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Background: Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is characterized by the triad of abdominal flaccidity, bilateral undescended testicles and genitourinary tract anomalies. A variable spectrum of abdominal wall laxity is observed in PBS. We present the first case of a novel technique using a minimally invasive abdominoplasty to specifically address patients with localized abdominal wall weakness in PBS., Case Presentation: A two-years-old child with PBS presented with recurrent febrile urinary tract infections. Ultrasonography demonstrated a dysplastic right kidney associated with significant ipsilateral ureterohydronephrosis. Voiding urethrocystogram did not show vesicoureteral reflux and DMSA scan depicted a non-functioning right kidney. During laparoscopic right nephroureterectomy and first stage Fowler-Stephens bilateral orchiopexies, a significant right-sided lateral abdominal wall bulging was observed. A minimally invasive laparoscopic abdominoplasty was performed with a one-way running suture using an unabsorbable 2.0 prolene approximating the edges of the musculofascial defect. While undergoing the second-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy, no bulging was observed., Conclusion: A minimally invasive abdominoplasty to improve abdominal wall lateral bulging in PBS was feasible and presented good cosmetic result. We anticipate that this technique can be applied for children with PBS with primary lateral abdominal wall bulging, employing one or more suture lines depending on the fascial defect size., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest No conflict of interests exist., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Aphallia is a rare congenital disorder pertaining to genotypic males. Early surgical creation of a neophallus is recommended to reinforce the child's male gender-identity, favoring proper psychosexual development. Modern microsurgical techniques used to create a neophallus in adults are not recommended in children due to the invasiveness and complexity of the procedures, along with high complication rates. Scrotal flap phalloplasty is a simple and reproducible technique to create a temporary neophallus in prepubertal boys with aphallia., Objective: We present a multi-institutional experience, ten years after the initial description of the scrotal flap phalloplasty (SFP) technique, in which a flap from the well-developed scrotum is used to build a temporary neophallus, without obvious scars in patients with aphallia., Study Design: The records of surgical neophalloplasty for aphallia patients from 4 centers between 2011 and 2021 were reviewed. All patients had at least one year follow-up to assess for short and long-term complications. Age at initial operation, associated anomalies, and other related surgical procedures were analyzed., Results: The post-operative aesthetic result in all patients was satisfactory and has been maintained in the long-term follow-up, with all patients presenting a cylindrical structure resembling an uncircumcised penis, without evidence of significant contraction or loss of length. (Summary Figure) DISCUSSION: Non-microsurgical neophalloplasty techniques in patients with penile agenesis are temporary procedures that help to establish the body image and preserve the psychosexual development of the patient with aphallia. These techniques do not involve tissue transplant from a distant region, and are simpler to perform, with less scarring at the donor sites. Due to significant donor scars and considerable morbidity and complexity associated with the definitive phalloplasty techniques, we created a simple, reproducible and straightforward procedure to serve as a temporary neophallus in young boys with aphallia. As affected patients usually have a well-formed scrotum with normal and orthotopic testicles, it is the ideal donor site for a temporary neo-phallus in childhood. Furthermore, other donor sites are preserved for a definitive phalloplasty. There are limitations to this study, as quality of life could not be assessed and psychological or gender-identity investigations have not been carried out. None of these children have reached puberty, and hence decision and outcomes of definitive neophallus reconstruction has not been considered to date., Conclusion: Scrotal flap phalloplasty is a minimally invasive, simple and reproducible technique used to create a temporary neophallus in boys with aphallia, while waiting for definitive reconstructive surgery after puberty., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pediatric adrenocortical tumors (PACTs) represent rare causes of malignancies. However, the south/southeast regions of Brazil are known to have a high incidence of PACTs because of the founder effect associated with a germline pathogenic variant of tumor suppressor gene TP53. We aimed to retrospectively analyze the types of variables among hormone production, radiological imaging, tumor staging, histological and genetic features that were associated with the occurrence of malignancy in 95 patients (71% females) with PACTs from a unique center. The worst prognosis was associated with those aged > 3 years (p < 0.05), high serum levels of 11-desoxicortisol (p < 0.001), tumor weight ≥ 200 g (p < 0.001), tumor size ≥ 5 cm (p < 0.05), Weiss score ≥ 5 (p < 0.05), Wieneke index ≥ 3 (p < 0.001) and Ki67 ≥ 15% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with MacFarlane stage IV had an overall survival rate almost two times shorter than patients with other stages (p < 0.001). Additionally, the subtractions of BUB1B-PINK1 (<6.95) expression (p < 0.05) and IGF-IR overexpression (p = 0.0001) were associated with malignant behavior. These results helped identify patients who are likely to have an aggressive course; further multicenter prospective studies are required to confirm our results. In conclusion, PACTs with these patterns of prognostic factors could be treated using an adjuvant approach that may improve the overall survival in such patients.

A major challenge in the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the selection of patients who would benefit from surgical treatment. Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) indicate renal cell stress and are associated with cell cycle arrest. The [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] ratio (Nephrocheck®) has been recently applied in patients in intensive care units patients to predict the development of acute kidney injury. In this study, we evaluated the performance of these biomarkers performance to distinguishing obstructive hydronephrosis (HN) from non-obstructive HN., Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with UPJO were enrolled in this study. Urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] and clinical characteristics (hydronephrosis grade, differential renal function, and drainage half-time) were measured in the following groups: 26 children with obstructive HN at initial diagnosis (group 1A) and after six months of dismembered pyeloplasty (group 1B); 22 children with non-obstructive HN (group 2), and 26 children without any urinary tract condition, as the control group (group 3)., Results: Comparing the initial samples, [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] had higher levels in the HN groups and lower levels in the control group; however, no difference was observed between the HN groups (obstructive vs. non-obstructive). After six months of follow-up, patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty showed stability in the urinary concentration of [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7]. All patients with [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] higher than 1.0 (ng/mL)2/1000 had diffuse cortical atrophy on ultrasonography., Conclusions: We showed that urinary levels of urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] are higher in children with HN than controls. Nephrocheck® is not reliable in predicting the need for surgical intervention for pediatric patients with UPJO., Competing Interests: None declared., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Introduction: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) particularly represents a challenge in regard to management, as not all hydronephrosis (HN) represent a kidney-damaging state. Urinary biomarkers have been proposed as noninvasive tools. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are associated with tissue fibrosis in the setting of UPJO and is poorly explored., Objective: To investigate whether urinary ECM proteins are useful to discriminate the severity of urinary obstruction on unilateral UPJO., Study Design: Children with unilateral UPJO were prospective enrolled. Urinary (u) matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1,-2,-9 and TIMP-1,-2) as well as clinical characteristics were measured in the following groups: 26 children with obstructive HN at initial diagnosis and after six months of dismembered pyeloplasty; 22 children with non-obstructive HN at diagnosis and after six months of observation; 26 children without any urinary tract condition, as the control group. Results were assessed statistically using for homogenous groups, a one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) and for nonparametric groups, Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. ROC curves were performed., Results: Baseline samples demonstrated a higher concentration of uMMP-1/Cr, uMMP-2/Cr, u-TIMP-1/Cr and u-TIMP-2/Cr in obstructive HN group; uMMP-9/Cr levels were higher in non-obstructive HN group and all studied biomarkers had lower concentrations for the control group. On follow-up, for the obstructive HN group, urinary concentration of uTIMP-1/Cr and uTIMP-2/Cr decreased, and uMMP-1/Cr, uMMP-2/Cr and uMMP-9/Cr increased when comparing preoperative to postoperative values. In the non-obstructive HN group, all proteins analyzed were stable after six months of observation. ROC curves analysis showed a promising diagnostic profile for the detection of obstructive HN for uTIMP-1/Cr (area under the curve -AUC-; of 0.692), uTIMP-2/Cr (AUC of 0.678) and for uMMP-2/Cr (AUC of 0.655)., Discussion: The severity of kidney obstruction could correlate with the urinary ECM proteins concentration in this study. This is concordant with prior studies demonstrating that a disruption of the balance of accumulation/degradation of the ECM proteins occur on obstructive uropathy. Limitations of our study include the older age of our patients and that these markers had no influence at all on the surgical decision., Conclusion: We demonstrate that obstructive HN have significantly higher uMMP-2, uTIMP-1 and uTIMP-2 concentrations. Particularly, uTIMP-2 levels were correlated to severity of obstruction and therefore, it might be a useful urinary biomarker to correctly allocate children with HN between surgical management vs follow-up. After pyeloplasty, uTIMP-1 and uTIMP-2 presented a progressive decrease postoperatively, which is also highly desirable for urinary markers., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None of the authors have any direct or indirect commercial financial incentive associated with publishing the article (No conflicts of interest for any of the authors)., (Copyright © 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is characterized by the triad of abdominal flaccidity, a variable degree of urinary tract involvement and cryptorchidism. Most cases of PBS are sporadic and have a normal karyotype, with 95% patients being male. In the last decade, mutations in known genes that regulate embryonic genitourinary myogenesis have been identified and with increasing knowledge of these critical genes involved in bladder maldevelopment, advances can be made in genetic counseling. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary and individualization of care is recommended according to phenotypic severity. Some patients require abdominal and urinary tract reconstruction while others require as little as bilateral orchiopexies. Major treatment objectives are: preservation of renal function and upper urinary tract; polyuria management; adequate bladder emptying; improvement of corporal image and quality of life; preservation of fertility and adequate sexual function. Long-term surveillance of the urinary tract is essential up to adulthood, because functional dynamics can change over time., (Copyright © 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Symptomatic duplex kidneys usually present with recurrent urinary tract infection due to ureteral obstruction (megaureter, ureterocele or ectopic ureter) and/or vesicoureteral reflux. Upper-pole nephrectomy is a widely accepted procedure to correct symptomatic duplex systems with poor functioning moieties, also known as upper or proximal approach. The distal ureteral stump syndrome (DUSS) can be a late complication of this approach. There is no consensus upon the length of ureteral dissection and the better approach to symptomatic disease in duplex systems, so we aim to identify if extended ureteral dissection can prevent DUSS in top-down approach., Materials and Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients with symptomatic duplex system were retrospectively classified into two groups: those with limited ureteral excision after heminephrectomy (HN) (group-1) and those with extended ureterectomy after HN (group-2). Patients were followed-up for at least 36 months regarding outcomes of distal ureteral stump., Results: Overall complication was 20%. A total of 8 patients required unplanned further surgery in Group-1 (30%) whereas only 1 patient required unplanned surgery in group 2 (6%) (p=0.07). Subgroup analysis showed that Group-1 presented more DUSS requiring surgery during follow-up than group-2 (p=0.04). Factors possibly affecting complications incidence (such as ureterocele or ectopic ureter) did not differ between groups (p=0.72 and p=0.78)., Conclusion: Upper pole nephrectomy should be performed with extended distal ureteral dissection to prevent ureteral stump complications., Competing Interests: None declared., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Introduction: The benefits of laparoscopic total nephrectomy in pediatric patients are well established. Traditional Ports placement (TPP) still follows Clayman's classic description: except for the umbilical scar, the other laparoscopic scars are exposed in the abdomen. Advances in robotic surgery permitted the development of HidES (hidden incision endoscopic surgery) technique, to obtain a better final cosmetic aspect with the scars located intraumbilically and in the hypogastric region, in an area easily hidden by underwear. As robotic surgery is related to higher costs and lacks availability, a pure laparoscopic HidES technique was developed., Objectives: 1.Evaluate safety and efficacy of pure laparoscopic HidES.2. Compare HidES with TPP nephrectomy series to assess non-inferiority and cosmetic outcomes., Study Design: Twenty-one pediatric patients with symptomatic poor functioning kidneys (DMSA<10%) underwent HidES nephrectomy. Their intra and post-operative outcomes were recorded prospectively. HidES group was compared to an equivalent group of thirty-two patients who underwent TPP nephrectomy., Results: There were no conversions to open surgery in the TPP or HidES groups. There was a significant difference in operative time between HidES (53.4min) and TPP (109.4 min), with p = 0.004 and the mean bleeding volume was 65.5 ml. There was no significant difference in bleeding between HidES (71 ml) and TPP (120 ml) (p = 0.06), no intraoperative complications and no complications above Clavien-Dindo II during the 6-week follow-up. Satisfaction reached 100% in HidES group, whereas in TPP satisfaction was 63% (p = 0.004)., Discussion: HidES benefit over TPP is to conceal visible scars above underwear, improving cosmetical outcome. A prospective HidES group was compared to a retrospective TPP database due to decreasing number of nephrectomies being performed, which is a limitation of our study. HidES surgeries were performed by pediatric urologists (associate staff) while TPP group surgeries were performed by PGY-5 urological residents assisted by the associate staff, which is a clear limitation and can explain shorter operative times for HidES. During HidES surgeries an improved visualization of the operative field by the inferior trocar positioning was noted, which helps the posterior dissection of renal pedicle. Previous published study comparing robotic TPP and HidES pyeloplasty showed equal results for both groups with cosmetic advantages. Objective satisfaction was assessed with statistically advantage in favor of HidES procedure, consonant with other evidence that supports the benefit of scar location in patient and parental satisfaction., Conclusion: HidES nephrectomy proved to be safe, feasible and not inferior to the traditional nephrectomy in experienced hands, with better cosmesis., (Copyright © 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The aim of this study is to present our experience in the management of hormonally active adrenal tumors in children., Material and Methods: We did a retrospective chart review of all children with hormonally active adrenal tumors evaluated at the endocrinology clinic and operated at our institution between 1983 and 2019., Results: There were 75 patients included in the study, 58 with adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) and 17 with pheochromocytomas (PCCs). Within the group of patients with ACTs, there were 41 females and 17 males. The mean age was 58.3 (SD: 87.9; range: 9-211) months. The clinical manifestation of the tumor's hormonal activity was virilization in 37 cases, Cushing syndrome in 5, and mixed in 16. A positive family history was present in 11 patients (18.9%). The mean tumor size was 48.2 (SD: 22.4; range: 7-120) mm. The pathological diagnosis was adenoma in 42 cases, carcinoma in 15 cases, and macronodular hyperplasia in 1. Median follow-up was 192 (range: 50-290) months. Tumor recurrence occurred in 6 patients (10.3%), and there were three disease-related deaths (5%). Within the group of patients with PCCs, there were 11 males and 6 females. The mean age was 146.7 (SD: 71.2; range: 60-216) months. A positive family history was present in 7 patients (41.2%). The mean tumor size was 36.6 (SD: 16.7; range: 7-120) mm. The pheochromocytoma was classified as benign in 15 cases and as malignant in 2. During a median follow-up of 180 (range: 127-300) months, recurrence was observed in 6 cases (35.3%) and disease-related death in 1 case (5.9%)., Conclusions: Proper diagnosis and management at our referral center were associated with a high cure rate, even in cases of malignant tumors. Familial surveillance is highly recommended., Level of Evidence: Level IV., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To gain insight into the causes of infertility in Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) by evaluating reproductive system anatomy and gonadal function in a cohort of postpubertal PBS patients., Methods: We contacted all PBS patients 14 years old or older treated and followed at our institution. Age at orchiopexy, type of orchiopexy (with or without ligation of gonadal vessels), testicular volumes and positions were evaluated. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (to assess prostate size, seminal vesicles, and vas) and hormonal profile were ordered. Sperm analysis and analysis of urine after masturbation were performed after informed consent., Results: Fifteen patients were included in this study. Mean age was 19.2 years. Mean age at orchiopexy was 18 months. Fourteen patients (93.3%) had normal and orthotopic testes. Mean testicular volume was 6.9 cc. Eight patients collected semen, 5 of them (62.5%) had spermatozoa in the specimen and motile sperm was found in 4 (50%). Mean hormone levels were LH: 5.3 mg/dL, FSH: 6.9 mg/dL, testosterone 531 mg/dL. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hypoplastic prostates in 66.6% and unilateral seminal vesicle absence in 66.6%. No vasal abnormality was noted., Conclusion: Patients with PBS may have normal sexual hormonal levels. Motile spermatozoa were found in half of the patients. Our study highlights a high prevalence of prostate and seminal vesicle abnormalities that may represent an important cause for their infertility., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Prune Perineum Syndrome (PPS) is rare, with only three cases described in the literature. Treatment requires abdominal and pelvic surgeries. Our goal is to provide a video with steps of the surgical corrections of this syndrome., Materials and Methods: We present a case of an 8 months-old boy with PPS. At our first evaluation, he had already been submitted to a colostomy with mucous fistula and a vesicostomy., Results: By the time of this publication, he had been submitted to six surgical procedures. First, osteotomy, followed by colostomy, cystoscopic evaluation, cystoplasty, perineal and abdominal correction with a dual mesh, bilateral orchidopexy, treatment of the vesicocolonic fistula, sigmoidectomy and appendicectomy. He is 6 years old, walks with no assistance, has satisfactory abdominal tonus which allows him to void with Valsalva Maneuver. Clean intermittent catheterization is also performed. He had no UTI since his first surgery. Although submitted to several procedures, treatment is not yet concluded. A future urethral dilation together with a genitoplasty might improve his quality of life., Conclusion: PPS is a very rare condition, with scarce literature concerning its treatment. Multiple procedures might be necessary to correct malformations and improve patient's quality of life., (Copyright © 2020 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions that result in discordance between an individual's sex chromosomes, gonads, and/or anatomic sex. Advances in the clinical care of patients and families affected by 46,XY DSD have been achieved since publication of the original Consensus meeting in 2006. The aims of this paper are to review what is known about morbidity and mortality, diagnostic tools and timing, sex of rearing, endocrine and surgical treatment, fertility and sexual function, and quality of life in people with 46,XY DSD. The role for interdisciplinary health care teams, importance of establishing a molecular diagnosis, and need for research collaborations using patient registries to better understand long-term outcomes of specific medical and surgical interventions are acknowledged and accepted. Topics that require further study include prevalence and incidence, understanding morbidity and mortality as these relate to specific etiologies underlying 46,XY DSD, appropriate and optimal options for genitoplasty, long-term quality of life, sexual function, involvement with intimate partners, and optimizing fertility potential., (Copyright © 2019 Endocrine Society.)

Introduction: Management of poorly functioning kidneys with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is controversial, with some recommending direct nephrectomy and others direct pyeloplasty, and others temporary diversion. This study aimed to determine whether pyeloplasty is associated with higher complication rate than nephrectomy under these circumstances and whether it allows for functional recovery., Methods: A retrospective review of 77 patients undergoing surgery for UPJO associated with a differential renal function (DRF) < 20% at 4 centres between January 2000 and December 2015 was conducted. Short- and long-term complications between pyeloplasties (n = 47) and nephrectomies (n = 16) and the changes in the DRF after pyeloplasty were compared., Results: Patients undergoing nephrectomy had significantly lower median pre-operative DRF (p < 0.001) and were significantly more likely to undergo a minimally invasive approach (p = 0.002) than those undergoing pyeloplasty. No postoperative variable was statistically different between groups. After a mean follow-up of 63 (10-248) months, no statistically significant difference was found in intra-operative, early, late, and overall complications between pyeloplasty and nephrectomy. Pyeloplasty failed in 3% (2/62) of cases. Of the patients undergoing successful pyeloplasty, 36 had a pre-operative and a postoperative renogram, and functional recovery >5% was observed in 13 (36%), whereas the DRF remained unchanged in 16 (45%). Only postnatal diagnosis was associated with a significantly higher chance of functional recovery (odds ratio [OR] = 4.13, p = 0.047)., Discussion: Nephrectomy was more commonly performed using a minimally invasive approach and required less-intense follow-up than pyeloplasty. Moreover, complications after pyeloplasty, although occasional, required additional surgery which was never required after nephrectomy. Moreover, it should be considered that conservative treatment might be a third option in some of these patients., Conclusions: In the study patients, pyeloplasty was not associated with significantly higher morbidity than nephrectomy. Need for deferred nephrectomy seems exceptional in decompressed kidneys even though renal function remains poor. Of the pyeloplasty cases not requiring additional surgery, one-third showed an improvement in DRF and a postnatal diagnosis was the only predictive factor for renal functional recovery., (Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The diagnosis of renal function impairment and deterioration in congenital urinary tract obstruction (UTO) continues to be extremely challenging. The use of new renal biomarkers in this setting may favor early renal injury detection, allowing for a reliable choice of optimal therapeutic options and the prevention or minimization of definitive renal damage., Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate a selection of promising biomarkers of renal injury with the intention of evaluating and comparing their profile with clinically based decisions for surgical intervention of infants with congenital obstructive uropathies., Study Design: The first-year profile of renal biomarkers, serum creatinine (sCr), serum and urine cystatin C (CyC), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and microalbuminuria (μALB), was analyzed in a cohort of 37 infants with congenital UTO, divided into three subgroups, 14 cases with grade III unilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis, 13 cases with grade III bilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis, and 10 cases with low urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), compared with 24 healthy infants matched by gestational age and birth weight. Serum and urine samples were stored at -70 °C and thereafter analyzed by quantitative enzymatic immunoassay., Results: Compared with the control group (Figure), all renal biomarker values were significantly increased in patients (P ≤ 0.02). In the unilateral hydronephrosis and LUTO group, RBP (P ≤ 0.043), NGAL (P ≤ 0.043), KIM-1 (P ≤ 0.03), and TGF-β1 (P ≤ 0.034) values dropped significantly after surgery. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin alone and in combination with urine and serum CyC demonstrated the best performance in determining the need for surgery (area under the curve, 0.801 and 0.881, respectively). Biomarker profile analysis was suggestive of surgical intervention in 55.4% (7/13) of non-operated cases, and most of the biomarker values were above the cutoff levels within at least 3 months before the clinically based surgical decision in 58% (14/24) of all operated patients., Discussion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to present the clinical use of selected group of serum and urinary biomarkers in the setting of UTO to distinguish between patients who would benefit from surgery intervention. The most promising results were obtained using NGAL, RBP, TGF-β1, and KIM-1, especially in the unilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis and LUTO subgroups when compared with the control group., Conclusions: Urine biomarkers, alone and in combination, demonstrated high potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for identifying infants who may benefit from earlier surgical intervention., (Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: The optimal treatment for children born with exstrophy-epispadia complex is still a matter of debate. 1,2 , 3 We demonstrate the Single-Stage Abdominoplasty using Groin Flap technique to close the abdominal wall of children with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) without osteotomy neither radical soft tissue mobilization. Advantages over current techniques are less risk of penile tissue loss and avoidance of osteotomies., Material and Methods: Abdominal wall repair consists in using the hypogastric skin, rectus, and obliquus externus abdominalis muscle fascial flaps. These groin flaps are rotated medially resulting in a very strong abdominal wall support. Groin flaps are made of rectus anterior fascia rotated medially, flipped over, and sutured with Prolene sutures to close the defect. By rotating the fascial flaps medially, complete reinforcement of the abdominal wall to the level of the pubic bone is achieved. This permits abdominal closure maintenance without tension., Results: Groin flap was applied to 128 patients with CBE referenced from all over the country. Most of these patients returned to their home areas making difficult their follow up. However, we have 44 cases that have regular clinical visits. Mean follow-up was 10.3 ± 4.5 years (2 years 8 months-16 years). Successful closure was achieved in 43 patients (97.7%) as a single procedure; one patient had a complete wound dehiscence and needed another reconstruction (2.2%). Four patients (9.1%) presented abdominal hernias that needed surgical management. When continence is evaluated, we present similar literature rates (60%). 4 CONCLUSION: Abdominal reconstruction using Groin flaps has advantages over the traditional approaches to CBE. It reduces the surgical steps and facilitates the closure of the abdominal wall without the need of osteotomies and consequent immobilization during the postoperative period. It is feasible at any age and can be also very useful as a salvage technique even after previous failed procedures. Finally, it minimizes the number of surgeries., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with complex ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare to children with iso-lated UPJO without associated urinary tract abnormalities., Material and Methods: Medical records of 82 consecutive children submitted to transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a 12-year period were reviewed. Eleven cases were con-sidered complex, consisting of atypical anatomy including horseshoe kidneys in 6 patients, pelvic kidneys in 3 patients, and a duplex collecting system in 2 patients. Patients were di-vided into 2 groups: normal anatomy (group 1) and complex cases (group 2). Demographics, perioperative data, outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed., Results: Mean age was 8.9 years (0.5-17.9) for group 1 and 5.9 years (0.5-17.2) for group 2, p=0.08. The median operative time was 200 minutes (180-230) for group 1 and 203 minutes (120-300) for group 2, p=0.15. Major complications (Clavien ≥3) were 4 (5.6%) in group 1 and 1 (6.3%) in group 2, p=0.52. No deaths or early postoperative complications such as: urinoma or urinary leakage or bleeding, occurred. The success rate for radiologic improvement and flank pain improvement was comparable between the two groups. Re-garding hydronephrosis, significant improvement was present in 62 patients (93.4%) of group 1 and 10 cases (90.9%) of group 2, p=0.99. The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4) for group 1 and 4.8 days (IQR 3-6) for group 2, p=0.27., Conclusions: Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible and effective for the management of UPJO associated with renal or urinary tract anomalies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Introduction: Horseshoe kidney occurs in 1 per 400-800 live births and are more frequently observed in males (M:F 2:1). Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is commonly associated with horseshoe kidneys. The variable blood supply, presence of the isthmus and high insertion of the ureter contribute to this problem., Case Report: An asymptomatic 6 year-old boy presented with antenatal hydronephrosis. Ultrasonography and CT scan demonstrated left UPJO associated with a horseshoe kidney. DMSA showed 33% of function on the left side. DTPA showed a flat curve and lack of washout. A left dismembered laparoscopic pyeloplasty was performed after identification of crossing vessels and abnormal implantation of the ureter. After one year, the child is asymptomatic. DTPA demonstrated a good washout curve., Results: Our cohort consisted of six patients, five males and one female, with a mean age of 6 years (range 6m-17 years) and a mean follow-up of 3 years. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was more common on the left side. Symptoms appeared only in 34% of the cases. Mean operative time was 198 minutes (range 120-270 minutes). Crossing vessels were common (observed in 50% patients). High implantation of ureter was seen in 67% patients and intrinsic obstruction in 83%. Surgical difficulties were found in two cases. Hospital stay was 4.3 days (3 to 6 days), with only one patient having a mild complication (pyelonephritis). All cases had clinical and radiologic improvement., Conclusion: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is safe and feasible in children with UPJO in horseshoe kidneys, with good results and minimal morbidity., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Purpose: Failure after pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children may occur in up to 10% of cases. Therapeutic options include Double-J® stent placement, endoscopic treatment and reoperation. Laparoscopic and robotic reoperative modalities seem safe and efficacious, although pediatric series are limited in the literature. We report the largest known series of reoperative laparoscopic ureteropelvic junction obstruction repair in children and compare this approach to primary laparoscopic pyeloplasty., Materials and Methods: We reviewed all children undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty at a single institution from 2004 to 2015. Reoperative laparoscopic ureteropelvic junction obstruction repair was compared to primary pyeloplasty. Groups were analyzed regarding demographics, operative time, complications, length of hospital stay and success, defined by improvement of symptoms, ultrasound and renogram., Results: We identified 11 cases of reoperation (8 redo pyeloplasties and 3 ureterocalycostomies) and 71 primary pyeloplasties. Groups were not different in age, gender or weight. Median followup was 37 months. Median time between primary pyeloplasty and reoperation was 34 months. Median operative time was 205 minutes for the reoperative group and 200 for primary pyeloplasty (p = 0.98). Length of stay was longer in the reoperative group (p = 0.049), although no major complications were recorded in this group. All reoperative cases and 96% of primary pyeloplasty cases remained asymptomatic following surgery (p = 0.99). Postoperative improvement was similar for both groups on ultrasound (90% for reoperation vs 92% for primary pyeloplasty, p = 0.99) and renogram (80% vs 88%, p = 0.6)., Conclusions: Laparoscopy seems to be safe and effective for management of failed pyeloplasty in children. Based on our data, reoperation is as safe and effective as primary pyeloplasty., (Copyright © 2017 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A high cure rate for Wilms' tumor has been achieved using a multidisciplinary approach. The natural step forward is to offer the benefits of a minimally invasive technique for surgery, which is an obligatory part of treatment. Nevertheless, some authors resist using videolaparoscopic radical nephrectomy (VRN) because of concerns about reducing the cure index., Methods: The present study included children with unilateral Wilms' tumor treated from December 2003 to December 2015 with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by VRN. Patients were selected based on the size of their tumors compared with the contralateral kidney, and on their stature., Results: VRN was performed in 24 patients of age range 10-93 months, with an average of 38.04 ± 23.37 months. The tumoral kidney's largest diameter after chemotherapy averaged 10% of a patient's height. There was no tumor rupture or spillage and no patient presented intra or immediate postoperative complications, except for prolonged ileum in two patients. One patient required intraoperative transfusion because of preoperative anemia. Another developed a late herniation in the umbilical port that required surgical correction. After an average of 6.65 years of follow-up, two patients presented relapse: one with a stage IV disease had relapse in the lung and another with a stage III, involving the liver, had local relapse because of an unwanted delay in the adjuvant treatment., Conclusion: VRN can be considered a feasible alternative to open surgery in selected cases of children with Wilms' tumor. The present experience shows that besides the benefits of minimally invasive procedures and better cosmetic results, there is no evidence of increased tumor rupture or spillage, peritoneal or port site metastasis, and the long-term oncological results are the same as open procedures., (Copyright © 2016 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Genital reconstruction in female patients with virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is very challenging. Our aim was to evaluate the techniques employed to treat complications after failure of primary urogenital sinus (UGS) surgery, as well as the result of these reoperations., Patients and Methods: Twenty girls with virilizing CAH who were previously submitted to genitoplasty in our service and elsewhere had recurrent UGS stenosis and vaginal introitus stenosis that required surgical treatment. The main symptoms were recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in nine, dyspareunia in six, and hematocolpos in three (two associated with sepsis). The anatomical findings were the persistence of UGS with stenosis in 17 patients and vaginal introitus stenosis in 3. The mean age at procedure was 15.2 years, averaging 13.1 years after the first surgery. The surgical techniques employed were isolated perineal flap in 17 patients and perineal flap with partial mobilization of UGS in 3. The mean follow-up after the procedure was 4.8 years (varying from 1 to 17 years)., Results: Vaginal dilations were performed after surgery in 15 patients. Good functional and anatomical results were obtained in 15 patients, with vaginal introitus amenable to dilators of 3.0 cm in diameter. Five patients with high vaginal insertion had recurrent vaginal stenosis and required a surgical revision. No patients presented menstrual obstruction or UTI after surgery. Eight of the 15 adult patients are sexually active., Conclusion: The reoperation to treat failed primary UGS treatment using Y-V flap and partial mobilization techniques associated with vaginal dilations, promoted good anatomical, and functional results with low morbidity in 75% of the patients.

Prune perineum syndrome (PPS) is a rare anomaly, with only two previous case reports, both dying in the perinatal period. We report the first case of PPS that reached childhood. The patient presented with a hypoplastic genitalia and bilateral cryptorchidism. There was no evidence of an anal orifice. A significant prune-like mass was observed, extending from the perineum to both gluteal regions and to a cephalic mid-line bony prominence, with a 1cm central orifice that discharged urine. MRI confirmed the previous findings and revealed a right crossed ectopic kidney, intestinal malrotation, a hypoplastic infrarenal inferior vena cava and a hypoplastic right iliac artery. Endoscopic evaluation through the orifice revealed a cavity lined by urothelial mucosa, with a small communication to the anterior urethra in its anterior wall. A staged reconstruction was planned, with a first-step urinary diversion through a continent abdominal reservoir associated to bilateral orchiopexy. He was discharged from the hospital three weeks later under intermittent catheterization. The next surgical step would be the resection of the perineal mass and its cavity associated to the removal of the prominent sacrococcygeal bones. Unfortunately, four months after the first surgery the patient developed an acute abdomen and was submitted to a laparotomy that revealed a necrotic ileal segment secondary to obstructive adherences. He developed severe malabsorption followed by septic shock, dying five weeks after the procedure. Due to the lack of literature, there is no consensus for the management of these cases. The wish of the family for a better quality of life and social acceptance, compelled us to perform a urinary diversion, to be followed by a plastic and orthopedic reconstruction. Despite the successful initial result, the patient developed a late abdominal obstruction that was misdiagnosed, precipitating his untimely death five months after the first procedure.

Introduction: Abnormal levels of serum and urinary markers occur in the presence of renal damage associated to obstructive uropathy. Urinary and serum transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) and carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) have not yet been evaluated in an experimental model of obstructive uropathy., Material and Methods: Rats were divided into seven groups: reference, sham operation, unilateral nephrectomy, complete unilateral ureteral obstruction, partial unilateral ureteral obstruction, partial bilateral ureteral obstruction, and unilateral nephrectomy with contralateral partial ureteral obstruction. Kidney and ureter morphometry, TGFß1 and CA 19-9 serum and urinary concentrations and CA 19-9 renal tissue expression were analyzed. Correlation of these markers to complete, partial obstruction, or unobstructed groups was performed., Results: Pathological findings correlated positively with the degree of ureteral obstruction, but negatively with urinary CA 19-9 levels. Marked underexpression of CA 19-9 was observed in kidneys with complete ureteral obstruction. No statistically significant differences were found for urinary and serum TGFß1 and also for serum CA 19-9., Conclusion: Urinary CA 19-9 correlated negatively with ureteral obstruction grade. Immunohistochemistry depicted CA 19-9 expression on epithelial tubular cells cytoplasm, suggesting renal origin. Serum and urinary TGFß1 did not show alterations in response to severity and length of urinary obstruction, which might be associated with less intense renal remodeling., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: Many patients with Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) require abdominoplasty alone or in combination with correction of any urogenital abnormalities. This video presents a simplified technique with which to treat the abdominal flaccidity in PBS., Methods: A longitudinal xypho-pubic fusiform figure is drawn on the abdomen, based on the area of skin and subcutaneous tissue to be removed. This is performed with preservation of the musculo-fascial layer and the umbilicus. A lateral elliptical single xypho-pubic line is drawn in the most lax side of the fascia, which is incised along this line. After urinary tract reconstruction and orchidopexy, closure is initiated by suturing the medial edge of the wider fascial flap laterally to the peritoneal side of the contralateral flap. Next, the now outer fascial flap is laid over the inner flap, and a buttonhole is made to expose the umbilicus. The subcutaneous tissue of the inner flap is laterally undermined to gain extra distance for the suture of the outer flap over the inner flap. The subcutaneous tissue and skin are sutured in the midline, incorporating the umbilicus., Results: In a 30-year period, 43 PBS patients underwent this procedure with good cosmetic and long-term functional results., Conclusion: This abdominoplasty technique is simple and presents good functional and cosmetic results in PBS patients., (Copyright © 2015 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A duplex renal collecting system is a common congenital anomaly in children. Continuous dribbling (especially if after the toilet-training period) should raise suspicion of the presence of an ectopic ureter, which is most often associated with ureteral duplication. This video will demonstrate the complete diagnostic work-up necessary in these cases., Case Report: A 10-year-old girl presented with continuous dribbling. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography depicted a duplex system on the left side, with the upper pole ureter ectopically inserting into the vaginal cavity and good upper pole renal parenchyma. A careful urethrocystoscopy showed a topic right ureteral orifice and a topic lower pole left ureteral orifice. Retrograde pyelography was performed and displayed normal left lower pole anatomy. A vaginography was performed, which showed reflux to the ectopic ureter. Vaginoscopy clearly identified the ectopic ureteral orifice. A guide wire was introduced through this meatus and retrograde contrast injection confirmed the diagnosis of an ectopic ureter., Results: At laparoscopy, a larger upper pole ureter and a normal lower pole ureter on the left side were identified. A termino-lateral ureteroureteral anastomosis was performed. After the procedure, the child reported immediate resolution of urinary dribbling., Conclusion: In order to optimize its surgical correction, efforts should be made to appropriate localization of the ectopic ureter., (Copyright © 2015 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Prune belly syndrome (PBS) presents with three main features: abdominal wall flaccidity, urological abnormalities and cryptorchidism. As a result, urologists must consider the eventual repair of the abdominal wall flaccidity and urinary tract abnormalities, and the mandatory correction of cryptorchidism, as well as decide whether to perform the procedures in a single comprehensive approach or in multiple steps., Objectives: To report experiences with comprehensive surgical management of prune belly syndrome., Material and Methods: From 1987 to 2014, 46 children with PBS were submitted for comprehensive surgical treatment. According to individual needs, treatment aimed to correct the abdominal flaccidity, reconstruct the urinary tract, and perform bilateral orchiopexy and circumcision, which were performed in one procedure. Urinary tract reconstruction was indicated whenever pyelo-ureteral dilatation with evidence of significant stasis and/or vesicoureteral reflux was associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). Treatment for this cohort included: 44 abdominoplasties, 40 upper urinary tract reconstructions, 44 cystoplasties associated with three appendico-vesicostomies, 46 bilateral orchiopexies and 36 circumcisions. The median age at surgery was 16 months and children were followed for a median of 143 months., Results: Abdominal appearance and tonus were improved in 90% of the children after the primary surgery and 100% after reoperation. Upper urinary tract reconstruction was performed in most children and long-term follow-up showed functional stabilization of the urinary tract in about 90% of the children, with progression to renal failure in 10%. Lower urinary tract reconstruction was performed in most children (95.6%); on late follow-up, continence was observed in 81% of them, while incontinence was present in 19% and usually associated with polyuria. Adequate bladder emptying was possible in most boys (82.6%), while the remaining required clean intermittent catheterization. Pre-operative UTI was present in 89.1% and urinary sepsis in 15.2%. Postoperatively, the incidence of laboratorial UTI was significantly reduced to 39.1%, while urinary sepsis was absent. Bilateral orchiopexy was performed in all children, with 85% of the testes becoming normal in size and well located in the scrotum., Conclusions: Comprehensive surgical treatment is feasible and has good long-term results. A considerable incidence of reoperations due to complications or progression of the disease was observed. The long-term results for reno-ureteral anatomy and function, bladder function, infection, testicular size and location, as well as abdominal aspect and tonus, show that comprehensive surgery is an adequate method for managing children with PBS., (Copyright © 2015 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare videolaparoscopic nephrectomy and the open technique as treatments for Wilms tumor, specifically the surgical results, immediate and long-term complications, and patient survival., Methods: A review of charts of children with unilateral Wilms tumor was performed. There were 2 surgical groups: (1) only open surgery and (2) videolaparoscopy. Complications, transfusion, ruptures, margins, conversions, lymph nodes, and relapse were analyzed., Results: Seventeen children underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy and 15 underwent open nephrectomy. Mean surgical time was 164.71±26.07 minutes for the laparoscopic group, and there were no conversions or ruptures. The mean specimen weight was 145.01±105.85 g for the laparoscopic group and 257.40±162.70 g for the open surgery group. There was 1 preoperative rupture in the open surgery group. Transfusions were not required in either group. The surgical margins were positive in 1 of 17 cases (5.9%) in the laparoscopic group and in 3 of 15 cases (20%) in the open surgery group. One of the 17 (5.9%) laparoscopy-treated patients and 2 of the 15 open surgery-treated patients (13.3%) presented with local tumor relapse. The 5-year event-free survival rate was 93.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.99) for the laparoscopic group and 79.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.95] for the open surgery group (P=.446)., Conclusion: Both techniques showed similar immediate and long-term results., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Congenital uterovesical fistula is rare and generally associated with genital tract abnormalities derived from mullerian ducts or urogenital sinus. Management is usually challenging, and it involves vaginal reconstruction. A 15-year-old female patient presented with a 2-year history of cyclical hematuria. Investigation revealed a bicornuate uterus and complete vaginal agenesis associated with congenital uterovesical fistula. The fistula was repaired, and a neovagina was created using Monti's technique. Postoperative recovery was uneventful with normal voiding and initiation of regular menstruation through the neovagina. We discuss the options of vaginal reconstruction and stress the advantages of the technique used in this case., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To present the results of a new technique for abdominoplasty in patients with the Prune Belly syndrome (PBS)., Methods: Since 1985, 46 children with PBS underwent surgical treatment that included urinary tract reconstruction (UTR), orchidopexy, and abdominoplasty. In 41 patients, we performed the abdominoplasty as follows: (1) fusiform longitudinal resection of the mid-abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue, with preservation of the musculo-aponeurotic fascia (MAF) and umbilicus, (2) ellipsoid unilateral longitudinal incision of the MAF in the most weakened side of the abdomen, producing 2 flaps, with the umbilicus being kept intact in the widest flap, (3) after UTR and bilateral orchiopexy, suture fixation of the widest MAF layer to the inner side of the contralateral abdominal wall, creating an inner MAF layer, (4) lateral suture fixation of the other flap over the inner layer, creating an outer MAF layer with a buttonhole exposing the umbilicus, that is sutured to the outer layer, and (5) approximation of the skin edges with incorporation of the umbilicus in the suture., Results: Skin coaptation was excellent in all patients, and no trimming was necessary in incision extremities. There was no dehiscence or skin necrosis and all patients presented immediate improvement of the abdominal tonus and appearance. Further improvement with growth was observed in all except 4 patients, 2 requiring secondary abdominoplasties., Conclusion: We conclude that this technique is applicable in all forms of weakened abdomen typical of PBS, even in asymmetrical cases, requiring only 1 MAF incision, with good cosmetic and functional results., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tumors of the kidney, bladder, prostate, testis, and adrenal represent a large part of the adult urologic practice, but are relatively infrequent in children. The natural history and management of these tumors in the pediatric age is different from that of the adults. As result of the successful work of several clinical trial groups in recent decades, there has been a significant improvement in their cure rates. The aim of this article is to review their most significant clinical aspects, as well as to present an update in their management.

Purpose: Reporting on the laparoscopic technique for adrenal disease in children and adolescents has been limited. We review here our experience with laparoscopic adrenal surgery in children., Patients and Methods: 19 laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomies were performed in 10 girls and 7 boys (mean age 3.9 years) during 1998-2011. The clinical diagnosis before surgery was virilizing tumor (n = 8), pheochromocytoma (n = 3), nonfunctioning solid adrenal tumor (n = 3), mixed adrenocortical tumor (n = 2), cystic adrenal mass (n = 1). Unilateral adrenal lesions were 20-65 mm at the longest axis on computerized tomography (12 right side, 7 left side)., Results: The final clinicopathological diagnosis was cortical adenoma (n = 9), pheochromocytoma (n = 3, bilateral in two), neuroblastoma (n = 1), ganglioneuroblastoma (n = 1), ganglioneuroma (n = 1), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 1), benign adrenal tissue (n = 1). Average operative time was 138.5 min (range 95-270). Blood transfusion was required in one case (5%). No conversion to open surgery was required and no deaths or postoperative complications occurred. Average hospital stay was 3.5 days (range 2-15). Average postoperative follow-up was 81 months (range 2-144). Two contralateral metachronic pheochromocytomas associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome occurred, treated with partial laparoscopic adrenalectomy (one without postoperative need of cortisone replacement therapy)., Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a feasible procedure that produces good results. It can be used safely to treat suspected benign and malignant adrenal masses in children with minimal morbidity and short hospital stay., (Copyright © 2011 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the effects of atorvastatin (ATORV) on renal function after bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO), measuring inulin clearance and its effect on renal hemodynamic, filtration, and inflammatory response, as well as the expression of Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in response to BUO and after the release of BUO., Methods: Adult Munich-Wistar male rats were subjected to BUO for 24 hours and monitored during the following 48 hours. Rats were divided into 5 groups: sham operated (n = 6); sham + ATORV (n = 6); BUO (n = 6); BUO + ATORV (10 mg/kg in drinking water started 2 days before BUO [n = 5]; and BUO + ATORV (10 mg/kg in drinking water started on the day of the release of BUO [n = 5]). We measured blood pressure (BP, mm Hg); inulin clearance (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]; mL/min/100 g); and renal blood flow (RBF, mL/min, by transient-time flowmeter). Inflammatory response was evaluated by histologic analysis of the interstitial area. AQP2 expression was evaluated by electrophoresis and immunoblotting., Results: Renal function was preserved by ATORV treatment, even if initiated on the day of obstruction release, as expressed by GFR, measured by inulin clearance. Relative interstitial area was decreased in both BUO + ATORV groups. Urine osmolality was improved in the ATORV-treated groups. AQP2 protein expression decreased in BUO animals and was reverted by ATORV treatment., Conclusion: ATORV administration significantly prevented and restored impairment in GFR and renal vascular resistance. Furthermore, ATORV also improved urinary concentration by reversing the BUO-induced downregulation of AQP2. These findings have significant clinical implication in treating obstructive nephropathy., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We evaluated the results of masculinizing genitoplasty in a large cohort of patients with disorders of sex development treated at a single public tertiary center., Materials and Methods: We evaluated 52 patients with 46,XY and 7 with 46,XX disorders of sex development with proximal hypospadias and genital ambiguity reared as males who had undergone surgery between 1965 and 2008. Mean +/- SD followup was 14.1 +/- 9.2 years and median age at last examination was 22 years, with 38 patients having reached adulthood. Morphological result and urinary stream were evaluated by a physician. Urinary and sexual symptoms, and satisfaction with surgical results were assessed by questionnaire., Results: Mean penile length at diagnosis was compared between 46,XY patients and showed that those with 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency had the shortest penile length (-5.4 +/- 1.2 SD). At the last clinical evaluation following surgical and hormonal treatment mean +/- SD penile length in 38 adults was 7.5 +/- 2.1 cm (range 4 to 12), corresponding to -4.3 +/- 1.3 SD (-6.5 to -1.5). All but 2 patients had penile length less than -2 SD. At that time mean penile length remained shorter in patients with 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency (-5.4 +/- 1 SD) compared to those with testosterone production deficiency or indeterminate disorders of sex development (p <0.05). There was no statistical difference between mean penile length before and after treatment in all etiological groups (p >0.05). Morphological results were good in 43% of patients, fair in 54% and poor in 3%. The most common complications were urethral fistula (51%) and urethral stenosis (22%). Dribbling after voiding was the most frequent urinary symptom. Satisfaction with surgical results was reported by 89% of patients. Among adults 87% were sexually active, with 64% reporting normal sexual activity., Conclusions: Most patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development were satisfied with long-term results of masculinizing genitoplasty, although specific complaints about small penile length, sexual activity and urinary symptoms were frequent. New surgical approaches should be developed to ensure full satisfaction in adulthood among patients with disorders of sex development., (2010 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Prune belly syndrome (PBS) presents with large-capacity bladders, high compliance and post-void residual volumes. Operative and conservative treatments are controversial. When histologically compared to normal bladder, bladder outlet obstruction results in an up- or down-regulation of adrenoceptors. Our goal was to study the immunoexpression of adrenoceptors in detrusor from patients with PBS., Materials and Methods: Bladder domes from PBS patients (n=14) were studied (PBG). For normal controls, bladder specimens were obtained at adult surgery (n=13) (CG1) and at child autopsy (n=5) (CG2). Staining was performed using antibodies to alpha1a, alpha1b, alpha1d and beta3 adrenoceptors. Five to 10 images were captured on an optic microscope with a digital camera and analysed with Photoshop. The immunocyhistochemical index with arbitrary units was calculated and compared., Results: Mean age was 1.28, 64 and 1.41 years for PBG, CG1 and CG2, respectively. The immunohistochemical index with arbitrary units of alpha1a receptors was 0.06 in PBG, 0.16 in CG1 and 0.14 in CG2 (p=0.008); of alpha1b 0.06, 0.06 and 0.07 (p=0.781); and of alpha1d 0.04, 0.04 and 0.05 (p=0.618). Regarding beta3 the respective values were 0.07, 0.14 and 0.10 (p=0.378)., Conclusion: Our results show a decrease in alpha1a-adrenoceptor immunostaining intensity in detrusor from children with PBS. Further in vitro studies are needed to determine whether these observations are physiologically significant., (Copyright (c) 2010 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We report the preliminary results of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children using polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer., Material and Methods: We performed a prospective multicenter review of pediatric patients treated with subureteral injection of a new nonabsorbable substance. Only patients with 1 year of followup were included., Results: A total of 83 patients underwent injection of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer at our institutions between 2005 and 2006. Among this group 18 males and 43 females with a median age of 58 months (range 9 months to 18 years) completed 1 year of followup. Reflux was bilateral in 27 patients (44.3%) and unilateral in 34 (55.7%). Number of injected ureters was 88. Reflux grade was V in 3 ureters (3.4%), IV in 12 (13.6%), III in 41 (46.6%) and II in 32 (36.4%). Mean +/- SD injected volume per unit was 0.76 +/- 0.43 ml. Median followup was 20 months (range 16 to 24). Complications after injection included dysuria in 6 patients (9.8%), fever in 3 (4.9%) and lumbar pain in 4 (6.6%). Reflux was eliminated in 78 renal units (88.6%), decreased to grade I in 6 (6.8%) and persisted in 4 (4.5%). Ureteral obstruction developed in 1 patient and was treated operatively. Overall success rate was 83.6%., Conclusions: Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer can be used to treat vesicoureteral reflux with comparable efficacy to other substances currently used, with a low rate of complications., (Copyright 2010 American Urological Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Laparoscopic nephrectomy in children has become a reasonable alternative to open nephrectomy and has replaced open surgery for many kidney diseases. The aim of our study is to evaluate transperitoneal videolaparoscopic procedures in benign renal disease compared with the open surgical approach., Patients and Methods: 34 children aged between 17 days and 15 years (mean, 6.14 years) were divided into two nephrectomy groups. The first underwent transperitoneal videolaparoscopic nephrectomy and was composed of 21 patients (12 female and 9 male) aged between 2 months and 15 years (mean, 7.42 years). The second group underwent open nephrectomy and was composed of 13 patients (6 female and 7 male) aged between 17 days and 11 years (mean, 3.91 years). The groups were compared for time of anaesthesia, operating time, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain and time to restore oral intake. Short and long term complications were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by a Student's t test, with a p value < 0.05 being considered significant. The study was approved beforehand by the Scientific Ethics Committee in our institution., Results: Statistically significant differences were observed only for the length of hospital stay. No cases in the laparoscopic group were converted into open surgery. There were no immediate or late complications. Blood loss was negligible and so it was not necessary to administer any transfusions., Conclusions: In our experience, transperitoneal videolaparoscopic nephrectomy has similar results to those of open nephrectomy, except for hospitalisation times.

The role of minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of pediatric urological tumors has been limited to biopsies and resection for small neuroblastomas and benign tumors. The purpose of this study is to present the experience of a Brazilian group pioneering laparoscopic nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor. A total of 15 children with unilateral non-metastatic Wilms' tumor were preoperatively treated with vincristine and actinomycin D, and afterwards were submitted to laparoscopic nephrectomy and lymph node sampling. A Veress needle umbilical punction was performed and a four-trocar transperitoneal approach was used. The tumor was extracted inside a plastic bag and without morcellation through a Pfannenstiel incision. In all 15 patients the tumor was completely removed, as well as lymph node samples and no ruptures occurred. A fibrous capsule involved the tumor, making the dissection easy to perform. Intraoperative bleeding was minimal. The postoperative course was free of complications and all the patients were discharged early. No recurrences or long-term complications have been detected in 7-61 months or more of follow-up. We conclude that laparoscopic nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor is a feasible and safe procedure in a selected group of children after chemotherapy. It reproduces all the steps of the open surgical approach required to treat this tumor, with the advantages of a short hospital stay and cosmetically more acceptable incisions.

Background and Purpose: The right kidney has been less frequently used in live donor nephrectomy, because of the shorter length of the right renal vein (RRV) that is associated with technical difficulties and higher rates of venous thrombosis. In live open donor or deceased donor transplant nephrectomy, an additional cuff of the inferior vena cava is usually removed, but this is a more difficult and risky maneuver in laparoscopic nephrectomy. For this reason, laparoscopic right nephrectomy (LRN) for renal transplantation (RT) is not frequently performed in most medical institutions. We evaluate the difference between RRV and left renal vein (LRV) lengths in cadavers, as harvested for RT by three clamping methods. Our objective was to obtain information that could clarify when LRN for RT should be encouraged or avoided with regard to conventional surgery., Materials and Methods: Ninety adult fresh unfrozen cadavers were randomly divided into three groups of 30, according to the clamping device used: Satinsky, stapler, and Hem-o-lok clip. The abdominal viscera were removed through a median xyphopubic incision, and the veins were measured on the bench. Two lateral limits were used: The renal hilum and the tangential line of the renal poles. As for medial limits, the inferior vena cava or the laparoscopic clipping device on the RRV were used on the right side, while on the LRV, the medial border of the emergence of the adrenal vein was considered. After section of the renal vein, a slight traction of the extremity was applied for the measurement. All measurements were obtained three times using a metallic millimetric ruler, and the arithmetic mean was considered. The chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, and paired t tests were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at P

Purpose: Living donor nephrectomy is usually performed by a retroperitoneal flank incision. Due to the significant morbidity and long recovery time for a flank incision, anterior extra peritoneal sub-costal and transperitoneal video-laparoscopic methods have been described for donor nephrectomy. We prospectively compare the long-term results of donors as well as functional recipients submitted to these three approaches., Materials and Methods: A total of 107 live donor renal transplantations were prospectively evaluated from May 2001 to January 2004. Donors were compared with regard to operative and warm ischemia time, postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, and complications. Recipients were compared with regard to graft function, acute cellular rejection, surgical complications, and graft and recipient survival., Results: The mean operative and warm ischemia times were longer in the video-laparoscopic group (p<0.001), whereas patients of the flank incision group presented more postoperative pain (p=0.035), required more analgesics (p<0.001), had longer hospital stays (p<0.001), and suffered more pain on the 90th day after surgery (p=0.006). In the sub-costal and flank incision groups, there was a larger number of paraesthesias and abdominal wall asymmetries (p<0.001). Recipient groups were demographically comparable and presented similar acute tubular necrosis incidence and delayed graft function. The incidence of acute cellular rejection was higher in the video-laparoscopic and flank incision groups (p=0.013). There was no difference in serum creatinine levels, surgical complications, or recipient or graft survival between groups., Conclusions: The video-laparoscopic and sub-costal approaches proved to be safe, and to provide donor advantages relative to the flank incision approach. Among recipients, the complication rate, graft survival, and recipient survival were similar in all groups.

Purpose: To report the outcomes of a series of children younger than 2 years with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) who underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP), compared to children older than 2 years., Patients and Methods: Twenty-three children (18 male) with UPJO underwent 24 Anderson-Hynes transperitoneal LPs between March 2003 and July 2007. The diagnosis of UPJO was confirmed on renal sonography and diuretic renogram. Nine children were younger than 2 years (Group 1) and 14 were older (Group 2). One child had bilateral UPJO and underwent two non-simultaneous procedures. All children were investigated with postoperative diuretic renogram and renal sonography, and the results were statistically analysed., Results: LP was feasible without conversions or intraoperative complications in all 24 cases. Median age in Groups 1 and 2 was 11 months (4-24) and 74 months (27-204), respectively, (P<0.00001). No differences were found between the groups regarding median operative time, complications, technical difficulties, discharge home and follow-up. All patients in both groups experienced resolution of symptoms or obstruction., Conclusions: The LP in children younger than 2 years is highly successful with a low-rate of complications, and has the same outcomes as in older children.

Objective: Hydronephrosis (HN) and obstruction are closely associated, but upper urinary tract dilatation can occur without significant obstruction. Despite some pitfalls, conventional ultrasonography and diuretic renography (DR) are the main means of evaluation of HN in children. Recent reports have demonstrated color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) to reliably identify ureteric jets in the bladder. The aim of this study was to evaluate this method as a diagnostic tool to distinguish obstructive from non-obstructive dilatations of the upper tract., Methods: We evaluated 51 patients (37 boys and 14 girls), aged 3 months to 14 years (median 4 years), who presented with unilateral grade III and IV hydronephrosis with suspicion of pyeloureteral junction obstruction. All patients underwent DR and evaluation of ureteric jets by transverse CDSG of the bladder within a maximum of 2 weeks. Obstruction was considered in the DR when the hydronephrotic unit showed a differential renal function of less than 40%, or when symptomatic intermittent renal colic was present in older children. The number of ureteric jets was counted over a 5-min period and the frequency calculated for each ureteral orifice. Relative jet frequency (RJF) was defined as frequency of the hydronephrotic side divided by total ureteric jet frequency. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots were constructed to determine the best cut-off for RJF, in order to identify renal units with obstructive hydronephrosis., Results: Twenty-three (45.1%) hydronephrotic units were considered obstructed. The mean RJF differed between obstructive (0.09+/-0.15) and non-obstructive hydronephrosis (0.42+/-0.11) (p<0.001). ROC analysis revealed that RJF <0.25 was the best threshold, and correctly discriminated obstruction in 91.2% of the children with a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 78.6-98.2%) and specificity of 96.4% (95% CI 87.8-99%). The positive likelihood ratio was 24.3 and the area under the ROC curve was 0.92 (95% CI 0.86-0.98)., Conclusions: RJF <25% was found to be a good indicator of obstruction in children with unilateral hydronephrosis. CDUS evaluation of ureteric jets is an easy and non-invasive method that can be used as an initial diagnostic tool, and in follow-up cases, to differentiate obstructed from non-obstructed hydronephrosis in the pediatric population.

Objectives: Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is a common cause of urinary tract infections in children, being less commonly diagnosed in adults. Several anti-reflux plasties have been used successfully for the treatment of such condition, such as Politano-Leadbetter, Cohen and Gregoir-Lich techniques, the latter being our preferred approach in open procedures. Here we describe our experience with laparoscopic Gregoir-Lich anti-reflux plasty (LGLP) in children and adults., Methods: The LGLP was used for the treatment of VUR in 15 patients (7 adults and 8 children). Four adults and 5 children had bilateral disease and both sides were treated at the same procedure. Data was collected prospectively and we analysed age at treatment, laterality, degree of VUR, previous anti-reflux procedures, operative time, number of detrusor stitches used in each side, intra-operative and post-operative complications, success rate and follow-up., Results: A total of 23 ureteral units were treated. VUR was graded as I in one unit, II in 4 units, III in 10 units, IV in 7 units and 1 unit was not classified, as it was diagnosed by radioisotopic cystography. Two children had failed previous endoscopic procedures. There were no open conversions. Two muccosal perforations occurred during the procedure and were successfully treated laparoscopically. Nineteen out of 21 ureteral units (90%) presented no VUR at the cystographic control, and no bladder dysfunction was identified on follow-up., Conclusions: The LGLP is a feasible, minimally invasive alternative for VUR that reproduces the open procedure. It has an excelent success rate and is not associated to bladder disfunction, even in bilateral procedures.

Purpose: To report the results of laparoscopic upper-pole nephrectomy for children with duplex systems., Patients and Methods: Nineteen laparoscopic transperitoneal upper-pole nephrectomies (11 on the left and 8 on the right) were performed in 17 patients with complete pyelocaliceal duplication. Postoperative follow-up consisted of clinical evaluation, as well as functional and image studies of the remaining lower unit with renal ultrasonography, 99mTc-DMSA, voiding cystourethrography, and urography or enhanced helical CT, according to individual needs., Results: The mean operative time was 147 minutes (range 110-180 minutes). There were no conversions to open surgery and no transfusions. The mean follow-up was 57.1 months. Lower-unit function was preserved after 18 procedures (94.7%). Transient asymptomatic urinary-tract infection was observed in 5 of 17 children (29.4%). Vesicoureteral reflux resolved in 3 of 4 children (75%) and improved in the other, and all 7 ureteroceles associated with the resected upper unit were decompressed, although two (28.6%) remained present asymptomatically by ultrasonography. Empyema of the lower-ureteral stump was a late complication in 3 of the 19 duplex systems., Conclusion: Laparoscopic transperitoneal polar nephrectomy in children with pyelocaliceal duplication is feasible and presents all the advantages of minimally invasive procedures. It has good long-term results, as judged by preservation of the lower unit, regression of ureterocele and reflux, and reduction in the incidence of infection.

Objective: To report the results of laparoscopic nephrectomy for unilateral Wilms' tumour in children treated with chemotherapy before surgery., Patients and Methods: Eight children with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms' tumour included in the International Society of Pediatric Oncology 2001 protocol were treated with vincristine/actinomycin D and then had laparoscopic nephrectomy and lymph-node sampling. A Veress needle puncture was made and a four-trocar transperitoneal approach was used in all cases. The tumour was extracted with no morcellation through a Pfannenstiel incision., Results: All eight tumours were completely removed, with lymph node samples; intraoperative bleeding was minimal (50 mL). There were no complications after surgery and patients were discharged after 2-3 days. No recurrences of disease, port-site implantation or long-term complications were detected., Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for unilateral Wilms' tumour is feasible in children after chemotherapy; it is safe and allows the complete surgical approach required for treating this tumour. Although the patients had a good long-term follow-up, more patients are needed to compare the results of laparoscopic techniques with open surgery.