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5. An Activator Locks Kv7.1 Channels Open by Electro-Mechanical Uncoupling and Allosterically Modulates its Pore

Author

Möller M, Becker S, Ritter N, Seebohm G, Beller Z, Decher N, Wünsch B, Wrobel E, Düfer M, Schreiber Ja, Schmitt N, Cui J, Zaydman M, and Strutz-Seebohm N

Subjects
Activator (genetics), Chemistry, Biophysics
Abstract

Loss-of-function mutations in Kv7.1 often lead to long QT syndrome (LQTS), a cardiac repolarization disorder associated with increased risk of arrhythmia and subsequent sudden cardiac death. The discovery of agonistic IKs modulators may offer a new potential strategy in pharmacological treatment of this disorder. The benzodiazepine (R)-L3 potently activates Kv7.1 channels and shortens action potential duration, thus may represent a starting point for drug development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying modulation by (R)-L3 are still unknown. By combining alanine scanning mutagenesis, non-canonical amino acid incorporation, voltage-clamp electrophysiology and fluorometry, and in silico protein modelling, we showed that (R)-L3 not only stimulates currents by allosteric modulation of the pore domain but also alters the kinetics independently from the pore domain effects. We identified novel (R)-L3-interacting key residues in the lower S4-segment of Kv7.1 and observed an uncoupling of the outer S4 segment with the inner S5, S6 and selectivity filter segments. Summarizing, we provide structural and functional evidence for two independent Kv7.1 activating mechanisms by a single modulator.

Published
2021
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32. Intestinal formation of trans-crocetin from saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and in vitro permeation through intestinal and blood brain barrier.

Author

Lautenschläger, M, Sendker, J, Hüwel, S, Galla, H J, Brandt, S, Düfer, M, Riehemann, K, and Hensel, A

Abstract

Aims: Extracts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) have traditionally been used against depressions. Recent preclinical and clinical investigations have rationalized this traditional use. Trans-crocetin, a saffron metabolite originating from the crocin apocarotenoids, has been shown to exert strong NMDA receptor affinity and is thought to be responsible for the CNS activity of saffron. Pharmacokinetic properties of the main constituents from saffron have only been described to a limited extent. Therefore the present in vitro study aimed to determine if crocin-1 and trans-crocetin are able to pass the intestinal barrier and to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, the intestinal conversion of glycosylated crocins to the lipophilic crocetin had to be investigated. Experiments with Caco-2 cells and two different porcine BBB systems were conducted. Further on, potential intestinal metabolism of saffron extract was investigated by ex vivo experiments with murine intestine.Methodology: In vitro Caco-2 monolayer cell culture was used for investigation of intestinal permeation of crocin-1 and trans-crocetin. In vitro models of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) were used for monitoring permeation characteristics of trans-crocetin through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Intestine tissue and feces homogenates from mice served for metabolism experiments.Results: Crocin-1, even at high concentrations (1000 µM) does not penetrate Caco-2 monolayers in relevant amounts. In contrast, trans-crocetin permeates in a concentration-independent manner (10-114 µM) the intestinal barrier by transcellular passage with about 32% of the substrate being transported within 2 h and a permeation coefficient of Papp 25.7 × 10(-)(6) ± 6.23 × 10(-)(6) cm/s. Trans-crocetin serves as substrate for pGP efflux pump. Trans-crocetin permeates BBB with a slow but constant velocity over a 29 h period (BCEC system: Papp 1.48 × 10(-)(6) ± 0.12 × 10(-)(6) cm/s; BCSFB system Papp 3.85 × 10(-)(6) ± 0.21 × 10(-)(6) cm/s). Conversion of glycosylated crocins from saffron extract to trans-crocetin occurs mainly by intestinal cells, rather than by microbiological fermentation in the colon.Conclusion: The here described in vitro studies have shown that crocins from saffron are probably not bioavailable in the systemic compartment after oral application. On the other side the investigations clearly have pointed out that crocins get hydrolyzed in the intestine to the deglycosylated trans-crocetin, which subsequently is absorbed by passive transcellular diffusion to a high extend and within a short time interval over the intestinal barrier. Crocetin will penetrate in a quite slow process the blood brain barrier to reach the CNS. The intestinal deglycosylation of different crocins in the intestine is mainly due to enzymatic processes in the epithelial cells and only to a very minor extent due to deglycosylation by the fecal microbiome. On the other side the fecal bacteria degrade the apocarotenoid backbone to smaller alkyl units, which do not show any more the typical UV absorbance of crocins. As previous studies have shown strong NMDA receptor affinity and channel opening activity of trans-crocetin the use of saffron for CNS disorders seems to be justified from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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36. Role of KATP channels in β-cell resistance to oxidative stress.

Author

Drews, G. and Düfer, M.

Subjects
*ADENOSINE triphosphate, *PANCREATIC beta cells, *OXIDATIVE stress, *GLYCEMIC index, *DIABETES
Abstract

The importance of KATP channels in stimulus-secretion coupling of β-cells is well established, although they are not indispensable for the maintenance of glycaemic control. This review article depicts a new role for KATP channels by showing that genetic or pharmacological ablation of these channels protects β-cells against oxidative stress. Increased production of oxidants is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM). T2DM develops when β-cells can no longer compensate for the high demand of insulin resulting from excess fuel intake. Instead β-cells start to secrete less insulin and β-cell mass is diminished by apoptosis. Both, reduction of insulin secretion and β-cell mass induced by oxidative stress, are prevented by deletion or inhibition of KATP channels. These findings may open up new insights into the early treatment of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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37. Bile acids acutely stimulate insulin secretion of mouse β-cells via farnesoid X receptor activation and K(ATP) channel inhibition.

Author

Düfer M, Hörth K, Wagner R, Schittenhelm B, Prowald S, Wagner TF, Oberwinkler J, Lukowski R, Gonzalez FJ, Krippeit-Drews P, Drews G, Düfer, Martina, Hörth, Katrin, Wagner, Rebecca, Schittenhelm, Björn, Prowald, Susanne, Wagner, Thomas F J, Oberwinkler, Johannes, Lukowski, Robert, and Gonzalez, Frank J

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with alterations in bile acid (BA) signaling. The aim of our study was to test whether pancreatic β-cells contribute to BA-dependent regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experiments were performed with islets from wild-type, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout (KO), and β-cell ATP-dependent K(+) (K(ATP)) channel gene SUR1 (ABCC8) KO mice, respectively. Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) increased glucose-induced insulin secretion. This effect was mimicked by the FXR agonist GW4064 and suppressed by the FXR antagonist guggulsterone. TCDC and GW4064 stimulated the electrical activity of β-cells and enhanced cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)). These effects were blunted by guggulsterone. Sodium ursodeoxycholate, which has a much lower affinity to FXR than TCDC, had no effect on [Ca(2+)](c) and insulin secretion. FXR activation by TCDC is suggested to inhibit K(ATP) current. The decline in K(ATP) channel activity by TCDC was only observed in β-cells with intact metabolism and was reversed by guggulsterone. TCDC did not alter insulin secretion in islets of SUR1-KO or FXR-KO mice. TCDC did not change islet cell apoptosis. This is the first study showing an acute action of BA on β-cell function. The effect is mediated by FXR by nongenomic elements, suggesting a novel link between FXR activation and K(ATP) channel inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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38. Overexpression of kinase-negative protein kinase Cdelta in pancreatic beta-cells protects mice from diet-induced glucose intolerance and beta-cell dysfunction.

Author

Hennige AM, Ranta F, Heinzelmann I, Düfer M, Michael D, Braumüller H, Lutz SZ, Lammers R, Drews G, Bosch F, Häring HU, Ullrich S, Hennige, Anita M, Ranta, Felicia, Heinzelmann, Isabel, Düfer, Martina, Michael, Diana, Braumüller, Heidi, Lutz, Stefan Z, and Lammers, Reiner

Abstract

Objective: In vitro models suggest that free fatty acid-induced apoptotic beta-cell death is mediated through protein kinase C (PKC)delta. To examine the role of PKCdelta signaling in vivo, transgenic mice overexpressing a kinase-negative PKCdelta (PKCdeltaKN) selectively in beta-cells were generated and analyzed for glucose homeostasis and beta-cell survival.Research Design and Methods: Mice were fed a standard or high-fat diet (HFD). Blood glucose and insulin levels were determined after glucose loads. Islet size, cleaved caspase-3, and PKCdelta expression were estimated by immunohistochemistry. In isolated islet cells apoptosis was assessed with TUNEL/TO-PRO3 DNA staining and the mitochondrial potential by rhodamine-123 staining. Changes in phosphorylation and subcellular distribution of forkhead box class O1 (FOXO1) were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results: PKCdeltaKN mice were protected from HFD-induced glucose intolerance. This was accompanied by increased insulin levels in vivo, by an increased islet size, and by a reduced staining of beta-cells for cleaved caspase-3 compared with wild-type littermates. In accordance, long-term treatment with palmitate increased apoptotic cell death of isolated islet cells from wild-type but not from PKCdeltaKN mice. PKCdeltaKN overexpression protected islet cells from palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited nuclear accumulation of FOXO1 in mouse islet and INS-1E cells. The inhibition of nuclear accumulation of FOXO1 by PKCdeltaKN was accompanied by an increased phosphorylation of FOXO1 at Ser256 and a significant reduction of FOXO1 protein.Conclusions: Overexpression of PKCdeltaKN in beta-cells protects from HFD-induced beta-cell failure in vivo by a mechanism that involves inhibition of fatty acid-mediated apoptosis, inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of FOXO1 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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39. Enhanced glucose tolerance by SK4 channel inhibition in pancreatic beta-cells.

Author

Düfer M, Gier B, Wolpers D, Krippeit-Drews P, Ruth P, Drews G, Düfer, Martina, Gier, Belinda, Wolpers, Daniela, Krippeit-Drews, Peter, Ruth, Peter, and Drews, Gisela

Abstract

Objective: Ca(2+)-regulated K(+) channels are involved in numerous Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated whether the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel of intermediate conductance SK4 (KCa3.1, IK1) plays a physiological role in pancreatic beta-cell function.Research Design and Methods: Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were determined in wild-type (WT) or SK4 knockout (SK4-KO) mice. Electrophysiological experiments were performed with the patch-clamp technique. The cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) was determined by fura-2 fluorescence. Insulin release was assessed by radioimmunoassay, and SK4 protein was detected by Western blot analysis.Results: SK4-KO mice showed improved glucose tolerance, whereas insulin sensitivity was not altered. The animals were not hypoglycemic. Isolated SK4-KO beta-cells stimulated with 15 mmol/l glucose had an increased Ca(2+) action potential frequency, and single-action potentials were broadened. These alterations were coupled to increased [Ca(2+)](c). In addition, glucose responsiveness of membrane potential, [Ca(2+)](c), and insulin secretion were shifted to lower glucose concentrations. SK4 protein was expressed in WT islets. An increase in K(+) currents and concomitant membrane hyperpolarization could be evoked in WT beta-cells by the SK4 channel opener DCEBIO (100 micromol/l). Accordingly, the SK4 channel blocker TRAM-34 (1 micromol/l) partly inhibited K(Ca) currents and induced electrical activity at a threshold glucose concentration. In stimulated WT beta-cells, TRAM-34 further increased [Ca(2+)](c) and broadened action potentials similar to those seen in SK4-KO beta-cells. SK4 channels were found to substantially contribute to K(slow) (slowly activating K(+) current).Conclusions: SK4 channels are involved in beta-cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Deficiency of SK4 current induces elevated beta-cell responsiveness and coincides with improved glucose tolerance in vivo. Therefore, pharmacologic modulation of these channels might provide an interesting approach for the development of novel insulinotropic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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40. Activation of the Na+/K+-ATPase by insulin and glucose as a putative negative feedback mechanism in pancreatic beta-cells.

Author

Düfer, M., Haspel, D., Krippeit-Drews, P., Aguilar-Bryan, L., Bryan, J., and Drews, G.

Subjects
PANCREATIC beta cells, ISLANDS of Langerhans, SULFONYLUREAS, ADENOSINE triphosphate, ENDOPLASMIC reticulum
Abstract

Pancreatic beta-cells of sulfonylurea receptor type 1 knock-out (SUR1−/−) mice exhibit an oscillating membrane potential ( Vm) demonstrating that hyper-polarisation occurs despite the lack of KATP channels. We hypothesize that glucose activates the Na+/K+-ATPase thus increasing a hyper-polarising current. Elevating glucose in SUR1−/− beta-cells resulted in a transient fall in Vm and [Ca2+]c independent of sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-activated ATPase (SERCA) activation. This was not affected by K+ channel blockade but inhibited by ATP depletion and by ouabain. Increasing glucose also reduced [Na+]c, an effect reversed by ouabain. Exogenously applied insulin decreased [Na+]c and hyper-polarised Vm. Inhibiting insulin signalling in SUR1−/− beta-cells blunted the glucose-induced decrease of [Ca2+]c. Tolbutamide (1 mmol/l) disclosed the SERCA-independent effect of glucose on [Ca2+]c in wild-type beta-cells. The data show that in SUR1−/− beta-cells, glucose activates the Na+/K+-ATPase presumably by increasing [ATP]c. Insulin can also stimulate the pump and potentiate the effect of glucose. Pathways involving the pump may thus serve as potential drug targets in certain metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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41. An adenylate kinase is involved in KATP channel regulation of mouse pancreatic beta cells.

Author

Schulze, D., Düfer, M., Wieringa, B., Krippeit-Drews, P., and Drews, G.

Abstract

In a previous study, we demonstrated that a creatine kinase (CK) modulates KATP channel activity in pancreatic beta cells. To explore phosphotransfer signalling pathways in more detail, we examined whether KATP channel regulation in beta cells is determined by a metabolic interaction between adenylate kinase (AK) and CK. Single channel activity was measured with the patch–clamp technique in the inside-out (i/o) and open-cell attached (oca) configuration. The ATP sensitivity of KATP channels was higher in i/o patches than in permeabilised beta cells (oca). One reason for this observation could be that the local ATP:ADP ratio in the proximity of the channels is determined by factors not active in i/o patches. AMP (0.1 mmol/l) clearly increased open channel probability in the presence of ATP (0.125 mmol/l) in permeabilised cells but not in excised patches. This suggests that AK-catalysed ADP production in the vicinity of the channels is involved in KATP channel regulation. The observation that the stimulatory effect of AMP on KATP channels was prevented by the AK inhibitor P 1, P 5-di(adenosine-5′)pentaphosphate (Ap5A; 20 μmol/l) and abolished in the presence of the non-metabolisable ATP analogue adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate tetralithium salt (AMP-PNP; 0.12 mmol/l) strengthens this idea. In beta cells from AK1 knockout mice, the effect of AMP was less pronounced, though not completely suppressed. The increase in KATP channel activity induced by AMP in the presence of ATP was outweighed by phosphocreatine (1 mmol/l). We suggest that this is due to an elevation of the ATP concentration by CK. We propose that phosphotransfer events mediated by AK and CK play an important role in determining the effective concentrations of ATP and ADP in the microenvironment of pancreatic beta cell KATP channels. Thus, these enzymes determine the open probability of KATP channels and eventually the actual rate of insulin secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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42. Crosstalk between membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in beta cells from Sur1 −/− mice.

Author

Haspel, D., Krippeit-Drews, P., Aguilar-Bryan, L., Bryan, J., Drews, G., and Düfer, M.

Subjects
PANCREATIC beta cells, LABORATORY mice, BLOOD plasma, CELLULAR mechanics, HORMONES, GLUCOSE
Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: Islets or beta cells from Sur1-/- mice were used to determine whether changes in plasma membrane potential (Vm) remain coupled to changes in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in the absence of KATP channels and thus provide a triggering signal for insulin secretion. The study also sought to elucidate whether [Ca2+]i influences oscillations in Vm in sur1-/- beta cells. Methods: Plasma membrane potential and ion currents were measured with micro electrodes and the patch-clamp technique. [Ca2+]i was monitored with the fluorescent dye fura-2. Insulin secretion from isolated islets was determined by static incubations. Results: Membrane depolarisation of Sur1-/ islets by arginine or increased extracellular K+, elevated [Ca2+]i and augmented insulin secretion. Oligomycin completely abolished glucose-stimulated insulin release from Sur1-/ islets. Oscillations in Vm were influenced by [Ca2+]i as follows: (1) elevation of extracellular Ca2+lengthened phases of membrane hyperpolarisation; (2) simulating a burst of action potentials induced a Ca2+-dependent outward current that was augmented by increased Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels; (3) Ca2+ depletion of intracellular stores by cyclopiazonic acid increased the burst frequency in Sur1-/- islets, elevating [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion; (4) store depletion activated a C2+ influx that was not in- inhibitable by the L-type C2+ channel blocker D600. Conclusions/interpretation: Although Vm is largely uncoupled from glucose metabolism in the absence of KATP channels, increased electrical activity leads to elevations of [Ca2+ that are sufficient to stimulate insulin secretion. In Sur1-/- - beta cells, [Ca2+]i exerts feedback mechanisms on Vm by activating a hyperpolarising outward current and by depolarising Vm via store-operated ion channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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43. Oscillations of membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in SUR1-/- beta cells Oscillations in SUR1-/- beta cells.

Author

Düfer, M., Haspel, D., Krippeit-Drews, P., Aguilar-Bryan, L., Bryan, J., and Drews, G.

Subjects
CELL membranes, PANCREATIC beta cells, CELLS, BLOOD plasma, ELECTRODES, METABOLISM
Abstract

Aims/hypothesis. SUR1(ABCC8)-/- mice lacking functional KATP channels are an appropriate model to test the significance of KATP channels in beta-cell function. We examined how this gene deletion interferes with stimulus-secretion coupling. We tested the influence of metabolic inhibition and galanin, whose mode of action is controversial. Methods. Plasma membrane potential (Vm) and currents were measured with microelectrodes or the patch-clamp technique; cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]c) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) were measured using fluorescent dyes. Results. In contrast to the controls, SUR1-/- beta cells showed electrical activity even at a low glucose concentration. Continuous spike activity was measured with the patch-clamp technique, but with microelectrodes slow oscillations in Vm consisting of bursts of Ca2+-dependent action potentials were detected. [Ca2+]c showed various patterns of oscillations or a sustained increase. Sodium azide did not hyperpolarize SUR1-/- beta cells. The depolarization of ΔΨ evoked by sodium azide was significantly lower in SUR1-/- than SUR1+/+ cells. Galanin transiently decreased action potential frequency and [Ca2+]c in cells from both SUR1-/- and SUR1+/+ mice. Conclusion/interpretation. The strong dependence of Vm and [Ca2+]c on glucose concentration observed in SUR1+/+ beta cells is disrupted in the knock-out cells. This demonstrates that both parameters oscillate in the absence of functional KATP channels. The lack of effect of metabolic inhibition by sodium azide shows that in SUR1-/- beta cells changes in ATP/ADP no longer link glucose metabolism and Vm. The results with galanin suggest that this peptide affects beta cells independently of KATP currents and thus could contribute to the regulation of beta-cell function in SUR1-/- animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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44. Comparison of cellular effects of starch-coated SPIONs and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) matrix nanoparticles on human monocytes

Author

Gonnissen D, Qu Y, Langer K, Öztürk C, Zhao Y, Chen C, Seebohm G, Dufer M, Fuchs H, Galla HJ, and Riehemann K

Subjects
actin cytoskeleton, cell elasticity, AFM, ion channels, patch clamp, TEVC, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Dominik Gonnissen,1 Ying Qu,1,2 Klaus Langer,3 Cengiz Öztürk,4 Yuliang Zhao,2 Chunying Chen,2 Guiscard Seebohm,5 Martina Düfer,6 Harald Fuchs,1 Hans-Joachim Galla,7 Kristina Riehemann11Center for Nanotechnology, Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; 2National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Münster, 4chemicell GmbH, Berlin, 5Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, 6Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, 7Department of Cell Biology/Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, GermanyAbstract: Within the last years, progress has been made in the knowledge of the properties of medically used nanoparticles and their toxic effects, but still, little is known about their influence on cellular processes of immune cells. The aim of our comparative study was to present the influence of two different nanoparticle types on subcellular processes of primary monocytes and the leukemic monocyte cell line MM6. We used core-shell starch-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and matrix poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for our experiments. In addition to typical biocompatibility testing like the detection of necrosis or secretion of interleukins (ILs), we investigated the impact of these nanoparticles on the actin cytoskeleton and the two voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 and Kv7.1. Induction of necrosis was not seen for PLGA nanoparticles and SPIONs in primary monocytes and MM6 cells. Likewise, no alteration in secretion of IL-1β and IL-10 was detected under the same experimental conditions. In contrast, IL-6 secretion was exclusively downregulated in primary monocytes after contact with both nanoparticles. Two-electrode voltage clamp experiments revealed that both nanoparticles reduce currents of the aforementioned potassium channels. The two nanoparticles differed significantly in their impact on the actin cytoskeleton, demonstrated via atomic force microscopy elasticity measurement and phalloidin staining. While SPIONs led to the disruption of the respective cytoskeleton, PLGA did not show any influence in both experimental setups. The difference in the effects on ion channels and the actin cytoskeleton suggests that nanoparticles affect these subcellular components via different pathways. Our data indicate that the alteration of the cytoskeleton and the effect on ion channels are new parameters that describe the influence of nanoparticles on cells. The results are highly relevant for medical application and further evaluation of nanomaterial biosafety. Keywords: actin cytoskeleton, cell elasticity, AFM, ion channels, patch clamp, TEVC

Published
2016

45. 35th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes

Author

Melander, A., Olsson, J., Lindberg, G., Salzman, A., Howard, T., Stang, P., Lydick, E., Emslie-Smith, A., Boyle, D. I. R., Evans, J. M. M., Macdonald, T. M., Bain, J., Sullivan, F., Juhl, C., Pørksen, N., Sturis, J., Hollingdal, M., Pincus, S., Veldhuis, J., Dejgaard, A., Schmitz, O., Kristensen, J. S., Frandsen, K. B., Bayer, Th., Müller, P., Dunning, B. E., Paladini, S., Gutierrez, C., Deacon, R., Valentin, M., Grunberger, G., Weston, W. M., Patwardhan, R., Rappaport, E. B., Sargeant, L. A., Wareham, N. J., Khaw, K. T., Zethelius, Björn, Lithell, Hans, Hales, C. Nicholas, Berne, Christian, Lakka, H.-M., Oksanen, L., Tuomainen, T.-P., Kontula, K., Salonen, J. T., Dekker, J. M., de Boks, P., de Vegt, F., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Nijpels, G., Bouter, L. M., Heine, R. J., Bruno, G., Cavallo-Perin, P., Bargero, G., D’Errico, N., Borra, M., Macchia, G., Pagano, G., Newton, R. W., Ruta, D. A., New, J. P., Wallace, C., Roxburgh, M. A., Young, R. J., Vaughan, N. J. A., Elliott, P., Brennan, G., Devers, M., MacAlpine, R., Steinke, D., Lawson, D. H., Decallonne, B., Casteels, K., Gysemans, C., Bouillon, R., Mathieu, C., Linn, Thomas, Strate, Christine, Schneider, Kerstin, Funda, D. P., Jirsa, M., Kozáková, H., Kaas, A., Kofronová, O., Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Buschard, K., Wanka, H., Hartmann, A., Kuttler, B., Rasmussen, S. B., Sørensen, T. S., Markholst, H., Petersen, J. S., Karounos, D., Dyrberg, T., Mabley, J. G., Haskó, G., Szabó, C., Seissler, J., Nguyen, T. B. T., Steinbrenner, H., Scherbaum, W. A., Cipriani, R., Gabriele, A., Sensi, M., Guidobaldi, L., Pantellini, F., Cerrito, M. G., Scarpa, S., Di Mario, U., Morano, S., Ceolotto, G., Iori, E., Baritono, E., Del Prato, S., Semplicini, A., Trevisan, R., Zerbini, G., Meregalli, G., Asnaghi, V., Tentori, F., Maestroni, A., Mangili, R., Marescotti, C., Vedovato, M., Tiengo, A., Tadjieva, J., Mankovsky, B. N., Van Aken, S., Raes, A., Vande Walle, J., Matthys, D., Craen, M., Hansen, H. P., Lund, S. S., Rossing, P., Jensen, T., Parving, H.-H., Andersen, S., Tarnow, L., Hansen, B. V., Trautner, C., Haastert, B., Ennenbach, N., Willich, S., Tabák, Á. Gy., Orchard, T. J., Spranger, J., Preissner, K. T., Schatz, H., Pfeiffer, A., Cantón, A., Burgos, R., Hernández, C., Lecube, A., Mesa, J., Segura, R. M., Mateo, C., Simó, R., Fathallah, L., Greene, D. A., Obrosova, I., Gilbert, R. E., Kelly, D. J., Cox, A. J., Berka-Wilkinson, J. L., Taylor, H. R., Panagiotopoulos, S., Lee, V., Jerums, G., Cooper, M. E., Hitman, G. A., Aganna, E., Ogunkolade, W. B., Rema, M., Deepa, R., Shanthi-Rani, C. S., Barakat, K., Kumarajeewa, T. R., Cassell, P. G., McDermott, M. F., Mohan, V., Ways, K., Bursell, S., Devries, T., Woodworth, J., Alatorre, C., King, G., Aiello, L. P., Karisen, A. E., Pavlovic, D., Nielsen, K., Jensen, J., Andersen, H. U., Pociot, F., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Eizirik, D. L., Nerup, J., Lortz, S., Tiedge, M., Lenzen, S., Lally, F. J., Bone, A. J., Darville, M. I., Ho, Y.-S., Sternesjö, J., Sandler, S., Chen, M.-C., Schuit, F., Pipeleers, D. G., Merezak, S., Hardikar, A., Hoet, J. J., Remacle, C., Reusens, B., Bréant, B., Garofano, A., Czernichow, P., Kubota, N., Terauchi, Y., Miki, H., Tamemoto, H., Yamauchi, T., Nakano, R., Komeda, K., Eto, K., Tobe, K., Kimura, S., Kadowaki, T., Ide, T., Murakami, K., Tsunoda, M., Mochizuki, T., Ozanne, S. E., Nave, B. T., Wang, C. L., Dorling, M. W., Petry, C. J., Koopmans, S. J., van der Bent, C., Que, I., Radder, J. K., Sebokova, E., Sana, A. K., Klimes, I., Ruderman, N., Morviducci, L., Pastore, L., Morelli, S., Sagratella, E., Zorretta, D., Buongiomo, A., Tamburrano, G., Giaccari, A., Martinenghi, Sabina, De Angelis, Gabriella Cusella, Ravasi, Flavio, Bifari, Francesco, Bordignon, Claudio, Falqui, Luca, Kessler, A., Dransfeld, O., Sasson, S., Tomas, E., Zorzano, A., Eckel, J., Thorsby, P., Rosenfalck, A. M., Kjems, L., Hanssen, K. F., Madsbad, S., Birkeland, K. 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Published
1999
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46. Inhibition of mTOR prevents glucotoxicity-mediated increase of SA-beta-gal, p16 INK4a , and insulin hypersecretion, without restoring electrical features of mouse pancreatic islets.

Author

Guzmán TJ, Klöpper N, Gurrola-Díaz CM, and Düfer M

Subjects
Animals, Mice, Insulin metabolism, Sirolimus pharmacology, beta-Galactosidase metabolism, Insulin Secretion drug effects, Glucose metabolism, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Cells, Cultured, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Islets of Langerhans metabolism, Islets of Langerhans drug effects, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 metabolism, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 genetics, Cellular Senescence drug effects
Abstract

An over-activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway promotes senescence and age-related diseases like type 2 diabetes. Besides, the regenerative potential of pancreatic islets deteriorates with aging. Nevertheless, the role of mTOR on senescence promoted by metabolic stress in islet cells as well as its relevance for electrophysiological aspects is not yet known. Here, we investigated whether parameters suggested to be indicative for senescence are induced in vitro in mouse islet cells by glucotoxicity and if mTOR inhibition plays a protective role against this. Islet cells exhibit a significant increase (~ 76%) in senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) activity after exposure to glucotoxicity for 72 h. Glucotoxicity does not markedly influence p16 INK4a protein within 72 h, but p16 INK4a levels increase significantly after a 7-days incubation period. mTOR inhibition with a low rapamycin concentration (1 nM) entirely prevents the glucotoxicity-mediated increase of SA-beta-gal and p16 INK4a . At the functional level, reactive oxygen species, calcium homeostasis, and electrical activity are disturbed by glucotoxicity, and rapamycin fails to prevent this. In contrast, rapamycin significantly attenuates the insulin hypersecretion promoted by glucotoxicity by modifying the mRNA levels of Vamp2 and Snap25 genes, related to insulin exocytosis. Our data indicate an influence of glucotoxicity on pancreatic islet-cell senescence and a reduction of the senescence markers by mTOR inhibition, which is relevant to preserve the regenerative potential of the islets. Decreasing the influence of mTOR on islet cells exposed to glucotoxicity attenuates insulin hypersecretion, but is not sufficient to prevent electrophysiological disturbances, indicating the involvement of mTOR-independent mechanisms., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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48. Targeting K Ca 3.1 channels to overcome erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Author

Todesca LM, Gerke M, Bulk EE, Bachmann M, Rudersdorf A, Antonuzzo L, Pillozzi S, Düfer M, Szabo I, and Schwab A

Abstract

Almost all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients initially responding to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) develop acquired resistance. Since K Ca 3.1 channels, expressed in mitochondria and plasma membrane, regulate similar behavioral traits of NSCLC cells as EGFR, we hypothesized that their blockade contributes to overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance. Meta-analysis of microarray data revealed that K Ca 3.1 channel expression in erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells correlates with that of genes of integrin and apoptosis pathways. Using erlotinib-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cells we monitored the role of mitochondrial K Ca 3.1 channels in integrin signaling by studying cell-matrix adhesion with single-cell force spectroscopy. Apoptosis was quantified with fluorescence-based assays. The function of mitochondrial K Ca 3.1 channels in these processes was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential and by quantifying ROS production. Functional assays were supplemented by biochemical analyses. We show that K Ca 3.1 channel inhibition with senicapoc in erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells increases cell adhesion by increasing β1-integrin expression, that in turn depends on mitochondrial ROS release. Increased adhesion impairs migration of NSCLC cells in a 3D matrix. At the same time, the senicapoc-dependent ROS production induces cytochrome C release and triggers apoptosis of erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Thus, K Ca 3.1 channel blockade overcomes EGFR-TKI resistance by inhibiting NSCLC motility and inducing apoptosis., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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49. FGF-23 protects cell function and viability in murine pancreatic islets challenged by glucolipotoxicity.

Author

Pajaziti B, Yosy K, Steinberg OV, and Düfer M

Subjects
Animals, Mice, Apoptosis, Glucose toxicity, Glucose metabolism, Insulin metabolism, Insulin Secretion, Fibroblast Growth Factors pharmacology, Insulin-Secreting Cells metabolism, Islets of Langerhans metabolism
Abstract

The fibroblast growth factor FGF-23 is a member of the FGF-15/19 subfamily with hormonal functions. Besides its well-known role for bone mineralization, FGF-23 is discussed as a marker for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether FGF-23 has any effects on the endocrine pancreas of mice by determining insulin secretion, electrical activity, intracellular Ca 2+ , and apoptosis. Acute application of FGF-23 (10 to 500 ng/ml, i.e., 0.4 to 20 nM) does not affect insulin release of murine islets, while prolonged exposure leads to a 21% decrease in glucose-stimulated secretion. The present study shows for the first time that FGF-23 (100 or 500 ng/ml) partially protects against impairment of insulin secretion and apoptotic cell death induced by glucolipotoxicity. The reduction of apoptosis by FGF-23 is approximately twofold higher compared to FGF-21 or FGF-15/19. In contrast to FGF-23 and FGF-21, FGF-15/19 is clearly pro-apoptotic under control conditions. The beneficial effect of FGF-23 against glucolipotoxicity involves interactions with the stimulus-secretion cascade of beta-cells. Electrical activity and the rise in the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration of islets in response to acute glucose stimulation increase after glucolipotoxic culture (48 h). Co-culture with FGF-23 further elevates the glucose-mediated effects on both parameters. Protection against apoptosis and glucolipotoxic impairment of insulin release by FGF-23 is prevented, when calcineurin is inhibited by tacrolimus or when c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is blocked by SP600125. In conclusion, our data suggest that FGF-23 can activate compensatory mechanisms to maintain beta-cell function and integrity of islets of Langerhans during excessive glucose and lipid supply., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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50. NMDA receptors - regulatory function and pathophysiological significance for pancreatic beta cells.

Author

Noguera Hurtado H, Gresch A, and Düfer M

Subjects
Humans, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate metabolism, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate therapeutic use, Insulin metabolism, Insulin Secretion, Glucose metabolism, Insulin-Secreting Cells metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 metabolism
Abstract

Due to its unique features amongst ionotropic glutamate receptors, the NMDA receptor is of special interest in the physiological context but even more as a drug target. In the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is evidence that NMDA receptor activation contributes to disease progression by impairing beta cell function. Consequently, channel inhibitors are suggested for treatment, but up to now there are many unanswered questions about the signaling pathways NMDA receptors are interfering with in the islets of Langerhans. In this review we give an overview about channel structure and function with special regard to the pancreatic beta cells and the regulation of insulin secretion. We sum up which signaling pathways from brain research have already been transferred to the beta cell, and what still needs to be proven. The main focus is on the relationship between an over-stimulated NMDA receptor and the production of reactive oxygen species, the amount of which is crucial for beta cell function. Finally, pilot studies using NMDA receptor blockers to protect the islet from dysfunction are reviewed and future perspectives for the use of such compounds in the context of impaired glucose homeostasis are discussed., (© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Published
2023
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