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[ES]: Actualmente existe una gran controversia relativa a la falta de definición respecto a lo que se considera un consumo moderado de bebidas alcohólicas desde el punto de vista de la salud, ya que, a su vez, debería ser un consumo socialmente aceptado. Aunque no existe una definición universalmente consensuada de consumo moderado, se considera como tal la cantidad por debajo de 10-12 g de alcohol al día para mujeres y de no más de 20-24 g alcohol al día para hombres. Estas diferencias se deben a la menor capacidad de las mujeres para metabolizar el alcohol. De acuerdo con la evidencia científica, parece aceptarse que el consumo moderado de cerveza puede colaborar en mantener una adecuada calidad de la dieta, ya que aporta vitaminas del complejo B (vitamina B6, B12 y folatos) y minerales (magnesio), entre otros nutrientes, así como polifenoles y carbohidratos complejos. En referencia a la salud, se ha atribuido a la cerveza un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular, asociado a un mejor perfil lipídico. Todo ello podría indicar un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular. También es importante señalar que el posible efecto beneficioso de un consumo moderado de bebidas fermentadas (como la cerveza) está asociado a otros factores como el sexo, la edad y el patrón de consumo a lo largo de la vida., [EN]: There is currently a great controversy about the lack of definition regarding the concept of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages from the point of view of health, since, in turn, it should be a socially accepted consumption. Although still there is not a global agreement about the definition of “moderate consumption”, it is considered as such the amount below 10-12 g alcohol/day for women and no more than 20-24g alcohol/day for men. These differences are because that women are not capable as men to metabolise alcohol. According to the scientific evidence, moderate consumption of beer seems to be accepted to maintain an adequate quality of the diet, as it provides vitamins B (vitamin B6, B12 and folates) and minerals (magnesium) among other nutrients, as well as poliphenols and complex carbohydrates. In terms of health, a moderate beer consumption may play a protective role at cardiovascular levels, associated with an enhanced lipid profile. It should be highlighted the possible beneficial effects of a moderate consumption of fermented beverages (such as beer) is associated with other factors, such as gender, age, as well as the pattern of consumption throughout life.

Trabajo presentado a la XII ISIN Conference on Immunonutrition, celebrada virtualmente del 14 al 16 de julio de 2021.

Trabajo presentado a la I Jornada Científica de la Asociación para el Estudio de los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (AEETCA): "Retos en el estudio y tratamiento de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario”, celebrada virtual y presencialmente el 15 de diciembre de 2021., La linfocitosis relativa encontrada en nuestros estudios es consecuencia de una mayor producción relativa de linfocitos T y linfocitos B, a medida que avanza la pérdida de masa corporal. Este resultado parece ser un mecanismo de adaptación para mantener el número de linfocitos y en particular, la subpoblación T CD4+ naïve, probablemente para salvaguardar la respuesta inmune adaptativa.

Trabajo presentado a la XII ISIN Conference on Immunonutrition, celebrada on-line del 14 al 16 de julio de 2021.

Trabajo presentado a la XII ISIN Conference on Immunonutrition, celebrada on-line del 14 al 16 de julio de 2021.

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 14ª Reunión de la Red Española de Bacterias Lácticas (RedBAL), celebrada on-line del 8 al 10 de septiembre de 2021., RED2018-102393-T and Plan Estatal I+D+i Retos, ref. AGL2017-86044-C2-1-R y fondos FEDER.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al III Congreso de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética: "Combinar la nutrición comunitaria y personalizada: nuevos retos", sesión titulada "Mesa 3: Nuytrición y COVID-19, celebrado del 23 al 27 de noviembre de 2020.

Trabajo presentado al XI Workshop de la Sociedad Española de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos, celebrado los días 12, 13 y 14 de febrero de 2020 en Granada.

2ª edición.

Trabajo presentado al IV Congreso Virtual de FESNAD: "Una alimentación sostenible para una nutrición saludable", celebrado del 3 al 6 de noviembre en Zaragoza., [Introducción]: Una de las problemáticas al realizar ensayos clínicos con sujetos prediabéticos es la búsqueda de voluntarios. Las alteraciones del control de la glucosa en sangre afectan a un 30% de la población, aunque en muchos casos pasa desapercibida hasta que la diabetes se hace patente clínicamente. La concienciación acerca de la necesidad de prevenir es importante., [Objetivos]: Estudiar la procedencia de los sujetos participantes en un proyecto de investigación de intervención nutricional en sujetos prediabéticos actualmente en marcha., [Método]: Se emplearon diversas estrategias de difusión del estudio: 1) derivación desde Centros de Atención Primaria (CAP), 2) carteles en el campus universitario y en centros culturales de varios distritos de Madrid, 3) por correo electrónico a entidades varias, 4) participantes de estudios anteriores, 5) difusión “boca a boca” y 6) anuncios en páginas webs. Tras la fase de screening, utilizando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los voluntarios pasan a la fase de consentimiento informado y participación., [Resultados]: Desde octubre de 2018 hasta la fecha actual se ha establecido contacto con 124 sujetos (78 mujeres y 46 hombres). El 41,9% de individuos procede de los CAP, el 21,8% de carteles, el 12,9% de estudios anteriores, el 12,1% de correos electrónicos y el 11,3% del “boca a boca”. Los motivos de exclusión más frecuentes son: no estar interesado (30,4%), tratamiento hipoglucemiante (Metformina) (26,8%), valores normales de glucosa (21,4%), falta de disponibilidad (12,5%), enfermedad (3,6%), edad, IMC y otros medicamentos (1,8% cada uno). Del total de sujetos contactados, 39,5% ha participado en el estudio y 15,3% podría participar en un futuro. De los voluntarios participantes la mayoría son mujeres (63,3%)., [Conclusiones]: Los resultados reflejan las dificultades de reclutamiento en buena medida debidas a la falta de concienciación de la población de la necesidad de prevenir la diabetes y de promover la salud.

2ª edición.

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la Reunión Anual de Sociedades de Biociencias: LXV Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Clínica (SAIC) - LXVIII Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de inmunología (SAI) - Reuniópn Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Fisiología (SAFIS), celebrada del 10 al 13 de noviembre de 2020 en Buenos Aires (Argentina).

Trabajo presentado al XI Workshop de la Sociedad Española de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos, celebrado los días 12, 13 y 14 de febrero de 2020 en Granada., [Introducción]: La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 se constituye como una de las principales enfermedades que asolan a la población española llegando a niveles preocupantes. Especialmente relevante resulta la existencia de factores concomitantes como la obesidad. En este sentido, se ha descrito que el metabolismo del hierro podría estar implicado, pero este tema es muy controvertido., [Objetivos]: Describir las características de una población con diabetes tipo 2 de larga duración, y evaluar la relación entre los parámetros clásicos relacionados con la diabetes y los parámetros del metabolismo del hierro., [Método]: El presente estudio consiste en un estudio observacional transversal con datos procedentes del estudio DIabetes CArdiovascular RIsk of VAllecas (DICARIVA). Se reclutaron 537 diabéticos y se recogieron datos referentes a la medicación, años de evolución de la enfermedad, antropometría (IMC, perímetro de cintura), control de la diabetes (hemoglobina glicosilada) y marcadores bioquímicos de inflamación (proteína C-reactiva, fibrinógeno) y del metabolismo del hierro (hierro sérico, ferritina, transferrina, saturación de la transferrina). Se compararon 3 grupos: A) no obesos, perímetro de cintura normal; B) obesos, cintura normal; C) obesos, cintura elevada., [Resultados]: La edad media de los sujetos fue 62±13 y 67±10 en hombres y mujeres respectivamente. El IMC fue significativamente mayor en mujeres (p, [Conclusiones]: En la población de diabéticos tipo 2 de larga duración estudiada, la obesidad abdominal se relaciona con menor estado del hierro. Dada su relevancia, los parámetros relacionados con el hierro han de tenerse en cuenta a la hora de establecer el seguimiento al paciente diabético., Iniciativa de Empleo Juvenil, Fondo Social Europeo (CAMPD17_ICTAN_003), UCM-Santander.

2ª edición.

Trabajo presentado al IV Congreso Virtual de FESNAD: "Una alimentación sostenible para una nutrición saludable", celebrado del 3 al 6 de noviembre en Zaragoza.

[Introduction]: Psychological and neuroendocrine alterations are typical characteristics in anorexia nervosa patients. The role of adipokines and cytokines as mediators of body systems’ adaptations to the patients’ abnormal eating behavior is not well understood. The duration of disease seems to be a determinant of nutritional status and associated hormone changes. We aimed to assess whether alterations in adipokines, cytokines and cortisol do already exist in patients with a recent disease onset by means of a case–control study. [Methods]: Forty-one adolescent female patients on their first-episode and diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, were matched by age and socioeconomic status (SES) (1:1) with healthy girls. Leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adiponectin, cortisol, and the cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α were examined. [Results]: The results showed reduced leptin and increased sOB-R and cortisol levels in AN patients. Adiponectin was also increased but opposite to the previous biomarkers did not correlate with BMI Z-score. Serum TNF-α and IL-2 showed significantly lower and higher values, respectively, in the AN patients than in the controls. Cortisol showed the strongest correlation with sOB-R (r=0.436; P=0.005). [Conclusions]: Our study confirms previous findings on adipokine and cortisol alterations in AN patients, while overall cytokine results did not show a clear disruption in AN patients with short disease duration. The results highlight the need to disentangle the role of the sOB-R in the interactions between leptin and cortisol secretion.

Trabajo presentado al X Workshop de la Sociedad Española de Probióticos y Prebióticos (SEPYP), celebrado en Gran Canaria del 6 al 8 de febrero 2019., [Background]: The promotion of beneficial commensal bacteria in the gut, along with an increased short chain fatty acid production (SCFA), have been postulated as potential mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of a high fiber intake on health. [Objective]: To assess the influence of fiber consumption on short chain fatty acid production and the abundance of bacteria belonging to Clostridia class in healthy adults. [Methodology]: 261 adults aged between 25-50 y, not suffering chronic disease or following medical treatment were included (51% males). Short chain fatty acid production (acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric) was analysed by gas chromatography, and gut microbiota composition through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3+V4 gene regions. MiSeq 2x270 Illumina) and taxonomic analysis. Fiber consumption (FC) habits were analyzed by a food frequency questionnaire, and the following groups were considered: Low (25 g/day). General linear models were used to assess fiber consumption effect on the studied variables, with FC groups, gender and BMI-fat groups as fixed factors, and age and energy as covariables. Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparisons. [Results]: The levels of acetic and butyric acid were higher in the high and medium FC groups compared to the low FC group, only reaching statistical significance for the latter (Medium vs. Low: P=0.021 and P=0.034, respectively). On the other hand, the high FC group showed higher levels of Clostridiaceae compared to the low FC group (P=0.026), as well as higher Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels (P=0.018). In addition, both acetic and butyric acids were positively correlated to F.prausnitzii levels (P

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 13ª Reunión de la Red Española de Bacterias Lácticas (RedBAL), celebrada en el Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC) en Madrid del 17 al 18 de junio de 2019., ERAB (Ref:14.44).

Resumen del trabajo presentado a las III Jornadas Científicas CIAL Fórum, celebradas del 22 al 23 de noviembre de 2018 en el Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL)., [Introducción] La modulación de grupos bacterianos beneficiosos, así como la producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta, son dos de los mecanismos postulados que relacionan el consumo de fibra con beneficios sobre la salud del huésped., [Objetivo] Evaluar la relación entre el consumo de fibra, la producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) y la abundancia de grupos bacterianos pertenecientes a la clase Clostridia en adultos sanos., [Metodologia] Estudio observacional llevado a cabo en 261 adultos sanos (51% hombres) entre 25-50 años, sin enfermedades crónicas ni consumo crónico de medicamentos. El análisis de los AGCC (acético, propiónico, butírico, isobutírico, valérico e isovalérico) se llevó a cabo mediante cromatografía de gases. El analisis de la microbiota intestinal se realizó mediante secuenciación del gen 16S (regiones V3+V4; MiSeq 2x270 Illumina) y posterior análisis taxonómico, y el consumo de fibra dietética se analizó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (118 items), dividiendo a la población en 3 grupos: bajo consumo (25 g/día). Para estudiar el efecto del consumo de fibra sobre las variables mencionadas, se utilizaron modelos lineales generales, con los factores fijos grupos de fibra, género e IMC, así como la energía de la dieta (kcal/día) y la edad como covariables, utilizando comparaciones por pares con ajuste de Bonferroni para las comparaciones entre grupos. Para analizar posibles asociaciones entre las variables de estudio se utilizó la correlación de Pearson., [Resultados] Los niveles de ácido acético y butírico fueron más altos en los grupos de alto y medio consumo de fibra comparado con el grupo de bajo consumo, alcanzando significancia estadística entre el medio y el bajo consumo (P=0,021 y P=0,034, respectivamente). Por otro lado, el grupo de alto consumo de fibra mostró valores más elevados de la familia Clostridiaceae en comparación con el de bajo consumo (P=0,026), así como de Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P=0,018). Además, los niveles de ácido butírico y acético se correlacionaron positivamente con F. prausnitzii (P, [Conclusión] El consumo de fibra podría tener efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud intestinal de adultos sanos, debido a los niveles más altos de ácido butírico y F.prausnitzii, ambos relacionados con efectos anti-inflamatorios a nivel intestinal., Los autores agradecen a ERAB (European Foundation for Alcohol Research) la financiación otorgada.

[EN]: According to the scientific literature, alcohol effects on health are dose-dependent, since beneficial effects have been observed when consumed at moderate level compared to abstinence or excessive consumption, in both observational and interventional studies. There are specifically two components in fermented beverages, mainly related to the beneficial effects on health when consumed in a moderate amount, namely polyphenolic compounds and ethanol. Indeed, a higher bone density has been reported in several studies, which has been associated to its polyphenolic compounds. Regarding cardiovascular and immunological effects, both polyphenols and ethanol seem to account for the anti-inflammatory andantioxidant functions.Promising research in the moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages have reported that the polyphenolic fraction of fermented drinks could benefit the gut microbiota composition and thus, host metabolism and health, suggesting that particularly, beer could be a new target for microbiome-based studies.However, it is very important to highlight that the moderate amount of beer must be consumed within an adequate lifestyle in order to avoid possible risks to develop non-communicable diseases, which are more and more frequent during the last three decades. And finally, the last message, albeit the possible benefits of the moderate consumption of fermented alcohol beverages, there are no recommendations to consume alcohol., [ES]: El consumo moderado de bebidas con alcohol se ha relacionado con ciertas propiedades beneficiosas para la salud en comparación con situaciones de abstinencia o consumo excesivo, revelando una relación con la salud del huésped que es dependiente de la dosis de alcohol. Los componentes de la cerveza más relacionados con beneficios en la salud tras un consumo moderado son los compuestos fenólicos y el alcohol. En concreto, el consumo moderado de cerveza se relaciona con una mayor densidad ósea, principalmente debido a su fracción fenólica. Sus beneficios cardiovasculares e inmunológicos también parecen estar relacionados con el contenido en componentes fenólicos y alcohol, ya que podrían ejercer propiedades antiinflamatorias y antioxidantes. Cabe destacar el interés por el estudio de la microbiota intestinal en esta área debido a ciertos estudios en los que se han demostrado cambios en la composición de grupos bacterianos tras el consumo de bebidas fermentadas, atribuido a la acción de los compuestos fenólicos en el intestino. Queda por ello abierta una gran área de investigación centrada en los efectos del consumo moderado de cerveza sobre la microbiota intestinal, hasta ahora poco estudiada. No obstante, es importante enfatizar que el consumo moderado de cerveza tiene que estar incluido en un estilo de vida adecuado para evitar un posible riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades no transmisibles, cada vez más frecuentes durante las tres últimas décadas. Finalmente, a pesar de que se han demostrado posibles beneficios del consumo moderado de las bebidas fermentadas con alcohol, no hay recomendaciones para su consumo.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al International Symposium on Immunonutrition (10th Anniversary), celebrado en Madrid (España) del 17 al 19 de julio de 2017., [Background and Objective]: Knowledge on the effect of alcohol consumption on the gut microbiota is scarce, and seems to be different depending of the amount of alcohol intake. Thus, this work aims to assess the effect of the amount of alcohol intake on the microbiota from healthy adults. [Methods]: 261 Spanish (25–45 y) (51% males, 49% females) and 229 Slovenians (42% males, 58% females) healthy adults were studied. Volunteers’ alcohol consumption habits were analysed by using a validated questionnaire, and classified according to their alcohol consumption: 1) None-Low (N = 124 and N = 95): 20 g/d (men) or >12 g/d (women) (N = 38 and N = 67). Gut microbiota was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3+V4 gene regions. MiSeq 2x250 Illumina) and taxonomic analysis. General lineal models and Kruskal-Wallis plus Mann-Whitney tests were performed. [Results]: Gender differences were observed in both countries. Women showed higher levels of Firmicutes (P = 0.001) and lower levels of Bacteroidetes families than men. The High group showed higher levels of Ruminococcaceae (P = 0.013) in Slovenians, and Fusobacteriaceae (P = 0.028) and Spirochaetes (P = 0.001) in Spanish than Moderate and None-Low. Other families differences varied between men and women in each country. [Conclusions]: The amount of alcohol intake affects the microbiota composition in a different way depending on sex and country, thus suggesting that not only sex but also environmental factors should be considered to disentangle the influence of alcohol consumption on the microbiota from healthy adults., We’re grateful to ERAB, for their financial support.

On behalf of the EVASYON study group., [Background]: Shorter telomeres have been associated with elevated risk for age-related diseases. However, little is known about the biomarker role of telomere length (TL) for predicting inflammation and glucose alterations. [Objective]: The objective of this research is to evaluate the association between TL, inflammatory markers and glucose levels after a 2-month weight-loss programme in obese adolescents. [Methods]: Telomere length was measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 66 obese adolescents aged 12–17 years (51% men) from the EVASYON programme. The adolescents were genotyped for the polymorphism -174G/C (rs1800795) in the IL-6gene, and anthropometric and biochemical markers as well as inflammatory cytokines were analysed. [Results]: Multiple-adjusted models showed that longer telomeres at baseline were associated with a higher reduction in glucose (B = −4.08, 95% confidence interval: −6.66 to −1.50) and IL-6 (B = −1.03, 95% confidence interval: −2.01 to −0.05) serum levels after 2 months of the weight-loss treatment. The -174G/C polymorphism modulated the association between basal TL and changes in IL-6 (P interaction = 0.029). Thus, subjects with the GG + GC genotype and with longer telomeres showed a higher decrease in IL-6 levels than CC homozygotes. [Conclusion]: Longer telomeres are associated with an improvement in glucose tolerance and inflammation after a weight-loss programme in obese adolescents. Moreover, the -174G/C polymorphism may influence the relationship between TL and IL-6 changes., Research relating to this work was funded by grants from the Health Research Fund from the Carlos III Health Institute from the Ministry of Health and Consumption, Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS; PI051579, PI051080) for the EVASYON project; Plan de Investigación Universidad de Navarra (PIUNA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) project, CB06/03/1017, and RETICS network; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2010-20367 and SAF2013-49088-R). The FPU fellowship to García-Calzón is gratefully acknowledged.

On behalf of the UP&DOWN Study Group., [Objective]: To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in 6- to 10-year-olds (cross-sectional) and 2 years later (8- to 12-year-olds [longitudinal]) and whether changes with age in CRF are associated with CVD risk in children aged 8 to 12 years. [Patients and Methods]: Spanish primary schoolchildren (n=236) aged 6 to 10 years participated at baseline. Of the 23 participating primary schools, 22% (n=5) were private schools and 78% (n=18) were public schools. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 9.7% (n=23). The 20-m shuttle run test was used to estimate CRF. The CVD risk score was computed as the mean of 5 CVD risk factor standardized scores: sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin/glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [Results]: At baseline, CRF was inversely associated with single CVD risk factors (all P0.85; P, This work was supported by grant DEP 2010-21662-C04-00 (DEP 2010-21662-C04-01: DEP 2010-21662-C04-02: DEP 2010-21662-C04-03: DEP 2010-21662-C04-04) from the National Plan for Research: Development and Innovation (R+D+i) MICINN and by grant FPU15/05337 from the Spanish Ministry of Education.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al International Symposium on Immunonutrition (10th Anniversary), celebrado en Madrid (España) del 17 al 19 de julio de 2017., [Background and Objective]: Vitamins A, C and E deficits can lead to alterations in the immune system and cytokine dysregulation. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship of daily intake of these vitamins and the in vitro effect of tomato extract (TE) addition on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)., [Methods]: Human PBMCs (n = 7, women’s independent samples) were isolated and cultured with PHA and LPS for 48 hs to stimulate cytokine production. Four groups were considered: PBMCs + PHA/LPS + 1, 10 or 20 μM of α-tocopherol from TE (PBMC-1, PBMC-10 and PBMC-20 groups, respectively) and PBMCs + PHA/LPS used as the control group (C). IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 were measured in culture supernatants by flowcytometry (CBA, EMDMillipore). The daily vitamin intakes were analyzed from a Food frequency questionnaire. Statistics were performed using SPSS 23. Kolmogorov-Smirnov was applied to assess normality and Pearson correlations were established., [Results]: Vitamin A and E intakes were positively correlated with IL-10 in PBMC-1, PBMC-10, PBMC-20 and C group (p = 0.029; p = 0.025; p = 0.013; p = 0.028 and p = 0.008; p = 0.005; p = 0.003; p = 0.006), respectively. TNF-α showed a positive correlation with vitamin C (p = 0.037; p = 0.013) in PBMC-10 and PBMC-20 groups. TNF-α/IL-10 ratio showed a negative correlation with vitamin A and E intake levels (p = 0.033; p = 0.011 and p = 0.045; p = 0.022) in PBMC-1 and PBMC-20 groups, respectively., [Conclusions]: Antioxidant vitamin intakes affect the response of PBMCs to mitogens, being involved in the regulation of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines., This work was supported by the Intramural Proyect, CSIC (grant number 201270E121) and the Postgraduate and Advanced Training Programs, INTA (MFG, grant number 1177/14).

Resumen del trabajo presentado al International Symposium on Immunonutrition (10th Anniversary), celebrado en Madrid (España) del 17 al 19 de julio de 2017., Anorexia Nervosa (AN) affects all systems in the body and evidences have shown that multiple adaptive mechanisms are triggered under this metabolically and psychologically demanding situation which also involves the immune system. Leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis are among the most frequent abnormalities. In our follow-up study on AN patients, a group of 66 females, aged 12–17 years, referred for their first episode of either AN or Feeding or Eating Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified (FED-NEC) were studied upon admission (46 AN-restricting subtype, 11 ANbinge/purging subtype and 9 FED-NEC). Relative lymphocytosis was negatively correlated with Z-score BMI. In regression models, leptin explained even more variability in the lymphocyte percentage than BMI, suggesting that this is a leptin-mediated process. Furthermore, weight loss induced an increase of naïve CD4+ lymphocytes suggesting a priority to preserve adaptive immunity. Forty-one of the patients participated in a case-control study, matched by sex, age and socioeconomic status. The low leptin and increased adiponectin levels found in patients are in concordance with findings in the literature, and so are the high basal cortisol levels. However, the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was not confirmed in these young patients with early diagnosis. One-year follow-up of blood biomarkers showed partial leptin recovery in parallel to BMI increase, while adiponectin remained high. There seems to be a delayed response of adiponectin to nutritional changes. Finally, inconsistencies are observed in the relationships between basal biomarker alterations and the severity of eating disorder psychopathology. Studying how these relationships change along with treatment should provide clues regarding the link between psychological factors and metabolic adjustments., This work was supported by the Ministry of Health (FIS PI08/1832) and Alicia Koplowitz Foundation (2009).

Background and aims: Adipocytokines may have a key role in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and joint associations of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) with adiponectin and leptin in adolescents. Methods and results: A sample of 198 adolescents (96 girls), aged 13-17-year, was selected. Participants completed anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and waist circumference) and percentage of body fat (%BF) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. PA was measured by accelerometer for 7-day. The 20-m shuttle-run test was used to assess CRF and two MF tests (handgrip strength and standing broad jump) were used to create an MF score. A cluster score of health status (0-3 risks) was created. Serum adiponectin and plasma leptin were also determined. Regression analyses controlling for age, sex, pubertal status and waist circumference showed that PA was not significantly associated with adiponectin and vigorous PA showed a significant inverse association with leptin. Both CRF and MF were significantly and inversely associated with adiponectin and leptin. Further analyses revealed that the 'healthy' group (0 risks) had significantly lower adiponectin and leptin than 'medium-healthy' (1 risk) and 'unhealthy' (2-3 risks) status groups. Conclusions: PA, CRF and MF are inversely and jointly associated with adiponectin and leptin concentrations in adolescents. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.