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Faced with unresolved tensions between neutrino interaction measurements atfew-GeV neutrino energies, current experiments are forced to accept largesystematic uncertainties to cover discrepancies between their data and modelpredictions. In this paper, the widely used pion production model in GENIE iscompared to four MINERvA charged current pion production measurements usingNUISANCE. Tunings, ie, adjustments of model parameters, to help match GENIE toMINERvA and older bubble chamber data are presented here. We find thatscattering off nuclear targets as measured in MINERvA is not in good agreementwith scattering off nucleon (hydrogen or deuterium) targets in the bubblechamber data. An additional ad hoc correction for the low-$Q^2$ region, wherecollective effects are expected to be large, is also presented. While thesetunings and corrections improve the agreement of GENIE with the data, themodeling is imperfect. The development of these tunings within the NUISANCEframeworkallows for straightforward extensions to other neutrino eventgenerators and models, and allows omitting and including new data sets as theybecome available.

Final-state kinematic imbalances are measured in mesonless production of ν_{μ}+A→μ^{-}+p+X in the MINERvA tracker. Initial- and final-state nuclear effects are probed using the direction of the μ^{-}-p transverse momentum imbalance and the initial-state momentum of the struck neutron. Differential cross sections are compared to predictions based on current approaches to medium modeling. These models underpredict the cross section at intermediate intranuclear momentum transfers that generally exceed the Fermi momenta. As neutrino interaction models need to correctly incorporate the effect of the nucleus in order to predict neutrino energy resolution in oscillation experiments, this result points to a region of phase space where additional cross section strength is needed in current models, and demonstrates a new technique that would be suitable for use in fine-grained liquid argon detectors where the effect of the nucleus may be even larger.

We present double-differential measurements of antineutrino charged-current quasielastic scattering in the MINERvA detector. This study improves on a previous single-differential measurement by using updated reconstruction algorithms and interaction models and provides a complete description of observed muon kinematics in the form of a double-differential cross section with respect to muon transverse and longitudinal momentum. We include in our signal definition zero-meson final states arising from multinucleon interactions and from resonant pion production followed by pion absorption in the primary nucleus. We find that model agreement is considerably improved by a model tuned to MINERvA inclusive neutrino scattering data that incorporates nuclear effects such as weak nuclear screening and two-particle, two-hole enhancements.

Neutrino induced coherent charged pion production on nuclei,$\overline{\nu}_\mu A\to\mu^\pm\pi^\mp A$, is a rare inelastic interaction inwhich the four-momentum squared transfered to the nucleus is nearly zero,leaving it intact. We identify such events in the scintillator of MINERvA byreconstructing |t| from the final state pion and muon momenta and by removingevents with evidence of energetic nuclear recoil or production of other finalstate particles. We measure the total neutrino and antineutrino cross sectionsas a function of neutrino energy between 2 and 20 GeV and measure fluxintegrated differential cross sections as a function of $Q^2$, $E_\pi$ and$\theta_\pi$. The $Q^2$ dependence and equality of the neutrino andanti-neutrino cross-sections at finite $Q^2$ provide a confirmation of Adler'sPCAC hypothesis.

Single neutral pion production via muon antineutrino charged-current interactions in plastic scintillator (CH) is studied using the MINERvA detector exposed to the NuMI low-energy, wideband antineutrino beam at Fermilab. Measurement of this process constrains models of neutral pion production in nuclei, which is important because the neutral-current analog is a background for ν-e appearance oscillation experiments. The differential cross sections for π0 momentum and production angle, for events with a single observed π0 and no charged pions, are presented and compared to model predictions. These results comprise the first measurement of the π0 kinematics for this process.

Single neutral pion production via muon antineutrino charged-current interactions in plastic scintillator (CH) is studied using the MINERvA detector exposed to the NuMI low-energy, wideband antineutrino beam at Fermilab. Measurement of this process constrains models of neutral pion production in nuclei, which is important because the neutral-current analog is a background for ν-e appearance oscillation experiments. The differential cross sections for π0 momentum and production angle, for events with a single observed π0 and no charged pions, are presented and compared to model predictions. These results comprise the first measurement of the π0 kinematics for this process.

Mario E Alamilla-Sanchez,1 Miguel A Alcala-Salgado,2 Beatriz Cerezo Samperio,1 Pamela Prado Lozano,1 Juan Daniel Diaz Garcia,1 Carolina Gonzalez Fuentes,1 Martin Benjamin Yama Estrella,1 Enrique Fleuvier Morales Lopez1 1Department of Nephrology, Centro Medico Nacional “ 20 de Noviembre”, Mexico City, Mexico; 2Department of Nephrology, Hospital “Christus Muguerza”, Saltillo, Coahuila, MexicoCorrespondence: Mario E Alamilla-Sanchez, Tel +52 5541334931, Email silenoz1@hotmail.comAbstract: The Starling principle is a model that explains the transvascular distribution of fluids essentially governed by hydrostatic and oncotic forces, which dynamically allow vascular refilling according to the characteristics of the blood vessel. However, careful analysis of fluid physiology has shown that the principle, while correct, is not complete. The revised Starling principle (Michel-Weinbaum model) provides relevant information on fluid kinetics. Special emphasis has been placed on the endothelial glycocalyx, whose subendothelial area allows a restricted oncotic pressure that limits the reabsorption of fluid from the interstitial space, so that transvascular refilling occurs mainly from the lymphatic vessels. The close correlation between pathological states of the endothelium (eg: sepsis, acute inflammation, or chronic kidney disease) and the prescription of fluids forces the physician to understand the dynamics of fluids in the organism; this will allow rational fluid prescriptions. A theory that integrates the physiology of exchange and transvascular refilling is the “microconstant model”, whose variables include dynamic mechanisms that can explain edematous states, management of acute resuscitation, and type of fluids for common clinical conditions. The clinical-physiological integration of the concepts will be the hinges that allow a rational and dynamic prescription of fluids.Keywords: Starling principle, transvascular exchange, glycocalyx, capillary refilling, volume kinetics

Kajian ini akan membahas urgensi nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam konteks kehidupan. Peran Pesantren yang terbukti efektif dalam mendidik nilai-nilai Pancasila. Pondok Pesantren Tremas merupakan salah satu Pesantren yang konsisten menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam pendidikan, baik kegiatan pendidikan seperti yang divisualisasikan dalam wetonan, roan dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Lapangan, yaitu mendapatkan data langsung dari responden dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan triangulasi. Pondok Pesantren Tremas Arjosari, Pacitan, Jawa Timur khususnya dalam mendidik nilai-nilai Pancasila dengan memperkuat landasan kegiatan baik formal, nonformal maupun informal yang mengandung substansi nilai-nilai Pancasila. Seperti kegiatan upacara santri, ngipa, roan dan beberapa kegiatan lainnya. Serta yang mengandung nilai cinta tanah air, nilai toleransi, kebersamaan, ketuhanan, gotong royong.

The discussion about the outbreak during the current pandemic is quite interesting and has always been the main topic on several online media sites. Among the online media websites talking about the outbreak is Republika.co, Akurat.co and Islam nu.or.id. Information related to the outbreak in news streams on the Republika.co, Akurat.co and Islam nu.or.id websites always brings pros and cons. This is influenced by the level of public literacy of all forms of information circulating in the media. Because as we know that every information must have a specific purpose. Among those who often echo their aspirations in cyberspace are positivists and constructionists. This study aims to understand the positivist and constructionist ideologies contained in the plague tradition spread on the Republika website, Akurat. co, and Islam.nu. or.id and the level of public literacy awareness in consuming all forms of information that have an impact on the learning process and quality of education during the pandemic. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. Based on the analysis of the data, the following conclusions were drawn: First, the ideology that accompanies the hadiths about the plague in the Republika.co publication is Constructionist ideology. Based on the researcher's analysis, he found several constructionist characteristics, which stated that the news was the result of the construction of media interests and in the submission of the article also included authentic and doif hadith as comparisons. Second, the ideology that accompanies the hadiths about the epidemic in the Akurat.co media is a positivist ideology. Based on the researcher's analysis, most of the hadiths about the plague published on Akurat.co are about steadfastness in facing difficult times, all of which are blessings for those who are patient and punishment for those who despair. Third, the ideology that accompanies Islam.nu.or.id is a positivist ideology. Based on the results of the analysis of researchers who found that most of the published hadiths about the plague were about how the attitude of Muslims when exposed to the plague was to be patient and trustworthy.

Today, the processing and analysis of mammograms is quite an important field of medical image processing. Small defects in images can lead to false conclusions. This is especially true when the distortion occurs due to minor malfunctions in the equipment. In the present work, an algorithm for eliminating a defect is proposed, which includes a change in intensity on a mammogram and deteriorations in the contrast of individual areas. The algorithm consists of three stages. The first is the defect identification stage. The second involves improvement and equalization of the contrasts of different parts of the image outside the defect. The third involves restoration of the defect area via a combination of interpolation and an artificial neural network. The mammogram obtained as a result of applying the algorithm shows significantly better image quality and does not contain distortions caused by changes in brightness of the pixels. The resulting images are evaluated using Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator (BRISQUE) and Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE) metrics. In total, 98 radiomics features are extracted from the original and obtained images, and conclusions are drawn about the minimum changes in features between the original image and the image obtained by the proposed algorithm.

Múltiples caminos pueden conducir la dirección y el sentido de la experiencia lectora de un arquitecto en la obra literaria del escritor francés Georges Perec. Transcurridos cuarenta años desde que se publicase la primera edición de su novela La Vie mode d´emploi en 1978, se puede afirmar que tanto esta como el resto de su obra constituye un valioso patrimonio intelectual contemporáneo para muy diversas disciplinas. La recepción póstuma de su literatura ha desvelado ser muy fecunda en el campo de las artes plásticas y visuales, pero dada la proyección significativa y simbólica que el espacio adquiere en la construcción de sus textos, es en la arquitectura donde esta se manifiesta de un modo más instrumentalizado. El presente artículo, apoyándose en teorías literarias, abordará la complejidad de dicho espacio narrativo descubriendo los mecanismos empleados para su construcción a través de la división del mismo en tres dimensiones: referente, texto e historia. Un trinomio al que se suplementará la dimensión de la propia lectura, tratando así de establecer las claves del porqué la obra de Perec ejerce tal atracción sobre determinados arquitectos hasta el punto de ser utilizada en su faceta como docentes, y que se manifiesta en experiencias llevadas a cabo en torno a modos de ver, procesos de ideación y adquisición de conocimiento en escuelas de arquitectura de París, Barcelona y Nueva York, bajo la dirección de los arquitectos Vincen Cornu, Enric Miralles y Enrique Walker respectivamente.

Introduction: The frequency and intensity of symptoms in asthma are related to the degree of inflammation and bronchial obstruc- tion. Nitric oxide is a free radical produced at the endothelial cells of the bronchial wall as an intrinsic part of the inflammatory process. The exhaled nitric oxide fraction (ENOF) is a marker that evaluates bronchial inflammation and it is presumed that will also assess the initial response to treatment, decision making in terms of hospital discharge and ambulatory monitoring of children with asthmatic crises. Material and methods: Systematic review of every publication that explore the validity of ENOF for the diagnosis of bronchial inflam- mation and response to treatment in asthmatic children. Results: Three of the publications reviewed are designed as diagnostic tests. Two of them recommend the use of ENOF to detect bronchial hyper-responsiveness. One cohort recommends ENOF as a diagnostic tool in suspected asthma; another one suggests its use to assess the severity of asthma; another one points that the ENOF is useful to detect relapses. A controlled clinical trial does not recommend the routine use of ENOF as a predictor of relapse. Discussion: No study has been done to assess the usefulness of the ENOF in children with asthma exacerbation. In regard to ambulatory control, new publications require a higher level of evidence with excellent results to encourage pediatricians to include the measurement of ENOF in the optimal follow-up of asthmatic children.

Background: Bedwetting is an involuntary urination during sleep at the age of 5 years or older. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) have been developed to improve decision-making strategies and standardize medical practice. The Ministry of health in Mexico developed the CPG diagnosis and treatment of non- organic enuresis at the first level of prevention in children. Its evidence is evaluated with the USPSTF (United States Preventive Services Task Force). Material and methods: Original articles that justify the evidence of Mexican CPG were sought and identi- fied in virtual libraries: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library plus, and then analyzed with the instrument of the USPSTF. Results: Sixty articles were reviewed. They’re the basis for evidence formulation of the Mexican CPG. Only nine articles were level I, adequately powered and well conducted trials and recommendation Grade A, with a substantial net profit. Evidences that were substantial fed by these articles obtained the highest scores. Discussion: The methodological rigor of the original articles that support the CPG is highly variable. This instrument is meant to evaluate the evidence of the guide but is far from being a reflection of the rigor in the development and applicability of Mexican CPG.

Medical products play an important role in our society. Textile structures offer a wide variety of products which can be used in a wide variety of medical applications. When treating a deep wound, it needs to be sewed with some yarns in order to stick both sides in the wound. It requires the yarn to be in contact with the skin and depending on the place the wound is located, it is soaked on corporal fluids such as perspiration, saliva, blood, etc. The aim of this work is to determine if silk threads can be damaged by perspiration and lose some properties. Yarns with different conditions have been treated for 10 days with perspiration solutions and results showed that traction resistance decreases for some of the studied yarns and that microorganism s grow on the yarn surface. Despite the fact that some yarns show antimicrobial treatments, this test showed that wax coated is not enough to prevent the presence of microorganisms on the yarn. This is an important fact as the yarn is in directly in contact with the wounded are a and it can implies infections for the patiente. Results evidence that perspiration solutions can reduce the yarn ́s resistance and it can be a problem if the yarn lasts longer than 10 days. Obviously, the test was conducted at room temperature, about 22º C, and patiente's body is at higher levels 36.5-37º C. Thus, further studies should be conducted in order to test temperature or even though fineness influence.

Fictionalization of textiles has been the aim of many studies in the field of intelligent materials. The application of nanoparticles on the fabric is one of approaches used for get textile fictionalization. Normally, there is no attraction between inorganic particles and polymeric materials such as textiles. The difference between surface energy of two aforementioned organic and inorganic materials causes a kind of repellency in their interfaces. This problem is intensified by using nanoparticles because of their high specific surfaces In this research, treated samples with silica particles are compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the binder used. Cotton fabrics´ surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive using X-Ray (EDX). EDX technique showed that it was a suitable method to detect Si particles presence on fabric surface, this technique offers quantitative results which help to compare different formulations. We confirm that the treated fabric with resin contained higher quantity of Ti particles than the one treated without resin. We analyzed %weight (Si/O) for unwashed and washed treated samples with and without binder. We concluded that whased samples which had been treated using acrylic resin contain higher quantity of the silica particles onto fabric than those whased samples which had been treated without resin

Innovation in SMEs is a key to competitiveness and economic growth pillar. Currently, in Spain, the most important policy to support innovation is tax incentives for R&D&I, based on the issuance of Motivated Binding reports of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This work offers SMEs a quantitative and qualitative model of analysis, and enterprise-level projects, which aims to help them get a favorable structure for innovation. Specifically, a systematic analysis is proposed for Spanish SMEs that perform productive R&D&I, based on factors of company, projects and on both of them, and based on an interview for SMEs, on an analysis of the projects based Motivated Binding a Report and on a review of key data presented in the Mercantile Register. The method developed has been endorsed by a panel of experts in the field: managers related to innovation, researchers from the University, Agents involved in Institutions binding Motivated management Reports, Managers of innovative SMEs, Business Associations, etc. By providing a systematic analysis, it will be able to make a quantitative and qualitative empirical study of a representative sample of companies, based on the application of this method. With all this, we will achieve the characterization and modeling of the Spanish productive SMEs performing R&D&I, obtaining, a model able to assist Spanish companies to achieve including the R&D&I, in its business strategy, which will generate new possibilities for improving competitiveness.

Posidonia Oceanic is a seaweed from Mediterranean Sea and it is more concentrated at the Balerian SEA. This implies the Valencian Community also. It forms vaste underwater meadows in the sea and are part of the Mediterranean ecosystem. It is a sea-grass specie with fruits and flowers. Leaves are ribbon-like and they grow in winter and at the end of summer some of them are separated and arrive to some sea line. Fuit is separated and can floate, it is known as “the olive of the sea” mainly in Italy, or as the Neptune Balls. As it can be used in different fields, it is is being studied in order ro have the precitice tests. Some authors have reported the manufacturing of fully bio-based comites with a gluten matrix by hot-press molding. And it has been considered as an effective insulator for building industry or even though to determine the presence of mercure in the Mediterranean sea some years ago. As many applications can be designed from that fibers, it has been considered to be bleached in order to used them in fashionable products. Consequently, its original brown color is not the most suitable one and it should be bleached as many other cellulosic fibers. The aim of this paper is to bleache neptune balls however, the inner fibers were not accessible at all and it implied not to bleach the inner fibers in the neptune ball. Further studiesd will consider bleaching the individualized fibers.

Cellulosic textiles mainly cotton fibers, are finished in order to improve their properties, dimensional stability and crease resistance play a considerably important role. These properties can be satisfactory achieved by cross-linking agents, which react with hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibers. Esterification between polycarboxylic acids and cotton cellulosic has been investigated since long ago. Over the past few years, there has been an attention on application of nanoparticles with cross-linking agents to impart other properties to the fabric, such as antimicrobial, flame retardant, water repellency or UV protective. The present study is aimed at imparting polyfunctional finishes on cotton fabrics using polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) which are able to crosslinking with cellulose. 1,2,3,4-butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) have been selected and applied using different concentration on 100% cotton fabrics using pad-dry-cure process. This work is focused on studying the influence of the BTCA concentration on the wrinkle recovery and flexural rigidity behavior. We studied the modification, the wrinkle recovery angle and flexural rigidity. The results of each sample have been compared with the results of the untreated fabric and, as expected, it could be observed differences in behaviour depending on the concentration used. Results from instrumental techniques, showed that the treated sample with 80 g/L BTCA and 40 g/L NaH2PO2 is the best effectiveness of all treated fabrics.

Learning to teach seems to be a product of direct experiential learning. Therefore, in this study, a second-order matching-to-sample task was used to evaluate the didactic discourse that a person can elaborate from his own learning. The research design involved two different phases, learning and teaching. During the learning phase, the participants were trained in the matching task with a procedure that gradually increased its complexity .During the teaching phase, each trained participant had to teach another two participants on how to perform effectively in similar tasks. Results were analyzed in terms of the trained participants’ performance on the task, transference of learning, processes involved in the elaboration of didactic discourse, and the effects of teaching on he apprentices. Data suggest that all participants learned the matching task, either by direct training or by being exposed to didactic discourse. However, differences on performance during transfer tests were found among participants due to the different ways of verbalizing task criteria and effective performance involved in didactic discourse

We disclose herein a synthetic approach for the preparation of an unusual carbon skeleton, which was found in nor-sesquiterpenes isolated from marine corals. The main structural feature of this skeleton is the presence of two contiguous quaternary centers, one of them bears a spiro gamma-butyrolactone moiety. One of the quaternary centers was prepared with moderate stereoselectivity by the conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to 2-methylcyclohexenone, followed by the trapping of the intermediate enolate with allyl bromide to furnish trans-2-allyl-2,3-dimethylcyclohexan-2-one, as a major diastereoisomer. The preparation of the quaternary centers bearing the spiro gamma-butyrolactone moiety was secured by the addition of a suitably functionalized organolithium reagent on trans-2-allyl-2,3-dimetylcyclohexan-2-one, followed by separation of the isomers and two oxidation steps. This strategy has permitted us to report the racemic total synthesis of a non-natural nor-sesquiterpene derivative, in 6 steps and 16% overall yield, from 2-methylcyclohexenone.

La energía nuclear se dio a conocer a la humanidad en agosto del 45 con las explosiones de Hiroshima y Nagasaki y para nadie son desconocidas las huellas que dejaron en la mente de los hombres estos acontecimientos y aún más cercano a nuestros días, los accidentes de las centrales nucleares de la Isla de las Tres Millas y Chernobil. Una frase de nuestro Apóstol José Martí, "¿Para qué, sino para poner paz entre los hombres han de ser los adelantos de la ciencia?", ilustra el camino seguido en el uso pacífico de estos progresos tecnológicos. En la actualidad la tecnología nuclear ha multiplicado sus beneficios de forma permanente en diferentes sectores de la actividad socio-económica, contribuyendo al desarrollo sostenible.

En este texto E. Díaz expone las líneas básicas de su concepción de la filosofía del Derecho.

El autor compara en este trabajo sus tesis a propósito de la obligación de la obediencia al Derecho en un Estado democrático con las sostenidas por Ernesto Garzón Valdés. Ambos comparten la tesis de que la ética puede ofrecer justificación no sólo para la desobediencia al Derecho, sino también para su obediencia. Sin embargo, discrepan a la hora de dar cuenta de la justificación de los límites a la obediencia al Derecho. Mientras que la teoría del coto vedado de Ernesto Garzón Valdés, desde lo que sería un enfoque negativo, habla de «límites» de la democracia y de la regla de las mayorías, el autor prefiere formularlos, desde un enfoque positivo, en términos de imperativos de coherencia con los mismos principios éticos y políticos que definen y justifican a la democracia.

En este artículo se estudia la visión teórica del intelectual en el pensamiento de Norberto Bobbio. En este pensamiento se distingue el modelo de intelectual, caracterizado por la duda (metódica), la razón (crítica) y el diálogo (libre y público), del intelectual real, caracterizado por su labor de suministrar criterios-guía orientados a repercutir en la realidad social. Bobbio reivindica, sin dogmatismos, la dimensión normativa de la noción de intelectual: la tarea específica del mismo será la de prescribir valores.

English walnut (Juglans regia) cultivation has been expanding in recent years in Chile, with a surface of 9,000 ha planted in the Maule Region (35° 26' S, 71° 40' W), central Chile. In a field survey conducted between August (2022) and January (2023) in three localities of the Maule Region, several declined trees were observed. English walnuts exhibited small chlorotic leaves, cankers, dead twigs, and dieback of branches, with an incidence of 10 to 35% of trees affected per orchard. Internally, diseased branches exhibit brown to dark brown wood cankers. Symptomatic branches (n = 30) were collected and surface disinfected with 96% ethanol, and flamed. Pieces of wood (approximately 5 mm) were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), supplemented with 0.005% tetracycline, 0.01% streptomycin, and 0.1% Igepal CO-630 (Díaz et al. 2018), and incubated at 22°C for 5 days in darkness. Four isolates (VLC-1-6-20, VLC-1-10-20, VLC-1-12-20, and VLC-1-15-20) exhibited moderate growth rates (16.4 mm/day), developing a white hue to olivaceous black colonies after 7 days at 22°C on PDA. Chlamydospores were absent. Black pycnidia were formed individually or in clusters. The isolates produced aseptate, hyaline, and fusiform, with base truncate conidia measuring 24.8 ± 1.6 x 6.8 ± 0.63 µm (l/w = 3.1; n = 50). The four isolates characterized were amplified using of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/ITS4), a portion of beta-tubulin (Bt2a/Bt2b), and part of the translation elongation factor 1- α (EF1-728/EF1-968) genes (Phillips et al. 2013). Blast analyses showed 100, 99 and 100 % identity with ex-type isolate PD-484 of Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum for ITS (deposited as GenBank accession no. PP697845 to PP697848), Bt (PP789576 to PP789579) and EF1 (PP830824 to PP830827) regions, respectively. Combined phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 7 software and the maximum likelihood test clustered the four isolates with ex-type of N. nonquaesitum. Pathogenicity was performed using two isolates (VLC-1-6-20 and VLC-1-10-20), which were inoculated in healthy tree walnuts cv. Chandler (8 years old), using 40 μl of mycelial suspension (10 5 fragments of mycelium/ml) on rounded wounds in the middle of each attached young branch (n=30 branches) (Twizeyimana et al. 2013). Sterile distilled water was used as a control treatment. Pathogenicity tests were repeated twice. After 6 months, necrotic streaks with mean lengths of 13 mm and 28 mm were observed in the middle of wounded young branches. No necrotic lesions were observed in the control treatments. Reisolation of N. nonquaesitum was positive (100%) only from inoculated branches and molecularly identified (EF1-a), fulfilling Koch's postulates. Previously, N. nonquaesitum has been reported causing dieback on English walnut in California (Chen et al. 2014). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. nonquaesitum causing canker and branch dieback of English walnut in central Chile. Previously, Diplodia mutila, Dothiorella sarmentorum, and N. austral have been associated with walnut dieback in Chile (Díaz et al. 2018; Iqbal et al. 2023; Barcos et al. 2023). In conclusion, it is imperative to implement epidemiological studies to avoid the spread and severity of branch dieback of walnuts in the Maule region, central Chile.

Hazelnut is among the most important nut crops in Chile, currently covering 46,000 ha. In 2023, the country exported 30,000-ton. In recent years the incidence of plants with internal discoloration, cankers and dieback has been increasing. In some cases, the trees died and had to be removed and, after a year, purple resupinate fruiting bodies were observed growing from the stumps. To determine the etiology of the symptoms and signs, wood samples (n=318) were collected since 2020, from 38 symptomatic orchards from Maule to La Araucanía Regions, primarily from the cvs. Tonda di Giffoni and Lewis. Wood sections 0.5 cm diameter were cut from the symptomatic tissues, disinfected using a sodium hypochlorite (10%) solution, and plated on a quarter-strength acidified potato dextrose agar (aPDA1/4). The plates were incubated and purified on PDA. Subsequently, isolates were identified by morphological and molecular means. Almost half of the isolates (47%) were preliminarily identified as basidiomycetes, based on mycelial features such as the presence of clamp connections, with 45% of them exhibiting abundant whitish cottony fast-growth mycelia, resembling Chondrostereum purpureum (Grinbergs et al ., 2020). DNA was extracted and the 500-bp fragment, located between 5S and 18S ribosomal regions, was amplified using APN1 specific primers (Becker et al . 1999), identifying the isolates as C. purpureum . In addition, 5.8S gene of RGM1 (35°13'40.9"S 71°25'14.1"W), RGM2 (36°31'27.95"S 71°46'58.31"W), RGM3 (37°10'54.8"S 72°03'39.6"W), RGM4 (35°19'25.2"S 71°19'54.7"W) and RGM5 (36°35'30.8"S 72°05'18.8"W) isolates, representing different locations within the hazelnut growing area, was amplified using ITS1/ITS4 primers (White et al ., 1990). The PCR product was sequenced, and the analysis showed 100% homology among isolates (Genebank codes: PP839283, PP839284, PP839285, PP839286 and PP839287, respectively). To determine the pathogenicity of the isolates, 30-cm healthy cuttings cv. Lewis were inoculated with mycelial plugs, while control shoots were inoculated with sterile agar plugs. Cuttings were vertically arranged in pots with 3-cm water and incubated for 60-d at 22°C. In addition, fresh cuts of 3-y potted plants cv. Lewis were inoculated with mycelial plugs and incubated for 137-d in a shadehouse. After incubation, bark was removed from inoculated cuttings and the length of necrotic lesions was measured. Although discoloration was reproduced by all the isolates in both pathogenicity tests, RGM1 isolate was the most aggressive, causing the complete discoloration of the cuttings and the death of the inoculated plants. To our knowledge this is the first report of C. purpureum causing wood disease in hazelnut. These findings are significant because the disease may not only reduce orchard longevity but also decrease fruit yield and quality, as observed in other fruit crops (Grinbergs et al. , 2021).

The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is an important fruit crop cultivated in Chile, with over 17,000 ha planted (46%) in the Maule region, central Chile. During a routine orchard survey in seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, in the Maule region, canker and dieback symptoms were observed in two commercial orchards of European hazelnut cv. Tonda Di Giffoni in San Rafael (8-year-olds) and Linares (15-year-olds), with an incidence between 10% and 36%, respectively, based on external symptoms. Twenty symptomatic branches exhibiting cankers, reduced vigor, wilting, twig death, and dieback, were collected. A cross-section of diseased branches revealed mostly brown V or U-shaped cankers of hard consistency. Branches were cut, and pieces of cankers were surface sterilized in 96% ethanol for 3 s and briefly flamed. Small pieces of wood (5 mm2) from the edge of cankered tissues were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (2% PDA) amended with 0.1% Igepal CO-630 and incubated at 25°C for five days in the dark (Díaz and Latorre 2014). Pure cultures were obtained by transferring a hyphal tip from growing colonies to fresh PDA media. Eight pure cultures (NP-Haz01 to NP-Haz08) developed dark to olive-brown fast-growing colonies with scarce aerial mycelium after seven days at 25°C on PDA under near-UV light. These isolates showed a dark-olive color on the reverse side of Petri dishes and developed abundant, aggregated, and dark-brown globose pycnidia after 21 days at 25°C. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal, densely granulate, externally smooth, and thin-walled dark, that measured (9.5-) 15.5 ±1.2 (-17.3) x (5.1-) 7.2 ± 0.6 (-9.1) µm (n = 30), with a length/width ratio of 2.15. These isolates were tentatively identified morphologically as Neofusicoccum sp. Molecular identification was performed using ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b and EF1-728F/EF1-986R primers of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region, a portion of the beta-tubulin (BT) and part of the translation elongation factor (EF1-) genes, respectively (Dissanayake et al. 2015). A MegaBlast search in GenBank showed a 99% similarity to isolate CMW9081, the ex-type of Neofusicocum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips. The sequences were added to GenBank (OR393855 to OR393857 for ITS; OR400688 to OR400690 for BT; OR400691 to OR400693 for EF1-). Pathogenicity of three isolates (NP-Haz02, NP-Haz04, NP-Haz09) was studied on freshly made pruning wounds on attached branches of 3-year-old and one-year-old of European hazelnut cv. Tonda Di Giffoni in the San Rafael field. Fifteen pruning wounds were inoculated with 40 µL conidial suspension (105 conidia/mL) of each isolate of N. parvum. Sterile distilled water was used as a control treatment (n=15 branches) for branches of 3-year-olds and one-year-olds. Both pathogenicity tests were repeated once. Attached branches of 3-year-olds (6 months of incubation) and one-year-olds (4 months of incubation), developed necrotic streaks and cankers with a mean length of 33 to 82 mm and 25 to 51 mm, respectively. No necrotic streaks were observed in the branches treated with water. Neofusicoccum parvum was reisolated only from symptomatic tissues of inoculated branches, and morphological and molecularly (EF1-) identified, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Previously, other Botryosphaeriaceae spp. as Diplodia coryli (Guerrero and Pérez 2012) and D. mutila (Moya-Elizondo et al. 2023) have been obtained from canker and dieback of hazelnut in Chile. Recently, N. parvum was reported causing nut rot in hazelnuts in Italy (Wagas et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing canker and branch dieback of hazelnut trees in Chile and worldwide.

During the harvest of 2020 and 2021, sweet cherry (Prunus avium) fruit showed a firm rot with irregular pale to dark brown lesions on the fruit surface, with green to light brown fungal growth resembling Alternaria-like infection (Simmons, 2007). Diseased cherries (n= 80 fruit) were collected at harvest in mature (over 10-year-old) commercial orchards of cherry tree varieties Lapins, Regina, Santina, Skeena, and Sweetheart planted in four localities of the regions O´Higgins (33°59´ S, 70°42´W; San Francisco de Mostazal and Graneros) and Maule (35°00'S, 71°23´W; Curicó and Sagrada Familia), Central Chile. The incidence of black rot was 1.9 and 3.2% in O´Higgins and Maule region, respectively, and it was increased to up to 5% during cold storage. The fruit collected previously, were transported to the lab, and surface disinfected in 75% ethanol for 15 s, and rinsed in sterile water. Internal pieces from the junction of diseased and healthy tissues of fruits were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA, 2%) for 7 days at 20°C. Forty-two isolates of Alternaria-like (Simmons, 2007) were recovered consistently from pure cultures taking hyphal tips from 7 days old cultures. On PDA, 28 isolates (group A) were characterized by cottony, white-gray to green colonies and conidial chains (4 to 10 conidia) with secondary chains (1 to 5 conidia) branching on the conidiophore. Conidia were ovate to obclavate (mean 22.8 ± 5.1 x 8.8 ± 1.5 μm; n=40) with 3 to 7 transepta and 1 longisepta. The remaining 14 isolates (group B) were characterized by cottony, olive-green to olive-brown colonies following a ring pattern of growth and white margins, with conidial chains (4 to 14 conidia) and uncommon secondary chains (1 to 4 conidia). Conidia were obpyriform to ovate, light brown to brown with a cylindrical short beak at the tip (mean 24.7 ± 5.9 × 11.2 ± 1.3 μm; n=40) with 2 to 4 transepta, and 0 to 2 longisepta. Two representative isolates of group A (Sant-02-2020 and Bing-03-2020) and group B (Sant-26-2021 and Skeen-43-2021) were amplified for the Alternaria major allergen (Alt a1), plasma membrane ATPase (ATP), and calmodulin (Cal) loci following the protocols described by Hong et al. (2005) and Lawrence et al. (2013). A MegaBlast search of sequences of group A (GenBank nos. OR267293- OR267294, OR258001- OR258002, and OR267297- OR267298, for Alt a1, ATP, and Cal, respectively) showed 100% similarity to strains UCD10529 and UCD10539 of A. alternata, and group B (GenBank nos. OR267295- OR267296, OR258003- OR258004, and OR258005- OR258006, for Alt a1, ATP, and Cal, respectively) showed 100% similarity to strains EGS 34-015 and A30 of A. tenuissima. Combined phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X clustered isolates Sant-02-2020 and Bing-03-2020, and Sant-26-2021 and Skeen-43-2021 with ex-type of A. alternata and A. tenuissima, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using isolates of A. alternata (Sant-02-2020; Bing-03-2020) and A. tenuissima (Sant-26-2021; Skeen-43-2021). Detached ripe cherry fruit var. Sweetheart (n=40 fruits/isolate) and Regina (n=40 fruits/isolate) were surfaces disinfested (75% ethanol, 30 s), wounded in the middle with a sterile needle (2 mm in depth), and inoculated with 20 μL of conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL). An equal number of healthy cherries (n=40 fruits) treated with sterile water were used as controls. The experiment was repeated once. All inoculated fruit incubated for 7 days at 22°C, developed between 13 ± 2.7 to 23 ± 2.5 mm and 14.1 ± 1.1 to 19 ± 3.6 mm in lesion diameter for A. alternata and A. tenuissima isolates, respectively. Koch´s postulates were fulfilled by 100% reisolation of the causal pathogen from inoculated fruit, and molecular identification of A. alternata and A. tenuissima isolates. Previously, A. alternata has been described as causing rots on cherries in Chile (Acuña 2010), and China (Zhao and Liu, 2012; Ahmad et al., 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of cherry black rot caused by A. alternata and A. tenuissima in Central Chile. Epidemiological studies are necessary to develop integrated management of cherry black rot in Central Chile.

MINERvA has measured the ν&#95;{μ}-induced coherent π^{+} cross section simultaneously in hydrocarbon (CH), graphite (C), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) targets using neutrinos from 2 to 20 GeV. The measurements exceed the predictions of the Rein-Sehgal and Berger-Sehgal PCAC based models at multi-GeV ν&#95;{μ} energies and at produced π^{+} energies and angles, E&#95;{π}>1  GeV and θ&#95;{π}<10°. Measurements of the cross-section ratios of Fe and Pb relative to CH reveal the effective A scaling to increase from an approximate A^{1/3} scaling at few GeV to an A^{2/3} scaling for E&#95;{ν}>10  GeV.

Neutrino-induced charged-current single π^{+} production in the Δ(1232) resonance region is of considerable interest to accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. In this Letter, high statistic differential cross sections are reported for the semiexclusive reaction ν&#95;{μ}A→μ^{-}π^{+}+ nucleon(s) on scintillator, carbon, water, iron, and lead targets recorded by MINERvA using a wideband ν&#95;{μ} beam with ⟨E&#95;{ν}⟩≈6  GeV. Suppression of the cross section at low Q^{2} and enhancement of low T&#95;{π} are observed in both light and heavy nuclear targets compared with phenomenological models used in current neutrino interaction generators. The cross sections per nucleon for iron and lead compared with CH across the kinematic variables probed are 0.8 and 0.5 respectively, a scaling which is also not predicted by current generators.

Objective: To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prenatal care of pregnant Hispanic women living in Puerto Rico., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The participants' profiles were determined through an online questionnaire to analyze COVID-19 related behaviors and experiences., Results: Our sample comprised 131 women with an average age of 28 years (±5.3 years). Most of the population was pregnant at the time of the interview (74.8%; n = 98), and the rest were in their post-partum period. Overall, 46.5% (n = 61) of the patients indicated that their prenatal care did not change during the pandemic. In addition, 92.50% (n = 111) reported not altering their plans for breastfeeding their babies. Overall, 77.86% of the participants reported feeling scared or overwhelmed due to the current pandemic, and 97% agreed that COVID testing should be performed as a screening method in all pregnant females., Conclusion: Our findings describe the characteristics of pregnant Hispanic females living in Puerto Rico. The majority reported adhering adequately to their health services, with few or no changes in their prenatal care.

Introduction: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (MIS-C), a novel hyperinflammatory condition secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is associated with severe outcomes such as coronary artery aneurysm and death., Methods: This multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study including eight centers in Mexico, aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with MIS-C. Patient data were evaluated using latent class analysis (LCA) to categorize patients into three phenotypes: toxic shock syndrome-like (TSSL)-MIS-C, Kawasaki disease-like (KDL)-MIS-C, and nonspecific MIS-C (NS-MIS-C). Risk factors for adverse outcomes were estimated using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression., Results: The study included 239 patients with MIS-C, including 61 (26%), 70 (29%), and 108 (45%) patients in the TSSL-MIS-C, KDL-MIS-C, and NS-MIS-C groups, respectively. Fifty-four percent of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 42%, 78%, and 41% received intravenous immunoglobulin, systemic glucocorticoids, and anticoagulants, respectively. Coronary artery dilatation and aneurysms were found in 5.7% and 13.2% of the patients in whom coronary artery diameter was measured, respectively. Any cause in-hospital mortality was 5.4%. Hospitalization after ten days of symptoms was associated with coronary artery abnormalities (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.0). Age ≥10 years (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 1.4-2.04), severe underlying condition (OR: 9.3, 95% CI: 2.8-31.0), platelet count <150,000 /mm 3 (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.2-14.7), international normalized ratio >1.2 (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.05-13.9), and serum ferritin concentration >1,500 mg/dl at admission (OR: 52, 95% CI: 5.9-463) were risk factors for death., Discussion: Mortality in patients with MIS-C was higher than reported in other series, probably because of a high rate of cases with serious underlying diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Yamazaki-Nakashimada, Márquez-González, Miranda-Novales, Neme Díaz, Prado Duran, Luévanos Velázquez, Castilla-Peon, González-García, Sánchez Duran, Márquez Aguirre, Villasis-Keever, Aragón Nogales, Núñez-Enríquez, Martinez Bustamante, Aguilar Argüello, Ramírez de los Santos, Pérez Barrera, Palacios Cantú, Membrila Mondragón, Vizcarra Alvarado, Jiménez Juárez, Olivar López, Velasco-Segura and López Chávez.)

This Letter presents the first simultaneous measurement of the quasielasticlike neutrino-nucleus cross sections on C, water, Fe, Pb, and scintillator (hydrocarbon or CH) as a function of longitudinal and transverse muon momentum. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon between Pb and CH is always above unity and has a characteristic shape as a function of transverse muon momentum that evolves slowly as a function of longitudinal muon momentum. The ratio is constant versus longitudinal momentum within uncertainties above a longitudinal momentum of 4.5  GeV/c. The cross section ratios to CH for C, water, and Fe remain roughly constant with increasing longitudinal momentum, and the ratios between water or C to CH do not have any significant deviation from unity. Both the overall cross section level and the shape for Pb and Fe as a function of transverse muon momentum are not reproduced by current neutrino event generators. These measurements provide a direct test of nuclear effects in quasielasticlike interactions, which are major contributors to long-baseline neutrino oscillation data samples.

Scattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams 1 . The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon 2 . Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, providing an additional, complementary probe of their structure. The nucleon transition axial form factor, F A , can be measured from neutrino scattering from free nucleons, ν μ n → μ - p and [Formula: see text], as a function of the negative four-momentum transfer squared (Q 2 ). Up to now, F A (Q 2 ) has been extracted from the bound nucleons in neutrino-deuterium scattering 3-9 , which requires uncertain nuclear corrections 10 . Here we report the first high-statistics measurement, to our knowledge, of the [Formula: see text] cross-section from the hydrogen atom, using the plastic scintillator target of the MINERvA 11 experiment, extracting F A from free proton targets and measuring the nucleon axial charge radius, r A , to be 0.73 ± 0.17 fm. The antineutrino-hydrogen scattering presented here can access the axial form factor without the need for nuclear theory corrections, and enables direct comparisons with the increasingly precise lattice quantum chromodynamics computations 12-15 . Finally, the tools developed for this analysis and the result presented are substantial advancements in our capabilities to understand the nucleon structure in the weak sector, and also help the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments 16-20 to better constrain neutrino interaction models., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the most important phytosanitary problems that affect grapevines ( Vitis vinifera ) worldwide. In Chile, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is the major fungal trunk pathogen associated with GTDs. In the vineyards, the natural infections by P. chlamydospora are associated with air-borne conidia dispersed onto fresh pruning wounds from pycnidia. These pruning wounds are considered an important entrance for fungal trunk pathogens such as P. chlamydospora in the host in the field. However, the duration of the susceptibility of grapevine annual pruning wounds to P. chlamydospora is still unknown in Chile. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the period of susceptibility of pruning wounds of different ages to artificial infection of P. chlamydospora on grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, Central Chile. Artificial inoculations of a conidial suspension (10 5 conidia/mL) of P. chlamydospora were used to determine the susceptibility of pruning wounds of different ages, from 1, 15, 30, and 45 days after pruning. The experiments were conducted on lignified cuttings in a greenhouse, and on vine spurs in two vineyards (Buin and Nancagua, Central Chile) during two consecutive seasons. The results indicated that the pruning wounds of grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon were very susceptible to infections by P. chlamydospora , with a percentage of pruning wounds infected from 97 to 71% for cuttings, and 96% to 60% for spurs, during the first 15 days after pruning. However, the susceptibility of pruning wounds of different ages in cuttings and spurs of grapevine, generally decreased as the time from pruning to inoculation increased. Moreover, the pruning wounds the pruning wounds remained susceptible to artificial inoculation by P. chlamydospora for up 45 days after pruning with percent of wounds infected from 8.0 to 12.2, and 8.3 to 18.8% on cuttings and spurs of grapevine, respectively. Finally, this study constitutes study constitutes the first research focalized on the susceptibility of pruning wounds of various ages of grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon to artificial inoculations by P. chlamydospora in Central Chile., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the study was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Díaz and Latorre.)

False shamrock (Oxalis triangularis), native to South America, is an ornamental and popular plant bulb, commercialized for their attractive shape and color (purple triangular leaves) (Taha et al., 2013). In Chile, a rust was detected in O. triangularis plants growing from April to June in several gardens (n=10) in the city of Valdivia, estimating a disease incidence between 80 and 100%. The symptoms appeared as diffuse chlorotic spots from the upperside of leaves, where infected tissues eventually become completely necrotic, and yellow rust pustules were observed on the underside of leaves. Severe symptoms on infected leaves were consistently observed, showing necrosis on entire leaves. Symptomatic plants (n=50) were collected, and three representative isolates from different localities (OX1, OX2, and OX3) were used for morphological and genetic identification. Uredinia (n=20) were hypophyllous, erumpent, yellow, and irregularly distributed, with sizes from 340 to 850 μm in diameter. Urediniospores (n=150) were yellow, subglobose to globose, equinulate, with measures of 14.2 - 17.7 x 14.7 - 17.2 µm. Teliospores were absent. Based on morphological characters, this rust was identified as a Puccinia sp. These morphological characteristics coincided with those indicated by Šafránková (2014), Abbasi et al. (2018), and Khouader et al. (2018). To classify this rust genetically, sequences analyses were performed using the ITS region of the rDNA (ITS4/ITS5) (White et al., 1990). The DNA was extracted using a commercial kit. The results indicated 99% similarity with two reference sequences of P. oxalidis (MH325473 and MH325474) available at GenBank (NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). The sequences obtained were deposited in GenBank (ON259085 to ON259087). Based on the maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree, the sequences of Chilean isolates were clustered with those of P. oxalidis references. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using three isolates (OX1 to OX3). Surface disinfection of leaves of O. triangularis (n=36 plants), were performed by spraying 1% NaOCl solution for 1 min. Subsequently, 2 mL of urediniospores suspensions of each isolate (OX1 to OX3) at a concentration of 106 urediniospores/mL, were sprayed with an atomizer on the underside of the leaves of all plants. Urediniospores were obtained following the methodology proposed by Ferrada et al. (2020). Control leaves were disinfested and inoculated with sterile distilled water. Plants of O. triangularis of 90-day-old were incubated in a humid chamber (24°C, 80% HR), with a photoperiod of 12 light /12 dark. At 11 days post-inoculation, all leaves inoculated developed chlorosis spots and pulverulent pustules (averaged 10.9 to 25.4 pustules per leaf), and then at 26 days post-inoculation, affected leaves showed necrotic tissues. The identity of these isolates was confirmed morphologically. The symptoms in the control leaves were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple occurrences of the leaf rust disease on gardens of false shamrock caused by P. oxalidis in Valdivia, south of Chile. Previously, P. oxalidis has been reported to cause leaf rust disease in O. triangularis in the Czech Republic (Šafránková, 2014) and O. debilis in Korea (Lee et al., 2018). The leaf rust disease could represent a threat to the ornamental gardens of O. triangularis in Valdivia. Currently, epidemiological studies of leaf rust disease are necessary to develop management strategies in gardens of O. triangularis.

English walnut (Juglans regia), cv. Chandler is the most cultivated tree nut in Chile, with 43,734 ha. In Maule Region, central Chile, English walnut plantings have expanded over an additional 7,000 ha in the last five years. During a routine orchard survey in 2019, branch and twig dieback symptoms were observed in two commercial orchards located in San Rafael (10 years old) and Longaví (12 years old) in the Maule Region, with an incidence of 45% to 65% of affected trees, respectively. Symptomatic branch samples (n = 15) were collected from the two commercial orchards and transported to the laboratory in a cooler and then surface sterilized in 96% ethanol for 3 s and briefly flamed. Cross-section of symptomatic branches revealed brown to dark-brown wedge-shaped wood cankers. Small (5 mm) pieces of wood from the edge of cankered tissues were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA, 2%) amended with 0.005% tetracycline, 0.01% streptomycin, and 0.1% Igepal CO-630 (PDAm) (Díaz and Latorre 2014) and incubated at 25°C for five days in the dark. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring a hyphal tip from growing colonies to fresh PDA media. Each fungal isolate was recovered from a single diseased branch (47%). Seven isolates (Dsar-1 to Dsar-7) developed dark to olive-brown fast-growing colonies with scarce aerial mycelium after seven days at 25°C on PDA. These isolates showed a dark-olive color on the reverse side of Petri dishes and developed abundant, aggregated, and dark-brown pycnidia after 15 days at 25°C. Conidia were hyaline and aseptate, dark brown, 1-septate, with a brown wall, ovoid with a broadly rounded apex and truncated base, (17.5-) 19.5 ±1.2 (-22.0) x (7.6-) 8.9 ± 0.6 (-10.1) µm (n = 30). These isolates were tentatively identified morphologically as Dothiorella sp. (Phillips et al. 2005). Molecular identification was performed using ITS1/ITS4 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R primers (White et al. 1990; Dissanayake et al. 2015) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and part of the translation elongation factor (EF1-) genes, respectively. A MegaBlast search in GenBank showed a 100% similarity to isolate CBS 115038, the ex-type of Dothiorella sarmentorum. The sequences were added to GenBank (OM161950 to OM161956 for ITS; OM177188 to OM177194 for EF1-). Pathogenicity of two isolates (Dsar-2 and Dsar-7) was tested in the orchard on freshly made pruning wounds on attached branches of 2-year-old-pruned English walnut trees cv. Chandler. A second pathogenicity test was done on freshly made pruning wounds in 1-year-old rooted cuttings (n=15) (40 cm of long) of English walnut cv. Chandler. Each pruning wound was inoculated with 40 µL conidial suspension (105 conidia/mL). Sterile distilled water was used as a control treatment. Both pathogenicity tests were repeated once. After seven months for attached branches and four months for rooted plants, necrotic streaks with a mean length of 81.3 and 44.5 mm were observed below the inoculated pruning wounds, respectively. No necrotic streaks were observed in any of the control wounds. Dothiorella sarmentorum was 100% reisolated from symptomatic tissues of inoculated branches and molecularly identified (EF1-), thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Recently, D. sarmentorum has been reported causing English walnut dieback in Spain (López-Moral et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. sarmentorum causing branch dieback of English walnut in Chile. Further studies are needed to know the impact and extent of canker and branch dieback of walnut in commercial orchards in the Maule Region, central Chile.

Background: Emotional and stress-related disorders show high incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and comorbidity rates in Mexico. In recent decades, research findings indicate that cognitive behavioral interventions, from a disorder-specific perspective, are the effective front-line treatment for anxiety and depression care. However, these treatments are not often used. Reasons include limited access and low availability to effective interventions and comorbidity between mental disorders. Emotional deregulation of negative affectivity has been found to be a mediating factor in addressing emotional disorders from a transdiagnostic perspective, aimed at two or more specific disorders. In addition, technological advancement has created alternatives for psychological assistance, highlighting the possibilities offered by technologies since Internet-supported intervention programs have been empirically tested for effectiveness, efficiency and efficacy and can be key to ensuring access to those who are inaccessible. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy, moderators of clinical change and acceptability of a transdiagnostic guided Internet-delivered intervention versus a transdiagnostic self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for emotional, trauma and stress-related disorders, and waiting list in community sample., Methods: A three-armed, parallel group, superiority randomized controlled clinical trial with repeated measurements at four times: pretest, posttest, follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Outcomes assessor, participant, care provider and investigator will be blinded. Participants aged 18 to 70 years will be randomly allocated 1:1:1 to one of three study arms: a) Transdiagnostic guided internet-delivered intervention with synchronous assistance, b) Transdiagnostic self-guided internet-delivered intervention, c) Waiting list group. Based on sample size estimation, a minimum of 207 participants (69 in each intervention group) will be included., Discussion: The study could contribute to improving the efficacy of transdiagnostic internet-delivered interventions to promote the dissemination of evidence-based treatments and eventually, to decrease the high prevalence of emotional and trauma-related disorders in the Mexican population., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT05225701 . Registered February 4, 2022., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Neutrino charged-current quasielastic-like scattering, a reaction category extensively used in neutrino oscillation measurements, probes nuclear effects that govern neutrino-nucleus interactions. This Letter reports the first measurement of the triple-differential cross section for ν&#95;{μ} quasielastic-like reactions using the hydrocarbon medium of the MINERvA detector exposed to a wideband beam spanning 2≤E&#95;{ν}≤20  GeV. The measurement maps the correlations among transverse and longitudinal muon momenta and summed proton kinetic energies, and compares them to predictions from a state-of-art simulation. Discrepancies are observed that likely reflect shortfalls with modeling of pion and nucleon intranuclear scattering and/or spectator nucleon ejection from struck nuclei. The separate determination of leptonic and hadronic variables can inform experimental approaches to neutrino-energy estimation.

Apple (Malus × domestica) is an important fruit crop in Chile, with a cultivated area of 32,313 ha concentrated (63%) in Maule Region (35°25' S). Unusual core rot on 'Fuji' apples was observed at harvest in a commercial orchard in Curicó, Maule Region, with an incidence ranged between 22 to 35% in 2018 and 2019. Previously, in 2017, an incidence of 30% was estimated on 'Fuji' fruits destined to the Asian market. Internal decay symptoms consisted of dry, corky light to dark-brown tissue, within the seed locules initially. In moderate to severe cases, the necrotic lesion progresses deeper into the mesoderm. External symptoms were quite subtle, and typically, the disease goes unnoticed. However, infected fruit ripen earlier. Small pieces (2-3 mm) from the internal lesion margin of symptomatic apples (n = 50) were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (2%) and incubated at 20°C for 10 days. Pure cultures (n = 41) were obtained and transferred to Malt Extract Agar (MEA) (2%). Colonies on MEA produced an even to slight undulating buff margin with white woolly aerial mycelium, and immerse ochreous in the center, changing gray to olivaceous aerial mycelium with age. On the underside, colonies were umber and buff in the center and margin, respectively. After 10 days, numerous densely aggregate dark-brown mature pycnidia were observed. Aseptate conidia were subglobose to cylindrical, straight, and sometimes curved with rounded at both ends, that was initially hyaline to pale olive, thin, smooth wall with mean dimensions of (2.9-) 3.4 (-4.4) x (1.5-) 1.8 (2.2) µm (n=50). Based on morphology, the fungus was identified as Kalmusia variispora (Verkley et al. 2014). The internal transcribed space (ITS), portion of β-tubulin (TUB), and large subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU) loci were used for molecular identification, using primers ITS4/ITS5, Bt2a/Bt2b, and LR0R/LR5 (Ariyawansa et al., 2014). BLAST searches indicated 100% identity with K. variispora (ex-type CBS 121517). The maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis placed Chilean isolates in the K. variispora clade. Sequences were deposited in GenBank (OL711706 to OL711709, OL739499 to OL739502 and OL711710 to OL711713 for ITS, TUB and LSU, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted using four K. variispora isolates. 'Fuji' apples (n = 20) were surface disinfested (75% ethanol, 30 s) and then wounded and inoculated with conidial suspension (50 L of 106 conidia/mL) deposited in the middle and into the core region using a sterile fine-tipped micropipette. Additionally, 20 one-year dormant rooted cuttings 'Fuji' and 'Cripps Pink' were pruned and immediately inoculated on the pruning wound. An equal number of apples and rooted cuttings treated with sterile water were used as controls. The experiments were repeated once. All inoculated fruits developed lateral lesions (22 to 37 mm) and dry core rot (18 to 36 mm) symptoms identical to those described in the original outbreak, after 20 days at 20°C in a commercial packing box. The inoculated cuttings produced canker lesions of 10 to 21 mm in length, and dieback symptoms were observed after 3 months. No symptoms were observed on the negative controls. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by 100% reisolating K. variispora. Previously, Alternaria spp. have been reported as the primary pathogen associated with moldy core and dry core rot of apples worldwide (McLeod et al., 2014) and in Chile (Elfar et al., 2018). However, Kalmusia spp. have been associated with dry core rot in apples (McLeod et al., 2014) and have been isolated from canker symptoms on apples in Chile (Díaz et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a severe outbreak of K. variispora causing dry core rot in apples in Chile and worldwide.