 50 percent chance of negative ending cash. Additionally, 41 of the 63 crop farms are in good equity position (less than a 25 percent chance of decreasing real net worth during the study period). Six crop farms have between a 25 percent and 50 percent likelihood of losing real net worth, and 16 crop farms have greater than a 50 percent probability of decreasing real net worth by 2024. The following discussion provides an overall evaluation by commodity considering both liquidity and equity measures.
- Published
- 2020
42. Perceived impacts on ecosystem services and coping strategies by dairy farmers in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro during the drought of 2014-2017
- Author
-
Fazito Rezende Fernandes, Gabriel
- Subjects
Degradation ,Bewältigung ,Dürre ,Milcherzeuger ,Rio de Janeiro - Abstract
Soils are complex, evolving systems that simultaneously shape and are shaped by numerous biotic and abiotic factors in a vast web of interactions that creates the conditions for the propagation of life and the maintenance of human societies. Yet, land use and land use change (LULUC) and anthropogenic climate change (CC) are forcing substantial and rapid alterations into soil’s properties and processes, thus affecting the functions and services derived from it. The resulting land degradation (LD) is now spread, according to recent estimates, over nearly 30 % of the world’s total land, mostly on the population dense and impoverished tropics, a zone predicted to withstand the worst impacts of CC. The Atlantic Forest in Brazil is a particularly vulnerable environment, and the unusual drought of 2014-2017 that hit its Southeastern region is likely the harbinger of a progressively drier future. The way the prelude of what might be an increasingly frequent hazard affected farmers’ livelihoods and natural resources, and the manner in which they reacted to those impacts can thus reveal points of strength and fragility that could be respectively harnessed or addressed to develop a more sustainable agriculture and climate resilience. This master thesis focused on characterizing those impacts and reactions on distinct dairy production systems in two municipalities in Northwestern Rio de Janeiro: Santo Antônio de Pádua and Cambuci. Through interviews and in loci observations, the researcher collected data concerning environmental services (erosion prevention, soil cover and water provision), production variables (inputs and outputs), socio-economic information, farm system management and farmers’ future perspectives. The results show that dairy production systems in the region are heterogeneous and, although they may share common characteristics, drought outcomes were closely tied to the specificities of each farm. Ultimately, outcomes originated from differences in water supply, water demand, and feed availability, their subsequent change by the drought and farmers’ reaction to those changes at each property.
- Published
- 2019
43. Impact of extreme summer drought on radial growth and sap flow of Picea abies and Larix decidua
- Author
-
Wagner, Julia and Wagner, Julia
- Abstract
by Julia Wagner, BSc, University of Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2019, (VLID)3525516
- Published
- 2019
44. Surmounting the Slump: the individual strategies of firms.
- Author
-
Wengenroth, Ulrich
- Abstract
Rationalisation strategies By rationalisation strategies we mean here ‘all measures which are aimed at optimising the labour input in the means of production, the material input in the means of production and the length of time required for the production process’. It became apparent while researching Bessemer steelworks that these particular three measures were not always pursued with the same degree of intensity. It is much more a case of distinguishing between trends in different periods and places. Until the outbreak of the economic crisis of 1873 efforts at optimising the material input predominated, and were initiated chiefly in Great Britain. After which, during the slump years between 1871 and 1879, people's interest turned more towards cutting the time required for the production process. This strategy was undertaken primarily by American and German Bessemer works. The optimisation of the labour input, on the other hand, did not produce any independently formulated strategy during the period in question. The essential advance in the manufacture of steel had already been achieved by the changeover from puddling to the Bessemer process. The rationalisation of labour input never amounted to more than the natural effects of speeding-up the refining process in the steelworks, which took place anyway even without being specifically intended. This was certainly due to the low proportion of wages to overall costs. The optimisation of the material input This was mainly a matter of eradicating the remnants of the puddling works, referred to above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Early-warning signals of individual tree mortality based on annual radial growth
- Author
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Cailleret, Maxime, Dakos, Vasilis, Jansen, Steven, Robert, Elisabeth M. R., Aakala, Tuomas, Amoroso, Mariano Martin, Antos, Joe A., Bigler, Christof, Bugmann, Harald, Caccianaga, Marco, Camarero, Jesus Julio, Cherubini, Paolo, Coyea, Marie R., Cufar, Katarina, Das, Adrian J., Davi, Hendrik, Gea Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gillner, Sten, Haavik, Laurel J., Hartmann, Henrik, Heres, Ana Maria, Hultine, Kevin R., Janda, Pavel, Kane, Jeffrey M., Kharuk, Viachelsav I., Kitzberger, Thomas, Klein, Tamir, Levanic, Tom, Linares, Juan Carlos, Lombardi, Fabio, Mäkinen, Harri, Mészáros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha M., Oberhuber, Walter, Papadopoulos, Andreas, Petritan, Any Mary, Rohner, Brigitte, Sangüesa Barreda, Gabriel, Smith, Jeremy M., Stan, Amanda B., Stojanovic, Dejan B., Suarez, Maria Laura, Svoboda, Miroslav, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Villalba, Ricardo, Westwood, Alana R., Wyckoff, Peter H., Martínez Vilalta, Jordi, Boreal forest dynamics and biodiversity research group, Department of Forest Sciences, Forest Ecology and Management, Institut des cellules souches pour le traitement et l'étude des maladies monogéniques (I-STEM), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Helsinki, Institute of terrestrial ecosystems, Department of Environmental Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Czech University of Life Science, Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Agricultural Research Organization, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Dipartimento AGR, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Natural Resources Institute Finland, University of Debrecen, Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Bot, Innsbruck, Austria, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Education Institute of Lamia, Institute of Terretrial Ecosystems, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, University of Novi Sad, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Ecolog Unit, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB)
- Subjects
Wachstum ,Plant Science ,drought ,Growth ,variance ,résilience ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,forest ,drought-induced tree ,Milieux et Changements globaux ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Original Research ,4112 Forestry ,Vegetal Biology ,croissance radiale ,Dürre ,Varianz ,Ring-width ,Droughts ,ddc:580 ,RECOVERY RATES ,tree mortality ,ring-width ,growth ,resilience indicators ,biotic agents ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,HYDRAULIC DETERIORATION ,coefficient de sécheresse ,Biotic agents ,analyse de variance ,RING GROWTH ,tpping point ,Variance ,CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION ,dynamique forestière ,Wald ,Tree mortality ,indice biotique ,Resilience indicators ,Trees Mortality ,death ,Forest ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https] ,SCOTS PINE ,largeur de cerne ,climate ,Drought ,mortalité des forêts ,croissance des arbres ,adaptation au changement climatique ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,forest trees ,Biologie végétale - Abstract
Tree mortality is a key driver of forest dynamics and its occurrence is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to death, we still lack robust indicators of mortality risk that could be applied at the individual tree scale. Here, we build on a previous contribution exploring the differences in growth level between trees that died and survived a given mortality event to assess whether changes in temporal autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony in time-series of annual radial growth data can be used as early warning signals of mortality risk. Taking advantage of a unique global ring-width database of 3065 dead trees and 4389 living trees growing together at 198 sites (belonging to 36 gymnosperm and angiosperm species), we analyzed temporal changes in autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony before tree death (diachronic analysis), and also compared these metrics between trees that died and trees that survived a given mortality event (synchronic analysis). Changes in autocorrelation were a poor indicator of mortality risk. However, we found a gradual increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony in the last ∼20 years before mortality of gymnosperms, irrespective of the cause of mortality. These changes could be associated with drought-induced alterations in carbon economy and allocation patterns. In angiosperms, we did not find any consistent changes in any metric. Such lack of any signal might be explained by the relatively high capacity of angiosperms to recover after a stress-induced growth decline. Our analysis provides a robust method for estimating early-warning signals of tree mortality based on annual growth data. In addition to the frequently reported decrease in growth rates, an increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony may be powerful predictors of gymnosperm mortality risk, but not necessarily so for angiosperms. Fil: Cailleret, Maxime. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; Suiza. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Suiza Fil: Dakos, Vasilis. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Jansen, Steven. Universitat Ulm; Alemania Fil: Robert, Elisabeth M. R.. Royal Museum For Central Africa; Bélgica. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; Bélgica. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Centre de Recerca Ecológica I Aplicacions Forestals; España Fil: Aakala, Tuomas. University of Helsinski; Finlandia Fil: Amoroso, Mariano Martin. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Antos, Joe A.. University of Victoria; Canadá Fil: Bigler, Christof. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Suiza Fil: Bugmann, Harald. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Suiza Fil: Caccianaga, Marco. Università degli Studi di Milano; Italia Fil: Camarero, Jesus Julio. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Cherubini, Paolo. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; Suiza Fil: Coyea, Marie R.. Laval University; Canadá Fil: Cufar, Katarina. University Of Ljubljana; Eslovenia Fil: Das, Adrian J.. United States Geological Survey; Estados Unidos Fil: Davi, Hendrik. Unité de Recherche des Forets Méditerranéennes; Francia Fil: Gea Izquierdo, Guillermo. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Centro de Investigación Forestal; España Fil: Gillner, Sten. Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology; Alemania Fil: Haavik, Laurel J.. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection; Estados Unidos. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Hartmann, Henrik. Max Planck Institute Of Biochemistry.; Alemania Fil: Heres, Ana Maria. Universitatea Transilvania Din Brasov; Rumania. Basque Centre For Climate Change; España Fil: Hultine, Kevin R.. Desert Botanical Garden. Conservation and Collections. Department of Research; Estados Unidos Fil: Janda, Pavel. Czech University of Life Sciences; República Checa Fil: Kane, Jeffrey M.. Humboldt State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Kharuk, Viachelsav I.. Siberian Federal University; Rusia Fil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Klein, Tamir. Weizmann Institute of Science; Israel Fil: Levanic, Tom. Slovenian Forestry Institute; Eslovenia Fil: Linares, Juan Carlos. Universidad Pablo de Olavide; España Fil: Lombardi, Fabio. Universita Della Calabria.; Italia Fil: Mäkinen, Harri. Natural Resources Institute Finland; Finlandia Fil: Mészáros, Ilona. Debreceni Egyetem Természettudományi És Technológiai Kar; Hungría Fil: Metsaranta, Juha M.. Northern Forestry Centre; Canadá Fil: Oberhuber, Walter. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Papadopoulos, Andreas. Technological Educational Institute of Stereas Elladas; Grecia Fil: Petritan, Any Mary. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt Fur Wald, Schnee Und Landschaft Eth-bereichs; Alemania Fil: Rohner, Brigitte. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt Fur Wald, Schnee Und Landschaft Eth-bereichs; Alemania Fil: Sangüesa Barreda, Gabriel. Universidad de Valladolid; España Fil: Smith, Jeremy M.. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos Fil: Stan, Amanda B.. Northern Arizona University; Estados Unidos Fil: Stojanovic, Dejan B.. University Of Novi Sad; Serbia Fil: Suarez, Maria Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Svoboda, Miroslav. Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague; República Checa Fil: Trotsiuk, Volodymyr. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; República Checa. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt Fur Wald, Schnee Und Landschaft Eth bereichs; Alemania. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Alemania Fil: Villalba, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientifícas y Tecnológicas; Argentina Fil: Westwood, Alana R.. University of Alberta; Canadá Fil: Wyckoff, Peter H.. University Of Minnesota System; Estados Unidos Fil: Martínez Vilalta, Jordi. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Centre de Recerca Ecológica I Aplicacions Forestals; España
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- 2019
- Full Text
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46. Comparison of indices for agricultural drought monitoring in Karnataka, India
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Konath, Noufa Cheerakkollil
- Subjects
Dürre ,Landwirtschaft ,Geoinformationssystem - Abstract
by Ms. Noufa Cheerakkollil Konath Literaturverzeichnis: Blatt c-f University of Salzburg, Masterarbeit, 2019 (VLID)5028739
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- 2019
47. Impacts of an extreme summer drought on soil respiration in mountain ecosystems differing in land use
- Abstract
Angesichts des sich verändernden Klimas, einschließlich der aktuellen Zunahme der Häufigkeit und Ausprägung von Dürreperioden, wächst das Interesse an Kohlenstoff-Dynamiken unter Dürreszenarien in Bergökosystemen. Die anhaltenden Landnutzungsänderungen, insbesondere die Nutzungsaufgabe und Verbrachung ehemals bewirtschafteter Viehweiden und Heuwiesen, und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Kohlenstoffdynamik im Alpenraum in Wechselwirkung mit Dürreperioden wurden bisher jedoch kaum untersucht. Daher konzentriert sich diese Studie auf den größten CO2-Fluss in terrestrischen Ökosystemen; nämlich die Bodenatmung (Rsoil) mit den ihr zugrunde liegenden Prozessen, und wie diese durch Dürre entlang eines Landnutzungsgradienten, a) einer bewirtschafteten Mähwiese, b) einer brachliegenden Weide und c) einem angrenzenden jungen subalpinen Wald, beeinflusst werden. Die Auswirkungen einer experimentelle Sommerdürre, die während der Vegetationsperiode 2017 im Rahmen des ClimLUC-Projekts ("Climate Extremes and Land-Use Change") auf drei benachbarten LTSER-Master-Forschungsstandorten im Stubaital künstlich induziert wurde, wurden mit Kontrollflächen verglichen, die Niederschlag erhielten. Messungen von Rsoil mit der „Closed-Chamber“-Methode und Modellierungen mit der „Flussgradienten“-Methode, welche zudem die Untersuchung der Bodenkohlenstoffdynamiken von Rsoil erlaubte, deuteten darauf hin, dass die Landnutzung für die Unterschiede in den Rsoil-Reaktionen auf Sommerdürre verantwortlich ist. An allen Standorten führte der Regenausschluss zu einer Verringerung der CO2-Produktion im Boden, die von einer Erhöhung der Diffusivität von CO2 begleitet wurde. Diese Kombination führte zu reduzierten Boden-CO2-Konzentrationen und Rsoil-Raten. Diese Prozesse wurden stark von Bewirtschaftungsintensität beeinflusst. Dabei war die bewirtschaftete Mähwiese am wenigsten resistent gegenüber der Dürre, gefolgt von der Brache und dann dem Wald. Nach der Wiederbefeuchtung der Dürreflächen war der „Birch-Effe, In light of the changing climate, including the ongoing increase in frequency and severity of drought periods, interest in carbon dynamics under drought scenarios in mountain systems has increased. However, continuing changes in land use, particularly the abandonment of previously managed grasslands, and their interactive effects with drought on carbon dynamics in the Alpine region have rarely been investigated. This study focused on the largest CO2 flux from terrestrial ecosystems, namely soil respiration (Rsoil), and its underlying processes, and how these are affected by drought along a land-use gradient of a managed mountain grassland, an abandoned mountain grassland, and an adjacent young subalpine forest in the Stubai Valley, Austria. The effects of an experimental summer drought artificially induced during the growing season of 2017 as part of the ClimLUC (Climate Extremes and Land-Use Change) project on three adjacent LTSER (long term socio-ecological research) Austria Master sites were compared with controls that received precipitation. Measurement of Rsoil with the closed-chamber method and estimation with the flux gradient method, which also allows assessment of the soil carbon dynamics governing Rsoil, suggested that land use was responsible for the differences in Rsoil responses to summer drought. At all sites, rain exclusion lead to a reduction in CO2 production, which was accompanied by an increase in soil gas diffusivity. This combination of effects led to reduced soil CO2 concentrations and Rsoil rates. These processes were strongly affected by management intensity, with the managed meadow site being the least resistant to drought, followed by the abandoned grassland site and then the forest site. Following the rewetting after the rain exclusion period, the Birch effect was also more pronounced at the managed meadow; rewetting at the abandoned grassland site led to only a slightly significant CO2 pulse, and had no significant effect at the forest si, submitted by Veronika Brune, BSc., Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache, Masterarbeit University Innsbruck 2018
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- 2018
48. Impacts of recurrent drought on CO2 and water vapour fluxes and primary production in mountain grassland
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Solderer, Helene and Solderer, Helene
- Abstract
by Helene Solderer, BSc, Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache, University of Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2018, (VLID)2666474
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- 2018
49. Emergency drills for drought response: a case study in Guatemala
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Müller, Anna, Mora, Vesalio, Rojas, Edwin, Díaz, Jorge, Fuentes, Obdulio, Girón, Estuardo, Gaytán, Ada, Etten, Jacob van, Müller, Anna, Mora, Vesalio, Rojas, Edwin, Díaz, Jorge, Fuentes, Obdulio, Girón, Estuardo, Gaytán, Ada, and Etten, Jacob van
- Abstract
Drills are an important element of disaster management, helping to increase preparedness and reduce the risk of real-time failure. Yet they are not systematically applied to slow-onset disasters such as drought, which cause damage that is not immediately apparent and thus do not solicit immediate action. This case study evaluates how drills inform institutional responses to slow-onset disasters. We focus on Guatemala, a country where drought has severe impacts on livelihoods and food security of small farmers. Implementing part of the Ministry of Agriculture institutional response plan for drought, we explore how drills can help to detect issues in drought emergency response and to obtain an institutional focus on improvements in preparedness. Findings show that emergency drills alone do not trigger institutional improvement if unsupported by a wider strategy aiming at improvement of protocols and capacities. They are valuable, however, in making problems transparent and in creating space for discussion.
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- 2018
50. Deutschland im Hitzestress: Rekordwärme trifft Rekorddürre
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Mohr, S., Marx, Andreas, Mohr, S., and Marx, Andreas
- Abstract
Mehr heiße Tage als im Jahrhundertsommer 2003, Niedrigwasser in fast allen Flüssen und bereits 91 Prozent der deutschen Böden ausgedorrt. Das Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology des KIT legt einen ersten Bericht zur Dürresituation in Deutschland vor. Die Wissensplattform beleuchtet einige Aspekte daraus.
- Published
- 2018
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